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Thèse De Doctorat THÈSE DE DOCTORAT de l’Université de recherche Paris Sciences et Lettres PSL Research University Préparée à l’Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales Du nationalisme au conservatisme : les groupes intellectuels associés à l’« essence nationale » en Chine (vers 1890-1940) Ecole doctorale n°286 ECOLE DOCTORALE DE L’EHESS Spécialité HISTOIRE ET CIVILISATIONS COMPOSITION DU JURY : Mme. BERTHEZÈNE Clarisse Université Paris Diderot, Rapporteur M. KURTZ JoaChim Université de Heidelberg, Rapporteur M. CHEVRIER Yves EHESS, Membre du jury M. VEG Sebastian Soutenue par Dongxiang XU EHESS, Membre du jury le 7 décembre 2018 M. ZUFFEREY Nicolas h Université de Genève, Membre du jury Dirigée par Sebastian VEG h R EMERCIEMENTS Cette thèse n’aurait vu le jour sans les conseils prodigués par mon directeur, Monsieur Sebastian Veg. Je le remercie pour sa disponibilité, sa patience, mais également pour la confiance, qu’il m’a accordée, me permettant d’écrire en toute liberté sur un sujet qui me passionne. Un nombre important de sources et de références consultées lors de mes séjours de recherche à l’Institut des études avancées sur l’Asie de l’université de Tokyo et à l’Institut de l’histoire moderne de l’Academia sinica, ont été d’une aide extrêmement précieuse, sans laquelle cette thèse n’aurait pu aboutir. Je remercie ces deux institutions pour leur généreux accueil et leur très grand professionnalisme. Je tiens également à remercier le CECMC et le SIMI de l’EHESS de m’avoir accordé plusieurs financements, qui m’ont permis de réaliser mes séjours de recherche. Au cours de ces années de doctorat, j’ai eu, à de multiples reprises, l’immense chance de pouvoir discuter et débattre de mes travaux, lors de colloques, d’ateliers et de journées d’études à l’EHESS, à l’université Paris-Diderot, à l’université Radboud de Nimègue, à l’université d’Amsterdam, à l’université de Tokyo et à l’université de Princeton. J’exprime toute ma reconnaissance aux chercheurs et aux doctorants qui ont pris le temps de m’écouter et de me donner des conseils précieux à ces occasions. i R É SUME ET MOTS CLÉS Résumé : Cette recherche étudie les trois associations « conservatrices » du cercle de l’« essence nationale » : l’École d’essence nationale fondée en 1905, la Société du Sud créée en 1909 et le groupe Critical Review établi en 1921. L’essence nationale désigne la quintessence de la culture traditionnelle. Dans le contexte révolutionnaire de la fin des Qing, l’École d’essence nationale et la Société du Sud ont recours à ce concept pour façonner leur nationalisme autour de deux directions. Au niveau sociétal, les deux s’engagent dans les mouvements sociaux et les associations intermédiaires pour exprimer leurs attentes nationalistes et lancent un projet des lumières sociales pour libérer le peuple des contraintes familiales et politiques. Cette libération doit se combiner avec des responsabilités envers la nation. Au niveau institutionnel, elles incorporent la culture traditionnelle dans les réformes inspirées par la politique libérale de l’Occident, comme la démocratie, la séparation des pouvoirs et l’État de droit. L’essence nationale relève de la culture traditionnelle régénérée, utilisée pour solidariser et éduquer la nation, ainsi que pour modeler le système politique de la Chine. Le groupe Critical Review, situé dans un contexte historique différent, a hérité de cette rhétorique nationaliste. Cependant, cet idéal nationaliste en est venu à être considéré comme conservateur à l’époque du 4 Mai parce que certains activistes de la Nouvelle Culture ont voulu rompre tout lien avec la tradition. Le conservatisme de cette période constitue une réaction à une conception de la liberté fondée sur le primat de l’individu, au déni de l’usage politique de la culture traditionnelle par les intellectuels du 4 Mai, mais aussi une réponse aux crises nationales et à la Première Guerre mondiale, qui amènent certains intellectuels à mettre en cause la civilisation occidentale. Ainsi, si l’essence nationale sert toujours à fédérer et discipliner le peuple, après 1919 la notion n’incorpore plus nécessairement une acceptation des idées politiques libérales occidentales. En fonction de la façon dont l’essence nationale est traduite dans la politique, le conservatisme de l’époque républicaine peut se diviser en quatre catégories : le conservatisme libéral qui continue de cautionner les éléments libéraux de la culture chinoise et la politique libérale occidentale ; le conservatisme antimoderne qui appelle à un retour au système socio-politique conforme à la culture agraire et communautaire traditionnelle ; le conservatisme philosophique qui accentue l’utilité des valeurs confucéennes d’élitisme, de hiérarchie sociale et de modération dans la rectification de la liberté excessive et de la corruption politique ; le conservatisme autoritaire qui mobilise les éléments les plus répressifs du confucianisme, tels que la suprématie du chef, l’obédience absolue et la tutelle politique, pour s’opposer au libéralisme pendant la décennie de Nankin. Mots clés : nationalisme, conservatisme, la fin des Qing, la Chine républicaine, 4 Mai, l’École d’essence nationale, la Société du Sud, le groupe Critical Review ii A BSTRACT AND K EYWORDS Abstract : This dissertation examines three “conservative” associations of the “national essence” circle: the National Essence School founded in 1905, the Southern Society created in 1909 and the Critical Review Group established in 1921. National essence designates the quintessence of Chinese traditional culture. In the Late-Qing revolutionary context, the National Essence School and the Southern Society theorized this concept to shape nationalism from two directions. At the societal level, nationalist expectations were expressed in various social forms, such as intermediate associations, and a social enlightenment movement was undertaken to liberate people from traditional familial and political constraints. This liberty was expected to be reconciled with responsibilities towards the nation. At the institutional level, the two associations incorporated traditional culture into reforms inspired by Western liberal politics, like democracy, separation of power and rule of law. National essence was this regenerated traditional culture, used to solidarize the nation and to model China’s future political system. The Critical Review Group, situated in a different historical context, inheritated this nationalist rhetoric. However, this ideal of nationalism came to be seen as conservative during the May fourth era, because certain activists advocated a clean break with tradition. Conservatism in this period is formulated as a reaction against the young generation’s perceived disregard for responsibilities in the pursuit of liberty, the denial of the political utility of traditional culture by the May fourth intellectuals, but also as a response to the national crisis and the first World War, leading some to question the merits of Western civilization. The meaning of national essence for the members of the three associations thus diversified. Although the concept was still used to federate and discipline the people and to inform the political reforms, national essence no longer necessarily incorporated Western liberal politics. According to the way in which national essence was translated into concrete political projects, conservatism of the Republican era can be divided into four types: liberal conservatism that continued to advocate liberal elements of Chinese tradition and Western liberal politics; anti-modern conservatism that appealed to a socio- political system in line with China’s agrarian and communitarian culture; philosophical conservatism that emphasized the utility of Confucian values of elitism, social hierarchy and doctrine of the mean in rectifying excessive liberty and political corruption and authoritarian conservatism that mobilized the most repressive elements of Confucianism, like supremacy of the leader, absolute obedience to superiors and political tutelage, to oppose liberalism during the Nanjing decade. Keywords : nationalism, conservatism, Late Qing, Republican China, May fourth, the National Essence Group, the Southern Society, the Critical Review Group iii T ABLE DES MATIÈ RES Remerciements ······································································································ i Résumé et mots clés ································································································ ii Abstract anD KeyworDs ··························································································· iii TaBle Des matières ································································································· iv TaBle Des illustrations ···························································································· vii Note sur la romanisation Des noms et Des termes Des langues orientales ····························· viii IntroDuction ·········································································································· 1 I — LE CONSERVATISME CHINOIS DANS L’HISTORIOGRAPHIE ··············································· 4 II — L’ÉCOLE D’ESSENCE NATIONALE, LA SOCIÉTÉ DU SUD ET LE GROUPE CR DANS LA LITTÉRATURE EXISTANTE ······································································································· 14 III — UN REGARD SUR LE CONSERVATISME DANS LE CONTEXTE OCCIDENTAL ························· 20 IV — NATIONALISME OU CONSERVATISME DANS LE CONTEXTE CHINOIS
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