Educating China: Knowledge, Society, and Textbooks in a Modernizing World, 1902–1937 Peter Zarrow Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11547-7 - Educating China: Knowledge, Society, and Textbooks in a Modernizing World, 1902–1937 Peter Zarrow Index More information

Index

1911 Revolution, 219, 243 textbooks of, 59, 136 as turning point, 18, 27, 45, 77, 84, 96, 232, Chinese Communist Party, 3, 28, 143. See also 244 communism Nationalists’ views of, 36, 130, 155, 188, citizenship, 67, 123, 210, 249 206 American, 108–109, 196 textbook treatments of, 2, 111, 126, 142, as educational goal, 10, 11, 29, 31, 36, 167, 175, 182, 186, 188, 195–200, 213 205–212, 240 in civics textbooks, 77–79, 83–95, 98, 101, 111, 113–115, 119–123, 132, 137–138, Akiyama Shiro,¯ 81 141–145 anti-communism, 3, 39, 113 in geography textbooks, 221, 232 anti-imperialism, 3, 6, 28, 35, 67, 121, 123, in history textbooks, 153, 166, 186, 198, 126, 127, 140, 206, 209. See also 199 imperialism in language primers, 41, 43, 57, 60 anti-Manchuism, 26, 28, 35, 54, 186, 208. See civic virtue, 94, 104, 121, 139 also Manchu civics. See citizenship, civic virtue anti-superstition campaign. See superstition civil service examination system, 9, 12, 16, 44, Asia, 57, 60, 94, 150, 151, 175, 187, 232, 234, 133 236, 241, 274 Civilization Press, 17, 25, 57, 81, 151 geographic concept of, 50, 54, 214, 230, clan, 52, 68, 152, 169, 170, 239. See also 232, 238 family Classic of Filial Piety, 25, 82 Bagley, William, 196 classical Chinese, 2, 24, 25, 34, 44–48. See Bailey, Paul, 246 also vernacular Chinese Beard, Charles, 196 Commercial Press, 17, 25, 27, 69, 81, 206 Boxer Uprising, 178–179, 198, 200, 202–203, Chinese language primers of, 42, 44, 45, 206, 208 59 Burma, 179, 194, 198, 219, 220 Nanjing Decade textbooks of, 132 Republican textbooks of, 96 Cai Yuanpei, 28, 33–36, 84, 89, 93, 153 communism, 3, 39, 118. See also Chinese capitalism, 48, 61, 117, 125, 126, 134, 135, Communist Party; anti-communism 206, 237, 240 Confucian classics, 8–9, 12, 22, 25, 27, 42–48, censorship, 18, 25, 39, 83, 182 81–86, 129, 147 Central Asia, 179, 187, 194, 236. See also in Japan, 80 Inner Asia Confucianism, 66, 79, 90, 94, 96, 144, 159, Chaoshi, 167, 169, 253 223, 236, 247 Chen Baoquan, 92 as educational goal, 19, 21, 24, 84, 86 Chen Duxiu, 31 criticism of, 31, 47, 111 Chen Hongmou, 83 in Japanese schools, 14 Chiang Kai-shek, 28, 35, 113, 141, 209 Nationalists’ views of, 113, 145 China Bookstore, 27 Confucius, 19, 20, 21, 49, 82, 84, 85, 129, 181, teacher’s manual, 122, 125 230–231, 236, 244

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280 Index

constitutional government, 16, 26, 36, 49, 87, girls’ education, 13, 15, 19, 29, 31, 46, 58, 86, 123, 130, 188, 198, 211, 223 115, 134 description of, 57, 91, 107, 145, 225, Great Learning, 78, 82, 93, 129, 239 231–232, 250 Gu Jiegang, 155, 167 movement for, 1, 83, 163, 179, 182 Guomindang, 27, 35, 116, 121, 142, 203, 206, Culp, Robert, 36, 43, 45, 47, 145, 251 240, 241. See also Nationalists curriculum, 10, 12, 146, 148 education policies of, 35, 48, 121, 143, 154, 1920s, 32–35, 47, 86–88, 113 251 early Republic, 27, 29, 30–31, 84–86, 105, ideology of, 67, 130, 140, 196, 210, 251 108, 111, 114, 153, 206, 220 late Qing, 13, 20–23, 25, 42–45, 81–83, 95, Han 150–151, 218 dynasty, 125, 155, 164, 166, 174, 175, 191, Meiji, 79–81 208, 212, 223 Nanjing Decade, 35–39, 48, 67, 79, people, 148, 164, 172, 175, 177, 189–194, 113–115, 119–121, 142–144, 149, 199, 203, 211, 214, 223, 226–229, 230, 153–156, 221, 251 242 as Chinese, 26, 35, 125, 157, 193, 198, Dai Jitao, 35, 36 217, 239 democracy, 26, 35, 36, 45, 47, 48, 57, 67, one of “five races,” 55, 211, 219, 235 106–107, 112, 116–121, 129–135, 166, origins of, 53, 157, 158, 161, 168, 227, 172, 199, 207, 210, 221, 225. See also 236 republicanism Han Feimu, 170, 171, 191, 201, 208 American, 196 Han Wudi, 180, 199, 255 Dewey, John, 32, 111 He Bingsong, 148–149 Ding Baoshu, 151, 158, 161, 163, 175, 178, Hill, Michael Gibbs, 45 180 Hong Kong, 2, 178, 201, 233, 243 Ding Cha’an, 236 Hou Hongjian, 224 Hu Chaoyang, 173, 174, 199, 207 Enlightenment Bookstore, 27, 69 Hu Shi, 46, 48, 68 Extending Knowledge Bookstore, 17 Huang Donglan, 216 Hui, 55, 124, 191, 192, 212, 219, 227, 235, family, 1, 20, 46, 48, 51–52, 63, 71, 76, 84–88, 239, 241 89–95, 99, 111, 114, 138, 166, 215, rebellion of, 197 239, 247–249. See also clan hygiene, 99, 113, 114, 249 relationship to state, 2, 77–81, 119, 129, as school subject, 7, 9, 33, 35, 37, 88, 114 203, 232 in civics textbooks, 87, 93, 96, 101, 103, Fan Zhongyan, 199 115, 130 Fan Zuoguai, 170, 171, 191, 201, 208 in geography textbooks, 225, 242 Fei Xiewei, 190, 210 in Japan, 81 Feng Zikai, 69 in language primers, 41, 64–65 filial piety, 1, 12, 20, 49, 51, 77, 78, 82, 83–86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 96–98, 111, 119, Imperial Rescript on Education, 15, 80 128, 143, 163, 239 imperialism, 38, 48, 50, 68, 111, 116–119, in Japan, 14, 80–81 123–127, 135, 136, 139, 143, 148, 149, five races 153–154, 196, 200–203, 206–212, 217, peoples of China, 55, 68, 166, 186, 188, 219, 230, 232, 235, 237–238, 240–245. 190, 192, 198, 199, 205, 210, 219 See also anti-imperialism world races, 54, 218, 227 Inner Asia, 193, 195. See also Central Asia Fu Guangnian, 162, 170, 179 Fu Yunsen, 200 Japan. See also Meiji Fuxi, 162, 167, 169 as model, 92 threat from, 3, 71, 169, 188, 192, 209, 233, Gao Buying, 92 237, 240, 243 Gao Shiliang, 143 Jiang Jianqiu, 200, 207 gender, 58, 63, 81, 104, 142, 215 Jiang Weiqiao, 167, 186, 199

Index 281

Jimmu, 81, 152, 181, 255 Meiji Restoration, 14, 116, 152, 202, 240 Jin Zhaozi, 194, 211 Mencius, 51, 62, 68, 82, 84, 129, 166, 222 Meng, Yue, 40 Kang Youwei, 179 Miao, 53, 124, 157, 158, 227, 229, 230, 242, Kaske, Elisabeth, 42, 44 256 Kong Rong, 73, 74 Ming dynasty, 11, 12, 42, 50, 53, 155, 166, Korea, 56, 177, 187, 201, 219, 220, 232, 243 174–177, 179, 187, 189–194, 199, 200, colonized by Japan, 116, 125, 152, 178, 208 218, 234, 240 Ming Taizu, 190, 199. See also Zhu Yuanzhang traditional Chinese dependency, 178, 179, Ministry of Education, 13, 92 193, 195, 198 early Republic, 27, 29, 32, 34, 39, 45, 153, 219 Lacouperie, Terrien de, 157 late Qing, 14, 18, 25, 49, 82–84, 218 Li Jiagu, 91 Nanjing Decade, 36, 123, 150, 154, 155 Li Tinghan, 234 textbooks by, 25, 43, 68, 84 Liang Qichao, 46, 48, 56, 59, 126, 147, 165, missionary schools, 11, 13, 14, 37, 125, 251 217 missionary textbooks, 217 Liezi, 68 Miyama Torataro,¯ 57 Lin Shu, 45 Mongol, 55, 124, 157, 160, 174–175, 187, literacy, 12, 25, 40, 41–46, 48, 138, 246 189–194, 212, 214, 217, 223, 226–229, Liu Jianbair, 89–91 235, 239, 241 Liu Shipei, 26, 158 Mongolia, 106, 187, 193, 228, 234, 242 ethics textbook of, 95–96 Montesquieu, 172 geography textbook of, 229–230 moral education. See self-cultivation history textbook of, 172 Liu Yizheng, 24, 151 Nanjing government, 3, 5, 25, 27, 39, 49, 115, loyalty, 8, 14, 19, 20–21, 49, 56, 68, 77, 123, 132, 188, 196, 210, 212 79–85, 88, 90, 119, 128, 142, 143, 144, educational policies of, 7, 39, 113, 130, 150, 152, 182, 192, 199, 239, 243 245, 251 Lü Simian, 60, 61, 64, 65, 155, 165, 186, 200, Nankai Academy, 31 213 Nanyang gongxue, 18 narrativization, 8, 9, 41, 44, 71, 102, 108, 125, Ma Pengnian, 139, 241 148, 149, 151, 152, 171–172, 177, 181, Macao, 56, 233 184, 194, 196, 200, 204–209, 213, 214, Manchu, 214, 223, 234 247–249 as race, 55, 124, 157, 166, 167, 177, 198, nation, 18, 21, 22, 28, 34, 84, 89, 151, 154, 211, 217, 219, 225, 226, 228–230, 235, 172, 196, 199 239, 241 as educational goal, 9, 10, 17, 20, 28, 35, Qing rulers, 26, 39, 54, 127, 160, 176, 185, 36, 121, 144, 147, 247 190–194, 211, 240 historical roots of, 3, 24, 128, 150, 152, Manchuria, 71, 166, 178, 200, 218, 223, 234, 154, 157, 159, 161, 168, 188, 242 237, 240, 241, 243 identity of, 52, 68, 77, 79, 80, 91, 125, 128, maps, 149, 214, 219, 222, 240, 248, 249 137, 153, 171, 181, 193, 212, 228, 230, geographical, 214, 218, 229 237, 239, 247 highlighting China’s losses, 56, 201, 241 national character, 150, 188, 226, 239. See historical, 156, 175, 179, 181, 193, 194, 195 also nation, race of Sun Yat-sen, 135 National Essence Journal, 26, 95, 172 Marxism, 110, 118–119, 170, 184 national humiliation, 21, 179, 197, 200, 201, May Fourth movement, 2, 125, 206, 209, 210, 219, 234, 241 241 nationalism, 6, 194, 201, 211, 237, 241, 247. Meiji, 9, 15, 181 See also patriotism educational influence of, 14, 80, 217–218 and the Three People’s Principles, 67, 68, school system, 9, 11, 12, 14–15, 20, 24, 250 120, 121, 126, 134, 221, 237 textbooks of, 23, 24, 42, 81, 85, 151–152, early Republican, 29, 86, 116, 118, 153 217 late Qing, 26, 95, 230, 250

282 Index

Nationalists, 28, 39, 79, 112, 117, 123, 137, in history textbooks, 10, 148, 155, 158, 143, 145, 153, 168, 188, 196, 201, 206, 159, 161, 164, 168, 175, 177, 180, 186, 210. See also Nanjing government; 189, 190, 192, 198, 204, 205 Guomindang in language primers, 54–56, 68 educational policies of, 35, 66–68, 88, 113, Japanese views of, 81, 218 115, 142, 143, 154, 221, 237 religion, 1, 13, 21, 29, 84, 107, 124, 138, 164, nation-state. See state 172, 199, 203, 211, 213, 214, 222, 223, Neo-Confucianism, 12, 21. See also 230, 234, 236, 238, 239, 242, 243. See Confucianism also superstition New Culture movement, 31, 46, 68, 79, 86, republicanism, 2, 26, 33, 39, 57, 111, 128, 111, 112, 126, 127, 209 148, 181, 183, 197, 198–199, 205, 207, New Life movement, 3, 113, 139–142, 143, 210, 231. See also democracy 209 Revolution of 1911. See 1911 Revolution New Policy reforms, 16, 18, 179 Rousseau, 96, 129 Nian Rebellion, 197 Russo-Japanese War, 178, 198, 250 Ryukyus, 56, 179, 234 Opium War, 13, 57, 68, 178, 187, 197, 200, 201, 206, 211 sage-king, 51, 53, 157, 167, 168, 170, 172, 189 partification, 35, 113, 143, 251. See also Sandeng Public Academy, 49 Nationalists schools party-state. See state number of, 13 patriotism, 21, 35, 45, 49–54, 56, 66, 79, 83, self-cultivation, 22, 93, 247 89, 90, 105, 119, 122, 123, 127, 144, and Cai Yuanpei, 29, 93 235. See also nationalism and Liu Shipei, 95 educational goal, 1, 2, 10, 14, 15, 22, 38, in language primers, 45 39, 46, 82, 85, 94, 150, 215, 218, in late Qing schools, 19, 21, 22, 38, 81 244 in Republican schools, 34, 84, 96–101, 108, Japanese, 80 111, 113, 142, 219 Peake, Cyrus, 35 Japanese, 24, 79, 152 people’s livelihood, 35, 36, 39, 48, 67, 118, textbooks, 1–3, 77–78, 82, 89–91, 101, 135, 136, 221, 237 113, 129, 140, 144–145, 231, 249 periodization, 149, 151, 154, 184 Shang dynasty, 53, 165, 171, 173, 189, 199, 214 Qian Zonghan, 161, 163 Shen Guowei, 43 Qin dynasty, 53, 125, 155, 166, 171, 173, 208, Sheng Langxi, 113 212, 244 Shennong, 162, 169, 258 Qin Shihuang, 53, 166, 172–174, 180, 181 Shoei¯ Yazu, 216 Qing dynasty, 1, 9, 11, 12, 18, 19, 27, 42, 50, Shun, 53, 150, 162, 163–164, 167, 170, 171 54, 144, 155, 160, 166, 167, 171, 177, Sima Qian, 160, 258 182, 184, 185, 188, 190, 191, 198, 204, Sino-Japanese War of 1894–5, 13, 23, 178, 205, 209, 210, 211, 216, 217, 219, 228 198, 201, 202, 250 crimes of, 123, 186, 191, 194 Sino-Japanese War of 1937–45, 5, 28, 36 decline of, 177–179, 187, 194, 197–198, social Darwinism, 7, 8, 10, 28, 126, 147, 199, 201, 204, 208, 211, 219 149, 216, 217, 224, 230, 235, 243, glory of, 56, 150, 179, 194 247 rise of, 53, 150, 166, 175–177, 186, 190, socialism, 34, 36, 88, 136 192–193 socialization, 7, 8, 78, 212, 247. See also society race, 1, 3, 8, 117, 157. See also Han (people); society White race; Yellow race and goal of socialization, 9, 38, 40, 48, 58, in civics textbooks, 93, 94 61, 66, 68, 86, 90, 93, 96, 108, 112, in geography textbooks, 214, 216, 223, 120, 121, 132, 137, 154, 249–250 224, 225–230, 234, 236, 238, 241, curriculum in, 3, 34, 88, 108, 115, 121, 243, 244 123, 142, 145, 206, 209

Index 283

teaching about, 43, 59, 76, 79, 84, 86–89, Tan Lian, 232 101–105, 113, 114, 132, 134, 136, 149, Tan Yunhua, 232 155, 217, 236, 243, 249 Tang, 155, 179 understanding of, 5, 11, 36, 79, 91, 94, 123, Tang dynasty, 44, 166, 174, 181, 190, 191, 130, 137, 138, 145, 148, 170, 216, 235, 199, 208, 227 251 Tang Gaozong, 181, 258 Song dynasty, 39, 44, 54, 100, 132, 175, 190, Tang Taizong, 199 191 Tang Zhansheng, 111 Song Taizu, 199 Tangwu, 165, 171, 199 state, 19, 120, 146 Tao Menghe, 109–111, 137 and education, 5, 6, 11, 16, 26, 28, 29, 40, Three Bonds, 21, 96 42, 83, 86, 101, 102, 215, 243, Three People’s Principles, 3, 35–37, 116, 126, 246–247, 250 134, 201, 208, 210 concept of, 1, 5, 8, 10, 19, 34, 35, 50, 56, curriculum in, 39, 67, 79, 88, 113, 121, 57, 87, 89–95, 104, 105–106, 112, 114, 123–124, 132, 138, 142, 154, 221, 237, 119, 121, 124–125, 132, 137, 144, 145, 251 180, 188, 190, 198, 205, 207, 212, 219, Tibet, 106, 179, 187, 193, 195 222, 224, 235, 236, 238 Tibetan, 55, 124, 157, 191, 192, 212, 217, 219, duties to, 43, 58, 77, 108, 128, 133, 137, 223, 226, 227, 229, 235, 239, 242 142, 226 Trimetrical Classic, 49, 73 dynastic, 160, 163, 170, 171, 174, 177, 180, Tsuchiya Hiroshi, 144 181, 184, 186, 191 Tu Ji, 221–223 Japanese, 15, 80, 81, 152 Tu, Wei-ming, 78 origins of, 38, 152, 155, 158, 160, 162, tutelage, 36, 67, 79, 123, 130–131, 209, 210 169–170, 189, 229, 231 Twenty-four Exemplars of Filial Piety, 49, 74, party-state, 67, 89, 142, 241 96, 139 relationship to family, 2, 52, 77–79, 119, 129, 166 United States, 234 symbols of, 2, 48, 67, 89, 102, 103, 116, civics education in, 108 121, 142, 144 educational system of, 32–35, 184 state-building, 6, 36, 67, 121 history education in, 196 student assemblies, 3, 102, 132–133 universal schooling, 9, 11–19, 21, 136, 244 student associations, 33, 102 students vernacular Chinese, 2, 8, 25, 33, 46–47, 92, number of, 13, 26 126, 209, 250. See also classical Sui dynasty, 166, 208 Chinese Sui Wendi, 199 Vietnam, 116, 125, 178, 179, 194, 198, 219 Suiren, 167, 169 Wang Jiarong, 24, 144 Sun Jiang, 158 Wang Rongbao, 166, 258 Sun Yat-sen, 3, 28, 68, 117, 121, 123, 134, Wang Zhicheng, 190, 210 135, 140, 142, 188, 201, 204–206, 208, Wang Zhongqi, 155 209, 241 Wei Bingxin, 128, 133, 134, 138, 142 as exemplar, 48, 68, 88, 115, 140 Wen Tianxiang, 190, 259 ideology of, 35, 36, 67, 68, 79, 115, 118, West, Willis Mason, 197 123–128, 130, 133, 138, 144, 196, 211, Western learning, 14, 19, 32, 247 221, 238, 239, 242 Western origins theory, 157, 158, 165, 168, Sunism, 115, 118, 121, 139. See also Three 172, 189, 227, 239 People’s Principles White Lotus Rebellion, 178, 179, 197, 200 superstition, 48, 81, 83, 88, 102, 140, 215, 230. White race, 54, 55, 68, 93, 218, 226, 230, 234, See also anti-superstition campaign 240 World Bookstore, 27 Taiping Rebellion, 12, 178, 185, 187, 197, Wu Jiazhen, 143 200, 201–203, 210–211 Taiwan, 56, 178, 179, 193, 198, 199, 218, 219, Xia dynasty, 53, 165, 170–171, 173, 189, 199, 232, 233, 234 231

284 Index

Xia Zengyou, 151 Zhang Baixi, 14 Xie Xingyao, 188 Zhang Binglin, 158, 259 Zhang Kuang, 124, 128–129 Yang Shuming, 203 Zhang Shizhao, 48 Yao, 150, 162, 163, 164, 167, 170, 171 Zhang Zhidong, 14, 16, 18–20, 24, Yao Zuyi, 160–161, 170, 179 151 Ye Shengtao, 69–73 Zhao Tizhen, 139, 241 Yellow Emperor, 50, 53, 150, 152, 157–163, Zhao Yusen, 165, 167, 186, 197, 199, 164–165, 167–170, 181, 189, 212, 229, 204 231, 236 Zhao Zhengduo, 161, 162, 163, 170, 171, 177, Yellow race, 52, 54, 68, 157, 159, 162, 179, 178 218, 226–227, 234, 240 Zhou dynasty, 53, 164, 166, 170, 171, 172, Yu the Great, 53, 163, 164, 165, 167, 170, 171, 180, 189, 214 181 Zhou Yunlin, 243 Yuan dynasty, 160, 166, 167, 174–175, Zhou Zhenlin, 231 186–187, 189, 190–193, 203, 208 Zhou Zuoren, 68 Yuan Shikai, 27, 28, 29, 85, 86, 116, 135, 205, Zhu Yuanzhang, 175. See also Ming Taizu 207, 208 Zhuang Qichuan, 186, 200 Yue Fei, 39, 53, 190, 191, 192, 199, 244 Zhuang Yu, 81, 232