6 X 10.5 Long Title.P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-71612-3 - Trade Unionism in Australia: A History from Flood to Ebb Tide Tom Bramble Index More information

INDEX

35-hour week, 46, 62, 67, 99, 117 1985 Congress, 177 36-and-a-quarter week, 67 1987 Congress, 146, 150 36-hour week, 142 1989 Congress, 156 37-hour week, 199 1993 Congress, 172 38-hour week, 112, 213 1995 Congress, 203 40-hour week, 6 1997 Congress, 184, 191 42-hour week, 166 acceptance of ALP policies, 116 Australia Reconstructed, 148–50, Abbott, Tony, 200, 213 203 ABCC, 200, 217–18, 230, 232 Australian Unions, 203 ABOA, 17, 57 campaign against racism, 55–56 union preference arrangements, 65 Future Directions, 176 absorption decision, 41, 42 Future Strategies for the Trade Union defeating, 45 Movement, 148, 149, 203 ACCI, 212 Labor-focused electoral campaigns, Accord the, 4, 115–22, 240 224–25, 228, 233 Mk VI, 161 lifting mining bans, 107 Mk VIII, 178 limitations of, 236 ACOA, 103 lobbying for amendment of penal ACOA Reform Group, 104 powers, 41–45 ACPI, 128 membership drive campaign, 176 ACSEF mergers, 57 see also Miners’ Federation, 8 minimising industrial campaigns, ACSPA, 24, 57, 97 129–30, 140 merger with ACTU, 57 mining contract exemptions, 107 ACTU, 28 NDA rallies, 185–87 1945 Congress, 8 Organising Works program, 176 1965 Congress, 35 preventing workers’ strikes, 29, 35 1967 Congress, 43 resisting collective action, 219, 225–26 1969 Congress, 55 Senate lobbying campaigns, 185, 186, 1975 Congress, 84, 105 198 1977 Congress, 106 success with public awareness 1978 Special Conference, 113 campaigns, 197 1981 Congress, 113, 115, 116, 119 undermining principles of unionism, 1983 Congress, 127, 132, 164 157

275

276 Index

ACTU (cont.) Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and unions@work, 203, 205, 243 Joiners Working Women’s Charter, 113 see ASC&J Workplace, 175 Amalgamated Society of Engineers, 69 Workplace Relations lobby campaign, AMC, 128, 129 185 AMI Altona, 112 Your Rights at Work campaign, AMIA, 28 218–20, 224, 235–36, 243 AMIEU, 141 Administrative and Clerical Ofﬁcers’ AMWU, 58, 69, 148, 195 Association 1984 conference, 134 see ACOA and business partnerships, 205 Advance Bank, 166 Australia on the Rack, 119 Advisory Committee on Prices and Australia Ripped Off, 119, 149 Incomes Australia Uprooted, 117–18, 149 see ACPI conservatism, 114 AEU, 19, 21, 25, 28, 34, 63 critique of Accord, 183 defying penal powers, 43 Elizabeth Engineer, 77 Gear Talk (bulletin), 28 endorsing the Accord, 116–19 Monthly Journal, 62 enterprise bargaining, 219 Victorian branch, 30 General Statement 1975, 85 AFAP, 156 imposing uranium bans, 106, 108 airline industry, 156, 199, 244 Latrobe Valley work value claims, airline pilot strike, 156–57 111 AISF, 24 merger with VBEF, 176 ALAC, 128 Monthly Journal, 87 Alcoa, 166 NDA rally, 186 ALP opposition to consent awards, 69–70 1955 split, 14, 18, 54 over-award campaign, 83 1982 conference, 107 ‘People’s Budget’, 117 1983 victory, 122 support for wage indexation, 82, anti-communist ‘Industrial Groups’, 100 13 Victorian branch, 205 anti-conscription campaign, 36 Anderson, Bob, 56 Cold War propaganda, 11, 12 ANI Bradken foundry, 168 creation of Democratic Labor Party Ansett Airlines, 88, 156, 199–200 (DLP), 14 Ansett, Reg, 88 from general strike to electoral Anthony, Doug, 90 campaigning, 93–94 anti-nuclear campaigns, 106 re-election 1990, 157 anti-union legislations, 12, 163, 189, restoring business proﬁtability, 97, 210 115 anti-war movements, 37, 50 rise in convervatism, 162 Iraq war, 206 Terrigal Conference, 81, 89 Moratorium marches, 51 ALP, NSW branch, 54 Stop Work to Stop the War, 51 ALP, Victorian branch, 54 see also Vietnam War ALP–ACTU Accord ANZ Bank, 178 see Accord APESMA, 32

Index 277

APPM, 169 Australian Chamber of Manufacturers, Arbitration Bill, 68 143 Arbitration Commission, 13, 82, 146 Australian Competition and Consumer absorption decision, 41, 42 Commission, 190 breakdown of authority, 70 Australian Council of Salaried and granting wage claims, 111 Professional Associations introducing equal pay, 60, 68 see ACSPA National Wage Cases, 82, 122, 136, Australian Council of Trade Unions 147, 161 see ACTU paid annual leave claim, 27 Australian Council of Tramways Unions, secret ballots, 112, 140, 230 43, 45 superannuation ruling, 137 Australian economic performance, two-tier system, 145–48 pre-and-post-1974, 96 Arbitration Court, 7, 12 Australian Education Union (Vic.), 207, 1956 split, 13 247 arbitration system, centralised, 145 Australian Fair Pay Commission, 213 arbitration, limitations of, 46 Australian Federation of Airline Pilots ARCO see AFAP Gordonstone mine, 198 Australian Industry Group, 245 union lockouts, 199 Australian Insurance Staffs Federation Argondizzo, Frank, 112–13 see AISF ARU, 13, 106, 107 Australian Iron and Steel, 121 South Australian branch, 31 Australian Labor Advisory Council Asahi, 170 see ALAC ASC&J, 13 Australian Labor Party ASE, 17, 69 see ALP ASIO, 11 Australian Manufacturing Council Askin Government, 46 see AMC Assenbruck, Jim, 106 Australian Metal Industries Association Association of Professional Engineers, see AMIA Scientists and Managers, Australia, Australian Nursing Federation (Victorian 207 Branch) Australasian Coal and Shale Employees’ campaign against WorkChoices, Federation 236–38 see ACSEF Australian Railways Union Australasian Society of Engineers see ARU see ASE Australian society 1950s, shift to the Australia Post, 166 right, 22 Australian Airlines, 156, 199 Australian Tax Ofﬁce, 168 Australian Bank Ofﬁcials’ Association Australian Workers’ Union see ABOA see AWU Australian Building and Construction Australian Workplace Agreements Commission see AWAs see ABCC automotive industry, 23, 59, 101, 102, Australian Chamber of Commerce and 112–13 Industry award restructuring, 152–53 see ACCI award restructuring, 147–48, 153, 242

278 Index

award system, 164 establishing links with political attacks on, 164 activists, 52 devaluing of, 213 Green Bans campaign, 56 award wages support for Food Preservers, 132 decline in, 137 support of Aboriginal workers, 48 devaluing of, 178 BLF NSW, 53 AWAs, 184, 198, 201, 213, 244 employment of women, 48 disadvantages of, 213 rank-and-ﬁle members, 49 impact of, 213–15 regrouping, 101 impact on women workers, 214, 215 blue-collar unions, 63, 113, 237 phasing out, 229 Boeing Williamstown, 214 AWU, 14, 17, 53, 63, 66 Boilermakers’ union, 42, 43, 50, 55 Council for Membership Control Bolger, Irene, 136 (CMC), 33, 34 Bond, Alan, 158 effects of enterprise bargaining, 167 Bonds, 166 merger with FIA, 176 Boonaroo, 36 Mount Isa strike, 32, 34 Booth, Anna, 175 support for uranium mining, 106 Borg Warner plant, 28 Bourke’s discount department stores, Bakers Delight, 214 55 Bank of Melbourne, 173 Bowling, Les, 54, 102 bans clauses, 12–13, 16, 35–36, 41 Boyne Island, 169 bargaining period, 164, 216, 230 Bracks Government, 224 Barry, Joyce, 61 Branson, Richard, 199 Barwick, Garﬁeld, 92 Brereton, Laurie, 164, 170 BCA, 131, 144, 190, 212, 245 Bretton Woods system, 76 Beazley, Kim, 186, 188, 211 British unions, 137, 148 Bell Bay smelter, 169 Broad Left Conference, 137 Bendigo Bank, 173 Broken Hill Proprietary Bennett, Barbara, 218, 245 see BHP Betts Electric Motors, 121, 131 Brown Government, 172 BHP, 16, 80, 121, 198, 230 Brown, Bill, 55 government industry assistance, 153 BTR/Nylex, 175 BHP Billiton, 244 Builders’ Labourers Federation Mount Newman mine, 144, 217 see BLF Biggs, Barbara, 105 Builders’ Labourers for Democratic Bjelke-Petersen government, 90, 140, Control 162 see BLDC black bans, 31, 55, 106 building and construction industry, 51, Black, Steve, 101 217–18 BLDC, 101 militant tactics, 48–49 BLF, 22, 48–49, 63, 119 Royal Commission, 200–01 approaches towards the Accord, technological impacts on, 24–25 134–36 Building and Construction Industry deregistration in ACT, NSW and Improvement Act 2005, 217 Victoria, 135 Building Industry Taskforce, 217

Index 279

Building Workers’ Industrial Union Charter for Shop Committees, 28, 29 see BWIU Cherry, Frank, 70 Bull, Ted, 22 Chiﬂey Government, 7, 11, 12 Burrow, Sharan, 225, 227, 249 Chiﬂey, Ben, 6, 14 Business Advisory Council, 245 Chrysler, 23 Business Council of Australia Rank and File Group, 54, 102 see BCA Tonsley Park, 54, 102 Business Review Weekly ‘Top 200’, 158 Clairs, Reg, 194 Butler, Mark, 232 Clancy, Pat, 119 BWIU, 14, 48, 53, 85, 119, 135, 152 closed shop arrangements, 16, 63, 65, 228 adopting conservatism, 114 effects on unions and employers, 65 deregistration, 12, 135 Clydemaster railway strike, 88 endorsing the Accord, 183 coal mine strikes, 11, 16, 121, 140, 177, opposing racism, 56 192 Coalition Government, 41, 182, 185, 196, CAGEO, 57, 61 208 merger with ACTU, 57 Cobar mine, 169 Cain Government, 129, 135 Coca Cola, 167 Cairns, Jim, 81, 89 Cockatoo Island naval dockyards strike, Calwell, Arthur, 14 47 Cameron, Clyde, 14, 65, 66–71, 80, 83, 89 Cold War, 6, 12, 36 and establishment of ALP Industrial Moscow directive, 8–11, 13 Relations Committee, 67 Cole Royal Commission, 217 Cameron, Doug, 183, 188, 232 CFMEU protest against, 200 Campbell, George, 183 construction industry inquiry, 200 Cannex, 235 formation of Interim Building capitalist class, 76, 212, 241 Industry Taskforce, 200 see also New Right, 139 Cole, Terence Justice, 200 Carmichael, Laurie, 50, 58, 119, 132, 134, Coles Myer, 171, 174 150, 153 collective bargaining, 69, 84 Carmichael, Laurie Jr, 50 collectivist values, 245–46 Carr Government, 183 Colonial Mutual Bank, 173 Carr, Ken, 55 Columbus Australia, 106 casual labour, increase in, 167 Combet, Greg, 196, 210, 232 Catholic Church, 13 Combined Unions Committee, 91, 99 CFMEU, 166, 195, 200 The Fair Facts, 99 attacks on, 190, 217 Commonwealth Bank, 166, 170, 175, breakaway demonstration, 187–88 244 critique of Accord, 183 introducing AWAs, 199 enterprise bargaining, 219 Commonwealth Defence plants, 29 forestry division, 206 Commonwealth Employees (Employment NDA rally, 186 Provisions) Act 1977 (CEEP), 103, Royal Commission protest, 200 115 support for Leighton-Kumagai Perth Commonwealth Employees (Redeployment to Mandurah rail line strike, 218 and Retirement) Act 1977 (CERR), trespass charges, 232 103, 104

280 Index

Commonwealth Employment Service, breakaway party, 53 185 Cold War policy shift, 8–11 Commonwealth Investigation Service, 11 cult of leadership, 21 Commonwealth public service, 63 declining membership base, 20–22, Communist Party of Australia 54 see CPA diminishing role, 20, 38 Communist Party of Australia eventual demise of, 133 (Marxist-Leninist) founding of Minority Movement, 251 see CPA(M-L) inﬂuence on trade unions, 8, 18 company taxes, 86, 158, 179 loyal support for the Accord, 133 Conciliation and Arbitration Act, 12–13, Moscow directives, 8–11, 19 16, 69 nationalist protection stance, 86 amendment, 12 opposing penal powers, 53 section 109, 13 providing framework for Labor Left, Conciliation and Arbitration Bill, 68–69 19, 118 Confederation of Australian Industry, 143 rebuilding coal, shipping and Connor, Rex, 89 waterfront ties, 19 conscription, 36, 50, 65–66 response to radicalisation, 53–55 conservative governments, 2, 12, 38, 51, role in Queensland and Victoria, 162–63, 243 11 overturn of, 52 unity tickets strategy, 20 Consolidated Meat Group, 199 CPA(M-L), 22, 43, 53–54 Construction, Forestry, Mining and sponsor of Workers–Student Energy Union Alliances, 54 see CFMEU support for radicalism, 54 Containers Limited, 88 using guerrilla stoppage tactics, 54 contract labour system, 141, 167 CPSU, 187 Conzinc Rio Tinto of Australia Ltd strikes, 186 see CRA CRA, 163, 170, 176 Coombs, John, 196 Mary Kathleen mine, 106–07, 108 Corporations Power, 224 Tiwai Point aluminium smelter (New Corrigan, Chris, 190, 196 Zealand), 169 Costello, Peter, 141, 142, 213 use of individual contracts, 169–70 Cotton, Gail, 132 Weipa bauxite mine, 169, 177, 182 Council for Membership Control (CMC) Craig, Jim, 52 see also AWU Craik, Wendy, 190 Council of Australian Government Crawford, George, 55, 56 Employees Organisations Crean, Frank, 93 see CAGEO Crean, Simon, 129, 137, 151, 174, 208, Court Government, 163 232 Court, Richard, 192 currency crisis, 137 Cowra abattoir, 214 Curtin, John, 6 CPA, 8, 12–14, 28, 34, 43 1963 split, 21, 53 Darrell Lea, 214 active leaderships in unions, 48 Dawkins, John, 149, 160 and ALP, 11, 19–20, 53 Democrat Party, 185, 189, 233 attack on, 13 Bill blocking, 198

Index 281

Democratic Labor Party (DLP), 14, 18 Employment Advocate, 189, 200 Department of Defence, job-cuts at, 81 enterprise bargaining, 131, 145, 160–68, Department of Industry, 149 199, 242 Department of Workplace Relations, 218 changing work hours, 166 Devereux, Jack, 84 consequences of, 166–68 direct action, 46 creation of two-tier workforce, 167 direct bargaining, 62 division between unions, 167 distribution of household incomes after increasing take-up of, 164 taxation and government benefits non-union agreements, 176, 207 1994–2004, 179 EPAC, 128, 134 DLP, 14, 18 ETU, 18, 47, 140, 167 Dolan, Cliff, 111, 112, 113, 129 enterprise bargaining, 219 Dollar Sweets, 142 leaked footage from ABCC, 232 Dougherty, Tom, 14 support for Food Preservers, 132 Ducker, John, 14, 99 Evans Deakin shipyards, 108 Dunlop sporting goods, 55 strike, 47 Evans, Bert, 116 Earthworker, 206 Evans, Gareth, 188 Easson, Michael, 175 Evans, Ray, 140 ebb tide period, 4, 125–26, 154, 242–44 Evatt, Herbert ‘Doc’, 14 ECCUDO, 22, 87 response to power supply strike, 46 Fair Pay and Conditions Standard, 213 ECCUDO NSW, 46 Fair Work Australia, 227–29 economic boom, 23, 67 Fairfax Newspapers, 88 disparity between rich and poor, 234, strike, 98–99, 100–01 235 Fairness Test, 215 effects on working class, 23–25, 27–28 Family First, 224, 233 economic crisis, 95, 115, 159 Farrell, Don, 232 response from militant unions, 86–88 FCU, 13, 18 responses to, 76 union preference arrangements, 65 strikes during, 88 Federal Conference, 66 Economic Planning Advisory Council Federal Court, 105, 237 see EPAC imposing fines, 141, 218 Economic Summit, 127, 135 reinstatement of waterfront workers, EDS, 207 196 education, free tertiary, 68 Federal Department of Labour and education unions, 129 National Service survey 1954, 17 Egan, Barry, 94 Federal election 2007 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 13 reasons for Labor swing, 233–35 Electrical Trades Union Federal Executive, 66 see ETU Federal Government Patents Office, 168 Electricity Commission Combined Union Federal Minimum Wage, 213 Delegates Organisation Federal Party Conference 1955, 14 see ECCUDO federal unions conferences, 28, 43, 82 Elliott, E.V., 19, 21 Federated Clerks’ Union Email Appliances, 166 see FCU

282 Index

Federated Confectioners’ Association, General Motors-Holden’s 142 see GMH Federated Engine Drivers’ and Firemen’s George, Jennie, 113, 183, 185, 188 Association Gietzelt, Arthur, 21 see FEDFA Gillard, Julia, 227, 228, 230, 245 Federated Ironworkers’ Association Gippsland Labor Council, 36 see FIA GMH, 28, 58 FEDFA, 48, 135, 150 black bans, 31 Ferguson, Kerry, 105 Brisbane, 31 Ferguson, Martin, 151, 164, 170, 174, Elizabeth, 30, 31, 47, 49, 54, 77 176, 178, 232 shopfloor militant stand-downs, 102 FIA, 8, 13, 14, 18, 53, 69, 96 Melbourne, 30–32 merger with AWU, 176 Pagewood, 30, 114 Fielding, Steve, 224 strike 1964, 30–32 Fightback campaign, 163, 172, 180 Sydney, 31 Finance Sector Union, 178 Gnatenko, Ted, 49, 77, 130, 155 Fisherman’s Bend dispute, 30 goods and services tax, 163 Fitzgibbon, Charlie, 34 Gorton Government, 51 Fitzpatrick, Lisa, 237 Goss, Wayne, 180 flood tide period, 3, 6, 51–52, 240–41 Government Aircraft Factory, 29 benefits from, 62–67 government industry assistance Food Preservers’ Union, 55, 131–32 payments, 154 Ford Broadmeadows, 25, 29, 30, 239, 250 grassroots activism 1973 strike, 58–9 decline, 4 1981 strike, 112–13 grassroots unionism, 125, 155 Ford Motor Company, 16, 23, 152 decline in, 242 disputes procedures, 16 Greek migrant workers, 26, 31, 58 Forward with Fairness, 227–31, 232, 245 Green Bans campaign, 56 Fox, Lindsay, 174 Greens, the, 239, 246 Franklins, 172 Greiner Government, 162, 171, 172 Fraser Government, 4, 68, 241 Groupers, the, 13, 18, 21, 103, 104 1977 re-election, 109 anti-communist stance, 14 public service staff cuts, 103 anti-strike strategy, 18 Ranger Inquiry, 106 emerging resistance to, 53 setting up new union watchdog, Tasmania, 104 104–05 state of unions during, 95–22 H.R. Nicholls Society, 140 Fraser, Malcolm, 85, 90, 221 Hadgkiss, Nigel, 200 as interim Prime Minister, 91 Halfpenny, John, 91, 93, 100, 160 Freport McMoran, 190 criticism of the Accord, 134 Friedman, Milton, 90 from CPA to ALP, 117 Friends of the Earth, 106 Victorian Trades Hall, 147, 171 Furnishing Trades Union, 55, 59, Hamer Government, 108 131 Hamer, Dick, 99 Hamersley Iron, Pilbara, 169 Gallagher, Norm, 22, 48, 77, 101, 135 Hampson, Ian, 129 Garden Island Dockyard, 29, 91 Hancock Commission, 131, 143, 160

Index 283

Hancock, Lang, 68 loss of electoral seat, 233 Harco Steel, 47 Hubbard, Leigh, 195, 225 Harradine, Bill, 185, 189 Hughes, Barry, 81 Harris, Annette, 214 Hutson, John, 148 Hawke Government, 131, 132, 143, 155 Accord reform, 133, 189 Iemma, Morris, 224 economic liberalisation, 134 income taxes, 84, 126, 158, 234 introduction of enterprise bargaining, Independent Contractors Act 2006, 217, 160 228 Labour Market Reform – The Independent Contractors Association, Industrial Relations Agenda, 147 228 Hawke, Bob, 52, 75, 82, 84, 115, 177, 242 individual contracts, 145, 169, 184, 198 co-establishing ALP Industrial proliferation of, 198 Relations Committee with see also AWAs Cameron, 67 individual transitional employment response to Kerr Coup, 92–93 agreements, 229 Hawke–Keating Government, 208 Industrial Commission, 66 Hayden, Bill, 89, 93, 98, 119, 120, 122 secret ballots, 140, 216 health and safety agendas, 46 Industrial Court, 1, 13, 15, 27, 43, 60 Healy, Jim, 19, 21 breakdown of authority, 70 Heath Government (Britain), 52 imposing fines, 13, 31, 42 Hein, Richard, 194 industrial militancy, spread of, 3 Henderson, Brian, 129 Industrial Registrar, 43 Hewson, John, 163 Industrial Relations Act 1988 s.115, 160 High Court, 65, 90, 140, 185 Industrial Relations Bill, 171 rulings, 224 Industrial Relations Bureau higher education funding cuts, 186 see IRB Higher Education Workplace Relations Industrial Relations Commission Requirements (HEWRRs), 201 see IRC Hill, Ted, 20 Industrial Relations Ministers, 105, 130, Holding, Clyde, 93 164, 172 Holmes aCourt,Janet,` 175 Industrial Relations Reform Act 1993, 164, Holt, Graham, 130 245 Hoover washing machine factory, 49 industrial relations reform legislation, 145 Howard Government, 4, 181, 184, 189, industrial relations reforms, 198, 201 243 industry restructuring, 120, 151 2004 re-election, 210 union intervention, 151 2007 election loss, 233 industry superannuation, 125 Cabinet, 190 industry-specific consent awards, 69 decline in support, 221 Institute of Company Directors, 163 increasing advertising of Institute of Public Affairs, 51 WorkChoices, 221 Insurance Workers’ Union More Jobs, Better Pay Bill, 198 national strike, 61 Senate majority, 210, 212 official female appointment, 61 unleashing workplace reform, 189 Premium, 62 Howard, John, 137, 180, 206 Insurance Workers’ Union, 61 election to Liberal leadership, 163 Interim Building Industry Taskforce, 200

284 Index

international economic upswing, 157 Khrushchev, Nikita, 20 International Monetary Fund, 212 Krutulis, Paul, 105 International Purveyors, 190 Ky, Air Vice-Marshal, 37 International Transport Workers Federation, 190, 193 Labor Industrial Relations Minister 1973, IRB, 105, 115, 241 68 IRC, 177, 185, 216, 237 Labor state governments, 14, 122, 129, ACTU-Government submission, 135, 136, 183, 224, 237, 241 161 labour ﬂexibility, 151 certifying enterprise agreements, Latham, Mark, 206, 208 161–62 Latham, Noel, 105 Enterprise Bargaining Division, 175 Latrobe Valley, 47, 239 individual contracts, 156 1966 strike, 35–36, 38 Italian Communist Party, 58 1977 strike, 99–101, 239 Italian migrant workers, 26, 31, 58 see also SEC left-wing environmental activists, 206 Jackson Committee Report 1975, 25–26 left-wing Labor leaders, 14 Jackson, Mike, 91 left-wing unions, 33, 106 James Hardie Industries, 204 Broad Left Conference 1986, 137 Jeparit, 36–37 limitations, 34, 35 Jetstar, 200 links with environment groups, 106 John Holland, 218 metal trades, 1 Johnson, Percy, 55 shift to the right, 4, 242 Jordan, Mick, 37, 44 sponsor of Migrant Workers’ Joyce, Barnaby, 224 Conferences, 59 support for Aboriginal workers, Kane, Frank, 105 55–56 Keating Government, 168, 178–80, 184, support for MIM strike, 33 243 Leighton, 218 boosting enterprise bargaining, Lend Lease, 175 163–65 Lew, Solomon, 174 Keating, Paul, 128, 159 Lewis, Sam, 21 ‘banana republic’ comment, 137 LHMU, 204, 207 Kelty, Bill, 127, 132, 156, 161, 174, 188 Liberal Party importance in ACTU, 128–29 industrial relations policies, 163 minimising industrial campaigns, 177 Liberal Party think-tank Kennett Government, 163, 171, 239 see also Institute of Public re-election, 171 Affairs, 51 Kenny, Jim, 13, 14 Liberal state governments, 46, 90, 108, Kerr Coup, 3, 88–95, 104, 115, 118, 188, 111, 163 241 Liquor, Hospitality and Miscellaneous Kerr, John, Sir, 91 Workers’ Union Kerr, Mary, 150 see LHMU Keynesian policies, 98, 117 loans scandal, 89 Kirby, Richard, 46 Lobethal Australia abattoir, 214 Kortex, 250 Ludwig, Stephen, 232

Index 285

Mackie, Pat, 33, 34, 250 Menzies, Robert, 12, 13, 14, 15 Macquarie Bank, 234 Metal Industry Agreement, 111, Macquarie University, 56 116 Mansfield, Bill, 137 Metal Industry Award, 116 manufacturing industry growth, 23 Metal Trades Award, 12 maritime unions, 36, 51 Metal Trades Employers Association, Vietnam war protest, 36 42 Marks, Sol, 25 metal trades industry Marles, Richard, 232 effects of tripartite process, 130 Marsh, Jan, 113 using two-tier system, 151 Marsh, Peter, 175 Metal Trades Industry Association of Mary Kathleen mine, 106–07 Australia mass rallies, 171, 196, 198, 219, see MTIA 220 metal trades unions, 41, 51, 60, 67 anti-Budget, 110 equal pay for women campagin, 60 anti-uranium mining, 106 first female appointment, 61 James Hardie, 204 strikes, 41–43 Kerr Coup, 91–93 Mighell, Dean, 232 Medibank, 96 migrant workers, 25, 26, 32, 57, 240 NDA, 185 Ford Broadmeadows strike, 58–59 mass strikes, 225 increased union representation, 59 May Day rallies, 6, 196 non-English-speaking backgrounds, McClelland, Jim, 83, 89, 93 26 McDonald, Alex, 34 under-representation in unions, 26 McDonald, Joe, 232 Migrant Workers’ Conferences, 59 McDonald, Tom, 119, 152, militant unionism, 32, 48, 54, 80 166 decline in, 15, 120 McDonald’s, 163 efficiency of, 249–51 McDougall, Dudley, 45 limitations resulting from economic MCG rally 2006, 225 crisis, 86–88 McGauchie, Don, 190 suppression of, 12 McNamara, Mick, 48 militant unions, 12 McPhee, Ian, 52 Milliner, Bert, 90 Medibank, 68, 96, 97, 157 MIM, 32, 34, 35 tax levy, 96 Miners’ Federation, 8, 11, 18, 47, 96 Medicare, 120, 125, 127, 157 1949 strike, 11, 16 tax levy, 136 Minister for Industrial Relations (Fraser Melbourne City Council, 168 Government), 52 Melbourne Trades Hall, 14, 27, 35 Minority Movement, 251 emergence of rebel unions, 37–38 Miscellaneous Workers’ Union split, 37 see MWU Menzies Government, 12–15, 34, 38 moderate unionism, 15–18 1955 elections, 14 Monash University, 50 allies, 13 Monk, Albert, 16, 29, 31, 36, 55 Cold War agenda, 13 More Jobs, Better Pay Bill, 198 introduction of conscription, 36 Moss, Allan, 234

286 Index

Mount Isa Mines National Wage Cases, 68, 69, 82, 122, see MIM 136 Mount Isa strike 1964, 30, 32–34, 35, 250 1988, 147, 148 Movement Against Uranium Mining, 106 1991, 161 Movement, the, 13 decisions under the Accord (t5.1), 138 MTIA, 49, 111, 116, 169 replacing of, 164 opposition to enterprise bargaining, NDA, 185–87 161 NDA rallies, 219 MUA, 190, 197, 208 breakaway demonstration, 186–88 attack from ACTU, 191–96 impact on communities, 235 community assemblies campaign, media coverage, 187 194 Your Rights at Work attendance, conspiracy against, 190 2005–07, 220 donations for Waterfront dispute, Nelson, Brendan, 201 193 neoliberal policies, 163, 172 legal campagining, 194 New Right, 139–45, 151, 242 nationwide support, 191–93 members of, 139 NDA rally, 186 resurgence of, 169 Mudginberri Abattoir, 140–43 sanctions against unions, 142 contract labour system, 141 New South Wales union think-tank, Mundey, Jack, 48 159 Murdoch, Rupert, 68 New Zealand, 163 Murphy, Lionel, 90 Newcastle shipyards, 114 MWU, 21, 55, 107, 167 Newport power station (Victoria), 105, 107–08 Nabarlek mine, 107 News Limited, 245 National Australia Bank, 171 newsmedia, 105 National Civic Council, 18 adopting right-wing attitudes, 80 National Code of Industry Practice, 190 NFF, 141, 190, 191 National Competition Policy, 245 Nicklin Country Party State Government, National Crime Authority, 200 33–34 National Day of Action Niland, John, Sir, 161 see NDA Nixon, Richard, 13, 76 National Development Fund, 149 no disadvantage test, 215 National Employment and Training ‘no extra claims’ commitment, 116, 131, Fund, 149 142, 145 National Farmers’ Federation no-strike arrangements, 4, 12, 69, 115, see NFF 116 national health scheme, 127 NSW Electricity Commission (Elcom) national land rights law, 68 dispute, 150 National Party, 140, 224 NSW firefighters’ strike, 173 National Press Club speeches, 210, 228 NSW Industrial Commission, 66 National Rail Corporation, 173 NSW Labor Council, 13, 14, 16, 34, 67, National Union of Workers, 171 see also Storemen and Packers Union, personal benefits in, 18 173 surveys by, 203, 221

Index 287

NSW Liberal-Country Government, 90 pickets, 142, 170, 193–95, 197 NSW Public Service Association, 150 Pilbara Mineworkers’ Union, 204 NSW Teachers’ Federation, 21, 57, 113 PKIU, 169, 170 NTEU, 201, 207 Plumbers’ Union, 55, 56, 133 strikes, 186 political radicalisation, 3, 51–53, 70 Port Kembla steelworks, 23 OECD G7 Postal Commission, 99 Labour Market Flexibility: Trends in Postal Workers Union, 50, 195 Enterprises 1986 report, 142 Powell, Brian, 143 mass unemployment in economies, power industry strikes, 46, 99–100 159 Prices and Incomes Policy, 119 Office of the Employment Advocate and Prices Justification Tribunal, 80 the Fair Pay Commission, 227 Prices Surveillance Authority, 126 Oldmeadow, Ian, 175 Pringle, Bob, 48 O’Mara, Brooke, 214 Printing and Kindred Industries Union O’Neil, Michele, 231 see PKIU Optus, 170 privatisation of public services, 163, O’Shea campaign, 225 185 O’Shea, Clarrie, 1–2, 22, 43, 65, 91 productivity-based pay claims, 137 nationwide union support for, 43–45 productivity-based system over-award bargaining, 69, 70 see also two-tier system, 146 over-award payments, 41, 45, 67, 83 profits, rates from 1965–2001, 77 overseas student revolts, 52 profits, share of national income, 78 Owens, Joe, 48 Public Service Association, 104 public service unions, 14 P&O, 193, 194, 196 Packer, Kerry, 158, 199 Qantas, 80, 156, 168, 170, 175, 199 paid annual leave, 27, 62, 67 two-tier wage system, 244 paid maternity leave, 67 Queen Victoria Market, 56 parental leave, unpaid, 213 Queensland Cabinet, 140 parliamentary reform, 119 Queensland Council of Unions, 225 part-time labour, increase in, 167 Queensland Labor Council, 34, 44 Patrick Stevedores, 190, 195, 197 Queensland Nationals, 162 Dubai scab labour, 190 Queensland Trades, 44 mass redundancies, 196 penal clauses, 43, 45 RAAF, 80, 156, 189 amendments to, 45 Ralph, John, 163 penal powers, 1–3 Ranger Inquiry, 106 company use of, 28 Ranger mine, 106, 107, 108 fight against, 43–45 Rank and File Group, 54, 102 using, 7, 12 rank-and-file workers, 22, 47, 109, 131, Pendarvis, Jay, 140, 141 155, 208 awarded damages, 141 decline in activism, 130 People’s Economic Program, 118 ‘real wage overhang’, 80 personal carer’s leave, 213 real wages, 146 Petrov affair, 14 drop in, 125, 137

288 Index

rebel unions, 37, 44, 205 Seamen’s Union draft resistance, 50, 51 see SUA national Moratorium against Vietnam SEC, 47 War, 50 see also Latrobe Valley politial agenda, 50 secondary boycott legislation, 133, 141, recession, 76, 119, 121, 155, 159 185, 194 Redfern Mail Exchange, 114 secret ballots, 16, 31, 112, 140, 230 redistribution of wealth, 158 SEQEB, 140 referendum, 1967, 55 linesmen sackings, 140–41 Regent Theatre, 56 Setka, John, 201 Reith, Peter, 189, 190, 196 Sharkey, Lance, 20 Reserve Bank, 134 Sharkey, Stan, 119, 188 Richmond Council (Vic.), 166 Sharp, Ian, Dr, 43 right-wing unions, 188, 225 Sharp, John, 190 ACTU, 2 Sheet Metal Workers, 43 support for penal powers, 1 Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees support for uranium minimg, 106–08 Association Rio Tinto, 198, 207, 230, 243 see SDA Ritchie, Peter, 163 shopfloor committees, 28, 42, 91 Robe River iron ore mine, 144 ACTU intervention, 29–30 Robertson, John, 230, 246, 248 challenging branch officials, 29 Robinson, Barry, 175 emerging strength, 30–32 Roman Catholic Church, 13 opposition to, 28–30 Rosella-Lipton factory, 132 solidarity in, 47 Ross, Iain, 175 Shopping Centre Council of Australia, Rowe, Ted, 19 175 Roxby Downs mine, 107 Short, Laurie, 14, 53 Roxon, Nicola, 232 Shorten, Bill, 232 RSLs, 13 Snedden, Bill, 51, 90 Rudd Government, 244 Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric industrial policy shift to right, 2 Scheme, 23 industrial relations policies, 227–32 social democratic parties, 11 model flexibility clause in awards and Socialist Alternative, xiii enterprise agreements, 229 Socialist Forum, 133 safeguarding businesses, 230–31 Socialist Party of Australia (SPA) union and strikes policies, 230 see SPA see also Forward with Fairness Souter, Harold, 16 Rudd, Kevin, 208, 227 South Africa Ryan, Tom, 55 apartheid, 36 Springboks rugby team, 52, 56 safety net adjustments, 164 South Australian United Trades and Santamaria, Bob, 13 Labor Council, 172, 198 Sargeants/ANI, 108 South East Queensland Electricity Board scab labour force, 100, 142, 190, 193, see SEQEB 244 Soviet Union, 20, 53 SDA, 18, 65 SPA, 53, 119

Index 289

Spotlight Coffs Harbour, 214 Telecom workers’ union, 137 stand-off period, 4, 240–42 Telstra, 244 State Electricity Commission Textile, Clothing and Footwear Workers see SEC Union, 175, 231 State Industrial Commission, 136 Thatcher, Margaret, 137 State Public Services Federation (Qld), Thiess-Linfox, 166 178 Thompson, John, 192 Steel Industry Plan, 153 Thornton, Ernie, 21 Stevedoring Commission, 45 Three Mile Island (Pennsylvania), 105 stock market crash, 1987, 158 Timber Workers, 17 Stone, John, 140 Tiwai Point aluminium smelter (New Stone, Ken, 37, 107 Zealand), 169 Stop Work to Stop the War slogan, 51, TLC, 140 207 TLC Queensland, 192 Storemen and Packers Union, 18, 63, Tooth’s Brewery, 114 111 Townsend, Len, 112 Stout, Vic, 14, 16, 37 Toyota Port Melbourne, 172 Street, Tony, 105 Trade Development Council, 149 strike rates Trade Ministers, 149 1945–2007 period, 6 Trade Practices Act, 105, 185 1979–1981 wave, 113, 115 s 45D, 133 decline in, 22, 98, 100, 101, 155, 177, Trade Union Training Authority, 69, 185 216 trade-offs, 145, 168, 242 decrease in, 15 see also no-strike arrangements effect from wage indexation, 82 Trades and Labor Council increase in, 6, 22, 27–28, 46, 70, 240 see TLC postwar upsurge, 8 Tramways Union, 1, 22 Structural Efﬁciency Principle, 147 Transport Workers’ Union SUA, 8, 19, 190 see TWU Royal Commission, 80 Treasury, 134 Vietnam War protest, 36 trends in male earnings, 1960–2005, superannuation, 137, 149, 234 110 industry, 125 trends in real wages 1968–69 to 1973–74, ruling, 137 63 Sutton, John, 231 Tribune, 91, 101 Sydney Chamber of Commerce, 130 tripartite consultative committees, 129, Sydney Harbour Casino, 175 130 Sydney Mail Exchange, 23, 29 effects on education unions, 129 Sydney Star City Casino, 204, 207 Truxton, 106 Sydney University, 52, 56 two-tier system, 145–46 problems with, 146–48 Tanner, Lindsay, 232 restructuring, 145 Teachers’ Tribunal, 21, 24 second-tier agreement study 1989, Technical Teachers’ Union of Victoria, 151, 152 130 wages, 242 Telecom workers’ strike, 109 TWU, 18, 41, 63, 111

290 Index

UN Children’s Fund report, 235 unionism ‘under-award’ bargaining, 121 absence of experienced activists, 251 unemployment rate, 1949–2007, 79 activity during Fraser government, Unilever group, 132 95–122 union dues, payroll deduction of, 63 attack by legislative means, 4 union leaderships changing face of, 3 appointments into advisory and closed shop arrangements, 16 statutory bodies, 129 consequences of Howard government, left leaning, 19, 21 181–84 moderate, 15–18, 28 ebb tide period, 4, 242–44 move into alternate powerful flood tide period, 3–4, 240–41 positions, 174–75 impact of the Accord, 125 move into private sector, 175 limitations of, 248–49 right leaning, 18–19, 28 moderate union leaders, 15–16 union memberships, 15 renewed confidence, 50 campaigns to counteract decline in, stand-off period, 4, 241–42 203–04 successful campaigns, 236–38 changes in union coverage, turning point, 75 1982–2007, 155 weakening, 114 coverage from 1946–96, 9 unions decline in, 125, 160, 175, 201, 203, adopting labour flexibility, 144, 216 151–52 figures from 1946–96, 8 advocating business partnerships, figures from 1996–2007, 203 205–06, 226–27 increase in, 7 anti-uranium campaigns, 105–06 new members resulting from strikes, banning of closed shop arrangements, 207 162 new recruitments, 237 black bans, 31, 55, 106 Organising Works membership convergenceofleftandright,150–51 campaign, 176 criticisms of Rudd’s industrial paper memberships, 154 relations policies, 230–32 percentage changes from 1946–1996, de-unionisation in workplaces, 10 168–70 recognising potential membership developing alternatives to striking, 205 base, 247–48 developing closer ties with community rise in, 70 campaign groups, 204 stabilising, 154–56, 204 divisions in, 207 surge in, 3 establishing links with political union officials activists, 52 preselection for parliamentary seats, exclusion from business, 243 232 importance of industry efficiency, 148 union preference arrangements, 63, 67, inability to strike under WorkChoices, 228 216 High Court ruling, 65 lack of bargaining power, 231–32 see also closed shop arrangements, 17 lobby for industry protection, 85–86 union watchdogs, 200 lockouts, 198–200

Index 291

unions (cont.) Victorian retail industry, 152 major defeats, 99–101 Victorian Secondary Teachers’ mergers and amalgamations, 174, 175 Association recruiting young members, 206 see VSTA response to Whitlam government Victorian Supreme Court, 142, 157 dismissal, 90–94 Waterfront injunction, 193 success of public awareness Victorian Trades Hall, 47, 96, 171, campaigns, 197–98 206 support of award restructuring, 146, Newport power station ban, 107 148 waterfront dispute support, 192 Tasmanian forestry, 206 Victorian Turkish Labourers Association, types of campaigns, 4, 197 250 Workplace Relations Bill campaigns, Vietnam war, 3, 36–37, 50–52, 66, 76 185–89 protests, 36–37 Unions 2001, 1995, 159 union Moratorium campaigns, 51, 55, Unions NSW, 247 207, 239 focus groups, 246, 247 Virgin Blue, 199 surveys, 248 Vital State Projects Bill, 108 see also NSW Labor Council, 230 voluntary employment agreements, 162 unity tickets method, 20 voting intentions 2004–07 (federal University of New South Wales, 174 elections, ﬁrst preference), 222 uranium mining, 105–07, 108 VSTA, 24, 104, 129–30 US consulate demonstrations, 50 US State Department, 13 wage cuts, 137 Utah mines strike, 109 wage discounts, 137, 146, 219 accepting, 143 Vaughan, Peter, 104 wage freeze, 122, 127, 136 VBEF, 25, 30, 54, 58 wage indexation, 81–85, 109, 120, 242 Ford Broadmeadows, 112 end of, 111 Geelong demonstration 1975, 85 wage levels merger with AMWU, 176 1982–83 to 1989–90, 139 stamping out militancy, 102 1989–90 to 1995–96, 165 views towards award restructuring, wage restraints, 126, 131, 146, 147, 242 153 offsets in, 179 Vehicle Builders’ union wages share of national income, see VBEF 1959–2007, 64 Victorian Chamber of Manufacturers, Wallis, Stan, 190 132 Wallsend, Peko, 144 Victorian Hospitals Industrial Ward, Eddie, 14 Association, 237 Warden, Ian, 187 Victorian Liberal Premiers, 99 Warehouse Employees’ Federation, 18 Victorian Manufacturing Council, 205 Waterfront dispute, 4, 189–98, 243 Victorian metalworkers 1946–47 strike, 6, conspiracy, 190 16 international support for, 193 Victorian nurses’ strike, 136 nationwide support for, 191–93 Victorian Public Service Association, 147 reinstatement of workers, 196

292 Index

Waterfront Industry Reform Authority, Woolworths, 194 154 WorkChoices, 145 Waterside Workers’ Federation advertising, 218, 233 see WWF cases of unfair treatment, 215 Wave Hill land rights dispute, 55 Fair Pay and Conditions Standard, wealth redistribution, 179 213 Weipa bauxite mine, 169, 177, 182 introduction of, 210–13 Western Australian Trades and Labor legislation, 4 Council, 172 lockout of unions, 215–16 Western Mining Corporation, 140 opposition to, 2 Westpac Bank, 175 weakening unions, 212, 213 Wheeler, Fred Sir, 89 worker activism, 32 white-collar industry growth, 23–24 worker control, 46–49, 53 white-collar unions, 44, 56, 61, 102 workers’ resistance movement, 170–74 adopting blue-collar strategies, condition-cutting enterprise 103–04 agreement strikes, 172–74 campaign for higher pay, 57 state labor council strikes, 171–72 increase in membership, 63–65 workers, shift towards collectivist values, Whitlam Government, 3, 25, 115, 241 245–46 1972-1974 reforms, 67–70 Worker–Student Alliances, 54 anti-union crusade, 80–81 Chrysler (Tonsley Park), 54 dismissal of, 88–89 Working Women’s Centre, 61 see also Kerr Coup Working Women’s Charter, 113 Opposition’s obstruction of work-ins, 47 Arbitration Bill, 68–69 workplace activism, 22, 203 union preference introduction, 65 Workplace Authority, 214 wage indexation, 81 rejecting AWA submissions, 215, 226 Whitlam, Gough, 51, 65–66, 67–68, Workplace Ombudsman, 215 80–81 Workplace Relations Act 1996, 198, 210, 1977 campaign, 98 216, 230, 243 Willis, Ralph, 131, 147 Workplace Relations Amendment Wilshire, Ted, 149 (WorkChoices) Act 2005, 210 Winter, Commissioner, 28 Workplace Relations Bill, 184–89, 197 Winter, Mary, 245, 246 Workplace Relations Ministers, 189, women workers, 24, 60–62, 113, 157, 240 200 increased participation in unions, World Bank, 212 61–62 world economic crisis, 76 migrant women, 26 Worth Voting For slogan, 225 ofﬁcial union appointments, 61 Wragg, George, 36 overcoming sexism, 61–62 Wran Government, 122, 241 Women’s Action Committee, 61 WWF, 8, 14, 18, 19, 22, 34, 59, 107 Women’s Alternative Trade Union Medibank rally, 96 Conference, 61 no-strike arrangements, 67 Women’s Trade Union Commission, 61 Victorian branch, 31 Women’s Trade Union Conference, 113 Vietnam War protest, 36 Woodward, A.E. QC, 45, 49 waterfront dispute, 190

Index 293

Yakka, 173 NDA rally attendance, 2005–07, Young Labor Conference 1975, 80 220 Young Unionist Networks, 206 success of, 235–36 Your Rights at Work campaign, 219–21, Worth Fighting For slogan, 219 233, 243 Worth Voting For slogan, 225 effects of NDAs on ALP ﬁrst see also ACTU preference support, 223 intensive senate lobbying, 224 Zarb, John, 50 limitations of, 224 Zedong, Mao, 54 media advertising, 220, 224 Zianas, Theo, 32