Yr 'Hen Dri Ohonom'

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Yr 'Hen Dri Ohonom' Yr ‘Hen Dri Ohonom’: Gwrywdod, y Personol a’r Cyhoeddus yn y Cyfeillgarwch Rhwng D.R. Daniel, Tom Ellis ac O.M. Edwards Cyflwynir y traethawd hwn ar gyfer gradd Doethur mewn Athroniaeth Prifysgol Caerdydd, 2014 Manon Jones CYNNWYS Diolchiadau i Crynodeb ii Y datganiad a’r gosodiadau wrth iv gyflwyno’r traethawd Cyflwyniad 1 Pennod 1: ‘Yr ydych wedi bod yn rhy swil, 20 dylech ymhysbysebu tipyn’: Datgelu cymeriadau’r cyfeillion yng nghynnwys eu gohebiaeth. Pennod 2: ‘Hen ddyddiau’r Bala sydd yn fy 78 meddwl wrth ysgrifennu pob sill ’: Plethu profiadau cyhoeddus a phersonol. Pennod 3: ‘Mae’m calon yn brifo drosoch’: 141 Yr ymlyniad emosiynol mewn cyfnodau heriol. Pennod 4: ‘A hwythau bob amser mor 197 “fond” och cwmpeini’: Rhwydweithiau teuluol ehangach. Casgliad 261 Llyfryddiaeth 277 DIOLCHIADAU Hoffwn ddiolch yn fawr i staff Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru am eu cymorth yn darparu copiau o’r ohebiaeth a’r llawysgrifau a drafodir yng nghorff y traethawd hwn. Yn yr un modd, hoffwn gydnabod y cymorth a dderbyniais gan staff Archifdy Sir Feirionnydd. Gwerthfawrogaf garedigrwydd Prys Edwards yn caniatau i mi lungopio dogfennau allweddol o gasgliad papurau O.M. Edwards gan hwyluso’n fawr y gwaith ymchwil hwn ar ffurf astudiaeth ran amser. Diolch yn fawr i’m rhieni a’m brodyr am eu hanogaeth, eu cymorth a’u gofal yn ystod y pum mlynedd y bum yn gweithio i gwblhau’r traethawd hwn. Hoffwn gydnabod dylanwad yr Athro Emeritws John Gwynfor Jones yn meithrin ynof ddiddordeb gwirioneddol mewn hanes Cymru ac am ei ofal ar hyd fy ngyrfa academaidd. Yn olaf, diolchaf o waelod calon i’r Athro Bill Jones am ei gefnogaeth, ei gyfeillgarwch a’i gyngor doeth nid yn unig yn ystod y cyfnodau bum yn fyfyrwraig ym Mhrifysgol Caerdydd, ond ar hyd y deuddeng mlynedd ddiwethaf. i CRYNODEB Ffocws y traethawd hwn yw’r berthynas rhwng D.R. Daniel, Tom Ellis ac O.M. Edwards. Roeddent oll yn ddynion cyhoeddus amlwg yn eu dydd, ond roedd cwlwm cyfeillgarwch ar lefel bersonol wedi’i hen sefydlu rhyngddynt yn ystod cyfnod bachgendod. Ystyried natur, a mesur dyfnder yr ymlyniad hwn a wneir yn yr astudiaeth hon gan gyfeirio at gyfeillgarwch Daniel a David Lloyd George yn ogystal er mwyn cyfoethogi’r ddadl, a chynnig gwrthgyferbyniad. Cynigir mewnwelediad dynol i gymeriadau a phrofiadau Daniel, Ellis, Edwards a Lloyd George wrth ystyried eu dealltwriaeth hwy o bersonoliaethau’i gilydd a’r modd yr oeddent yn cyflwyno eu hunain i’w cyfeillion yn eu gohebiaeth. Ymhellach, cyfrenir at y feirniadaeth o’r cysyniad o sfferau ar wahân o safbwynt cyfeillion gwrywaidd. Dengys y modd y bu i Daniel, Ellis ac Edwards rannu profiadau cyhoeddus a phersonol gyda’i gilydd ar hyd taith bywyd. Plethwyd eu profiadau wrth iddynt groesi trothwyon academaidd a gyrfaol ynghyd â phriodi a sefydlu teulu. Canolbwynt yr astudiaeth hon yw mesur a chloriannu dyfnder y rhwym a fodolai rhwng Daniel, Ellis ac Edwards, ynghyd â Daniel a Lloyd George. Dadleuir bod ymlyniad hynod ddwfn rhyngddynt a adlewyrchir yn y modd y byddent yn troi at ei gilydd am gynhaliaeth mewn cyfnodau heriol. Mae’r datganiadau emosiynol, y gofal gwirioneddol a’r syniad o alar a cholled pan ddaw’r cyfeillgarwch i ben yn cyflwyno gwedd newydd ar y cysyniadau o wrywdod a chyfeillgarwch rhwng dynion ar ddiwedd y bedwaredd ganrif ar bymtheg a dechrau’r ugeinfed. Gosodir y perthynasau rhwng y dynion dan sylw yn eu cyd-destun gan ystyried y modd roedd rhywdweithiau teuluol ehangach wedi eu sefydlu o ganlyniad i’w cyfeillgarwch, er i raddau amrywiol. Dyma arddangos lefel y cysylltiad rhwng Daniel, ei gyfeillion a’u ii teuluoedd sy’n cyfoethogi’n dealltwriaeth o’r ymlyniad rhyngddynt a gwmpasai brofiadau personol a chyhoeddus. iii Y DATGANIAD A’R GOSODIADAU WRTH GYFLWYNO’R TRAETHAWD YMCHWIL DATGANIAD Ni chafodd y gwaith hwn ei gyflwyno’n sylweddol ar gyfer unrhyw radd neu ddyfarniad arall yn y brifysgol hon neu unrhyw brifysgol neu fan dysgu arall, ac nid yw’n cael ei gyflwyno ar yr un pryd mewn ymgeisiaeth ar gyfer unrhyw radd neu ddyfarniad arall. Llofnod (ymgeisydd) Dyddiad 16/12/2014 GOSODIAD 1 Mae’r traethawd ymchwil hwn yn cael ei gyflwyno i gyflawni’n rhannol ofynion gradd PhD. Llofnod (ymgeisydd) Dyddiad 16/12/2014 GOSODIAD 2 Mae’r traethawd hwn yn ganlyniad fy ngwaith/ymchwiliad annibynnol fy hun, oni ddywedir fel arall. Caiff ffynonellau eraill eu cydnabod gan gyfeiriadau eglur. Fy syniadau i yw’r syniadau a fynegir. Llofnod (ymgeisydd) Dyddiad 16/12/2014 GOSODIAD 3 Rhoddaf fy nghaniatâd drwy hyn i’m traethawd, os caiff ei dderbyn, fod ar gael ar-lein yn ystorfa Mynediad Agored y Brifysgol ac ar gyfer benthyca rhwng llyfrgelloedd, ac i’r teitl a chrynodeb fod ar gael i sefydliadau allanol. Llofnod (ymgeisydd) Dyddiad 16/12/2014 iv GOSODIAD 4: GWAHARDDIAD AR FYNEDIAD A GYMERADWYWYD YN FLAENOROL Rhoddaf fy nghaniatâd drwy hyn i’m traethawd, os caiff ei dderbyn, fod ar gael ar-lein yn ystorfa Mynediad Agored y Brifysgol ac ar gyfer benthyca rhwng llyfrgelloedd wedi i waharddiad ar fynediad a gymeradwywyd yn flaenorol gan y Pwyllgor Safonau ac Ansawdd Academaidd ddod i ben. Llofnod (ymgeisydd) Dyddiad 16/12/2014 v CYFLWYNIAD Nid hawdd yw mesur y dylanwad a gafodd Tom Ellis ar Owen Edwards. Yr oedd meddwl Owen yn nyddiau ei ieuenctid yn fwy agored i argraff personoliaeth gref na meddwl bachgen yn gyffredin. Anturiaeth a rhyfeddod oedd bywyd iddo; ei drychineb yn niwedd ei ddyddiau oedd fod Rhamant wedi hel ei godrau; yr oedd merched cerdd wedi eu gostwng, a cheiliog y rhedyn wedi myned yn faich. Y mae gwrthgyferbyniad anghyffredin rhwng tawedogrwydd a phellter ei flynyddoedd olaf â sioncrwydd siriol ymddiriedus hanner swil ei ieuenctid. Siomiant a dadrith a wnaeth hyn o dro arno, ond ymhell cyn i hynny ddigwydd, argraffwyd arno bersonoliaeth gadarn Tom Ellis. Yn wir, nid gormod fyddai dywedyd mai Tom Ellis a ddylanwadodd fwyaf arno o neb yn ei oes; oherwydd, er iddo gyfarfod â gwŷr mwyaf blaenllaw a grymus ei genhedlaeth yn Rhydychen, yr oedd y clai tyner yn barod wedi dechrau caledu. Un o’r profion hynotaf o ddylanwad Tom Ellis oedd llaw-ysgrif Owen Edwards... Yr oedd Tom Ellis yn rhan o’r bywyd mewnol a greodd iddo’i hunan, ac efallai na bu neb arall byth wedyn ond D.R. Daniel, dros ei drothwy.1 Cyn belled ag y gallaf farnu, cafodd Tom Ellis a D.R. Daniel fyned yn nes i gysegr santeiddiolaf Owen na neb arall; cyn hir tynnodd y llen ar draws y fynedfa, ac ni allodd neb ond cyfeillion cynnar – y gwŷr ifainc a fu’n annwyl ganddo yn y Bala ac Aberystwyth a Rhydychen – ei weled yn union fel yr oedd, cyn i’r byd godi ei furiau tywyll o’i amgylch.2 Dyma ddadansoddiad W.J. Gruffydd o berthynas yr addysgwr nodedig, O.M. Edwards (1858-1920) a’i gyfeillion ysgol yn y Bala; yr Aelod 1 W.J. Gruffydd, Owen Morgan Edwards: Cofiant (Aberystwyth, 1937), tt. 75-76. 2 Ibid., t. 87. 1 Seneddol, Thomas Edward (Tom) Ellis (1859-1899) a’r undebwr, David Robert (D.R.) Daniel (1859-1931).3 Mae sawl hanesydd wedi cydnabod y cyfeillgarwch hwn, ond prin iawn yw’r ymdrech i ddadansoddi dyfnder y cwlwm a natur y berthynas rhwng y dynion hyn. Bu i’r tri ddatblygu gyrfaoedd ac amlygu eu hunain ym mywyd cyhoeddus Cymru ar ddiwedd y bedwaredd ganrif ar bymtheg. Eto i gyd, roedd eu cyfeillgarwch wedi ei hen sefydlu yn ystod cyfnod eu hieuenctid a pharhaodd ar hyd eu hoes. Yn wir, ceir awgrym o ddibyniaeth gwirioneddol rhyngddynt yn y dyfyniadau uchod sydd yn crisialu holl fwriad yr astudiaeth hon o gyflwyno dyfnder yr ymrwymiad rhwng y tri gŵr hwn. Ffocysir ar y berthynas rhwng Daniel, Ellis ac Edwards o safbwynt D.R. Daniel yn bennaf, a hynny am sawl rheswm. Mae’r doreth o lythyrau a llawysgrifau, yn cwmpasu cyfnod o tua hanner canrif, a adawodd ar ei ôl yn cynnig rhoi mewnwelediad hynod fanwl i’w berthynas gyda’i gyfeillion ysgol.4 O ganlyniad, mae’r ffynonellau a’r dystiolaeth hyn yn ein galluogi i ystyried profiadau’r dynion hyn mewn manylder a chynnig trywyddau newydd i’r hanesyddiaeth ar wrywdod a chyfeillion gwrywaidd ar ddiwedd y bedwaredd ganrif ar bymtheg a dechrau’r ugeinfed. Er y ganwyd Daniel a’i gyfeillion i werinwyr cyffredin, roeddent yn ddynion addysgiedig a oedd yn ysgrifennu’n gyson at ei gilydd, ac am ei gilydd. Mae casgliad papurau D.R. Daniel felly yn darparu cyfle euraidd i ddilyn taith eu bywydau wrth iddynt dderbyn addysg a dechrau gyrfa, priodi a magu teulu; a mesur dyfnder eu cyfeillgarwch ar hyd y cyfnod. Mae posibilrwydd bod eu cyfeillgarwch yn adlewyrchu’r berthynas rhwng dynion eraill yn ystod yr un cyfnod, gan gynnwys rhai na adawsant dystiolaeth ysgrifenedig. Yn wir, atgyfnerthir y syniad bod yr astudiaeth hon yn cynnig themâu oedd yn gyffredin i ddynion y tu hwnt i’r triawd penodol hwn wrth ystyried perthynas D.R. Daniel a David Lloyd George (1863-1945), Prif Weinidog Prydain. Mae papurau Daniel yn cynnwys casgliad sylweddol o lythyrau oddi wrth, ac ysgrifau am, Lloyd George. Sefydlwyd eu cyfeillgarwch pan 3 Am fanylion bywgraffyddol a gwybodaeth lyfryddol ar y tri gŵr hwn, gweler pennod gyntaf y traethawd hwn. 4 Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru (LlGC), Casgliad D.R. Daniel. 2 yn oedolion ac ni oroesodd y Rhyfel Byd Cyntaf. Cyfeirir at y berthynas felly i gynnig gwrthgyferbyniad yn ogystal â chyfoethogiad i’r drafodaeth ynghylch cyfeillgarwch Daniel, Ellis ac Edwards, a’r cyfeillgarwch rhwng dynion yn gyffredinol. Yn olaf, mae ystyried y berthynas rhwng y tri chyfaill o safbwynt D.R.
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