Quadrumvirate: Power in the – The Spanish

JHUMUNC 2017 1 The

Topic A: Internal Naval Structure and Colonial Cohesion

Topic B: External Affairs and Colonial Expansion

Committee Overview other important figures, most of whom have a personal familiarity with each other. A Over the past several decades the creative outlook and liberal use of crisis power of the Spanish crown has faded. notes is encouraged, though delegates will Their hold on colonial America has find their endeavors most successful if they loosened, while wars in have drained receive support from other delegates. them of their resources. The golden age of may have faded but is up to this committee to make sure that this decline Delegate Descriptions does not progress. The first step to stopping Regional Colonial Leaders this decline is naming the new King of Doctor Diego Ladron de Guevara ( Spain, Philip V. This new King will need of aid rebuilding the and it is After studying theology at the this committee’s responsibility to help him. University of Alcala de Henares, and later King Philip has made it clear that the becoming a professor of law, Diego Ladron Spanish Empire has been at its strongest de Guevara has a reputation for being a when its Navy was the best in the world, pious and law-abiding man. Before his therefore a large number of delegates have appointment as Viceroy of Peru, he served connections to the Spanish Royal Navy and as bishop of Panama, Ayacucho, and Quito. maritime trade. Delegates will have to Guevara is also known to be hot-headed advise the King on how best to reorganize over personal disagreements with the Royal Navy, utilize Spain’s current colleagues; one such instance of “personal colonies, and possibly expand to new ones differences” led to him being jailed briefly along with any other ideas they have to in 1689. As Viceroy and one of the most reform Spain. experienced in dealings with , he heavily favors taxation and regulation in Parliamentary Procedure order to protect against both the external pirate threat and the internal threat of slave As a small, specialized committee, uprisings. parliamentary procedure will be moderately relaxed, assuming that this does not impede Laureano de Torres y Ayala (Governor of the flow of debate. Delegates are prominent ) Spanish naval officers, and Previously the governor of La generals, along with esteemed royalty, and Florida, Torres y Ayala comes from a noble

2 family living in , Spain. He joined military, from Cadet to Captain. He was the at a young age and briefly a prisoner of war in , leading participated in the exploration of Florida to a great distrust of all non-. In territories before becoming Governor and his time as Governor of Florida, he has participating in the construction of several withstood fires and attacks by Amerindians, settlements. After fighting for several years Greeks and English. Therefore, he greatly in the War of Spanish succession, he was values fortifications to colonial forts and appointed Governor of Cuba. He is increased immigration from Spain to the primarily concerned with economic to replace his losses in problems, such as preventing tax population. Martinez’s greatest rival and evasion. Ayala himself has had several run- enemy is y Escobar, his ins with the law, the most important of second-in-command who Martinez has which being a two-year imprisonment on already tried to imprison once for corruption charges. Since his acquittal and overcharging on food to the poor and hungry reinstatement, Ayala has dedicated himself population. to founding charities and economic development, but it is unclear whether he is truly innocent. Juan de Ayala y Escobar (Lieutenant Governor of Florida) Second to Martinez in the Floridian Fernando de Alencastre, 1st Duke of chain of command, Escobar spent many Linares (Viceroy/Captain-General of New years serving aboard merchant vessels in the Spain) Caribbean. His connections and familiarity Alencastre is a rich nobleman and with trade routes and harbors are helpful, but knight with close ties to the royal family. his ambition has led to untrustworthiness That said, he has a generous streak, using and corruption, including profiteering from money from his own funds to repair illegally obtained and overpriced food. Yet, earthquake damage and help the poor during Escobar is well connected with local troops times of famine. He has also spent large and merchants, making him seemingly amounts of money on warships for the coast unshakeable from his rising position of guard and muskets for the militia. One of his power. main goals is to increase trade with Peru, a task interrupted by the War of Spanish Primary Military/Naval Leaders Succession. In the past, he has used private ships to trade when the Spanish government Andres de Pez y Malzarraga failed. The has rejected Andres de Pez comes from a family his attempts to create this kind of trade in tradition of Naval service and has spent the past, suggesting that Alencastre himself decades in the Spanish Navy. His father and might be profiting from the trade. brother, also naval officers, were killed by Nevertheless, the Viceroy continues to be the French in an 1876 battle, after which he one of the greatest contributors to the became a company commander in the church, the poor, and scholarly pursuits. Caribbean, protecting Spanish ships so effectively that he earned a reputation for Francisco de Corcoles y Martinez outstanding bravery and efficiency, also (Governor of Florida) sustaining several wounds. He has explored Martinez joined the Royal Army in and mapped much of the northern Gulf of his youth, and has progressed very far in the , convincing the War Council to

3 colonize Pensacola, Florida. He served as Don Juan Esteban de Ubilla captain general of the Indies Fleet until 1710 Esteban de Ubilla is the current and is the leading candidate to take captain of the Fleet, also known command of the reorganized Navy as one of as the Spanish Fleet. The fleet set the wisest and most experienced on the sail in 1712 by orders of King Phillip V, due council. to Spain’s state of near bankruptcy. This captain is tasked with sailing eight ships to y Olavarrieta the and accruing as much treasure Blas de Lezo started his career in the as possible. He is under a lot of pressure French navy in 1701, fighting in the Franco- from the King, as he is one of the most Spanish fleet against Great Britain. He lost important players in saving the Spanish his left leg below the knee early in the war, economy. followed by his left eye and, most recently, the use of his right arm. Though still a relatively young man, Lezo has garnered a Francisco Castillo Fajardo reputation as a war hero and skilled in Fajardo has a sturdy military record strategy, despite nicknames such as ‘Pegleg’ in the Spanish military, having defended and ‘Halfman’. He has joined this council to Cadiz and conquered Castelo de Vide and provide his leadership and expertise, and is Marvao early in the war. He harbors a one of the top candidates to lead the Spanish particularly strong grudge against the British Navy going forward. Another leading and Dutch, who he fought many times in the candidate, Andres de Pez, was the War, and opposes all notions of cooperation commanding officer in the battle when Blas with them now that the war is over. de Lezo lost his eye; the relationship between the two is therefore understandably Alberto Octavio Tserclaes de Tilly complex. Tilly is a Spanish General of Flemish origin, who served on King Philip V’s side Antonio de Benavides in the Portuguese campaign of the War. He Another up-and-comer in the is best known, however for foiling a Spanish military, Benavides is rumored to conspiracy by the Captain General of have saved the life of King Philip V himself , who tried to switch sides against while serving in the Spanish War of Philip. Philip V rewarded Octavio with the Succession. He is reportedly very close to title Grandee of Spain. He has had several the king, having accompanied the monarch administrative roles in the past eight years, on many royal hunting parties even before making him another strong candidate for Benavides helped Philip V escape enemy leadership of the council. fire in 1710, at great personal risk. Rafael Casanova i Comes Furthermore, he has proven to be an upright As the siege of has ended, and ethical leader since his first post in so has Rafael Casanova’s position as the , Cuba, and is an exceptional highest political and military authority in marksman. Philip V is looking forward to Catalonia, supporters of Charles against repaying Benavides’s loyalty, which will Philip in the War of Spanish Succession. come in handy during the power struggle Although Philip has largely opted to pacify ahead, especially considering Antonio’s Catalonia through force, Philip recognizes interest in reforming and developing the Rafael’s value as a politician and officer, Floridian colony. and has given him a position in the council

4 in hopes of gaining support for Catalan British and Dutch have tried to copy some of incorporation into Spain. Casanova is his designs, much to his distaste. Castaneta therefore a wildcard on the council, a former did fight before the War of Succession, and enemy combatant who may want to is looking to get back into the military ranks, undermine council proceedings, but also a although many have pressured him to stick skilled soldier and demagogue who may be to shipbuilding able to solve some of the problems plaguing the Navy. His greatest enemy will be Jorge Prospero de Verboom Restaino Cantelmo-Stuart, his direct A Flemish-born military engineer opponent from the Siege of Barcelona. and son of the former Engineer in Chief of the Spanish , Prospero Jorge Alexandre Maitre attended the Spanish Military Engineering A French military officer who served Academy of . He has worked on the Spanish military during the War of multiple sieges and defenses for the Spanish succession, Maitre may be valuable Spaniards, promoted to Lieutenant General for his time spent in the Dutch cavalry of the Spanish army immediately before immediately before the War. Despite being further promoted to Engineer General achieving high rank, he has faced a mixed of the Royal Armies. He was captured and bag of victories and defeats. Ultimately, he imprisoned for two years, and now has plans has proven to be a solid officer, though he to organize the State structure of all fears many of the Spaniards on this council Engineering works under the Spanish will dislike him and shun his bid for sovereignty. leadership because he is French (even though the King himself is of French descent). Don Antonio de Echeverz y Zubiza As the captain-general of the Tierra Other Advisors Firme, the second half of the Spanish Josep Moragues I Mas Treasure Fleet, Zubiza, like Ubilla, must Moragues was a Catalan general help King Philip V strengthen the Spanish during the War of Spanish Succession, but economy. Zubiza will take his four ships and one who fought on the side of Archduke must meet up with Ubilla in Havana to Charles against King Philip V. He was successfully bring back the cargo. It is recently betrayed on his way to Majorca and important that Ubilla and Zubiza work captured, but the King has offered him a closely together to ensure the safe passage special deal; if he gives useful information of the cargo. on the British and Dutch , then the Amaro Rodriguez Felipe King will not execute him as normally A late addition to the council, Felipe would happen. Lacking allies on the council, has served as a on the route Mas will have to convince the delegates of between Cadiz and the Caribbean, with his value in order to stay alive. experience attacking ships belonging to and Holland, Spanish rivals. He has Antonio Castaneta many accolades from Philip V for his Unlike the Council members who actions, having fought himself at fought during the Spanish War of one point, and is also an experienced trader Succession, Castaneta spent the war focused to the Indies, which has sent him on his way on shipbuilding, well-known for his to becoming one of the richest men in the innovative and science-based designs. The region. His work in looting the enemies of

5 Spain has led these same enemies to call him Topic A: Internal Naval a “pirate”, but Amaro appears to be completely loyal to the Spanish Crown. Structure and Colonial Cohesion Restaino Cantelmo-Stuart Of Italian descent, Cantelmo History and Background remained loyal to Philip V in the War of

Spanish Succession and has just left Spain The peak of the Spanish Empire after failing to conquer Barcelona for the extended approximately a century from the King in a siege. Despite his lack of success mid-1500s to mid- with the Habsburg on the battlefield, Cantelmo is known for family in power. Spain oversaw a vast being practical and accountable, leading amount of land including large parts of many to think he will soon be appointed the Europe, such as the Netherlands and pieces Minister of Finance and War. He blames his of France and Italy, but its reach extended failure in Barcelona on a lack of proper far past Europe. The Spanish colonized parts supply, and plans to improve the flow of of the Americas such as Florida and other weapons and materials to Spanish forces. islands including and the .

Spain would send an expedition to the land Giulio Alberoni and install a governor. Along with Spanish Originally from Italy, Alberoni spent rule came its religion. With church and state his early priesthood in Rome, and later with tied closely together, Spain had its colonists French forces in Italy during the War of convert to Catholicism1. Spain used its Spanish Succession. He is well known for colonies to pour wealth back into Spain. his good humor and liked by French King and shipments were frequently Louis XIV. Recently, having joined Philip sent over from the Americas. Vs court, Alberoni has risen to become the With territorial power came its royal favorite in the court, particularly with military strength. Spain had a strong, but far the princesse des Ursins, who is all but stretched military and navy. However, omnipotent with the King. Even though the during the peak of the Spanish Empire, King is still married to Queen Maria Luisa Spain was able to diminish the threat of the of Savoy, the princess’s influence is enough Ottoman's to the Mediterranean. Spain was for Alberoni to be one of the most influential victorious in the against men at the court. the Ottomans as well as in claiming the 2 island of Malta. These two victories heightened Spain’s status in the world and reassured the strength of its navy.

1 http://www.philippinecountry.com/philippine_history /spanish_colonization.html 2 New World Encyclopedia contributors, "Spanish Empire," New World Encyclopedia, http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?t itle=Spanish_Empire&oldid=993385 (accessed July 10, 2016).

6 Although it had great territorial and control on the Netherlands. After peace was military power, Spain struggled made with the Dutch, war with the French economically. Spain had to declare ran on for almost eleven years, which was bankruptcy multiple times, namely under devastating to both the Spanish military and Philip II in both 1557 and 1576.3 Spain economy. Many mark the , relied on shipments of gold from its colonies and the following war with France, to be the to support its many wars. However, the main ultimate end of Spanish dominance in economic issues stemmed from Spain’s lack Europe.7 However, under the kingship of of industry. Money was spent on wars and Charles II, Spain slid even farther away churches, but little was put into industry, from its former glory. agriculture, or business4. The result of this being that Spain had to import many goods Reign of Charles II and foods. Its tumultuous economy made it difficult for internal growth. King Charles II was the final Habsburg ruler of Spain. Charles II had Decline of Empire many health problems, both physical and mental, as a result from generations of The Empire’s decline began around inbreeding. He was unable to rule the time of the collapse of the Castilian successfully, and his mother, Marie Louise, economy.5 After the collapse, Castile made many decisions for him8. The Nine switched to a barter system and so Spain Year’s War ended with Spain losing even was unable to collect taxes from the more territory and revealed how weak it had peasants. Spain felt the effects of serious become. Countries such as France were able inflation, because Spain had to debase its to take advantage of this. Aside from losing currency in an effort to pay for its many territory, there were problems within the wars. All of this made Spain start to government. The court was filled with completely rely on its colonial imports. In people trying to use the King as their pawn, addition to its economic problems, Spain especially towards the end of his life. The began facing more military issues. Spain’s final Habsburg was married twice9, but was military was stretched too thin. Pirates were unable to produce an heir to the throne. a great concern as well as the improvements Ultimately, he gave the throne to someone on the French and Dutch navies6. Between outside his family, the Bourbon Prince the , the Battle of Philip duc d’Anjou. This decision and the Rocroi, and the , Spain lost its following events lead to the War of the Spanish Succession10.

3 Ibid.

7 4“The Rise and Fall of the Empire 1492 to 1900." Ibid.

The . Accessed July 10, 2016. 8 http://www.spanish-web.com/history/empire.php. Mutschlechner, Martin. "Charles II and the Issue of the Succession." The World of the Habsburgs. Last 5New World Encyclopedia. "Spanish Empire." New modified 2011. Accessed July 10, 2016. World Encyclopedia. Accessed July 10, 2016. http://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/charles-ii-and- http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Spanish issue-succession. _Empire#.22God_is_Spanish.22_.281596.E2.80.931 9 Ibid. 626.29. 10 6 Ibid. ———. "War of the Spanish Succession." New World Encyclopedia. Accessed July 10, 2016.

7 Conflicts and the War of Spanish succession for the French throne. This left open the possibility that Philip V could rule Succession a combined France and Spain. Louis XIV began to give France more power through Many countries felt they had a stake barring England and the Netherlands from in the Spanish throne. Leopold, I, the Holy trade with Spain. With England already Roman Emperor, believed he had a claim to feeling alienated, the final straw occurred the throne since he was of the Austrian when Louis XIV decided to recognize the Habsburg line and a cousin to Charles II. former king of England’s son, James Francis However, if Leopold I became the Edward Stuart, as king, instead of William successor, there were concerns about the III. The war began with battles occurring all power the new Spanish-Austrian Habsburg over Europe. Several countries allied 11 Empire . However, the candidate Louis, the together including England, Austria, the Grand Dauphin, was even more concerning Netherlands, and the . to the European balance of power. Louis These countries believed that the Archduke was the son of Louis XIV, King of France, Charles should be the King of Spain. In and Maria Theresa. Maria Theresa was King 1711, the war began to slow down as Charles II’s elder half sister, and so Louis, alliances between countries weakened, and the Grand Dauphin, had the most direct link Archduke Charles was named the next to the throne. But, Louis was already in line Emperor to the Holy Roman Empire after to accept the throne of France. Controlling the death of Emperor13. Countries no longer both France and Spain would upset the wanted him to be King of Spain, as it would 12 balance of power . Finally, England and upset and swing the balance of power France agreed upon Joseph Ferdinand, of the toward Austria, the same way King Philip V Wittelsbach dynasty, as the heir to the had for France. In 1714, the war officially Spanish crown. They decided that some of ended with the , and Philip Spain would be divided amongst Italy, V remained the King of Spain.14 He had to France, and Austria. However, Spain was remove himself from the French line of not consulted during this decision and they succession and Spain had to give up the strongly disagreed. Charles II ended up Spanish Netherland and parts of Italy. King naming Joseph Ferdinand to the throne, but Philip V also allowed Great Britain the right for the entire Empire, not the parts that to slave trade for up to thirty years in England and France agreed upon. Spanish America. Unfortunately, Ferdinand died and King Charles II ultimately named Philip duc d’Anjou, the second son of the Grand Status of the Spanish Empire at Dauphin, to the throne as . Conflict began when Louis XIV 1714 refused to remove Philip V from the line of At the start of our committee, in 1714, is an important part of http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Spanish the trade routes around the colonies as well _Empire#.22God_is_Spanish.22_.281596.E2.80.931 as the Spanish economy. Ships travel along 626.29.

11 Ibid. 13 Ibid.

12 Ibid. 14 Ibid.

8 the Florida coastline and often need to stop such, the council’s first task will be to elect in the case of storms. Additionally, the new leadership for the Royal Navy. Appalachia region of Florida became Required leadership positions include: particularly wealthy in the mid-1600s. Spain Captain-General of the Armada of the used the mission system to work with the Ocean, General of the Sea (Second Native Americans in order to farm the land. in-command), and Captain-General of the However, with England attempting to take Armada of the Indies. These leaders will not control of Spanish Florida, the colony has have direct control over the council itself, suffered. The English have destroyed the but will become default representatives of missions and burnt St. Augustine to the the council and will have the most control ground15. Therefore, Spain must work hard over the rest of Spain’s naval forces. The to keep Florida under its control and council, should it deem it necessary, can protection. It is necessary to protect our also elect advisory ministers, such as treasure fleets and trade ships. Minister of Finance and Minister of As far as the Spanish economy is Merchants and Privateers. concerned, Peru is the most important Once the new leadership of the colony. Its silver production and other Royal Navy has been elected, the primary mineral extraction produces millions of focus of the committee must be on . Peru has a vibrant economy and reestablishing the Spanish Empire, primarily culture with approximately 3 million in the Caribbean. It is recommended to inhabitants16. Lima and Potosi are the two consolidate the colonies and resolve any most important cities, with Lima being the issues of unrest among them, improve and center for merchants, government, services, protect shipping lanes and merchants, and and most cultural aspects, while Potosi is the establish trade with (or undermine and heart of the silver production. However, manipulate) your British and Dutch since the beginning of the , several counterparts. Your goal is to bring honor, small uprisings from the indigenous people glory, and gold to King Philip, proving to have occurred. Spain must keep a careful the world the Spain is still an empire to be watch to ensure that these do not become reckoned with. larger rebellions. Questions the Committee Must Committee Mandate Answer

King Philip V has created this committee specifically with Naval reform ● Who will be the new leaders of the and the rebuilding of the Empire in mind. As Spanish Navy, and what will their powers be? ● What topics, issues, and locations are 15 State Library and Archives of Florida. "Timeline." priorities for the Spanish Navy? Florida Memory. Accessed July 10, 2016. ● How can peace be assured within the https://www.floridamemory.com/exhibits/timeline/. colonies Spain currently has? 16 "History of Peru." Mother Earth Travel. Accessed ● Can old colonies be reclaimed? Can July 10, 2016. new colonies be conquered? If so, http://motherearthtravel.com/history/peru/history- how? 5.htm.

9 ● How can trade between Spain and our internal issues and adapt to new the Indies be enhanced? How can the situations. In the conclusion of these efforts Navy help private merchants? I want to establish a navy with honor to ● What will the relationship be bring back gold to our Empire. between the Spanish Navy and the Dios Bendiga Este Imperio! Navies of the British and Dutch? King Philip V Will the council pursue a path of cooperation or of competition?

Concluding Remarks

Establishing a solid resolution that resolves the internal issues will provide the Spanish navy with a strong, organized group that can effectively tackle international issues. It’s important that delegates establish an effective captain as well as maintain order within the navy in order to have a strong base. Delegates will need to effectively resolve these internal issues with speed in order to be prepared to face crisis situations. Developing a sound navy will help the Spanish Empire regain dominance in the sea and establish rule in other parts of the world. With a strong coherent navy, the Spanish Empire can focus on strategy to overtake the British, Dutch, and Pirates.

Appendix I I. Pre-Council Speech from King Philip V Buenvenido, I have called upon all of you esteemed members of this council to coordinate efforts to rebuild our navy into a unit stronger than ever before. I am looking for strong leadership that demonstrates brilliance in naval navigation, confidence, and strategic ability to overcome obstacles. The development of a strong navy will lead us and our Empire into a new era of dominance with in Europe and across seas. We must look out for our opponents who are in the efforts of improving their own navies. However, I have faith in this council to productively develop resolutions to some of

10 Topic B: External Affairs and The North American front of the War, known as Queen Anne’s War, resulted Colonial Expansion in significant losses for all parties involved- Britain, Spain and France. While the farther Introduction west territory of New Spain was largely unscathed, British attacks on Spanish In addition to resolving internal Florida have left a wounded colony with a issues, the committee will need to resolve capital reduced to ruins. However, the war additional conflicts that arise from other also came with significant British losses. A countries. External threats include the combination of poor harvests and war British Navy, Dutch Navy, and Coalition of financing have left Britain’s southern Pirates. The War of Spanish Succession and colonies, particularly Virginia, Maryland, other events have played a toll on the current and South Carolina, with major financial status of these three committees. In order to burdens. The War has also exacerbated understand how to respond to events that are tensions in British-Indian relations. The caused by other committees it is important Tuscarora War, beginning in 1711, has to understand the naval status of these caused major refugee movements north groups as well as their relationships with the towards Iroquois territory, while elsewhere Spanish Navy. tensions near the brink of war. The more northern colonies have had less of a British Navy financial burden, but French settlement at Cape Breton Island has created friction From the British perspective, Spain between the two powers. Britain has also is not necessarily an existential threat; attempted to disrupt Spanish fishing interests in Newfoundland, with limited British interests lie primarily in continued 18 disruption of the power of France. However, success . In this theater, it should be noted Britain’s influence represents a significant that France and Spain share a common threat to Spain’s re-emergence as a global enemy. Despite their limited individual power. With the rigors of the War of naval strength, an alliance may be able to Spanish Succession several weaknesses have disrupt the existing seat of power. appeared in Britain’s facade; exploitation of Elsewhere, Britain currently displays these factors will be key to success for this a significant position of power over Spain’s council. naval network. As a result of the Treaty of While Britain has recently Utrecht Britain currently has exclusive experienced a meteoric rise in trade and rights to all slave trade in Spain’s colonies, and will continue to do so for the next 30 manufacturing, a large portion of the 19 population lives as agrarian peasants outside years . Overall, the defeat of the Spanish of cities. Urbanization is currently limited, and French navies, particularly the battles of with between one sixth and one third of the 18 population living in cities17. "Queen Anne's War: The Second of the French and Indian Wars." History, www.u-s-history.com/pages/h846.html.

17 "English Policy." The Spanish Succession, 19 "Treaties of Utrecht." Encyclopaedia Brittanica, www.spanishsuccession.nl/ www.britannica.com/topic/ ukpolicy.html. treaties-of-Utrecht.

11 Cabrita and Toulon, allowed for the English crisis to its breaking point. Aided by to establish a “blue water policy” of near- Parliament, the Dutch William total control of trade both inside the III of Orange launched a naval invasion of Mediterranean and outside Europe. More England, causing a series of Anti-Catholic directly relevant to Spain, the Battle of Vigo riots that rapidly collapsed the Catholic rule. resulted in the destruction of part of Spain’s Following the death of the deposed James II, treasure fleet20. At this point Spain, has very James III’s claim to the British throne little naval power compared to Britain’s (backed by King Louis XIV of France) and dominance of the seas; resistance against refusal to recognize the legitimate this force will need to be a primary goal of (Protestant) claimants led to his exile for the council. treason. This exile led to collusion with the However, the trade operations of all French king and, eventually, an attempted powers-particularly those of Britain- are naval invasion by France in 1708 at Firth of under the looming threat of . The Forth (which promptly retreated due to peace treaties immediately following the storms). War of the Spanish Succession has resulted It is extremely important to note that in a large number of seamen suddenly the current year is marked by major political relieved of military duty. With the rapid rise change in Britain. The previous reigning in maritime trading, a significant portion of queen, Queen Anne, has died this year. these sailors turned to piracy21. Controlling Despite significant resistance from Britain’s these criminals- or working with them significant Catholic population, as well as against Britain- will be an important piece of the Tory party, King George has used the maintaining Spain’s trading presence in both Act of Settlement 1701 to take the throne- a the Atlantic and Pacific. 50-year-old German lord with almost no Internally, the unity of the British knowledge of the English language, a wife people is marred by a series of uprisings by arrested for adultery, and over 50 closer the Jacobites, a group of Catholic rebels relatives to Anne (barred due to the Act of aiming to put the son of James II on to the Settlement from accession). The day of his throne. As the last Catholic king of Britain, coronation in Westminster Abbey was James II attracted significant ire from the marked by nothing less than riots in towns Protestant Parliament for his policies of across England, and already London’s tolerance contrary to the current political streets hear talk of once again attempting to discourse. The birth of James III in 1688, bring the Catholic James III and VIII onto thereby displacing James II’s Protestant the throne by force. These circumstances daughter Mary from inheritance, brought the merely further the Catholic-Protestant tension that threatens to split the British

20 government. Given Spain’s equally ardent "The English Navy 1649-1815." All Empires, devotion to the Pope, the council may find www.allempires.com/article/ further allies in these potential rebels. index.php?q=english_navy_1649-1815. It is undeniable that Britain will likely be the most formidable of the foes that Spain must encounter in its path to 21 "The ." About Education, greatness. However, Britain itself has many latinamericanhistory.about.com/od/ foes, both foreign and within. It is necessary that this council utilize this situation in order TheGoldenAgeofPiracy1700-1725/a/The-Golden- to reinstate Spain as a true global empire. Age-Of-Piracy.htm.

12 Relevant Delegates Spanish can exploit to establish naval While all delegates will be crucial in dominance. determining the council’s fate in their dealings with Britain, a few delegates have Naval Status especially notable motivations in these In 1674, the Dutch had the strongest interactions. Francisco de Corcoles y navy in Europe. The purpose of the navy Martinez, Andrez de Pez y Malzarraga, Blas was to protect international trade circulated de Lezo y Olavarrieta, Antonio de by the . In order to Benavides, Francisco Castillo Fajardo, compare the army strengths of different Restaino Cantelmo-Stuart, and Alexandre nations, the strengths of the navies were Maitre, are all significant combatants against measured through the concept of effective Britain in the War of Spanish Succession, strength. Effective strength is potential and each hold significant grudges against strength of the navy based on the number of their former foes. Other delegates, such as ships equipped for battle22. As of 1688, The Laureano de Torres y Avala, Fernando de Dutch navy had the largest effective strength Alencastre, Juan de Alaya y Escobar, Don with a total of 59 active ships along with 10 Juan Esteban de Utilla, Antonio Castaneta, ships either sailing or being repaired totaling Don Antonio de Echeverz y Zubiza, and about 70 ships23. However, by 1700, the Diego Ladron de Guevara will likely be strength of the Dutch navy decreased to the prepared to contest British trade and second or third most powerful navy with the territory in the New World without English navy increasing in power. The excessive hostilities. On the other hand, Invasion of England (1688) during the Nine Josep Moragues I Mas, Rafael Casanova i Years War was last battle that showcased Comes, both former traitors to King Philip The Dutch as a great power24. After the V, likely continue to harbor softer feelings invasion, The Dutch engaged with the towards Great Britain. English as a senior partner in a naval alliance to maintain a secure relationship. However, Britain continued to improve their Dutch Navy ship production and increased their potential Overview strength larger than the Dutch pushing the Throughout the years from the Nine British into becoming the senior partner. Years War through the Spanish Succession the Dutch has bounced from different War of Spanish Succession regimes. The size of their navy has also During the War of Spanish shrunk as the British Navy has surpassed it Succession, the Dutch navy was strong but with more active ships. The Spanish Empire has decreased in strength since its prime in has the opportunity to place even more 1674. Due to the Nine Year’s War (1688- pressure on the already shrinking Dutch 1697), the Dutch Navy has lost and Navy. The Dutch worked to improve their destroyed ships, reducing its effective influence in the world by improving their negotiating powers. Yet despite the desire to 22 establish naval dominance, and acquire their : "Dutch Navy in 1700." The Spanish Succession. own political interests, all powers are N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Oct. 2016 looking to return to peaceful commerce. 23 Ibid

With financial debt and need for recovery, 24 the Dutch has vulnerabilities that the Ibid

13 strength. The Navy had a combative power Therefore, ships will be broken and sold to of about 50 active ships. However, a put money back into the economy27. The majority of these ships were small. slowing Dutch economy has additionally Since the two houses Bourbons and compromised free trade28. However, the Habsburgs had claims to the Spanish throne, cost- cutting program will promote free the two major representatives in debate for trade. The Spanish Navy can look to restrict actually inheritance were Louis, the Dauphin Dutch trade to strengthen the trade in the of France, and Emperor Leopold I from the Spanish Empire. Austrian Habsburg dynasty. However, another potential successor, Prince Joseph Transitions of the Dutch State Ferdinand of Bavaria, expressed interest in 25 Under Charles II the Spanish the throne . The and Netherlands were part of his realm. After the England are in favor of Prince Joseph War of Spanish Succession, the First because he is neither French or Habsburg. Partition Treaty broke up a bulk of the However, after the Second Partition Treaty, Spanish Empire including the Spanish King Philip V took the throne. This led to Netherlands. The territory was transferred to the combined power of France and Spain the rule of the Bavarian Prince Joseph under a single monarch. This union is not Ferdinand. Prince Joseph allowed the region favored by the Dutch because there is no to run independent of other French or balance of power in Europe. The Treaty of Austrian control29. After Prince Joseph died Den Haag gave the Spanish Netherlands to 26 in 1699, the Second Partition Treaty divided Austria . the Spanish Empire differently. The new treaty divided the Spanish Empire into three Economy after the War of Spanish rulers. A majority of the third fell under the Succession rule of Archduke Charles. The third The Spanish Netherlands economy included the Spanish Netherlands, , has strived to keep up with warfare. In the and colonies that were now also under the beginning of the 18th century, the Dutch same rule. Spain has tremendous interest in Republic along with England were the Spanish Netherlands because it acts as a financially stable due to their strong colonial safe zone between the French and British. expansion. Wealth was steady as the United Britain sought to overtake the Spanish improved in trade and as Netherlands to prevent the Spanish from populations grew. However, the War of the having naval access to Britain’s British Spanish Succession had placed the Dutch Isles. deeply in debt. In order to facilitate economic circulation, the Dutch will need to reallocate funds. With a significant amount of finances in the Spanish military and the end of the Spanish Succession, the Dutch 27 War of Spanish Succession: "Dutch Navy in will need to cut costs in the naval programs. 1700." The Spanish Succession. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Oct. 2016

25 "The War of Spanish Succession, 1701- 28 Ibid 1714." WHKMLA. World History at KMLA, n.d. 29 Web. 31 Oct. 2016 "The First Partition Treaty, or Treaty of The Hague." The Spanish Succession. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 26 Ibid Oct. 2016.

14 Coalition of Pirates threat to our ships was comparable to or even greater than the threat from our History and Rise of Piracy after War of 32 enemies during the war. This is a major Spanish Succession issue, because the War of Spanish During and before the War of Succession exhausted Spain’s forces. These Spanish Succession, major European powers countries knew to take advantage of Spain’s have been almost constantly at war with weakened stance. Although the Netherlands, each other. This caused the emergence of France, and England outlawed piracy in the privateers, which created a new dimension late 17th century, it remains a problem to international relations. The privateers are today. a quasi-independent part of the military. During the major growth of piracy in Often, these men will have letters of the late 17th century, pirates primarily marque, statements of permission from their focused on ports in the Caribbean. Pirates governments to attack certain countries’ and privateers regularly attacked Spanish ships. The government could send these men ports in the Caribbean. For example, Captain to different parts of the sea at their Morgan had a major attack on the Spanish discretion. These letters of marque are port, Portobello in the late 1600s.33 In crucial, because they prove to be the line addition to attacking different ports, pirates between piracy and privateering. Without a set up safe havens, which seriously letter of marque, these individuals are contributed to their growth. For example, pirates. The government does not condone and were recently set up their actions, so they are not a quasi-part of as pirate havens.34 This allows pirates to the military. During the War of Spanish easily prey on Spanish ships in addition to Succession, the Kings and Queens would ports. The Caribbean colonies play an mobilize “well-armed merchantmen” in 30 important part of the Spanish economy, so addition to these privateers. These these pirate attacks proved extremely privateers ultimately became pirates at the problematic for Spain. end of the War of Spanish Succession. At the end of the war, countries disbanded the majority of their navies and Current Relations between the Spanish allowed letters of marque to expire. This Navy and Pirates resulted in a huge number of unemployed As of the end of the War of Spanish sailors and privateers. This unemployment succession, the Spanish Navy is was the catalyst that set forth the outburst of overstretched and overworked between its pirates in Europe. These men were without many colonies and the downscaling of wages and had the means and knowledge to become pirates. This new abundance of 32 Rediker, Villains of All Nations, 19 pirates became an issue for Spain, because 33 Christopher Minster, "The Ten Best Pirate Attacks we were the primary target for pirates whom in History," About Education, accessed October 24, were indirectly employed by the 2016, Netherlands, France, and England.31 The http://latinamericanhistory.about.com/od/Pirates/tp/T he-Ten-Best-Pirate-Attacks-In-History.htm.

34 30 Marcus Rediker, Villains of All Nations: Atlantic Evan Andrews, "6 Famous Pirate Strongholds," Pirates in the Golden Age (Boston, USA: Beacon History, last modified January 21, 2014, accessed Press, 2004), 21 October 24, 2016, http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/6-famous- 31 Rediker, Villains of All Nations, 24 pirate-strongholds.

15 troops in Europe. Pirates pose an especially pirate ships to compensate the losses from potent threat because our large naval vessels attacks against us. are struggling to catch the smaller, quicker, Other courses open to the council are to and more agile pirate ships. Additionally, focus on reinforcing colonial defenses, try to the pirates, since many are former military manipulate or strike a deal with pirates sailors, have a vast array of skills and themselves, or weaken the British and Dutch knowledge of the area, providing them a Navies so that they are easier targets for the distinct advantage over many of our naval pirates, diverting attention from our commanders, who have spent their entire colonies. careers in Europe35. There are a suspected number of Delegate Influences and Relations with 1000 to 2000 pirates in the region, and the Pirates British Crown is doing a poor job of Almost all of the delegates in this guarding the Bahamas36, which have council have great antipathy towards all become a hotbed of pirate activity and pirates due to the long and violent history of making it the staging ground for major pirate attacks on the Spanish Navy financed threats against many of our colonies, by the British, French, and Dutch. However, especially Florida and Cuba. The pirates are some delegates have personal histories that also well placed to attack crucial shipping affect their perceptions and plans revolving lines that Spain needs to supply both the pirate interactions. colonies and the Navy itself, and their ranks Juan de Ayala y Escobar, Lieutenant are only swelling now that sailors who were Governor of Florida, and Amaro Rodriguez put out of work by the end of the War of Felipe both have experience aboard Spanish succession turn to piracy to make merchant ships and with privateers, so they money. As distasteful as it may be to some hold the most potential connections to delegates, an alliance with the other two members of the Pirate Council. Although naval powers may be necessary to scale neither is necessarily a friend to pirates, both down the pirate threat. have better understanding of who the pirates Another possible path of action is to are and how they operate, and may be able develop ships and crews within the Spanish to exploit their connections to better either Navy that are specifically designed to target themselves or the Spanish Navy as a whole. and take out pirates. A smaller, more mobile Fernando de Alencastre has also favored the fleet of pirate-hunters, the leader of which use of pirate ships to increase trade in the would need to be appointed by the council, past. He has little experience with could do more damage to the pirates than the privateering himself, but believes that traditional buildup of arms would. The pirates loyal to himself will be more flexible Spanish Navy’s best engineers and and capable than the bulky bureaucracy of shipbuilders would need to be involved, and the Spanish Crown. it might take resources away from the Many of the regional colonial interests of other delegates, but as of now, leaders, especially Doctor Diego Ladron de the Navy has failed to capture nearly enough Guevara, Viceroy of Peru, and Francisco de Corcoles y Martinez, Governor of Florida, have had to weather numerous attacks by 35 pirates in their colonies, causing significant Rediker, Villains of All Nations, 25 loss of property and life. Colonial interests 36 Rediker, Villains of All Nations, 30 therefore tend promote a no-tolerance policy

16 towards pirates, and favor fortifications and shadow the underdeveloped weaponry of the increased troop presence to protect their natives. Dominance over the great Aztec and towns. Other delegates with prime interest in Inca Empires in 1519 created a foundational trade and shipping, such as Don Juan regime to expand in other New World areas. Esteban de Ubilla, Don Antonio de One of the most important colonies of Spain Echeverz y Zubiza, and Restaino Cantelmo- includes New Spain. New Spain comprised Stuart, fear pirates for their ability to previously conquered Aztecs and had interrupt trade lines and supply chains. They significant gold reserves. The Spanish will be particularly focused on trying to find serves as the key investor ways to protect Spanish ships at sea from in the area to circulate the capital in the pirate attacks. economy. Through loans and investments into landowners, New Spain utilized slavery Colonization as a labor force to continue production. Mediterranean Empire Miners and merchants circulated raw In result of the War of Spanish resources across the Atlantic and return Succession, the Peace of Utrecht wealth to the Spanish Empire. Peru, another apportioned Spanish territories to other important colony, provided the Spanish regimes. Savory acquired and Milan, Empire with tremendous resources in metals and controlled the resulting trade lines. With particularly silver. The coasts of Peru connection to Northern Africa, reacquiring contributed to active sea ports used for trade. Sicily can serve as an opportunity to expand However, as disease rages through these trade. The Roman and Austrian empires south American colonies, the population obtained Naples and the Spanish takes a toll. Smallpox and other diseases Netherlands. Areas in Naples and additional served as inherent biological weapons that parts of southern Italy can continue to continue to weaken other natives. Yet, increase resource banks, and political power colonies of the New World provide Spain within the Spanish Empire. Integration of with agricultural resources and land to Spanish officials into Mediterranean develop cash crops with the use of enslaved countries increases Spanish influence and labor. A concern to recognize in the midst of control over the country's trading and the conquering fiasco is that culture and foreign policies. Maintaining current cities are being extinguished, which ignites colonial expansion in the Mediterranean is aggressive revolts from the natives. The crucial to establishing a dominant trading committee will need to address measures to position. The committee will need to address ensure successful colonization across the widespread colonization throughout the Atlantic. Mediterranean to facilitate additional trade As a result of depopulation of the and acquire much needed resources from the New World and of humanitarian movements Middle East, Africa, and other parts of Asia. of the 1500s, the supply of native laborers is rather low. Indian laborers can be observed primarily in the western coast of South New World America, in the silver and mercury mines at Territories in the New World provide Potosi and Lima. These people act under the prospects in obtaining resources such as new mita system, in which natives are required to land, metals, and a labor force. The work (with pay) for a certain portion of the integration of the Spanish Empires into year under Spanish land-owners. However, settled Native American lands increase as this system is rife with corruption; the disease and developed technology over

17 excessive charging by landlords for times; many on the islands still remember expenses like food and shelter often leaves the Chinese Revolt of 1662, where reaction workers (and their descendants) in to the threat of invasion by the pirate lord inescapable debt. Koxinga led to the massacre of hundreds of As a result of this labor shortage, Chinese civilians in .39 slavery has become a much simpler and The framework also more profitable venture for obtaining the sees service on the islands, dubbed polo y New World’s resources. Purchasing from servicio (literally, poles and service). Portuguese and British traders, slaves form a Mobilized by local governments, males large portion of the agricultural and mining between the ages of 15 and 60 are mandated economy, as well as playing a significant to work for 40 days out of the year for an role in the colonies’ defense. However, the encomendero under threat of significant aftermath of the War of the Spanish fine. Corruption and mistreatment are Succession has given Britain control over frequent. In 1650, orders for Waray laborers the Spanish slave trade. This committee will to be sent away to Cavite shipyards sparked have to address the future of coerced labor the Sumuroy rebellion, a brief but bloody in the Americas, working to limit Britain’s attempt at Philippine sovereignty ending in hold while supporting a fragile resource the deaths of every conspirator.40 economy. As in the Atlantic colonies, ethnic With its close proximity to Chinese divisions between Spanish officials and merchants and extensive resources, the natives are deep-seated, often leading to Philippines and surrounding islands serves conflict. In recent years, several revolts have as an important nexus in Spain’s global been mounted by babaylans (Filipino trade network. This Pacific triangular trade mystics) in response to the stripping of their is concentrated in the travels of Manila prestige by Catholicism, in particular the (also dubbed the “Nao de China” 1663 Panay Revolt, a.k.a. Tapar Revolt led or “Nao de ”). These ships sent by Tapar, one such babaylan turned New World silver to China in exchange for Catholic cult-leader. This revolution, again, luxuries, particularly silk and porcelain, ended in death for the leaders, either by which were shipped back to Spain37 (This is bullet, by impaling, or by crocodiles.41 currently restricted to two ship voyages per year as part of monopoly protection 39 "The Threat of Koxinga's Invasion of the measures for the Casa de Contrataction, Philippines in 1662." The Kahimyang Project, Spain’s main trade and colonization kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1588/ the-threat- of-koxingas-invasion-of-the-philippines-in-1662. agency).38 However, this trade establishment has come with a side-effect of the possibility 40 "A Detailed Account of the Sumuroy Rebellion as of Chinese incursions into Spanish territory. Told by a Spaniard." The Kahimyang Project, 9 Nov. The resultant tension has boiled over several 2014, kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/736/a- detailed-account-of-the-sumuroy-rebellion-as-told- by-a-spaniard. Accessed29 Oct. 2016. 37 Hecht, Johanna. "The Manila Galleons." The Met, Oct. 2003, www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/mgtr/hd_mgtr.htm. 41 Funtecha, Henry F. "The Tapar Uprising in Oton, Accessed 29 Oct. 2016. Iloilo." The News Today, 9 Feb. 38 Mann, Charles C. 1493: Uncovering the New 2007, www.thenewstoday.info/2007/02/09/ World Columbus Created. New York: Knopf, 2011. Print. the.tapar.uprising.in.oton.iloilo.html. Accessed 29 Oct. 2016.

18 Several key issues remain for the ● How can the Spanish Empire expand future of the Philippines. Growing pressure its colonial dominance and utilize its from the British, Dutch and Chinese threaten resources to ultimately win naval Spain’s position in the trade network. dominance? Success for the council will necessitate establishing Spain as either a dominant or integral power in the Far East. Moreover, Concluding Remarks Spain’s continued hold on the Philippines will require some resolution to the ethnic The committee will need to resolve conflicts, either through reform or through dynamic situations that arise from the three suppression. other committees. In order to establish naval dominance, the Spanish Navy will need to strategically over power the other powers. Questions the Committee Must Delegates will need to work with each other Address and critically think to create a new era of the Spanish Empire.

● Which of these councils can be the Appendix II Spanish Empire’s greatest threat? I. Colonial Distribution Map in South ● What steps can be taken to mitigate 42 or undermine Britain’s control on America Spanish trading, particularly in slaves? ● How should Spanish Atlantic holdings be fortified and/or extended to counter British expansion? ● What actions should be taken in forming Catholic alliances against Protestant nations like Great Britain? ● How does the Dutch Navy compare to the Spanish Navy? ● What kind of strategies can the Spanish Navy utilize to overtake the Dutch? ● What are our greatest vulnerabilities and strengths with regards to the pirates? ● Where should we allocate our limited resources? ● Who should be responsible for leading certain initiatives against the pirates? 42 ● To what extent could we work with https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/com other councils to combat the pirates? mons/4/42/Non- ● What are the Spanish Empire’s most Native_American_Nations_Control_over_S important colonies? outh_America_1700_and_on.gif

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II. Colonial Distribution Map in North America43

43 https://mrwerner.wordpress.com/unit-3- our-colonial-heritage/

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