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Home , Language isolate, Urarina language, Vilela language, Zuni language

An Introduction to the of the World

Anatole V. Lyovin

New York Oxford Oxford University Press 1997 Contents

List of Abbreviations xvii

CHAPTER 1 CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES 1 Genetic Classification, 1 Genetic Subgrouping, 5 Typological Classification of Languages, 12 Sociolinguistic Classification, 23 Exercises, 24 Selected Bibliography, 27

CHAPTER 2 CLASSIFICATION OF WRITING SYSTEMS 29 Typological Classification, 29 Genetic Classification of Writing Systems, 36 Exercises, 42 Selected Bibliography, 43

CHAPTER 3 LANGUAGES OF 45 I. Indo-European, II. Uralic, III. Languages of the Caucasus, IV. Basque, V. Turkic XII CONTENTS

Sketch of Russian, 61 Sketch of Finnish, 78 Exercises, 101 Notes, 104 Selected Bibliography, 105

CHAPTER 4 LANGUAGES OF 109 I. Turkic, II. Mongolian, III. Tungusic, IV. Korean-Japanese- Okinawan, V. Ainu, VI. Paleosiberian, VII. Sino-Tibetan, VIII. Hmong-Mien (Miao-Yao), IX. Tai-Kadai, X. Austronesian, XI. Austroasiatic, XII. Dravidian, XIII. , XIV. Afro- Asiatic, XV. Indo-European, XVI. Uralic, XVII. Eskimo-Aleut Sketch of , 127 Sketch of Classical Tibetan, 146 Exercises, 173 Notes, 179 Selected Bibliography, 180

CHAPTER 5 185 I. Afro-Asiatic (Afrasian) Family, II. Nilo-Saharan (Nilo- Sahelian) Family, III. Niger-Congo Family, IV. Khoisan Family, V. Austronesian, VI. Indo-European Sketch of Modem Literary Arabic, 201 Sketch of Swahili, 217 Exercises, 236 Notes, 241 Selected Bibliography, 241

CHAPTER 6 LANGUAGES OF OCEANIA 245 I. Austronesian, II. , III. Australian Sketch of Hawaiian, 257 Sketch of Dyirbal, 282 Exercises, 302 Notes, 305 Selected Bibliography, 306

CHAPTER 7 NATIVE LANGUAGES OF THE 309

A. LANGUAGES OF NORTH AMERICA, 310 I. Eskimo-Aleut Family, IIA. Na-Dene Family, IIB. Haida Isolate, HI. Algonquian-Ritwan Family, IV. Muskogean Family, V. Natchez Isolate, VI. Isolate, VII. Chitimacha Isolate, VIII. Tunica Isolate, IX. Isolate, X. Siouan Family, XI. Iroquoian Family, XII. Caddoan Family, XIII. Yuchi Isolate, XIV. Yuman CONTENTS XIII

Family, XV. Seri Isolate, XVI. Pomoan Family, XVII. Palaihnihan Family, XVIII. Shastan Family, XIX. Yanan Family, XX. Chimariko Isolate, XXI. Washo Isolate, XXII. Salinan Family, XXIII. Karok Isolate, XXIV. Chumashan Family, XXV. Cotoname Isolate, XXVI. Comecrudo Isolate, XXVII. Coahuilteco Isolate, XXVIII. Aranama-Tamique Isolate, XXIX. Solano Isolate, XXX. Esselen Isolate, XXXI. Jicaque Family, XXXII. Subtiaba- Tlapanec Family, XXXIII. Tequistlatecan Family, XXXIV. Yokuts Family, XXXV. Maiduan Family, XXXVI. Wintuan Family, XXXVII. Miwok Family, XXXVIII. Costanoan Family, XXXIX. Klamath-Modoc Isolate, XL. Sahaptian Family, XLI. Cayuse Isolate, XLII. Molala Isolate, XLIII. Coos Family, XLIV. Alsea Isolate, XLV. Siuslaw-Lower Umpqua Isolate, XLVI. Takelma Isolate, XLVII. Kalapuya Family, XLVIII. Chinookan Family, XLIX. Tsimshian Isolate, L. Zuni Isolate, LI. Kiowa-Tanoan Family, LII. Uto-Aztecan Family, LIII. Keresan Family, LIV. Yukian Family, LV. Beothuk Isolate, LVI. Isolate, LVII. Karankawa Isolate, LVIII. Chimakuan Family, LIX. Salish Family, LX. Wakashan Family, LXI. Timucua Isolate, LXII. Adai Isolate B. LANGUAGES OF MESO-AMERICA, 327 I. Oto-Manguean Family, II. Tbtonocan Family, III. Mixe-Zoquean Family, IV. Mayan Family, V. Tarascan Isolate, VI. Cuitlatec Isolate, VII. Tequistlatec Isolate, VIII. Huave Isolate, IX. Xincan Isolate C. LANGUAGES OF SOUTH AMERICA, 333 A. Northwestern Region, 334 I. Yurimangi Language, II. Timotean Family, III. Hiraharan Family, IV. Choko Language Area, V. Betoi Language, VI. Paesan Substock, VII. Barbakoan Family, VIII. Chibchan (Sub)stock, IX. Misumalpa Family, X. Kamsa Language B. Western Amazonia I, 335 XI. Tiniwan Family, XII. Otomakoan Family, XIII. Wamo Language, XIV. Chapakuran Family, XV. Wahivoan Family, XVI. Maipurean (Sub)stock, XVII. Arawan Family, XVIII. Haraianbut Language Area C. Western Ammonia II, 338 XIX. Puinavean Stock, XX. Katukfnan Family, XXI. Tekiraka Language, XXII. Kanichana Language, XXIII. Tiikanoan Stock, XXIV. Tikuna Language, XXV. Juri Language, XXVI. Munichi Language D. Northern Foothills Region, 339 XXVII. Ezmeralda Language, XXVIII. Jaruro Language, XXIX. Kofan Language, XXX. Kandoshi Language, XXXI. Hfvaro XIV CONTENTS

Language Area, XXXII. Kawapanan Family, XXXIII. Saparoan Family, XXXIV. Yawan Family, XXXV. Omurano Language, XXXVI. Sabela Language, XXXVII. Language, XXXVIII. B6ran Family, XXXIX. Wit6toan Family, XL. Andoke Language, E. Region, 341 XLI. Chinuian Family, XLII. Chol6nan Family, XLIII. Kulyi Language, XLIV. Sechura Language, XLV. Katakaban Family, XLVI. Leko Language, XLVII. Kechua Language Complex, XLVIII. Haki (Jaquf) Language Complex, XLIX. Chipaya Language Area, L. Pukina Language, LI. Kolyawaya Jargon F. Southern Foothills Region, 342 LII. Yurakare Language, LIII. Panoan Family, LIV. Takanan Family, LV. Mosetdn Language Area, LVI. Chon Family - G. The Cone, 344 LVII. Yamana Language, LVIII. Kaweskar Language Area, LIX. Mapudungu Language (Area), LX. , LXI. Warpe Language Area H. Chaco Region, 345 \ LXII. Matalcoan Family, LXIII. Waikunian Family, LXIV. Charruan Family, LXV. Lule Language, LXVI. , LXVII. Mask6ian Family, LXVIII. Samukoan Family, LXIX. Gorgotoki Language I. Eastern , 346 LXX. Chikitano Language, LXXI. Bor6roan Family, LXXII. Aimore1 Language Complex, LXXIII. Rikbaktsa Language, LXXIV. Je or Ge Stock, LXXV. Jeik6 Language, LXXVI. Kamakanan Family, LXXVII. Mashakalfan Family, LXXVIII. Purian Family, LXXIX. Fulnid Language, LXXX. Karaja Language Area, LXXXI. Ofay6 Language, LXXXII. Guat6 Language, LXXXIII. Otf Language, LXXXIV. Baena Language, LXXXV. Kakurd Language ]. Northeastern Brazil, 348 LXXXVI. Katembri Language, LXXXVII. Karirf Language (Area), LXXXVIII. Tusha Language, LXXXIX. Pankarani Language, XC. Natu Language, XCI. Shukuni Language, XCII. Gamela Language, XCIII. Wamod Language, XCIV. Tarairiu Language, XCV. Shokd Language K. Centra! Amazonia, 349 XCVI. Mtiran Family, XCVII. Matanawf Language, XCVIII. Itonama Language, XCIX. Kunsa Language, C. Kapishana Language, CI. Jabutfan Family, CII. Koaya Language, CM. Aikana Language, CIV. Nambikuara Family, CV. Iranshe Language, CONTENTS XV

CV1. Trumai Language, CVII. Movima Language, CVIII. Kayuvava Language, CIX. Tupian Stock L. Northern Amazonia, 352 CX. Kariban Family, CXI. Yanomaman Family, CXII. , CXIII. Taruma Language, CXIV. Salivan Family, CXV. Awake Language, CXVI. Kaliana Language, CXVII. Maku Language, CXVIII. Hoti Language Sketch ofYup'ik Eskimo, 354 Sketch of , 364 Exercises, 393 Notes, 396 Selected Bibliography, 397

CHAPTER 8 AND CREOLE LANGUAGES 401 What Are and Creoles?, 401 Contact Languages of the World, 410 Sketch of Tok Pisin, 416 Exercises, 434 Selected Bibliography, 436

APPENDIX: LANGUAGE MAPS 439 I. Indo-European Languages, II. , III. Politico- Linguistic Divisions in the Caucasus, IV. Distribution of South Caucasian Languages, V. Distribution of South Asian Languages, VI. Distribution of , VII. Sino-Tibetan Languages, VIII. and Dialects, liX. Distribution of Tai Languages, X. , XL Distribution of Mongolian and of China and Mongolia, XII. Distribution of Siberian Languages, XIII. Languages of Africa, XIV. , XV. Australian Languages, XVI. Native Languages of North America, XVII. Native Languages of Meso-America, XVIII. Some Major Groups of South American Native Languages, XIX. Quechua Languages

Bibliography 457 Language Index 473 Subject Index 484