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Ecological Characteristics and Morphological Features of the Lubigi Wetland in Uganda

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Ecological Characteristics and Morphological Features of the Lubigi Wetland in Uganda Environment and Ecology Research 6(4): 218-228, 2018 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/eer.2018.060402 Ecological Characteristics and Morphological Features of the Lubigi Wetland in Uganda John K. Kayima, Aloyce W. Mayo*, Joel Nobert Department of Water Resources Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35131, Dares Salaam, Tanzania Copyright©2018 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License Abstract The Lubigi is one of the largest Lake Kyoga enough to maximize infiltration, which helps in recharging drainage basin wetlands located in the north-western part the groundwater. A high ground water table means that in of Kampala, the capital city of Uganda. It receives the immediate surroundings of the wetland, plants have stormwater and polluted water from Kampala city and easy access to water supplies [2, 3, 4, 5]. Wetlands also discharges it into Mayanja River and finally Lake Kyoga. protect the region downstream from erosive forces of storm Unfortunately, there is lack of information and knowledge water flow events, resulting in soil erosion and stream bank on the capacity of the Lubigi wetland to protect the degradation. downstream water bodies from pollution. In an effort to Natural wetlands are often used for domestic and address this it was necessary to investigate ecological and municipal wastewater disposal and inappropriate and morphological characteristics of the Lubigi wetland. illegitimate solid waste disposal. However, wetlands have Pertinent field investigations, surveys, data collection and capacities to remove pollutants, nutrients and toxins from field tests and analyses were carried out. The results water, thus to some extent filtering and purifying it [6, 7]. revealed that the area of drainage basin feeding the wetland This function enables natural wetlands to act as “ecotones” is about 40 km2. The width of wetland main study area acting as buffer zones, which helps to protect the quality of varies from 250 m to 450 m and water depth varies up to a water in downstream fresh water bodies such as rivers and maximum of 2.5 m. The wetland study area has a total lakes [8, 9, 10, 11]. surface area and volume are 1.09 ha and 1,073,000 m3, Natural wetlands cover about 10% of Uganda’s total respectively. The wetland soil is dominated by thick loose land surface area, and provide a wide variety of peat near the inlet, but thickness of loose peat decreased bio-physical and socio-economic functions. The wide rapidly towards the downstream end. Nine plant species distribution of natural wetlands in Uganda, means that a were dominant in Lubigi wetland, but the most dominant large proportion of the population has access to the species are Echinochloa pyramidalis, Cyperus papyrus, utilization of the natural wetlands, resulting in their Thelypteris acuminata and Paspalum crobiculatum. extensive and intensive degradation in many cases. This demands for particular urgency in their efficient Keywords Ecological Characteristics, Lubigi Wetland, management and sustainable utilization [12]. Morphological Features, Plant Species, Wetland Capacity In Uganda and indeed the whole of the East African region, research work on wetlands, have tended to focus more on the Lake Victoria drainage basin [13, 14, 15, 16, 17]. This is justifiable, because Lake Victoria is the largest inland fresh-water lake in Africa and the second largest in 1 . Introduction the world, with resources of great socio-economic potential [18]. That notwithstanding, Uganda still has yet another Natural wetlands are characterised by impeded drainage, important inland Lake Kyoga drainage basin, which is fed but vary in detail depending on the period of flooding, and drained mainly by the River Nile, and its drainage depth of water and its fluctuations with time i.e. the basin is estimated to accommodate about 15 million people, hydroperiod, altitude, fertility of the surrounding soil and with numerous socio-economic functions. More than 80% other environmental factors. They are characterized by of the population living in the basin, engages in small-scale having distinctive plants and animals, which live together agriculture and animal husbandry. Thus, the Lake Kyoga and are adapted to flooding [1]. The impeded drainage in a drainage basin and its wetlands, including Lubigi wetland, natural wetland, allows the water to stay in one place long face serious public health, environmental and water Environment and Ecology Research 6(4): 218-228, 2018 219 resources problems [12]. the efficiency of removal of pollutants and improve Lubigi wetland has continued to come under severe long-term sustainable management, use and conservation strain from anthropogenic encroachment and activities of the wetland [21, 22, 23, 24]. Therefore, detailed including deliberate landfilling for reclamation, human information about these vital wetland ecological factors settlements, draining away of water for agriculture and also needs to be obtained for the Lubigi wetland. The main livestock farming, clay and sand extraction, brickmaking, objective of this research study is to investigate the the harvesting of Cyperus papyrus and other plants for morphological features and ecological characteristics of handcrafts and house roof thatching, inappropriate and the Lubigi wetland, in order to establish the key wetland illegitimate solid waste disposal and municipal and morphology and ecological features of the wetland. industrial effluent discharges [19]. Indeed, in the years 2011 and 2013, serious life threatening conflicts were reported, which forced the Uganda Government security 2. Materials and Methods forces to evict people who had constructed buildings in the wetland. The main water inlet into the Lubigi wetland is a The Lubigi Wetland Main Study Area canalised stream, which receives discharges from the The main area investigated in this research study, is as newly constructed Nsooba-Lubigi drainage channel with 3 shown in Figure 1. The area comprises the Upper Lubigi average capacity of approximately 220,000 m /day. The wetland, which is delineated in the north-east of Kampala channel collects municipal and industrial wastewater, city by the Hoima Road, with the main wastewater inlet storm water run-off and sub-surface water flow from the located at latitude 00˚20’48” N and longitude 32˚32’28” E; upstream densely populated slums of Kyebando, Kalerwe, and in the south-west by the Sentema Road with the main Kanyanya, Bwaise, Kawaala, Namungoona and Nansana. effluent outlets located at latitude 00˚19’56” N and In addition, the stream receives effluent discharges from longitude 32˚31’34” E (Figure 1). This section of the Lubigi Sewage Treatment Plant, with a design capacity of 2 3 wetland covers an area of approximately 1.1 km , at an 5,400 m /day [20]. altitude of approximately 1,158 m above mean sea level, While it is important to note that wetland morphological with a total drainage catchment area of approximately 40.0 features and ecological, characteristics, which play a vital km2. This is the section of the wetland, which receives the role in determining the capacity of a wetland to transform initial and direct impacts of the visually heavily polluted and remove pollutants from wastewater, very little is wastewater from the upstream Nsooba-Lubigi storm water known of these features for Lubigi wetland. These drainage channel and the Lubigi Sewage Treatment Plant. characteristics for wetlands have been reported to influence 220 Ecological Characteristics and Morphological Features of the Lubigi Wetland in Uganda Figure 1. Map of the Lubigi Wetland Main Study Area In this area, the zone closest to the wetland main the wetland on either side of the channel. The transects and wastewater inlet is dominated by Echinochloa pyramidalis, sampling points were geo-referenced using a Garmin and therefore a 1.0 m wide transect T1 was cut across this Global Positioning System (GPS) device, in order to zone about 700 m downstream of the main wastewater inlet. determine and record the co-ordinates of their locations. The middle zone is dominated by a mix of Cyperus Then they were transferred to a digitized map of the area, to papyrus and Typha capensis, and therefore a second 1.0 m ensure that the same transects and points are used every wide transect T2 was cut across this zone, about 1,440 m time sampling is done. To facilitate movements and work downstream of the main wastewater inlet. The last zone within the transects, Cyperus papyrus culms were cut and closest to the wetland main effluent outlet is dominated by tied in bundles which were laid down to make walkable Cyperus papyrus, and therefore a third 1.0 m wide transect paths. Dinghy boats and motor vehicles were used as T3 was cut across this zone about 1,930 m downstream of alternatives, to access places that were not easily accessible the main wastewater inlet. Transects T1, T2 and T3 are by foot. Life rafts and jackets and other safety precautions shown in Figure 1. and measures, were used throughout the research field In each of the 3 transects, 5 sampling points were work. established in order to closely follow the spatial variability across the widths of the wetland, as one moves from the Lubigi Wetland Morphology main central drainage channel away towards the edges of A reconnaissance survey followed by a topographic Environment and Ecology Research 6(4): 218-228, 2018 221 survey of the whole study area using a Total Surveying (TIN) model was checked. Thereafter, the area of interest Station and dual frequency CHCG Global Positioning was controlled and its volume was determined by System (GPS) instruments were conducted, in order to mosaiking the bathymetry grid, the Triangulated Irregular determine the wetland basin geometry, shape, form, size, Network (TIN) model and the improved ASTERGDEM2 topography, bathymetry and morphology.
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