ArizonaArizona Transportation HistoryHistory FinalFinal ReportReport 660660 DecemberDecember 20112011 ¦ ¦WP j s $ SO +-n mowst? II ¦I1 •HOGAUS 7(l if ia "HiKON 70 , _ » m/ ^BENSON m I i m ¦¦¦Ta -r. «•- Sft^ *, t I Tji m X ¦ J ^ 1 " ^-,1 i e .. — !'. - n s. ¦ - o Arizonaona DepartmentDepa ofo Transportationpo o Research•P Center DISCLAIMER The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the Arizona Department of Transportation or the Federal Highway Administration. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. Trade or manufacturers' names which may appear herein are cited only because they are considered essential to the objectives of the report. The U.S. Government and the State of Arizona do not endorse products or manufacturers. Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. FHWA-AZ-11-660 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date December 2011 ARIZONA TRANSPORTATION HISTORY 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author 8. Performing Organization Report No. Mark E. Pry, Ph.D. and Fred Andersen 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. History Plus 315 E. Balboa Dr. 11. Contract or Grant No. Tempe, AZ 85282 SPR-PL-1(173)-655 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13.Type of Report & Period Covered ARIZONA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 206 S. 17TH AVENUE PHOENIX, ARIZONA 85007 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Project Manager: Steven Rost, Ph.D. 15. Supplementary Notes Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration 16. Abstract The Arizona transportation history project was conceived in anticipation of Arizona’s centennial, which will be celebrated in 2012. Following approval of the Arizona Centennial Plan in 2007, the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) recognized that the centennial celebration would present an opportunity to inform Arizonans of the crucial role that transportation has played in the growth and development of the state. The report consists of a historical narrative and a series of topical essays. The seven-chapter historical narrative is a history of Arizona’s highways that extends from the pre-Columbian era to the present. The 14 topical essays extend the scope of the history beyond the state’s highway system. They include overviews of the development of other transportation modes (railroads, aviation, and urban transit), a brief history of highway pavements, a lighthearted look at the motoring experience during the 1920s and 1930s, and an exploration of how changes in transportation infrastructure affected some Arizona communities. The topical essays also provide additional historical information on bridges, urban freeways, the Interstate system, ADOT and its predecessor agencies, and famous roads such as U.S. Route 66, U.S. Route 89, the Black Canyon Highway, and the Beeline Highway. The report also includes a timeline of transportation-related developments. This chronology not only provides an accessible overview of Arizona’s transportation history; it also places that history in a larger context by including transportation-related developments from the rest of the nation and around the world. Finally, the report contains a guide to archives in Arizona that hold significant collections of historical photographs related to the state’s transportation history, a bibliography of published historical sources related to the history of highways in Arizona, and a discussion of how the historical narrative and topical essays could be used to produce publications and media that would be made available to the public. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement 23. Registrant's Seal Transportation agencies. Transportation, Document is available to the History, Arizona U.S. public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161 19. Security Classification 20. Security Classification 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 176 SI* (MODERN METRIC) CONVERSION FACTORS APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS TO SI UNITS APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS FROM SI UNITS Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol LENGTH LENGTH in inches 25.4 millimeters mm mm millimeters 0.039 inches in ft feet 0.305 meters m m meters 3.28 feet ft yd yards 0.914 meters m m meters 1.09 yards yd mi miles 1.61 kilometers km km kilometers 0.621 miles mi AREA AREA 2 2 2 2 in square inches 645.2 square millimeters mm mm Square millimeters 0.0016 square inches in 2 2 2 2 ft square feet 0.093 square meters m m Square meters 10.764 square feet ft 2 2 2 2 yd square yards 0.836 square meters m m Square meters 1.195 square yards yd ac acres 0.405 hectares ha ha hectares 2.47 acres ac 2 2 2 2 mi square miles 2.59 square kilometers km km Square kilometers 0.386 square miles mi VOLUME VOLUME fl oz fluid ounces 29.57 milliliters mL mL milliliters 0.034 fluid ounces fl oz gal gallons 3.785 liters L L liters 0.264 gallons gal 3 3 3 3 ft cubic feet 0.028 cubic meters m m Cubic meters 35.315 cubic feet ft 3 3 3 3 yd cubic yards 0.765 cubic meters m m Cubic meters 1.308 cubic yards yd NOTE: Volumes greater than 1000L shall be shown in m3. MASS MASS oz ounces 28.35 grams g g grams 0.035 ounces oz lb pounds 0.454 kilograms kg kg kilograms 2.205 pounds lb T short tons (2000lb) 0.907 megagrams mg mg megagrams 1.102 short tons (2000lb) T (or “metric ton”) (or “t”) (or “metric ton”) TEMPERATURE (exact) TEMPERATURE (exact) ºF Fahrenheit 5(F-32)/9 Celsius temperature ºC ºC Celsius temperature 1.8C + 32 Fahrenheit ºF temperature or (F-32)/1.8 temperature ILLUMINATION ILLUMINATION fc foot candles 10.76 lux lx lx lux 0.0929 foot-candles fc fl foot-Lamberts 3.426 candela/m2 cd/m2 cd/m2 candela/m2 0.2919 foot-Lamberts fl FORCE AND PRESSURE OR STRESS FORCE AND PRESSURE OR STRESS lbf poundforce 4.45 newtons N N newtons 0.225 poundforce lbf lbf/in2 poundforce per 6.89 kilopascals kPa kPa kilopascals 0.145 poundforce per lbf/in2 square inch square inch SI is the symbol for the International System of Units. Appropriate rounding should be made to comply with Section 4 of ASTM E380 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................1 PART 1 — HISTORICAL NARRATIVE ..........................................................................5 ROADS AND TRANSPORTATION IN EARLY ARIZONA, 1400s-1863 .................7 Pre-Columbian Trails .................................................................................................7 Spain, Mexico, and the Santa Cruz Road...................................................................9 Cooke’s Wagon Road and the Gila Trail ...................................................................9 Creation of New Mexico Territory...........................................................................11 Army Road Surveys in the West..............................................................................12 Beale’s Road and El Paso–Fort Yuma Road............................................................12 Creation of Arizona Territory ..................................................................................14 ROAD BUILDING DURING THE TERRITORIAL PERIOD, 1864-1911................15 Toll Roads ................................................................................................................15 County Road Districts ..............................................................................................16 Army Wagon Roads .................................................................................................17 Arrival of the Railroad .............................................................................................19 Territorial Wagon Roads..........................................................................................20 Road Building by the Counties ................................................................................22 The Territorial Engineer and Arizona’s First Highway System ..............................23 BUILDING A STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM, 1912-1925 .........................................27 Arizona Highway Department .................................................................................27 The Good Roads Movement in Arizona ..................................................................28 The National Old Trails Highway and Other Named Roads ...................................29 Federal Aid Comes to Arizona.................................................................................33 Maricopa County’s Road Bond Program.................................................................37 Creation of the Seven-Percent System .....................................................................37 Numbering Arizona’s Highways..............................................................................39 ARIZONA’S HIGHWAY SYSTEM GROWS UP, 1926-1945...................................43 Reorganizing the Arizona Highway Department .....................................................43 Arizona’s Highways in 1926....................................................................................44 Forest Roads in Arizona...........................................................................................45 Oiled Roads in the 1920s and 1930s ........................................................................46