COVER Looking north along Hollywood Beach in March 1935. This photograph was taken for the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce for a publicity brochure. It was reproduced as a postcard in 1939. The postcard is in the collection of the P. K. Yonge Library of Florida History, University of Florida, Gaines- ville. THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL SOCIETY Volume LXII, Number 3 January 1984 COPYRIGHT 1984 by the Florida Historical Society, Tampa, Florida. Second class postage paid at Tampa and DeLeon Springs, Florida. Printed by E. O. Painter Printing Co., DeLeon Springs, Florida. (ISSN 0015-4113) THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL QUARTERLY Samuel Proctor, Editor Jeffry Charbonnet, Editorial Assistant EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Herbert J. Doherty, Jr. University of Florida Michael V. Gannon University of Florida John K. Mahon University of Florida (Emeritus) Jerrell H. Shofner University of Central Florida Charlton W. Tebeau University of Miami (Emeritus) J. Leitch Wright, Jr. Florida State University Correspondence concerning contributions, books for review, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor, Florida Historical Quarterly, Box 14045, University Station, Gainesville, Florida 32604-2045. The Quarterly is interested in articles and documents pertaining to the history of Florida. Sources, style, footnote form, originality of material and interpretation, clarity of thought, and interest of readers are considered. All copy, including footnotes, should be double-spaced. Footnotes are to be numbered consecutively in the text and assembled at the end of the article. Particular attention should be given to following the footnote style of the Quarterly. The author should submit an original and retain a carbon for security. The Florida Historical Society and the Editor of the Florida Historical Quarterly accept no responsibility for state- ments made or opinions held by authors. The Quarterly reviews books dealing with all aspects of Florida history. Books to be reviewed should be sent to the Editor together with price and information on how they can be ordered. Table of Contents SURVIVAL OF A FRONTIER PRESIDIO: ST. AUGUSTINE AND THE SUBSIDY AND PRIVATE CONTRACT SYSTEMS, 1680-1702 William R. Gillaspie 273 SPANISH SANCTUARY: FUGITIVES IN FLORIDA, 1687-1790 Jane Landers 296 “THE LITTLE AFFAIR”: THE SOUTHWEST FLORIDA CAMPAIGN, 1863-1864 Rodney E. Dillon, Jr. 314 MURDERS AT KISS-ME-QUICK: THE UNDERSIDE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS Jerrell H. Shofner 332 NOTES AND DOCUMENTS: DIARY OF KENA FRIES edited by Jean Yothers and Paul W. Wehr 339 FLORIDA HISTORY RESEARCH IN PROGRESS 353 BOOK REVIEWS ............................................................................... 368 BOOK NOTES ............................................................................... 404 HISTORY NEWS ............................................................................... 413 BOOK REVIEWS SELECTED LETTERS OF MARJORIE KINNAN RAWLINGS, edited by Gordon E. Bigelow and Laura V. Monti reviewed by Jim Haskins THE SEMINOLE WORLD OF TOMMY TIGER, by Harry A. Kersey, Jr. and Voncile Mallory FOREST IN THE SAND, by Marjory Bartlett Sanger with drawings by D. D. Tyler reviewed by John Cech LASALLE AND HIS LEGACY, FRENCHMEN AND INDIANS IN THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY, edited by Patricia K. Galloway reviewed by Michael G. Schene LETTERS OF DELEGATES TO CONGRESS, 1774-1789, VOLUME 9, FEBRUARY 1-MAY 31, 1778, edited by Paul H. Smith, Gerard W. Gawalt, Rosemary Fry Plakas, and Eugene R. Sheridan reviewed by Robert M. Calhoon JAMES HENRY HAMMOND AND THE OLD SOUTH, A DESIGN FOR MASTERY, by Drew Gilpin Faust reviewed by Paul C. Nagel LUCY AUDUBON, A BIOGRAPHY, by Carolyn E. Delatte reviewed by Cheryll Ann Cody SOUTHERN HONOR: ETHICS AND BEHAVIOR IN THE OLD SOUTH, by Bertram Wyatt- Brown reviewed by Michael O’Brien THE SOCIAL GOSPEL IN THE SOUTH, THE WOMAN’S HOME MISSION MOVEMENT IN THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, SOUTH, 1886-1939, by John Patrick McDowell reviewed by Nancy A. Hewitt THE GEORGIA-SOUTH CAROLINA BOUNDARY: A PROBLEM IN HISTORICAL GEOG- RAPHY, by Louis De Vorsey, Jr. reviewed by John W. Florin SOUTHERN ENTERPRIZE: THE WORK OF NATIONAL EVANGELICAL SOCIETIES IN THE ANTEBELLUM SOUTH, by John W. Kuykendall reviewed by R. Lyn Rainard ALL CLEVER MEN WHO MAKE THEIR WAY, CRITICAL DISCOURSE IN THE OLD SOUTH, edited by Michael O’Brien reviewed by John Hebron Moore THE CONFEDERATE NAVY IN EUROPE, by Warren F. Spencer reviewed by George E. Buker BLACK POLITICIANS AND RECONSTRUCTION IN GEORGIA, A SPLENDID FAILURE, by Edmund L. Drago reviewed by Paul A. Cimbala COTTON FIELDS AND SKYSCRAPERS, SOUTHERN CITY AND REGION, 1607-1980, by David R. Goldfield reviewed by Robert F. Durden REGION, RACE, AND RECONSTRUCTION, ESSAYS IN HONOR OF C. VANN WOODWARD, edited by J. Morgan Kousser and James M. McPherson reviewed by Clarence E. Walker THE WAR WITHIN: FROM VICTORIAN TO MODERNIST THOUGHT IN THE SOUTH, 1919-1945, by Daniel Joseph Singal reviewed by Elizabeth Jacoway NEARBY HISTORY, EXPLORING THE PAST AROUND YOU, by David E. Kyvig and Myron A. Marty reviewed by Linda V. Ellsworth MISSISSIPPI CHOCTAWS AT PLAY, THE SERIOUS SIDE OF LEISURE, by Kendall Blanchard reviewed by David E. Draper SURVIVAL OF A FRONTIER PRESIDIO: ST. AUGUSTINE AND THE SUBSIDY AND PRIVATE CONTRACT SYSTEMS, 1680-1702 by WILLIAM R. GILLASPIE HE last two decades of the seventeenth century were critical Tyears in determining the eighteenth-century destiny of the entire breadth of the Spanish borderlands in North America. Overshadowing the outcome of the international rivalry over the continent were three changing tenets in international law during the last third of the seventeenth century. The first was Spain’s acceptance of “freedom of the seas” in place of mare clausum (closed sea) whereby she had sought exclusivism of the waters adjacent to its territorial holdings. Another changing tenet, to Spain’s advantage, was the European abandonment of “no peace beyond the line” (of demarcation) whereby aggressive acts committed in America would have no effect on peaceful re- lations among the European powers. Privateers had used this tenet to their advantage, as well as had Spain’s rivals in Europe, and would continue to do so into the early eighteenth century. The third, and most significant change, was Spain’s acceptance of a new tenet, uti possidetis (as you now possess), whereby “effective occupation alone gives valid title to colonial lands and the rights acquired by prior discovery are only effective if they are followed up by settlement.“1 Formalized by treaties, the most important was the Treaty of Madrid, signed in 1670. Under it Spain recognized the English settlements in America on the condition that they would not engage in contraband trade with the Spanish dependencies. The boundary between English Caro- lina and the Spanish Florida provinces was fixed on a line running due west from a point in Port Royal Sound approxi- mately sixty miles south of Charleston.2 By this time England and William R. Gillaspie is professor of history at Memphis State University, Memphis, Tennessee. 1. A. B. Newton, The European Nations in the West Indies, 1493-1699 (London, 1933), 334-35. 2. At the time, Spain divided Florida into four provinces: Guale, located in [273] 274 FLORIDA HISTORICAL QUARTERLY France posed the major threats to the former Spanish exclusivism, but England would prove to be the most successful in adjusting to this new tenet. Lacking the population, and as a means of economizing, the Spanish crown continued using the presidio-mission system as a means to expand and defend the borderlands.3 The twenty-year interim, 1680-1700, decided the state of preparedness of the Spanish borderlands as the War of the Spanish Succession (1700- 1715) extended into North America where it was called Queen Anne’s War. The most serious and dramatic extension of that war would be the siege of St. Augustine in 1702. Using the European war as an excuse, Governor James Moore, with his Indian allies, led an expedition from Charleston into Guale where he destroyed Franciscan missions en route to St. Augustine. St. Augustine was burned and looted, but Moore failed to take the Spanish fortress, the Castillo de San Marcos, which served as a final place of refuge for the Florida population. In an attempt to redeem himself, Moore again led expeditions into Florida, 1703-1708, with the Franciscan missions in Apalache as his principal targets. He virtually eradicated the few remaining missions and committed atrocities against the friars themselves.4 During the two decades prior to the war and the siege of St. Augustine, uncertainties and potential crises loomed in northern New Spain and the lower Mississippi Valley regions. These years were crucial for the very survival of the eastern region of Spanish Florida with the presidio of St. Augustine as the bastion of the area’s defense. The chal- lenges of preserving the eastern borderlands appeared overwhelm- ing. eastern Georgia and the islands off Georgia’s coast; Timucua, in north central Florida and a portion of southern Georgia; Apalache, located in southwestern Georgia, southern Alabama, and the Florida panhandle extending from San Marcos westward to Pensacola; and Provincia Nueva, a scantily-populated province in southern Florida. 3. For the origin of the presidio, see Max L. Moorehead, The Presidio: Bastion of the Spanish Borderlands (Norman, 1975), 3-26. 4. Charles W. Arnade, The Siege of St. Augustine in 1702 (Gainesville, 1959), 14-61; Mark F. Boyd, “The Siege of Saint Augustine by Governor Moore of South Carolina in 1702 as Reported to the King of Spain by Don Joseph Zuniga y Zerda, Governor of Florida,” Florida Historical Quarterly, XXVI (April 1948), 345-52; Michael V. Gannon, The Cross in the Sand: The Early Catholic Church in Florida, 1513-1870 (Gaines- ville, 1965), 75-76; Robert Allen Matter, “Missions in the Defense of Spanish Florida, 1566-1710,” Florida Historical Quarterly, LIV (July 1975), 32-35. SURVIVAL OF A FRONTIER PRESIDIO 275 The principal challenge was to provision Spanish Florida ade- quately, and the presidio of St. Augustine in particular.