DOCSLIB.ORG

The Role of Woman in Medieval Andalusian Arabic Story-Telling

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Role of Woman in Medieval Andalusian Arabic Story-Telling UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) The role of woman in medieval Andalusian Arabic story-telling Schippers, A. Publication date 1993 Document Version Final published version Published in Verse and the fair sex: studies in Arabic poetry and in the epresentation of woman in Arabic literature Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Schippers, A. (1993). The role of woman in medieval Andalusian Arabic story-telling. In F. de Jong (Ed.), Verse and the fair sex: studies in Arabic poetry and in the epresentation of woman in Arabic literature (pp. 139-152). M. Th. Houtsma Stichting. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:06 Oct 2021 THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN MEDIEVAL ANDALUSIAN ARABIC STORY-TELLING by Arie Schippers (Amsterdam) Our aim in this paper is to collect anecdotes about women whose existence is well established in history, and to determine why they have been considered worth mentioning in literary or historical works. The material often presents a mixture of imagination and reality. Sometimes a mixture of prose and poetry of which - contrary to the famous adage - the poetry is a more reliable testimony than the prose which tries to explain or locate the poems. I have limited my subject to a choice of Andalusian women from the eleventh century of our era onwards, but I start with a short survey of earlier Eastern Arabic literary sources, in which we find the same types of women which appear later on in Andalusian Arabic literature. Among the most conspicuous sources about women are the Kitdb al-Nisa' by Ibn Qutayba' and the chapter of the same title in Ibn 'Abd Rabbih's 'Iqd al-Farld} In the chapter by Ibn =Abd Rabbih anecdotes are mentioned about marriages and divorce, anecdotes about conjugal fidelity even after the death of the husband, such as in the case of Na'ila bint al-Farafisa who was married to the caliph 'Uthman,-' or even frustrated conjugal fidelity as in the case of Fatima bint al-Husayn which is recorded because of her marriage to 'Abdallah ibn 'Amr following the death of her husband 'Abdallah ibn al-Hasan.'' Famous as well as painful divorces are mentioned such as the case of al-Farazdaq and Nawar or an-Nawar. Although he divorced her, his heart kept following her.' Other sources are the Kitab al-Aghani which contains separate sections about the pre- and early Islamic poetess al-Khansa' whose ' Cf. Ibn Quiayba (d. 889), ^Uyun al-Akhbar, Vol. MV (Cairo 1925-30). Chapier 10 deals with women (al-Nisa'). ^ Cf. Ibn "^Abd Rabbih (d. 940), 'Iqd al-Farid, ed. Ahmad Amin et al., Vol. 1- 7 (Cairo, reprint Beirut 1962). Chapter 21 (al-marjana 2 in vol. 6, 82-143 deals with women (Ft -l-nisa' wa-sifati-hirma). ^ Cf. 'Iqd, VI, 91. •" Cf. 'Iqd, VI, 91-92. ' Cf. 'Iqd, VI, 124. In the 'Iqd there is also a little chapter on bastards and the venereal faculty or appetite at the end of the chapter, in which women play a role too. 140 SCHIPPERS THE ROLE OF WOMEN 141 Other sources about singing girls, mentioned by Stigelbauer" in real name was Tumadir bint 'Amr.* Separate entries are devoted to his dissertation, are the Risdlat al-Qiydn by al-Jahiz, and history the previously mentioned Na'ila bint al-Farafisa,' and to the 'Abba works such as the Tdrikh Baghdad by Ibn Tayfiir, the Tarikh al- sid princess 'Ulayya bint al-Mahdi' and the female singers 'Arib and Rusul wa-l-Muluk by al-Tabarl and the Kitdb al-Wuzard' which Shariya.' About the latter two singing girls akhbar collections were contain reports about "Arib, and adab-w^oxVs such as al-Shabusti's composed during their lifetime.'" Collections of letters composed by Kitdb al-Diyardt and Tanukhl's Nishwdr al-Muhddara. The book by 'Arlb herself also existed." Other important women from the al-SaT entitled Nisd' al-khulafd' contains many anecdotes about earliest Islamic times, such as Sukayna, have no separate entry, singing girls such as 'Arib, Banan, Bid'a, FatJI, Farlda, Mahbuba and nevertheless they are frequently mentioned in the akhbar about Nashib. other people.'^ Following on from slave girls and women of noble birth, the next Dealing with Andalusia specifically: its literature reached a peak of category of women who play a role in eastern works consists of the development especially in the eleventh century AD (=fourth century fierce poetesses who composed satires like men, notably the AH). Our most important sources about this literature are Umayyad poetess Layla al-Akhyaliyya,'^ who exchanged satires with anthologies and historical works that appeared in the early twelfth Nabigha al-Ja'di and Humayda bint Nu'man ibn Bashir,''' a poetess century immediately after the period of the wwd';/kings, works such with a sharp opposing and evil tongue (shd'ira dhdt lisdn wa-'drida as Ibn Bassam's Kitdb al-Dhakhira and Fath ibn Khaqan's Qald'id al- wa-sharr) who composed invective poems about her husbands, who "Iqydn. Later sources of importance are Ibn Said's al-Mughrib fi repudiated her. In addition to these free women, female slaves and Hula al-Maghrib and, last but not least, al-Maqqari's Nafi at-Tib." singing girls such as Fatll al-sha'ira, were also noted for their sharp The latter work even has a special section on women poets. If we tongue." combine this chapter with the data we can gather from Ibn Bassam All of this gives us an indication of the many different types of and Ibn Sa'id, and Ibn al-Khatib's al-Ihdta fi Akhbdr Ghamata,^^ we women represented in the Kitdb al-Aghdni: free women by birth, get a reasonable picture of some of Andalusia's famous women princesses born of slave girls, and female singers, who were usually personalities. This is the field Mahmud Sobh," Teresa Garulo^ and, slaves, except in early Islamic times. more recently, Maria Jesus Rubiera Mata^' have been working in. The poems of these poetesses are often interwoven into stories and romantic anecdotes. Our aim will be to look at some of these Cf. Abu al-Faraj al-I.sbahani (d. 967), Kitdb al-Aghani, cd. Dar al-kutub (Cairo 1923-1975) III: 9-10; XV: 76-110. Stigelbauer, op. OIL. 7-16. Cf. also Wiebke Waither, Die Frau im Islam ' Cf. A^ni XVI: 322-327. (Mainz 1980). ' Cf. A^ani, X: 162-186. Abu al-Hasan 'Ali Ibn Bassam al-ShantarinI (d. 1147), Kildb al-dhakhira fi mahasin al-jazira, ed. Ilisan 'Abbas, 4 Vols. (Beirut 1979); Fath Ibn Khaqan (d. 1141), ' Cf. for 'Arib or 'Urayb: Asttdni, XVIII: 175-192; Cf. Michael Stigelbauer, Qaid'id al-'Iqydn (Tunis 1966); Ibn Said al-Maghribi (d. 1274), al-Mughrib fi Hula al- Die Sdngerinnen am Abbasidenhof um die Zeii des Kalifen al-Mutawakkil, nach dan Mag/vib. ed. Shawqi Dayf, 2 Vols. (Cairo 1953-55); id. El libra ds las banderas de los Kiiob al-Agani da Abu-l-Fara^ al-lsbahani und andcrcn Qucllcn dargcsiellt (Wencn campeones (Kitdb Rdydt al-Mubarizin). ed. Emilio Garcia G6mez (Madrid 1942); al- [VWCOj 1975) 18-31; on p. 18 [note 98] he defends his vocalisation 'Arib instead of Maqqari (d. 1632), Nafh al-tib min ghusn al-Andalus al-radb, ed. Ihsin 'Abbas, 8 Vols. 'Urayb; cf. for Shariya, Cf. Aghani, XIV: 105-110; Stigelbauer, op. ciu. 39-49. (Beirut 1968). Cf. the sources mentioned in note 9. 18 Lisan al-Din Ibn al-Khatib (d. 1374), Al-Ihdia fi Akhbdr Ghamata, ed. " Cf. the sources mentioned in note 9. Muhammad 'Abd Ajlah 'Inan. 4 Vols. (Cairo 1393A973-97/77). Many remarks about Sukayna crop up in the chapter on her father al- Mahmud Sobh, Poetisas ardbigoandaluzas. edici6n a cargo de.., Diputaci6n Husayn ibn 'All, Ci. Aghani. XVI: 137-174. Provincial de Granada, s.d. '•• Cf. A^ni, XI: 204-249; 'Umar Rida Kahhala, A'ldm al-nisd' fi 'alamay al- Teresa Ganilo, Diwdn de las poetisas de al-Andalus (Madrid [Hyperion] ^arab wal-islam (Beirut 1982) IV: 321-334. 1985). '^ Cf. A^m, XVI: 53-54; Kahhala. I: 253. Marfa Jesiis Rubiera MAta, Poesta feminina hisponodrabe (Madrid [Casialia] '^ Cf. Aghani. XXI: 114-120; Stigelbauer. op. ciL. 31-34. 1989). SCHIPPERS 142 THE ROLE OF WOMEN 143 Stories and to determine what kind of women were regarded as tells us of these emotional events. But her parents answer that she interesting enough to be recorded in the books of Andalusian must adapt to her new circumstances." literature and history. In addition to those of the 'Abbadid family, there are other high families with notable female offspring. Wallada bint al-Musiakfi," Two Andalusian women whose lives echoed long in history and the daughter of the caliph Muhammad III al-Mustakfi - a caliph literature were the women connected with the Sevillian 'Abbadid who carried out his function (the caliphate) for only seventeen dynasty, which came to such a tragic end.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Sociolinguistic View of "Hazl" in the Andalusian Arabic "Muwashshaḥ
    A Sociolinguistic View of "hazl" in the Andalusian Arabic "muwashshaḥ" Author(s): David Hanlon Source: Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 60, No. 1 (1997), pp. 35-46 Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of School of Oriental and African Studies Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/620768 Accessed: 31-08-2015 13:05 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Cambridge University Press and School of Oriental and African Studies are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 163.10.30.70 on Mon, 31 Aug 2015 13:05:02 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions A sociolinguisticview of hazl in the Andalusian Arabic muwashshah DAVID HANLON BirkbeckCollege, London The documented history of the theory of the muwashshah and one of its constituent parts, the kharja, spans almost 800 years: from Ibn Sana' al-Mulk (d. 608/1211) to the present day. Apologists for the various theories broadly belong to one of two schools, which for the sake of convenience I shall label 'integralist' and 'partialist'.
    [Show full text]
  • Islamic Civilization in Spain
    Psychiatria Danubina, 2017; Vol. 29, Suppl. 1, pp 64-72 Conference paper © Medicinska naklada - Zagreb, Croatia ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION IN SPAIN – A MAGNIFICIENT EXAMPLE OF INTERACTION AND UNITY OF RELIGION AND SCIENCE Safvet Halilović Faculty of Islamic Education of the University in Zenica, Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina SUMMARY Islam and its followers had created a civilization that played very important role on the world stage for more than a thousand years. One of the most important specific qualities of the Islamic civilization is that it is a well-balanced civilization that brought together science and faith, struck a balance between spirit and matter and did not separate this world from the Hereafter. This is what distinguishes the Islamic civilization from other civilizations which attach primary importance to the material aspect of life, physical needs and human instincts, and attach greater attention to this world by striving to instantly satisfy desires of the flesh, without finding a proper place for God and the Hereafter in their philosophies and education systems. The Islamic civilization drew humankind closer to God, connected the earth and heavens, subordinated this world to the Hereafter, connected spirit and matter, struck a balance between mind and heart, and created a link between science and faith by elevating the importance of moral development to the level of importance of material progress. It is owing to this that the Islamic civilization gave an immense contribution to the development of global civilization. Another specific characteristic of the Islamic civilization is that it spread the spirit of justice, impartiality and tolerance among people.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparison of Relations Between Abrahamic Religions in Medieval Spain and Its Reflection in Odat Y’S Israel-Palestine Relations
    DePaul University Via Sapientiae College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences Theses and Dissertations College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences 6-2018 Consulting the past: a comparison of relations between Abrahamic religions in medieval Spain and its reflection in odat y’s Israel-Palestine relations Morgan Reyes DePaul University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://via.library.depaul.edu/etd Recommended Citation Reyes, Morgan, "Consulting the past: a comparison of relations between Abrahamic religions in medieval Spain and its reflection in odat y’s Israel-Palestine relations" (2018). College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences Theses and Dissertations. 251. https://via.library.depaul.edu/etd/251 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences at Via Sapientiae. It has been accepted for inclusion in College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Via Sapientiae. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Consulting the Past: A Comparison of Relations Between Abrahamic Religions in Medieval Spain and its Reflection in Today’s Israel-Palestine Relations A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts June, 2018 By Morgan Reyes Department of Modern Languages College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences DePaul University Chicago, Illinois Consulting the Past Spring 2018 Reyes, 1 Table of Contents Timeline of Events in Medieval Iberia
    [Show full text]
  • E X I L E and No St a L Gi a in Arabic and Hebrew Poetry in Al -Andal Us (Muslim Spain) Thesis Submitted F O R the Degree Of
    Exile and Nostalgia in Arabic and Hebrew Poetry in al-Andalus (Muslim Spain) Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of London by Rafik M. Salem (B .A.; M.A., Cairo) School of Oriental and African Studies December, 1987 ProQuest Number: 10673008 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10673008 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ( i ) ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to examine the notions of "exile" (ghurba) and "nostalgia" (al-banTn i 1a-a 1-Wafan) in Arabic and Hebrew poetry in al-Andalus (Muslim Spain). Although this theme has been examined individually in both Arabic and Hebrew literatures, to the best of my knowledge no detailed comparative analysis has previously been undertaken. Therefore, this study sets out to compare and contrast the two literatures and cultures arising out of their co-existence in al-Andalus in the middle ages. The main characteristics of the Arabic poetry of this period are to a large extent the product of the political and social upheavals that took place in al-Andalus.
    [Show full text]
  • From Rabi`A to Ibn Al-Färich Towards Some Paradigms of the Sufi Conception of Love
    From Rabi`a to Ibn al-Färich Towards Some Paradigms of the Sufi Conception of Love By Suleyman Derin ,%- Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy Department of Arabic and 1Viiddle Eastern Studies The University of Leeds The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own work and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. September 1999 ABSTRACT This thesis aims to investigate the significance of Divine Love in the Islamic tradition with reference to Sufis who used the medium of Arabic to communicate their ideas. Divine Love means the mutual love between God and man. It is commonly accepted that the Sufis were the forerunners in writing about Divine Love. However, there is a relative paucity of literature regarding the details of their conceptions of Love. Therefore, this attempt can be considered as one of the first of its kind in this field. The first chapter will attempt to define the nature of love from various perspectives, such as, psychology, Islamic philosophy and theology. The roots of Divine Love in relation to human love will be explored in the context of the ideas that were prevalent amongst the Sufi authors regarded as authorities; for example, al-Qushayri, al-Hujwiri and al-Kalabadhi. The second chapter investigates the origins Of Sufism with a view to establishing the role that Divine Love played in this. The etymological derivations of the term Sufi will be referred to as well as some early Sufi writings. It is an undeniable fact that the Qur'an and tladith are the bedrocks of the Islamic religion, and all Muslims seek to justify their ideas with reference to them.
    [Show full text]
  • THE REIGN of AL-IHAKIM Bl AMR ALLAH ‘(386/996 - 41\ / \ Q 2 \ % "A POLITICAL STUDY"
    THE REIGN OF AL-IHAKIM Bl AMR ALLAH ‘(386/996 - 41\ / \ Q 2 \ % "A POLITICAL STUDY" by SADEK ISMAIL ASSAAD Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of London May 1971 ProQuest Number: 10672922 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10672922 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT The present thesis is a political study of the reign of al-Hakim Bi Amr Allah the sixth Fatimid Imam-Caliph who ruled between 386-411/ 996-1021. It consists of a note on the sources and seven chapters. The first chapter is a biographical review of al-Hakim's person. It introduces a history of his birth, childhood, succession to the Caliphate, his education and private life and it examines the contradiction in the sources concerning his character. Chapter II discusses the problems which al-Hakim inherited from the previous rule and examines their impact on the political life of his State. Chapter III introduces the administration of the internal affairs of the State.
    [Show full text]
  • The News of the Christians in the Visions of IBN Rif'ah (645-710 AH / 1247-1310 AD.)
    International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change. www.ijicc.net Volume 11, Issue 2, 2020 The News of the Christians in the visions of IBN Rif'ah (645-710 AH / 1247-1310 AD.) Warood Nouri Hussein Al-Moussawia, aDepartment of History, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Email: a*[email protected] This topic deals with the news of the Christians in the visions of Ibn Al- Rifaa, who wrote a book entitled: Valuables in the evidence of the demolition of the churches, as he is one of the important religious scientific figures in the Mamluk era (648-923 AH). He is one of the pillars of the science and the most prominent intellectual, and to reach this rank and graduate it scientifically with what is recognized as a wonderful intellectual achievement is reflected in his remarkable scientific position and the ongoing praise of many scientists, thinkers and historians over time. He wrote many religious and jurisprudential books, including "measurement and scale" and "rank in the application of the supervision. He issued many fatwas and some of them singled out the Christians, especially in the construction of churches and restoration. He was subjected to both rejection and acceptance particularly in the case where he refused to demolish any church built before the Islamic conquest and others supported the demolition of churches built after the Islamic conquest, where this incident happened as a result of the arrival of the Christians of arrogance in their treatment with Muslims, especially the people of Egypt; this resulted in fatwas. Key words: Christians, Arrogance, Treatment, Intellectual Achievement Introduction This research is considered to be of scientific value with regard to the interrelationship of historical events between Christians and Muslims during the Mamluk period (648-923 AH) and thus to determine some specificities of the nature of life experienced by the supporters during the Mamluk era.
    [Show full text]
  • Universidad De Granada Tesis Doctoral
    UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA TESIS DOCTORAL READING, ANALYSING AND DECODING HIDDEN DISCOURSES IN LITERARY TEXTS: THE HETERONORMATIVITY AND SEXUALITY IN THE LITERATURE OF AL-ANDALUS Doctorando: Borjan Grozdanoski, MA Director: Dr. Raúl Ruiz Cecilia Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Educación Granada, 2019 Editor: Universidad de Granada. Tesis Doctorales Autor: Borjan Grozdanoski ISBN: 978-84-1306-285-3 URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10481/56797 Acknowledgments I would like to express my special gratitude to JoinEU-SEE PENTA EU & South Eastern Europe: Participating, Exchanging and Networking in a Transnational Alliance for Internationalization in Higher Education - mobility programme ERASMUS MUNDUS Action 2 - Strand 1 - Lot 7, and the Coordinator for the Selection Committee of JoinEU-SEE PENTA for providing me a full doctoral scholarship without which, I would not be able to conduct my research at the University of Granada, Spain. Thereafter, this doctoral dissertation is a product of few years of investigation and research. I would also like to express my gratitude to the people who had been of a huge help in completion of this work. My special thanks go to my thesis director Dr. Raúl Ruiz Cecilia from the University of Granada, who was very comprehensive and understanding in the process of research and writing of my dissertation. He had provided me all the necessary help and materials needed during these years of investigation. I would also like to thank Dr. Juan Ramón Guijarro Ojeda, University of Granada for his assistance, support and providing me essential materials concerning certain parts of this thesis. In addition, I feel very grateful to Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • From Exclusivism to Accommodation: Doctrinal and Legal Evolution of Wahhabism
    NEW YORK UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW VOLUME 79 MAY 2004 NUMBER 2 COMMENTARY FROM EXCLUSIVISM TO ACCOMMODATION: DOCTRINAL AND LEGAL EVOLUTION OF WAHHABISM ABDULAZIZ H. AL-FAHAD*t INTRODUCTION On August 2, 1990, Iraq attacked Kuwait. For several days there- after, the Saudi Arabian media was not allowed to report the invasion and occupation of Kuwait. When the Saudi government was satisfied with the U.S. commitment to defend the country, it lifted the gag on the Saudi press as American and other soldiers poured into Saudi Arabia. In retrospect, it seems obvious that the Saudis, aware of their vulnerabilities and fearful of provoking the Iraqis, were reluctant to take any public position on the invasion until it was ascertained * Copyright © 2004 by Abdulaziz H. AI-Fahad. B.A., 1979, Michigan State University; M.A., 1980, Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies; J.D., 1984, Yale Law School. Mr. Al-Fahad is a practicing attorney in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the Conference on Transnational Connec- tions: The Arab Gulf and Beyond, at St. John's College, Oxford University, September 2002, and at the Yale Middle East Legal Studies Seminar in Granada, Spain, January 10-13, 2003. t Editors' note: Many of the sources cited herein are available only in Arabic, and many of those are unavailable in the English-speaking world; we therefore have not been able to verify them in accordance with our normal cite-checking procedures. Because we believe that this Article represents a unique and valuable contribution to Western legal scholarship, we instead have relied on the author to provide translations or to verify the substance of particular sources where possible and appropriate.
    [Show full text]
  • The Aesthetics of Islamic Architecture & the Exuberance of Mamluk Design
    The Aesthetics of Islamic Architecture & The Exuberance of Mamluk Design Tarek A. El-Akkad Dipòsit Legal: B. 17657-2013 ADVERTIMENT. La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tesisenxarxa.net) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX. No s’autoritza la presentació del s eu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA. La consulta de esta tesis queda condicionada a la aceptación de las siguientes condiciones de uso: La difusión de esta tesis por medio del servicio TDR (www.tesisenred.net) ha sido autorizada por los titulares de los derechos de propiedad intelectual únicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigación y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducción con finalidades de lucro ni su difusión y puesta a disposición desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR. No se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al resumen de presentación de la tesis como a sus contenidos.
    [Show full text]
  • Paintodayspain
    SPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAIN- TODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYS- PAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTO- DAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYS- PAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTO- DAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYS- PAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTO- DAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYS- ALLIANCE OF CIVILIZATIONS PAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTO- DAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYS- PAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTO- DAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYS- PAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTO- 2009 DAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYS- Spain today 2009 is an up-to-date look at the primary PAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTO- aspects of our nation: its public institutions and political scenario, its foreign relations, the economy and a pano- 2009 DAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYS- ramic view of Spain’s social and cultural life, accompanied by the necessary historical background information for PAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTO- each topic addressed DAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYS- http://www.la-moncloa.es PAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTO- DAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYS- PAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTO- SPAIN TODAY TODAY SPAIN DAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYS- PAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTO- DAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYS- PAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAIN- TODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTO- DAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYS- PAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTO- DAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYS- PAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTO- DAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYS- PAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTODAYSPAINTO-
    [Show full text]
  • Lordship of Negroponte
    http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/LatinEmpire2.png Lordship of Negroponte From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2007) Lordship of Negroponte Nigropont Client state* 1204–1470 → ← The Latin Empire with its vassals and the Greek successor states after the partition of the Byzantine Empire, c. 1204. The borders are very uncertain. Capital Chalkis (Negroponte) Venetian officially, Language(s) Greek popularly Roman Catholic Religion officially, Greek Orthodox popularly Political structure Client state Historical era Middle Ages - Principality 1204 established - Ottoman Conquest 1470 * The duchy was nominally a vassal state of, in order, the Kingdom of Thessalonica, the Latin Empire (from 1209), the Principality of Achaea (from 1236), but effectively, and from 1390 also de jure, under Venetian control The Lordship of Negroponte was a crusader state established on the island of Euboea (Italian: Negroponte) after the partition of the Byzantine Empire following the Fourth Crusade. Partitioned into three baronies (terzieri) run by a few interrelated Lombard families, the island soon fell under the influence of the Republic of Venice. From ca. 1390, the island became a regular Venetian colony as the Kingdom of Negroponte (Regno di Negroponte). Contents • 1 History o 1.1 Establishment o 1.2 Succession disputes o 1.3 Byzantine interlude o 1.4 Later history • 2 List of rulers of Negroponte o 2.1 Triarchy of Oreos o 2.2 Triarchy of Chalkis o 2.3 Triarchy of Karystos • 3 References • 4 Sources and bibliography History Establishment According to the division of Byzantine territory (the Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae), Euboea was awarded to Boniface of Montferrat, King of Thessalonica.
    [Show full text]