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Reforma Institucional Para Legalizar La Intervención UNIVERSIDAD VILLA RICA ESTUDIOS INCORPORADOS A LA UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO FACULTAD DE DERECHO “REFORMA CONSTITUCIONAL PARA LEGALIZAR LA INTERVENCIÓN DE LAS FUERZAS ARMADAS EN EL COMBATE A LA DELINCUENCIA ORGANIZADA” TESIS QUE PARA OBTENER EL TÍTULO DE: LICENCIADO EN DERECHO PRESENTA: GERARDO RAFAEL ÁNGELES HERNÁNDEZ Director de Tesis Revisor de Tesis Lic. Ana Lilia González López Lic. Edna del Carmen Márquez Hernández BOCA DEL RÍO, VER. ENERO 2014 UNAM – Dirección General de Bibliotecas Tesis Digitales Restricciones de uso DERECHOS RESERVADOS © PROHIBIDA SU REPRODUCCIÓN TOTAL O PARCIAL Todo el material contenido en esta tesis esta protegido por la Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor (LFDA) de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (México). El uso de imágenes, fragmentos de videos, y demás material que sea objeto de protección de los derechos de autor, será exclusivamente para fines educativos e informativos y deberá citar la fuente donde la obtuvo mencionando el autor o autores. Cualquier uso distinto como el lucro, reproducción, edición o modificación, será perseguido y sancionado por el respectivo titular de los Derechos de Autor. ÍNDICE Página INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................................................................... 1 CAPÍTULO I. METODOLOGÍA DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN. 1.1. Planteamiento del problema ............................................................................. 3 1.2. Justificación ...................................................................................................... 3 1.3. Objetivos .......................................................................................................... 5 1.3.1. Objetivo general ............................................................................................ 5 1.3.2. Objetivos específicos..................................................................................... 5 1.4. Hipótesis ........................................................................................................... 5 1.5. Variables .......................................................................................................... 6 1.5.1. Variable independiente .................................................................................. 6 1.5.2. Variable dependiente..................................................................................... 6 1.6. Definición de variables ..................................................................................... 6 1.7. Tipo de estudio ................................................................................................. 7 1.8. Diseño de prueba ............................................................................................. 8 1.8.1. Investigación documental .............................................................................. 8 1.8.1.1. Centro de acopio de información ................................................................ 8 1.8.1.1.1. Biblioteca pública visitada ....................................................................... 8 ii 1.8.1.1.2. Biblioteca privada visitada ....................................................................... 8 1.8.1.1.3. Biblioteca particular visitada .................................................................... 8 1.8.1.2. Técnicas empleadas para la recopilación de información .......................... 9 CAPÍTULO II. ANTECEDENTES HISTÓRICOS. 2.1. Antecedentes de las Fuerzas Armadas en México ........................................ 10 2.1.1. El Ejército Colonial ...................................................................................... 11 2.1.2. El Ejército en las Leyes de Reforma ........................................................... 13 2.1.3. El Heroico Colegio Militar. ........................................................................... 14 2.2. La historia de laMarina y su desarrollo en México .......................................... 18 2.2.1. Primer combate naval registrado en costas veracruzanas .......................... 27 2.2.2. La Heroica Escuela Naval Militar ................................................................. 37 2.2.3. Fuerzas Navales ......................................................................................... 39 2.2.3.1. Concepto de Fuerza Naval ....................................................................... 39 2.2.3.2. Antecedentes de las Fuerzas Navales ..................................................... 40 2.3. La Procuraduría General de la República ...................................................... 41 2.3.1. Antecedentes históricos de la PGR ............................................................. 41 2.3.2.El Ministerio Público ..................................................................................... 46 2.3.2.1. Antecedentes históricos ........................................................................... 47 2.3.2.1.1. Grecia .................................................................................................... 48 2.3.2.1.2. Roma ..................................................................................................... 49 2.3.2.1.3. Francia .................................................................................................. 49 2.3.2.1.4. España .................................................................................................. 50 2.3.2.1.5. México ................................................................................................... 51 2.3.2.2. Naturaleza jurídica.................................................................................... 56 2.3.2.3. Atribuciones .............................................................................................. 57 CAPÍTULO III. MARCO TEÓRICO-CONCEPTUAL. 3.1. Seguridad pública ........................................................................................... 61 iii 3.1.1. Definición en la doctrina de Seguridad Pública ........................................... 62 3.1.2. Definición legal de seguridad pública .......................................................... 63 3.2. Seguridad Nacional ........................................................................................ 64 3.3. Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Pública ........................................................ 66 3.4. Consejo Nacional de Seguridad Pública ........................................................ 67 3.5. Militarización y Seguridad Pública en México ................................................. 68 3.6. Delincuencia Organizada ............................................................................... 72 CAPÍTULO IV. MARCO JURÍDICO. 4.1. Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos ................................ 76 4.2. Facultades legales ......................................................................................... 93 4.3. Naturaleza jurídica de las Secretarías de la Defensa Nacional y de Marina .. 94 4.4 Establecimiento de las bases del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Pública .... 96 4.5. La Legalidad del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Pública ............................. 97 CAPÍTULO V. PROPUESTAS DE REFORMA. 5.1. El Ejército, la Marina y las Fuerzas Armadas en el combate a la delincuencia organizada........................................................................................................... 100 5.2. Prevención del delito y combate a la delincuencia organizada por parte de las autoridades civiles en coordinación con las fuerzas castrenses ......................... 107 5.3. Base de operaciones mixtas realizada en coordinación con autoridades civiles y militares en los tres niveles de gobierno ........................................................... 110 5.4. Coordinación entre las autoridades .............................................................. 113 5.5. Propuesta de reforma ................................................................................... 118 CONCLUSIONES ................................................................................................ 121 RECOMENDACIONES ....................................................................................... 125 iv BIBLIOGRAFÍA ................................................................................................... 127 LINKOGRAFÍA .................................................................................................... 130 LEGISGRAFÍA .................................................................................................... 131 INTRODUCCIÓN El presente tema de estudio surge a partir de la necesidad de justificar el empleo que el Poder Ejecutivo ha hecho de las Fuerzas Armadas en el combate a la delincuencia organizada. Ya que, debido a la grave situación de violencia que impera hoy en día en nuestro país, la labores de vigilancia y seguridad desempeñadas por parte de la policía municipal y estatal se han tornado insuficientes, y, es por esto, que se ha tenido que introducir el uso de las Fuerzas Armadas para llevar a cabo funciones de vigilancia en las entidades federativas, que originalmente no le corresponden. Las nuevas y progresivas modalidades de la delincuencia organizada, han hecho necesario el mejoramiento de las tácticas que el Estado debe utilizar para combatirla, dado que las medidas habituales se han visto superadas por el uso de innovadoras tecnologías y medios por parte de la delincuencia organizada para la realización de sus diversas actividades ilícitas, es por eso que se han realizado despliegues
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