Socio-Economic Transformation of Financial Capital in Turkey After 1980‘S
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SOCIO-ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION OF FINANCIAL CAPITAL IN TURKEY AFTER 1980‘S A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF THE MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY ALĞ ÖZGÜR TACER IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY OCTOBER 2004 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences ___________________________ Prof. Dr. Sencer Ayata Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ____________________________ Doç. Dr. Sibel KalaycÛo₣lu Vice Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy _____________________________ Ö₣r. Gör. Dr. Mustafa ğen Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Bahattin Akİit _________________________ Doç. Dr. Ahmet Haİim Köse _________________________ Ö₣r. Gör. Dr.Mustafa ğen _________________________ ii I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work Date: Signature: iii ABSTRACT SOCIO-ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION OF FINANCIAL CAPITAL IN TURKEY AFTER 1980‘S Tacer, Ali Özgür M.S., Department of Sociology Supervisor: Dr. Mustafa ğEN October 2004, 119 PAGES The study of money and banking is largely considered the purview of economics. Nevertheless, money theme cannot be neglected by social analysis for money is a social construct, embedded in social interactions. Financial system, money‘s highest level of institutionalization, also cannot be abstracted from social and political sub-structure. In this thesis we tried to look at the way in which Turkish financial transformation in early 1980‘s has found its reflections on social sphere; in terms of changing social relations and institutions. W e first presented a short history of Turkish financial system, then we focused on the essential features of 1980 Transformation, covering its political background. The emphasis is made on power relations between bureaucracy, political will and financial market participants. W e also combined the main features of mainstream theoretical approaches to money and finance from the fields of sociology and we put current debates on Turkish financial liberalization into the context of sociology. As we considered the ways financial relations shape societal developments and political processes, we tried to identify how debt-money system had permeated further in the social relations through financialization of society. Keywords: Arrighi, banking, bureaucracy, capital, conglomerates, corruption, financialization, money, Marx, Simmel. iv ÖZ TÜRK FĞNANS SERMAYESĞNĞN 1980 SONRASI SOSYO-EKONOMĞK DÖNÜğÜMÜ Tacer, Ali Özgür Yüksek Lisans, Sosyoloji Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Dr. Mustafa ğEN Ekim 2004, 119 SAYFA Para ve bankacÛlÛk üzerinde çalÛİmak ço₣unlukla iktisat biliminin kavrama alanÛ içinde görünür. Buna karİÛn paranÛn sosyal bir kurgu oldu₣undan hareketle ve toplumsal iliİkilere içkin oldu₣u düİünülürse para temasÛ toplumsal analizin dÛİÛnda tutulamaz. ParanÛn en yüksek kurumsallaİma düzeyi olan finans sistemi de sosyal ve siyasi arka plandan ba₣ÛmsÛz addedilmemelidir. Bu tezde, 1980‘lerin baİÛnda Türkiye‘nin geçirdi₣i finansal dönüİümün, farklÛlaİan sosyal iliİkiler ve kurumlar bazÛnda toplumsal alandaki yansÛmalarÛ ele alÛnmÛİtÛr. Öncelikle Türk finans tarihini kÛsaca tanÛtÛlmÛİ ve 1980 dönüİümünün temel unsurlarÛna siyasi arka planÛnÛ da kapsamak suretiyle odaklanÛlmÛİtÛr. Siyasi irade, bürokrasi ve finans piyasasÛ katÛlÛmcÛlarÛ arasÛndaki güç dengeleri üzerine vurgu yapÛlmÛİtÛr. Para ve finans üzerine sosyoloji alanÛnda geliİtirilmiİ kuramlar ana hatlarÛyla bir araya getirilerek Türk finansal serbestleİmesine dair tartÛİmalar sosyoloji ba₣lamÛna dahil edilmiİtir. Finansal iliİkilerin toplumsal geliİmelere ve siyasi süreçlere olan etkisi dikkate alÛnarak, toplumun finansallaİmasÛ çerçevesinde borç tabanlÛ para sisteminin sosyal iliİkilere hangi biçimlerde nüfuz etti₣i tanÛmlanmaya çalÛİÛlmÛİtÛr. Anahtar kelimeler: Arrighi, bankacÛlÛk, bürokrasi, sermaye, holdingler, yolsuzluk, finansallaİma, para, Marx, Simmel. v To my beloved parents vi ACKNOW LEDGM ENTS I express my appreciation to Dr. Mustafa ğen for his encouragement and support in my studies. I am grateful to Dr. Ahmet Haİim Köse for invaluable contribution and insights throughout the thesis. Thanks to Ahmet Murat Aytaç for his constructive criticism, suggestions and comments on my work. To Aysun Özen, I offer sincere thanks for her efforts in helping me during grammatical corrections of the text. I owe thanks to all my colleagues and seniors in T.C. Ziraat BankasÛ Personnel Department for their patience, understanding and for providing flexibility in my times of need. Finally, I express my sincere very appreciation to my parents for their love and support. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM … … … … … … … … … … … … … K K K K K K K K K K $$$ ABSTRACTK K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K $( ÖZK K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ( ACKNOW LEDGM ENTSK K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ($$ TABLE OF CONTENTSK K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 44 ($$$ CHAPTER 4 INTRODUCTIONK K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K "4 TURKISH BANKING SYSTEM : A HISTORY444444444444444444444444 "4 2,&'/01,$'2K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K "4" ,,'7)2.8)15K K K 4K K K K K K K K K K K K K K "4L .%0:*$1)2.&$'/K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 44 M "4# #N.&$'/EI )&,$7.O'3,=)& 0&7'$*K K K K K 4 " 2.4.1 Political and Economic Outlook… … … … … … … … 21 2.4.2 Banking and Finance… … … … … … … … … … … … . 27 2.5 1950-1960 Period: The Trial of Economic Liberalism… … .. 28 2.5.1 Political and Economic Outlook… … … … … … … … 28 2.5.2 Banking and Finance… … … … … … … … … … … … . 29 2.6 1960-1979 Period: The Rise and Fall of Economic Planning 31 2.6.1 Political and Economic Outlook… … … … … … … … 31 2.6.2 Banking and Finance… … … … … … … … … … … … . 38 2.6.3 Capital Markets in Planned Economy… … … … … ... 41 3. RISE OF ECONOM IC LIBERALISM AND CORPORATE BANKING IN TURKEY… … … … … ......................................... 44 3.1 Introduction… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 44 3.2 24 January Measures… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . 45 3.2.1 Political and Economic Outlook… … … … … ............ 45 viii 3.2.2 Banking and Finance… … … … … … ......................... 49 3.3 From 1989 to Present… … … … ............................................ 51 3.3.1 Political and Economic Outlook… … … … … ........... 51 3.3.2 Banking and Finance… … … … … … ......................... 53 3.4 Regulation and Supervision in post-1980 Banking… ........... 57 3.5 Rise of the Corporate Banking in Turkey… … … ................. 58 4. SOCIO-ECONOM ICS AND POLITICS OF TURKISH BANKING SECTOR… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 61 4.1 Introduction… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 61 4.2 A Historical Look to the Socio-economics of Money and Banking… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .. 62 4.2.1 Money and Usury in Ancient W orld… … … … … … . 62 4.2.2 Money and Interest in Modern W orld… … … … … … 63 4.2.3 Money and Finance in a Socio-economic Outlook… . 66 4.3 Structural Transformation of Turkish Banking System in Post Liberalization Era… … … … … … … … … … … … … … .. 70 4.3.1 Rise of Retail Banking œ —Buy Today, Pay Tomorrow“ … .. 70 4.3.2 Fall of Commercial Banking œ Times of Easy Profits 73 4.4 Morality in Banking œ Culmination of Corruption in the System… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .. 74 4.4.1 Roots of Corruption… … … … … … … … … … … … .. 74 4.4.2 A New Malpractice: —Hose-piping“… … … … … … . 76 4.5 Bureaucracy of Finance in Turkey œ Between State and the Market … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . 81 4.5.1 Bureaucracy versus Politics… … … … … … … … … . 81 4.5.2 Redefining Bureaucracy: Autonomous Institutions.. 83 4.5.3 Banking Regulatory and Supervision Agency… .… . 85 4.6 Bankingand Societal Development… … … … … … … … .… .. 88 4.6.1 Centralization of TurkishFinancial Capital… … … ... 88 4.6.2 Transformation of Money Capital in Real Economyœ Theoretical Approach to a New Form of Hegemony 90 ix 4.6.3 On —Populist Cycles“ in Turkish Financial Economy… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 93 5. CONCLUSION… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . 96 REFERENCES … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..… … … … . 101 APPENDICES A. FOREIGN AND MINORITY BANKS THAT ARE FORMED AS JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES BETW EEN 1909 AND 1929… … … .… 107 B. DEVELOPMENTS IN NATIONAL BANKING BETW EEN 1924 AND 1930… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .. 108 C-1 PERCENTAGE SHARES OF FOREIGN, TURKISH PRIVATE AND STATE BANKS IN TURKISH BANKING SYSTEM… … … … . 109 C-2 ALLOCATION OF BANK LOANS BETW EEN SECTORS… … … … . 110 D. AN OVERVIEW OF MAIN INDICATORS OF BANKING SYSTEM. 111 E-1. BANKS REMAINING UNDER SDIF BY 31.12.2003… … … … … … ... 113 E-2 LEGAL BASIS OF THE BANKS TRANSFER TO SDIF… … … .… … .. 114 F. BANKERS AND MEDIA INSTITUTIONS THAT THEY OW N… .... 115 G. OW NERSHIP STRUCTURES OF MAJOR TURKISH PRIVATE BANKS OF POST-1980 ERA (Three parts)… … … … … … … … … … … 116 x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Developments in Turkish economy for the last decades have been remembered with consecutive macroeconomic crises, liquidation of banks and corruptions in financial sector. Especially developments