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Linking National Fisheries Policy to Livelihoods on the Shores of Lake Kyoga, Uganda

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Linking National Fisheries Policy to Livelihoods on the Shores of Lake Kyoga, Uganda Linking National Fisheries Policy to Livelihoods on the Shores of Lake Kyoga, Uganda by Edward H. Allison LADDER Working Paper No. 9 May 2003 II ABOUT LADDER LADDER is a research project funded by the Policy Research Programme of the UK Department for International Development (DFID) that seeks to identify alternative routes by which the rural poor can climb out of poverty. LADDER is working with nearly 40 villages and 1,200 households in Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi and Kenya to discover the blocking and enabling agencies in the institutional environment facing rural people that hinder or help their quest for better standards of living for themselves and their families. This working paper represents work-in-progress and the reader is advised that it has not been subjected to academic quality control, nor edited for errors of fact or interpretation. The paper forms part of a mosaic of research findings that will contribute towards an overall picture of rural livelihoods and micro-macro links to poverty policies in the case-study countries. The findings and views expressed here are solely the responsibility of the authors and are not attributable to DFID. All available Working Papers and Village Reports can be downloaded from the project website: http://www.uea.ac.uk/dev/odg/ladder/, which also details other information about the project. For any further enquiries, please email [email protected]. III LADDER Working Papers WP1 Rural livelihoods, diversity, and poverty reduction policies WP2 Methods manual for fieldwork WP3 Macroeconomic policies and rural livelihood diversification: an Uganda case-study WP4 Decentralisation and rural livelihoods in Malawi WP5 Livelihoods and rural poverty reduction in Uganda WP6 The institutional context of rural poverty reduction in Uganda: decentralisation’s dual nature WP7 Crop-based farming systems and diverse livelihoods in Uganda WP8 More than income: pro-poor livestock development policy in Uganda WP9 Linking national fisheries policy to livelihoods on the shores of Lakes Kyoga, Uganda WP10 Gender and diverse livelihoods in Uganda WP11 Livelihoods and rural poverty reduction in Tanzania WP12 Economic reforms and rural livelihood diversification in Tanzania WP13 Tanzanian rural livelihoods: towards a more enabling institutional environment WP14 Irrigation, livelihoods and river basins WP15 Rethinking wildlife for livelihoods and diversification in rural Tanzania WP16 The experience of agricultural market liberalisation and implications for producers WP17 Livelihoods and rural poverty reduction in Malawi WP18 Gender and rural poverty in Tanzania WP19 Rural livelihoods and illness: case studies in Tanzania and Malawi WP20 Economic reforms and rural livelihoods in Malawi WP21 Land tenure, taxes and service delivery in rural Malawi WP22 Fishing livelihoods and fisheries management in Malawi WP23 Crop-based farming policies and livelihoods in Malawi WP24 Forest management and diverse livelihoods in Malawi WP25 Uganda selected rural livelihoods data tables WP26 Tanzania selected rural livelihoods data tables WP27 Malawi selected rural livelihoods data tables WP28 Malawi: selected livelihoods data for fishing households WP29 Kenya selected rural livelihoods data tables WP30 Rural livelihoods and poverty reduction strategies in four African countries WP31 A comparative study of land tenure reform in four countries WP32 Community-based natural resource management in Malawi and Botswana WP33 Livelihoods and rural poverty reduction in Kenya IV SUMMARY...................................................................................................................................................................1 1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................................2 1.1 THE ROLE OF THE FISHERIES SECTOR IN UGANDA’S DEVELOPMENT ........................................................ 2 1.2 FISHERIES POLICY REFORM IN UGANDA........................................................................................................ 5 1.3 FISHERIES MANAGEMENT THEORY AND NARRATIVE .................................................................................... 7 1.4 POLICY RESEARCH QUESTIONS...................................................................................................................... 10 2. STUDY AREA AND RESEARCH METHODS...........................................................................................10 2.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STUDY AREA ..................................................................................................... 10 2.1.1 Lake Kyoga...............................................................................................................................................10 2.1.2 Kamuli District Profile...........................................................................................................................11 2.1.3 Study villages ...........................................................................................................................................12 2.2 VILLAGE-LEVEL RESEARCH METHODS.......................................................................................................... 14 3. RESEARCH FINDINGS ....................................................................................................................................15 3.1 A SSET PROFILES OF FISHING AND NON-FISHING HOUSEHOLDS.................................................................. 15 3.1.1 Links between fishing assets, livestock and land ownership............................................................17 3.1.2 Pathways for accumulation of fishing assets......................................................................................18 3.2 POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES.............................................................................................................. 19 3.2.1 Institutions mediating access to fishing opportunities......................................................................19 3.2.2. Access to livelihoods support services................................................................................................26 3.2.3 Taxation ....................................................................................................................................................26 3.2.4 Summary....................................................................................................................................................28 3.3 LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES AND STRATEGIES: ARE FISHERFOLK OCCUPATIONALLY IMMOBILE? ............ 28 3.4 LIVELIHOOD OUTCOMES: ARE FISHERFOLK ‘THE POOREST OF THE POOR’? ............................................ 30 3.5 VULNERABILITY: IS FISHING ‘THE OCCUPATION OF LAST RESORT ’? ....................................................... 32 3.5.1 Natural capital depletion, variability and seasonality .....................................................................32 3.5.2 Unsafe and/or exploitative working conditions.................................................................................33 3.5.3 Theft and insecurity ................................................................................................................................34 3.5.4 Neglect or misunderstanding by central policy .................................................................................34 3.5.5. Misuse of devolved governance structures by local elites ..............................................................34 3.5.6 Moral Hazards: The Drunken Fisherman and HIV/AIDS................................................................34 3.5.7 Reduced vulnerability?...........................................................................................................................35 3.5.8 Occupation of choice or last resort? ...................................................................................................35 4. SYNTHESIS OF POLICY IMPLICATIONS ..............................................................................................36 4.1. CREATING POLICY SPACE FOR LOCAL ACTORS........................................................................................... 37 4.2. FACILITATING PATHWAYS TO ACCUMULATION.......................................................................................... 38 4.3 REDUCING VULNERABILITY IN FISHING COMMUNITIES.............................................................................. 38 4.4 CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................................................... 39 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...............................................................................................................................39 6. REFERENCES AND NOTES ...........................................................................................................................39 1 Linking national fisheries policy to livelihoods on the shores of Lake Kyoga, Uganda By Edward H. Allison* Summary Fisheries policy in Uganda emphasises both development of export-led fisheries for Nile Perch and the need to meet domestic demand for affordable sources of dietary protein. The principal policy objective is to provide for "sustainable exploitation of the fisheries resources at the highest possible level, while conserving the environment". It is envisaged that aiming for this goal will promote "replacement of individual
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