1 Introduction
NOTES 1 Introduction I. D. Blackbourn and G. Eley, The Peculiarities of German History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), pp. 169-74. 2. G. Tortella, 'Agriculture: A Slow Moving Sector, 1830-1935', inN. Sanchez Albornoz (ed.), The Economic Modernization of Spain, 1830-1930 (New York: New York University Press, 1987), p. 45. 3. J. Nadal, 'The Failure of the Industrial Revolution in Spain, 1830-1914', in C. M. Cipolla (ed.), The Fontana Economic History of Europe, Vol. VI, Part Two: The Emergence of Industrial Nations (Hassocks: the Harvester Press, 1976), pp. 556, 567. 4. A. Shubert, A Social History of Modern Spain (London: Unwin Hyman, 1990), p. 60. 5. M. Tufi6n de Lara, Estudios de historia contemportinea (Barcelona: Nova Terra, 1977), p. 98. 6. The disentailment of the land began in 1836 under the minister and financier Juan Alvarez Mendizabal. His main target was the expropriation of the property owned by the secular as well as the regular clergy. It was sold at public auction with payment in either cash or government debt. Common and municipal lands were for the time being only leased out. It was not until the passing of the so-called Law of General Disentailment by Pascual Madoz in 1855 that all the land not privately owned was sold at pub lic auction. 7. The two main political factions were the so-called Moderados and the Progresistas. The Moderados were the party of the upper classes, who believed in a political sovereignty shared by the Crown and parliament and quickly re-established good relations with the Catholic Church.
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