Guide D'antibiothérapie Raisonnée Des Infections Bactériennes Du Chien

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Guide D'antibiothérapie Raisonnée Des Infections Bactériennes Du Chien ECOLE NATIONALE VETERINAIRE DE LYON Année 2009 - Thèse n° Guide d’Antibiothérapie Raisonnée des Infections Bactériennes du Chien THESE Présentée à l’UNIVERSITE CLAUDE-BERNARD - LYON I (Médecine - Pharmacie) et soutenue publiquement le 11 janvier 2010 pour obtenir le grade de Docteur Vétérinaire par RAMSEYER Jérémie Né le 18 mai 1984 À Roanne (42) ECOLE NATIONALE VETERINAIRE DE LYON Année 2009 - Thèse n° Guide d’Antibiothérapie Raisonnée des Infections Bactériennes du Chien THESE Présentée à l’UNIVERSITE CLAUDE-BERNARD - LYON I (Médecine - Pharmacie) et soutenue publiquement le 11 janvier 2010 pour obtenir le grade de Docteur Vétérinaire par RAMSEYER Jérémie Né le 18 mai 1984 À Roanne (42) 2 3 REMERCIEMENTS Aux membres de notre jury de thèse, pour l’honneur qu’ils nous ont fait de participer à ce jury. A Monsieur le Professeur PEYRAMOND, De la Faculté de Médecine de Lyon, Qui nous a fait l’honneur d’accepter la présidence de notre jury de thèse Hommages respectueux. A Madame le Docteur GUERIN-FAUBLEE, De l’Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, Qui nous a fait l’honneur d’accepter de nous encadrer, de nous corriger et de nous apporter une aide précieuse au cours de l’élaboration de ce travail. Pour toute sa gentillesse et sa disponibilité, Qu’elle trouve ici l’expression de notre reconnaissance et de notre respect les plus sincères. A Monsieur le Professeur BERNY, De l’Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, Qui a accepté de participer à notre jury de thèse. A Madame le Docteur PROUILLAC, De l’Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, Dont l’aide a été précieuse. A Madame de Professeur LAMBERT, Du Laboratoire Vétérinaire Départemental du Rhône, Pour sa disponibilité. 4 A ma mère et à ma sœur pour tout leur amour et leur soutien, Merci pour vos encouragements qui m’ont permis de ne pas abandonner, Dans tous les domaines de ma vie. Je vous aime. A mon père, qui me manque. A Michel et à ses filles, pour tout ce que j’ai eu la chance de partager avec vous. A tout le reste de la famille : mes 4 grands parents, mes oncles et tantes (Catou et Agnès : merci pour votre soutien durant toutes mes études, Marie, Kiki et véro, Philippe, Martine), cousins, pour leur tolérance et leur amour. A Sarah, pour ton écoute, ta gentillesse, ta présence dans les bons comme les mauvais moments, du festival de jazz de cluny en passant par nos fous rires de prépas et nos pleurs mutuels à la pizzeria de charbo’… A Anne, la troisième accolyte de prépa, pour sa franchise, ses yeux « verts piscine », et tout son amour. A Caro, pour tous nos délires plus ou moins descriptibles en ces pages, A Mumu, pour sa sensibilité particulière et à ses futurs enfants ;-) A tout le reste de la bande « véto » : Les Urbaniak + Charles, Iko, Alex, Panpan, Edouard, Sandra, Mélo, Romain, Kermitt, Julie, Playdo, Max, Flop, Rachel, Nico, Pierre, Claire, Tétine, Christèle, Marie, Yold-Lin, Sophie, Kenny, Max, Valérie, Mathilde… A ma « carrée » Emilia, et mon ancienne Ingrid, A ma Leslie et son cousin, pour toutes ses soirées sympas passées à vos cotés. A Alex de Toulouse, pour ces moments inoubliables à Sitges et Barcelone notamment en compagnie de Guillaume, ces Sangria magiques et ces plages insolites… A Olivier du volley, et l’ancienne équipe de Tassin, A tous mes amis ou anciens collègues non cités... 5 Sommaire Liste des abréviations…………………………………………………………………………10 Liste des tableaux……………………………………………………………………………..12 Liste des figures…………………………………………………………………………........16 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………..18 CHAPITRE 1 : Arsenal thérapeutique (pharmacocinétique, toxicologie, spectres d’activité et évolution des résistances)…………………………………………………… ..19 Partie 1 : Les antibiotiques disponibles en médecine vétérinaire canine.................................19 I. Antibiotiques disponibles en France sous forme de spécialités vétérinaires…………19 1) Les β-lactamines ……………………………………………………………..25 2) Les quinolones………………………………………………………………..26 3) Les tétracyclines……………………………………………………………...33 4) Les macrolides et apparentés…………………………………………………33 5) Les aminocyclitols…………………………………………………………….33 6) Les sulfamides antibactériens associés ou non au triméthoprime… ………...33 7) Les autres antibiotiques……………………………………………………….34 a) Les phénicolés……………………………………………………………………34 b) L’acide fusidique…………………………………………………………………34 c) Les antibiotiques polypeptidiques………………………………………………...34 d) Les nitrofuranes…………………………………………………………………..35 e) Les quinoléines………………………………………………………...…………35 II. Autres antibiotiques antibactériens utilisables chez le chien…………………………35 Partie 2 : Pharmacocinétique des antibiotiques utilisés en médecine canine…………………43 I. Caractéristiques physico-chimiques des antibiotiques et pharmacocinétique………...43 II. Résorption et biodisponibilité des antibiotiques…………………………………...…46 1) Voie orale……………………………………………………………………..46 2) Les voies parentérales…………………………………………………………50 3) Antibiothérapie par voie locale…………………………………...…………..52 III. Distribution des antibiotiques… ………………………………………………53 IV. Biotransformations et élimination des antibiotiques…………… …...………..58 V. Variation des paramètres pharmacocinétiques………… ……………………..61 Partie 3 : Effets indésirables ou toxiques des antibiotiques chez le chien................................67 I. Néphrotoxicité……………………………………………………………………69 II. Ototoxicité……………………………………………………………………….69 III. Toxicité ostéo-articulaire……………………………………………………………70 IV. Neurotoxicité………………………………………………………………………71 V. Hypersensibilités…………………………………………………………………..71 VI. Toxicité digestive………………………………………………………………….72 VII. Intolérance locale……………………………………………………………………72 VIII. Toxicité hématologique…………………………………………………………...72 IX. Effets mutagènes et cancérogènes…………………………………………………73 X. Effets toxiques des sulfamides………………………………………………………..73 XI. Autres effets toxiques des antibiotiques…………………………………………….73 XII. Adaptations thérapeutiques……………………………………………………….74 1) Cas de la chienne gravide……………………………………………………..74 2) Cas de la chienne en lactation………………………………………...………75 3) Néonatalogie et chiots………………………………………………………..76 4) Cas de l’insuffisant rénal et de l’animal âgé………………………………….76 5) Cas de l’insuffisant hépatique………………………………………………...77 6 6) Cas de l’animal obèse…………………………………………………………78 Partie 4 : Activité antibactérienne des antibiotiques………………………………………….79 I. Les mécanismes d’action des antibiotiques…………………………………………..79 1) Les antibiotiques inhibant la synthèse du peptidoglycane……………………80 a) Les β-lactamines…………………………………………………...……..80 b) La bacitracine……………………………………………………………..80 c) La fosfomycine et les glycopeptides……………………………………...82 2) Les antibiotiques inhibant les synthèses protéiques……………………….....82 a) Les aminocyclitols………………………………………………………..82 b) Les cyclines……………………………………………………………….83 c) Les macrolides et lincosamides…………………………………………..83 d) Les phénicolés……………………………………………………………83 e) L’ acide fusidique………………………………………………………..83 3) Les antibiotiques inhibant la synthèse des acides nucléiques………………...83 a) Les quinolones……………………………………………………………83 b) Les sulfamides et 2-4 diaminopyrimidines……………………………….84 c) 5-nitroimidazolés…………………………………………………………85 d) Les nitrofuranes…………………………………………………………..85 e) Les ansamycines………………………………………………………….85 4) Les antibiotiques à site d’action membranaire………………………………..85 II. Effets des antibiotiques sur les populations bactériennes in vitro……………………….86 1) L’effet bactériostatique……………………………………………………….86 2) L'effet bactéricide……………………………………………………………86 3) Effets à des concentrations subinhibitrices …………………………………..88 4) L’effet post-antibiotique………………………………………………………88 III. Evaluation de l’activité antibactérienne d’un antibiotique in vitro………………..…88 1) Mesure de l’effet bactériostatique…………………………………………….88 2) Facteurs de variations de la CMI…………… ………………………………90 3) Effet bactéricide……………………… ……………………………………92 IV. Spectre d’activité des différentes familles antibiotiques……………………………..93 1) Paramètres PK/PD d’évaluation de l’efficacité clinique d’un antibiotique…..93 2) Spectres naturels pour des bactéries responsables d’infections chez le chien..95 3) Règles d’association d’antibiotiques……………………………..…………100 Partie 5 : Résistance des bactéries aux antibiotiques………………………………………..103 I. Définitions…………………………………………………………………………103 1) Résistance acquise………………………………………………..…………103 2) Résistance acquise : définition clinique……………………………..………103 3) Définitions épidémiologiques (spectres actualisés)………………………….103 4) Résistance adaptative………………………………………………………104 II. Mécanismes biochimiques de la résistance des bactéries aux antibiotiques…..…..105 III. Mécanismes génétiques de la résistance des bactéries aux antibiotiques………….110 IV. Caractérisation des souches résistantes : l’antibiogramme………………….....113 1) Indications…………………………………………………………………..113 2) Principes……………………………………………………………………..113 3) Evolution de la résistance aux antibiotiques chez les bactéries d’origine canine…………………………………………………………….116 a) Staphylocoques méti-R chez le chien………………..…………………119 b) Escherichia coli résistants aux céphalosporines de 3ème génération……121 c) Les entérocoques résistants aux glycopeptides…………………………123 d) Evolution d’autres germes problématiques vers la résistance ?...............124 7 Chapitre 2 : Antibiothérapie des infections bactériennes du chien…………….……….125 Les infections cutanées………………………… ………………………………………… ..125 Les pyodermites…………………………………………………………..………………...125 Traitement d’une pyodermite localisée……………………………………………..128 Traitement des pyodermites superficielles et profondes étendues………………….130 Cas particulier des pyodermites à Pseudomonas aeruginosa…………………………..135 L’acné canine………………………………………………………………………………..136
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