The Changing Fashion of Satsuki Jim Trumbly— Roseville, California the Purpose of This Article Is Two- 2

Home , Akebono (train), Hikari (train), Hokutosei, Kagayaki, Nasuno, Nikko (train)

A Note from Your Editor Barbara Stump - Nacogdoches, Texas This issue is devoted completely to A few definitional comments will cultivar of unknown parentage has the Satsuki. The fall issue will report help provide the context for this ar- seven or more first- and second-gen- the 2001 convention at Asheville and ticle: First, the names of the Satsuki are eration descendants (children and catch up on other chapter and Society given as they appear in the latest edi- grandchildren). Subfamilies are des- news. Jim Trumbly of Roseville, Cali- tion of Satsuki Dictionary (or Satsuki ignated when a cultivar of known par- fornia, has produced a wonderful Daijiten, 5) , not Galle. Trumbly con- entage has seven or more first-and sec- overview of the group, showing how siders the former the most up-to-date ond-generation descendants." Finally, the "fashion" for Satsuki has changed and correct source. Thus, some names Tsutsuji is not equivalent to Tsutsusi, the subgenus of Rhododendron that in- over the years and presenting lineage are written as one word where read- cludes the evergreen azaleas, but is a links between cultivars. Jim Trumbly ers may have seen them hyphenated specific subset. From Galle (1987, p. photographed all the images and in the past. Second, his usage of the 206): The Japanese categorize azaleas drew the line drawings. He also sub- terms "family," "subfamily," and into two "groups": 1) Tsutsuji, which mitted the notes on the Satsuki Dictio- "group" is not the same as that listed includes all species or hybrids which nary that appear in the Research Notes in the International Code of Botanical flower 30 days or so after the spring section. The numbers in parentheses Nomenclature or the Cultivated Plant equinox , and 2) Satsuki, which in- refer to the numbered references at the Code. His frame of reference is as fol- cludes azaleas which flower 30 days end of his article. lows: "A family is designated when a or so after the Tsutsuji.

The Changing Fashion of Satsuki Jim Trumbly— Roseville, California The purpose of this article is two- 2. The sporting characteristic of Historical Sources fold. The first is to review some im- Satsuki and the Japanese interest in My first Satsuki Dictionary (Satsuki portant information previously pre- this Daijiten) was the 1983 edition. This is sented by Galle and others that helps 3. The constantly changing tastes and the fat little picture compendium of explain the large number of cultivars interest in various Satsuki forms Satsuki cultivars—one to a page— in the Satsuki group. The second is to and features with text in Japanese except for the present new information that takes a In other words, the changing fash- English transliteration of the name. closer look at the characteristics of the ion of Satsuki. During the next decade I obtained individual cultivars to see if there were patterns in the types of Satsuki developed during different periods in the past. Such patterns may help to explain the range and continued development of Satsuki. For this I have re- lied primarily on the most current 1997 Satsuki Dictionary and translations of the cultivar descriptions, lineage, and time of introduction.

Satsuki Popularity Besides the great popularity of Satsuki in Japan and the support in- dustry of clubs, shows, colorful glossy magazines, and numerous commer- cial growers and nurseries, I believe there are at least three factors contrib- uting to the increasing numbers of Satsuki cultivars. These are: 1. A long legacy of horticultural Shugetsu', a single-patterned sokojiro (bicolor) flower form that came from 'Aikoku'. development of Satsuki

28 • THE AZALEAN/Summer 2001 'Aikoku', a multi-patterned cultivar where the bicolor is only 'Shisui' shows the unique shibe flower form, which has one of several color patterns present; this is an important very narrow petals that can appear to some parent in the 'Juko' subfamily. like a very typical form of stamen. three more dictionaries, the 1992, 1995, The ancient work Kinshu Makura, pub- Japanese horticultural literature about and 1997 editions, each one with more lished in 1692 (republished in an En- 320 years ago in Kadan Komoku. Some newly entered Satsuki. My 1997 Dic- glish version as A Brocade Pillow in 140 different selections of Tsutsuji are tionary has 1,012 described Satsuki 1984), described 161 Satsuki cultivars listed. Although the term Satsuki was cultivars. from 300 years ago. Only a few of not specifically mentioned, several of these are around today. the cultivars described seem to be These dictionaries are worthwhile Satsuki. It has also been suggested that little books if for no other reason than Why are there so many? Why is at the time of this publication the dis- to enjoy the pictures. But what caught there such a rate of new introductions tinction between Tsutsuji and Satsuki my attention was that between the when so many currently exist? Are all was probably not made and Satsuki 1995 and 1997 editions, in just two these new cultivars sufficiently differ- were undoubtedly among these early years, 51 new cultivars were added. ent from those that have already been azaleas (7) This seemed like a tremendous rate of created? growth in new cultivars to what already is a huge group of azaleas. Finding answers to these questions can be very difficult in the West with My interest piqued, I began to pay few sources of information and with- more attention to cultivar names and out an ability to read Japanese. The to check these against Satsuki listed in situation described nearly 20 years other sources. ago in THE AZALEAN (9) by Carl Looking back, I found that there are Hahn, Chief Horticulturist for the many more named Satsuki cultivars Maryland National Capitol Park and than those described in the current Planning Commission, has not Satsuki dictionary. As many as a half changed. There still is very little infor- of the cultivars mentioned by Lee and mation on Satsuki available to the a third of those listed by Galle (1987) non-Japanese reader. are not in the latest Dictionary. I also This has been frustrating for me as checked a 1972 Japanese book Satsuki a student of Satsuki, but it has also Taikan, a lesser-known source to En- been a motivator to unveil some of the glish readers but referenced by Galle: mystery surrounding this important it described 1,500 Satsuki cultivars. group of azaleas. About two-thirds are different from those in the current Dictionary. Legacy Through the years, the total number Satsuki, and azaleas for that matter, of named Satsuki cultivars must have have been developed horticulturally been prodigious and several times the in Japan dating back to before 1500 'Kinsai' is an example of the sai (split- size of those being described today. A.D. Azaleas were first mentioned in petal) flower form in a deep red color.

Summer 2001/THE AZALEAN • 29 Some 10 years or so later in 1692, and many cultivars of the time became group comes from its propensity for Kinshu Makura was published in five extinct. Satsuki interest persisted, sporting. Moreover, the Japanese ac- volumes. This landmark effort on aza- however, in some localized areas on tively pursue the many variations of leas drew the distinction between Honshu, and in Kurume on Kyushu, concentric and radially marked flower Tsutsuji and Satsuki, presenting the but not in Tokyo. This period of low patterns that can and do result. They, former in the first three volumes, and interest in Satsuki continued for over in fact, refer to this with appreciation the latter in the last two. Authored by 40 years, but was followed by a resur- as "the trick of the flower." Sporting Ito Ihei, a nurseryman and gardener gence of popularity in the years just has led to a tremendous diversity of of the castle grounds of a feudal lord, prior to World War I. flowers, not only in patterns, but also it describes in detail the azaleas of that This turn in popularity is noted as in color, forms, shapes and sizes. Com- time including 161 Satsuki. Detailed around 1914 (in the early Taisho Era) binations of these variations are often descriptions of flower forms, colors, when an exhibition held in a park in found on an individual plant. Like- bloom time, and grades of flower Tokyo reintroduced the beauty of wise, the recognition of these differ- quality are included along with wood Satsuki blossoms to the Japanese pub- ences and the development of several block illustrations giving us a reveal- lic (7). With this came the beginning new cultivars from one common par- ing record of the already substantial of a major increase in the rate of dis- ent has had a multiplier effect on the diversity of Satsuki over 300 years ago. covery of seedlings and sports, and the creation and naming of new cultivars. Included are single, double, hose-in- creation of new cultivars. Cultivars hose, sai (split petal), and skirted (par- For example, the vegetative propa- such as 'Eikan', 'Gunpo'(20), 'Bunka', tially developed petal-like structures gation of essentially one type of flower 'Ungetsu', and 'Fukuju' originated in pattern from a parent that exhibits a between the calyx and corolla) flower this period. forms, many shibori flower patterns diversity of flower pattern types may (radially marked petals with flecks, From this new beginning to the result in a separate named cultivar. stripes, and wedges), and nearly the present, Satsuki have maintained This especially can be accomplished full range of flower colors seen today. popularity in Japan. During this "mod- for some Satsuki flower patterns that ern" era the first formal introductions are dominant. `Shugetsui is a single- Most of the Satsuki cultivars de- of Satsuki were made into the United patterned sokojiro (bicolor) flower that scribed by Ito Ihei are now considered States in 1938-1939. Lee (10) and Galle came from 'Aikoku', a multi-pat- extinct. Several, however, such as (6) have discussed this previously. terned cultivar where the bicolor pat- 'Mine-no-Yuki', `Tanima-no-Yuki', tern is only one of several. 'Takasago', 'Hakatajiro', `Matsunami, 'Benibotan', and 'Osakazuki' are still Sporting Characteristic The Japanese have established with us today. In Satsuki Taikan (7) the Excepting the "mie", or hedge naming conventions to distinguish the authors note that some are considered Satsuki, that is grown for its vegeta- many variations in flower patterns. excellent and popular cultivars, which tive characteristics, the Japanese ap- These have been presented by Galle is an indication of the already out- preciation of Satsuki is almost exclu- and are also described on the azalea standing quality of Satsuki that ex- sively as potted plants. Satsuki are website (www.azaleas.org). The isted during this early time. grown and trained to exhibit the flow- Japanese have also established ers or as formal bonsai subjects. I have naming conventions for flower forms The book was renamed Chosei come to believe that this is because the and shapes, although having not been Karinsho and reprinted 40 years later Japanese think of Satsuki as very in- published in an English version to my in 1733 and then again in 1849 (7). The dividualistic plants that are to be ap- knowledge, they are less well known. book's lasting popularity attests to its preciated close-up and enjoyed for While single, double, semi-double and importance and that of evergreen aza- their detailed characteristics, particu- hose-in-hose descriptors would be leas in Japan. Other publications fol- larly flower variegations. Even for a expected and do exist, another 14 lowed, and the number of Satsuki cul- given cultivar one plant's individu- types are also commonly recognized. tivars undoubtedly continued to grow ality is expressed in the varying rep- These typically refer to the shape of during the long Edo Period that ended resentation and composition of differ- flowers or the petals. These are in 1868. ent flower patterns. This is quite dif- illustrated in Chart 1—Japanese ferent from interest in the West, where Popularity and growth of Satsuki Classification of Satsuki Flower Satsuki are commonly used as garden were not always the case from the time Forms. A new cultivar, then, can arise shrubs and often planted densely of Kinshu Makura to the present. This from the recognition of a slight among other plants in drifts or group- was especially so during the confusion transformation in petal shape while all ings. and internal conflict of the Meiji Res- other characteristics remain toration following 1868, in which The source of Satsuki individuality unchanged. One such example would Satsuki popularity was largely lost and the great diversity found in the be the rounded-petal 'Kozan' that

30 THE AZALEAN/Summer 2001 sported the more pointed star-shaped tered up through 1996. For each culti- Lee, it is even less. A comparison was petal form of 'Kozan-no-Hikari'. var there is a close-up color picture of also made to the Brookside Gardens the plant, showing its flower patterns collection as listed in THE AZALEAN in 1984, which had a similar result; Changing Fashion and written descriptions of the leaves, about one-third are not included in the Many Satsuki shows are held flowers, parentage when known, and current Satsuki Dictionary. throughout Japan during the bloom- occasionally characteristics such as strengths and weaknesses regarding ing period (22). Satsuki are shown as cold or disease. Of those presented, potted plants that have been trained Flower Size 727 include information as to the par- to display the beauty of the flowers. Changing fashions in regard to particular time of a cultivar's introduc- The owner (or trainer) of one of these ticular cultivar characteristics may be tion. (See Research Notes for a more Satsuki gives careful attention to the illustrated by examining changes in detailed description of current Satsuki styling and composition of the flow- the relative popularity of large and dictionaries.) ers. Larger-flowered Satsuki are often small flowers. Of all the characteristics evaluated, that of relative flower trained in taller upright styles while In addition, newly registered culti- size was the most pronounced. smaller-flowered Satsuki are trained vars since 1996 and for the years 1997 to smaller scales. Other styles that pro- through 1999 are presented each year Following the Taisho Era in 1928 and vide a broad display of flowers such in the August and September issues until the end of the 1950s, large- and as cascading and semi-cascading are of Satsuki Kenkyu, a monthly magazine very large-sized flowers were very also popular. about Satsuki (12-17). For each new popular. New cultivars were intro- Satsuki there is a color picture along duced that had flowers larger than For the many cultivars with multi- with a description of the flowers, ones previously described. Flower patterned flowers, training goes be- leaves, and parentage. The number of sizes increased during the period with yond styling and includes the selec- new, previously unregistered Satsuki some reaching five inches in diameter. tive pruning out of certain flowers to presented in these three years is 71. create the desired balance and com- From 1946 to 1959, 40 percent of the position of flower patterns. cultivars introduced had flowers that Methodology were very large, being greater than The creator's image and desired In doing this study, my approach four inches in diameter. It was during outcome have significant influence on was to evaluate changes in cultivar this period of time that cultivars such the result. This, to some, is artistic ex- characteristics through different time as 'Asahi', 'Heiwa', 'Higasa', 'Banjo- pression and is thus subject to the periods; 798 cultivars with time of ori- no-Tsuki', 'Shintaiyo', and `Gettoku' changing tastes of fashion and style. gin information were used. A number made their appearance. Over time certain flower forms and of characteristics were evaluated. By the mid 1960s the interest in cul- overall appearances come into popu- These are shown by differing time tivars with very large flowers was re- larity only to be later replaced by new periods in Table 1-Satsuki Cultivar placed by increasing interest in those favorites. Each of these successive pe- Characteristics By Timeframe. Figures with small flowers. Speculation on the riods of popularity for certain styles given are percentages of the total reasons for this change in popularity undoubtedly contributed to the ex- group size within each time period. could be tied to the increased Japanese pansion of Satsuki cultivars with the Group sizes for the different time pe- interest in Satsuki for more formal desired characteristics. During the riods vary considerably; thus, percent- bonsai training and, consequently, time Kinshu Makura was written (1692) ages give a clearer picture of the rela- considerations of proportion and scale skirted Satsuki flowers were popular, tive importance of a characteristic in (small leaves and flowers). including over 10 percent of those de- a particular period of time. scribed. Today, these forms are close Prior to the 1970s Satsuki were to non-existent. It is important to note that many of popularly trained for shows in an in- the cultivars from earlier periods, par- formal style. This style consisted of The extension of this phenomenon ticularly before World War II, are no upright "s" and reverse "s" bends to to more recent periods can be revealed longer included. This became espe- three or more feet in height with ma- by comparison of cultivars in modern cially apparent when comparing the jor branches formed from outer compendiums as to their characteris- lists of Satsuki described by Lee and curves. This allowed for the best dis- tics and time of introduction. The 1997 Galle with those in the 1997 Satsuki play of the flowers, which, when in edition of the Satsuki Dictionary pro- Dictionary. With allowances for varia- bloom, presented an impressive sight. vides the most current Japanese tion in spelling, only about 60 percent The thought of Satsuki as formal bon- Satsuki reference. It includes 1,012 dif- of the Satsuki listed in Galle are in- sai subjects was less common, but that ferent Satsuki including those regis- cluded, and of those mentioned by apparently changed in the 1970s.

Summer 2001/THE AZALEAN • 31 The desire for bonsai material with During the 1990s the distribution of small leaves and flowers resulted in new cultivars as to flower size is fairly the expansion of Satsuki with these consistent with that of "old cultivars" characteristics. 'Kozan', an old culti- that existed prior to 1912, with the var that had been around since before only exception being that small-sized the Taisho Era appears to have been flowers have a slightly greater repre- the mother of this expansion. sentation. This is likely because of the continuing popularity of Satsuki for `Kozan' has a small leaf and flower. In addition, it has an ability to sport formal bonsai. multiple changes in flower shapes, color, and variegation. Since 'Kozan' Other Flower Characteristics is considered to be a cultivar with Ruffled or wavy-margined flowers, unvariegated, off-white flowers, many namiuchi, also experienced a period of of the various variegations that it popularity that mostly coincided with sported were selected and named as popularity for large flowers in the new cultivars. Beginning in 1959 with 1920s through the 1950s. In the last 30 'Nikko', the first-generation sports of years this characteristic has become 'Kozan' provided many new cultivars. virtually a non-existent feature in Chart 2—'Kozan' Family of Sports— newly registered cultivars. Popular shows the large number of cultivars ruffled-petal Satsuki include 'Gunpo', 'Hikari-no-Tsukasa' is from the 'Kozan derived asexually from 'Kozan' 'Gunrei', 'Bangaku' and many others family of sports, is itself a sport of through sporting. While 'Kozan' and which are not included in the current 'Nikko', and shows the transformation a few of its sports were around dur- Satsuki Dictionary such as to the narrow kenben sai (sword-shaped ing the 1960s, it wasn't until the shift- 'Fukumusume', 'Gunbi', `Maihime', bloom) flower form. ing popularity toward smaller scale and 'Taihei'. cultivars that this "family" of cultivars expanded significantly. Other Satsuki characteristics have a The Satsuki, it should be noted, is much less pronounced shift in distri- The family (or subfamily) of 'Nikko' one of the most rewarding materials bution through time. This includes was, and continues to be, a popular for bonsai (21). Its bushiness and ad- compound flower types such as semi- small-flowered Satsuki family. Chart ventitious buds along nearly all stems double, double, hose-in-hose, and 3 shows its family tree with dates of and trunk allowed creation of "sai or split petal forms. registration. branches in desired places. Good de- While 'Kozan', 'Nikko', and their velopment of trunk taper and buttress While the number of small-flowered derivatives fueled the growth of roots of some cultivars also contrib- Satsuki cultivars expanded during the Satsuki in the 1970s, other cultivars uted to training Satsuki as miniature 1970s, attention shifted to other char- have been popular choices for expan- tree representations. acteristics by the 1980s and 1990s. -if. ,fw ,iimailigirs -, 40. 47114.11111 ,

W' If .1111111 aiF

First registered in 1969, 'Juko' is a parent of a subfamily `Kirin-no-Kagami' shows the heavy variegation and flecking popular as a parent in the mid- to later 1980s and early 1990s. that make Satsuki so beautiful and changeable. There are 45 descendants to date.

32 • THE AZALEAN/Summer 2001 Table 1 - Satsuki Cultivar Characteristics by Timeframe FLOWERS LEAVES Group SIZE FORM COLOR, SIZE Timeframe Count I CombinedLs H .ti,, I \ I 1 VVL ruffled compound skirted sai-type jiai S I M I L 2 1JI) 101912 54 22 59 (19) 19 7 19 9 13 52 44 4 , 1912 - 1927 55 9 51 (40) - 40 7 6 2 13 40 49 11

1928 - 1945 58 9 31 (50) (7) (3) 60 14 3 2 22 20 54 26

1946 - 1959 35 3 23 (34) (20) (20) 74 14 20 18 32 50

1960 -1969 96 24 41 (27) (5) (3) 35 1 2 27 44 40 16

1970 - 1979 185 38 50 (10) (0) (1) 11 3 1 29 59 34 7

1980 - 1989 104 18 58 (24) --- 24 3 8 I 29 32 63 5

1990 -1999 211 29 50 (18) (1) - 19 1 10 --- 1 I 35 38 57 5

NOTES: Table 1 shows percentage of occurrence of different Satsuki characteristics for cultivars that originated in different timeframes in the past. Figures are rounded to the nearest whole percentages. Satsuki that were considered are those in the 1997 edition of Satsuki Daijiten (the Satsuki Dictionary).and newly registered cultivars appearing in recent issues of Satsuki Kenkyu (a monthly magazine on Satsuki). Of the 1083 cultivars in these sources, 798 had specific information about their time of registration or period of introduction. This group formed the basis of the data in Table 1.

Timeframes Flower Forms Up to 1912 Old satsuki, recognized cultivars before 1912. Some date back ruffled - flowers described as "namiuchi" type having wavy or ruffled petals to the early Edo Period (1600s). compund - double, semi-double, and hose-in-hose flowers 1912 - 1927 Taisho Period in Japan. Beginning of the modern era in Satsuki skirted - flowers described as "koshimino", "hakama", and others having semi- growth and development. petal-hke structures arising between the calyx and corolla 1928 - 1945 Early Showa Period in Japan through WWII. sai-type split-petal flowers and those with few to no petals 1946 -1959 Post war to the end of the 1950s. 1960 -1969 Decade of the 60s. Flower Color jiai - base color in between white or light color and darker color of ma.f" colored 1970 - 1979 Decade of the 70s. tunS flowers 1980 - 1989 Decade of the 80s.

iaul 1990 - 1999 Decade of the 90s. Leaves

0OZ Group Count - the total number of cultivars evaluated in each timeframe. S - small, less than 2 cm I M- medium, 2 - 4 cm (3 / 4" to 1-1/2") L/ Flower Size L - large, grater than 4 cm 3H. S - small, up to 5 cm (less than 2") in diameter M - medium, 5.1 - 7 cm (2" to 2-3/4") in diameter L - large, 7.1 - 10 cm (2-3/4" to 4") in diameter VL - very large, 10.1 - 12 cm (4 to 4-3/4 ) in diameter

NVTIVZV VVL- very-very large, 12.1+ cm (over 4-3/4") in diameter Combined Ls = L + VL + VVL

Table 2 Most Frequent Parents of New Cultivars 1985-1999 parent Cultivar Sport Open Cross Cross Total Juko 5 0 18 23 Ai-no-Tsuki 3 0 13 16 Suisen 2 0 13 15 Kobai 1 1 10 12 Reiko 0 0 12 12 Gekkeikan 0 0 11 11 Kami-no-Yamakirin 1 2 8 11 Kogetsu 1 1 8 10 sion in the following decades. Juko', ent cultivars 'Kobai and its offspring bring the plants up from ground level for example, has been used as a par- 'Kobai-no-Kagayaki'. and closer to the viewer will enhance ent of more new cultivars than any their observation and appreciation. other in the years from 1985 to the In observing 'Kobai' one could present. See Table 2—Most Frequent speculate in various ways why it may Satsuki of medium stature such as Parents of New Cultivars, 1985 to be so popular now It is a small-scale 'Juko' can also be successful when 1999. Satsuki with small very round over- planted in garden beds near outdoor lapping petals. It has a rich deep red- living areas or perhaps near benches, `Juko' is a small-leafed, medium size dish-purple coloration and a propen- resting areas, or at the juncture of jiai-flowered cultivar with a diversity sity for diverse patterning including woodland paths where closer obser- of variegated flower patterns. Its flow- the less commonly seen patchy varie- vation may be afforded. ers are of good substance and rela- gation. tively long-lasting. "Jiai" is a common Unfortunately, newer Satsuki are descriptive term used by the Japanese 'Kobai' and 'Kobai-no-Kagayaki' currently not very easy to find in the to define certain Satsuki flower colors. also have contributed in recent years United States. The Sacramento area is This is illustrated and explained sepa- to a number of cultivars that exhibit a fortunate to have two nurseries prima- rately (see Jiai page 37.) darker jiai coloration. This stands in rily serving the bonsai community that are continuing to import Satsuki, Several years ago I asked a visiting contrast to the typical lighter pastel jiai including some of the newer cultivars Japanese bonsai master (20) why cultivars popular in previous periods. 'Juko' is especially popular in Japan. The lineage of 'Kobai' and its family and even some that are not yet regis- With the help of a translator, his ex- is shown in Chart 5. tered. Hopefully, more US nurseries planation was that 'Juko' is regarded will recognize the potential of some of the newer Satsuki. as one of the most beautiful of Satsuki Conclusion flowers. On a personal level this was What do these newer Satsuki offer There are still unfilled gaps in the not especially revealing, but as we to the azalea enthusiast not particu- broad span of Satsuki diversity and stood in front of a 'Juko' "show" aza- larly interested in bonsai? If we rec- future creations will undoubtedly fill lea I could see the bouquet effect of ognize the objective driving Satsuki some of these gaps. In 1999, for ex- many different patterned flowers sub- development, that of creating plants ample, 'Senbazuru' was registered as dued and held together by a soft pink to be used in situations of close prox- the name for what appears to be a yel- base color. The intricate detail of dif- imity and for detailed observation, lowish-white version of the uniquely fering flower patterns and their bal- flowered `Chojuho'. The ephemeral ance in composition seemed certain to then garden uses that work in concert nature of fashion will likely lead to be a sought after ideal in the Japanese with these objectives will be most suc- pursuit of Satsuki. The lineage of cessful. new characteristics becoming popular and an even greater expansion of the 'Juko' and its family is presented in This would include their use as pot- Chart 4. number of Satsuki cultivars in Japan ted plants on decks and patios or any and possibly elsewhere. During the 1990s other cultivars place in close proximity to outdoor living areas. Hanging baskets or contain- prominently contributed to the expan- Acknowledgment ers placed on benches or railings that sion of Satsuki, particularly the par- Much of what I have come to learn

34 • THE AZALEAN/Summer 2001 about Satsuki has been unlocked for Daijiten. Kanuma City, Japan: 13. Satsuki Kenkyu. September 1997. me by the generous translations of Tochi-No-Ha Book Company. "1997 Newly Registered Flowers, Koso Takemoto. As a young man Koso 4. Watanabe, Shogo. 1995. Satsuki Part 2." No. 331:10-15. and his family were interned at the Daijiten. Rev. & enl. ed. Kanuma 14. Satsuki Kenkyu. August 1998. "1998 Tule Lake Relocation Camp during City, Japan: Tochi-No-Ha Book Announcement of New Regis- World War II before he was recruited Company. tered Flowers." No. 330: 5-11. for the American war effort. Working 5. Watanabe, Shogo. 1997. Satsuki 15. Satsuki Kenkyu. September 1998. in intelligence, he later continued on Daijiten. Kanuma City, Japan: "1998 Registration of New Flow- after the war as an instructor for the Tochi-No-Ha Book Company. ers Made Public, Part 2." No. 330: Military Language School. His per- 19-27. sonal interests in bonsai and horticul- 6. Galle, Fred C. 1987. Azaleas. Rev. ture have facilitated his ability to & enl. ed. Portland: Timber Press. 16. Satsuki Kenkyu. August 1999. "1999 translate technical articles and books 7. Suzuki, Harukichi & Masao. 1972. Announcement of New Regis- on Satsuki. Satsuki Taikan. Tokyo, Japan tered Flowers, Part 1." No. 330: 11- 17. 8. Ihei, Ito. 1692. Kinshu Makura. (A Jim Trumbly has been an ASA mem- Brocade Pillow, Azaleas of Old Ja- 17. Satsuki Kenkyu. September 1999. ber since 1991 and is a member of Satsuki pan.1984. Translation by Kaname "1999 Announcement of New Reg- Aikokai of Sacramento, an organization Kato, Introduction and Commen- istered Flowers, Part 2." No. 330: interested in bonsai training and display tary by John L. Creech.) Tokyo, Ja- 19- 25. of Satsuki azaleas. It was there he met pan: Weatherill, N.Y. 18. Barry, Robert K. December 1984. Koso. He has put a BS in Environmental 9. Hahn, Carl R. July 1981. "Some "Brookside Gardens Satsuki Col- Horticulture, UC Davis, and an MS in Thoughts on Satsuki Azaleas." lection Cultivar Names." THE Recreation Resources from Colorado State THE AZALEAN. 3(3): 1, 7-8. AZALEAN. 6(4): 57-59. University, Fort Collins, to use as a Se- 10. Lee, Fredric P. 1965. The Azalea 19. Nakayama, Suisho. May 19, 1996. nior Resource Ecologist working for Cali- Book. 2nd ed. Princeton, N.J.: Van Personal communication. fornia State Parks (265 park areas includ- Nostrand. 20. The Satsuki 'Gunpo' is popularly ing 1.4 million acres). He manages natu- 11. Thakur, Ajit. December 1989. "The known as `Gumpo' in America. ral resource restoration programs such as (See Thakur, 11.) prescribed burning, watershed restoration, Enchanting Satsuki." THE AZA- exotic plant control, and endangered spe- LEAN. 11(4): 64-68, 21. Kennedy, Alexander. 1995. Satsuki. cies protection and habitat enhancement. 12. Satsuki Kenkyu. (Monthly Maga- Cornwall, Great Britain: Troutbeck His azalea interest began about 1985. His zine of Satsuki). August 1997. Press. particular interest for the last seven years "1997 Announcement of New Reg- 22. Kennedy, Alexander. 1997. Floral has been Satsuki lineage and history of de- istered Flowers." No. 330: 10-15. Treasures of Japan. Sudbury, MA: velopment. He has about 100 different cul- Stone Lantern Publ. tivars of Satsuki, but his objective has never been to collect as many different ones as he can. He also has a fondness for the Robin Hill azaleas and the low growing or trailing kinds, such as the R. A FAMILY nakaharae hybrids. He propagates cut- REUNION tings every year.

References 2002 1. Rokkaku, Kenko.1983. Satsuki Daijiten (Satsuki Large Dictio- A Joint Convention nary). Kanuma City, Japan: of the Satsuki Research Company. American Rhododendron Society 2. Rokkaku, Kenko.1987. Satsuki and the Daijiten. Rev. & enl. ed. Kanuma Azalea Society of America City, Japan: Satsuki Research ATLANTA, GA Company. APRIL 17-21, 2002 See our web page at http://arsazalea.tripod.com 3. Watanabe, Shogo. 1992. Satsuki

Summer 2001/THE AZALEAN • 35 Chart 1 Japanese Classification of Satsulci Flower Forms The Japanese use terms to describe the numerous flower forms of Satsuki. Like the many terms for flower color patterns, these describe and distinguish between cultivars of otherwise similar characteristics and heritage. The following are eighteen of the more common of these terms. Following each term is the translated meaning of the term, if available, in parentheses and a translated Japanese description. The equivalent flower terms used in the West have been added to the descriptions of compound flower forms.

Futu saki — ordinary, Kuruma saki (wheel Kire saki — bloom Hataben saki (flag Choji saki (T-shaped average, single flowers, bloom) — not deep, flat deeply cut nearly to bloom) — small flags bloom) —mixture of 5 petals, 5 stamens. from the bottom, petals base, petals do not over- attached at end of sta- stamens and petaloid overlapping. lap. mens. stamens. Semi-double.

Korin saki — elegant, Namiuchi saki (wave Fukakire saki — deeply Futae saki — layered, Hakama saki (Skirt rounded, well-formed bloom) — wavy or cut blooms, petal mar- also called kasane. bloom—formal male)— petals, neatly shaped frilled at edges of petals. gins irregularly sinuate. Hose-in-hose. same as Koshima saki, flowers. Distinction is often except margin of skirt is made between large not irregular. and small waves.

Kikyo saki — deep, Shishi saki (lion Sai saki (tassel Yae saki (8-layer Koshima saki tubular (trumpet- bloom)— petal margins bloom)— petals divided bloom)—stamens trans- (Skirt bloom—farmers shaped) flowers. irregularly shaped. into narrow strips, formed to many petals grass) — partially devel- Almost all are small much thinner than Kire that overlap each other. oped irregularly shaped flowers. saki. Semi-double hose-in- petal-like structure hose. between the calyx and corolla. Less developed form of hose-in-hose.

Kenben saki (sword- Shibe saki — petals Manju saki (10,000 layers bloom) — a shape bloom) — tips of degenerated into sta- more pronounced stage of Yae saki. petals are pointed. men-like form. Double hose-in-hose. 36 • THE AZALEAN/Summer 2001 L.

WHITE SOLID SHIBORI JIAI SHIBORI DARKER JIAI SHIBORI JIAI

The Japanese term "jiai" is used to describe the One of the older and popular jiai cultivars is base color of some Satsuki flowers. Its translated 'Gyoten', a sport of 'Kaho', in which the white base meaning is "in-between color"; that is, a color be- color shifted to a light purplish-pink. 'Juko' is a tween a lighter color and darker color. Typically jiai cultivar with pale pink base-colored flowers that the light color is the base color of the flower and came from a cross between 'Kotobuki' with white the dark color appears as markings such as stripes, base flowers and 'Gyoten'. flecks, sectors, or solid-colored "self" flowers. Thus `Kozan' is a solid off-white or very pale toki-col- "jiai" is not a specific color such as pink, although ored cultivar. 'Nikko' is considered a jiai sport of many cultivars with flowers described as jiai are 'Kozan' where the base color became darker. pink. `Goko', in turn, is a jiai sport of 'Nikko' where the In this sense jiai is a relative term that is in refer- base color became even darker, a strong persim- ence to other flowers usually of the parent or par- mon color. ents from which it came. Cultivars with jiai flow- Jiai-flowered cultivars have been around a long ers have a base color that has shifted from white or time and were certainly included in the 161 Satsuki a pale color to one that is darker. For example, if a described by Ihei Ito in Kinshu Makura. In the last cultivar is a sport from another cultivar that has few decades jiai flowers, particularly when over- white flowers overlain with red markings, and the laid with a shibori pattern, have captured the imagi- white has shifted to a pale pink then it would likely nation of Japanese breeders and the public. Indeed, be described as having jiai flowers. many of the most popular cultivars are jiai types Jiai is not always used to describe a "pale" color. such as 'Yama-no-Hikari', 'Juko', 'Nikko', 'Issho- For example, the Satsuki Dictionary is organized into no-Haru', and 'Aozora'. groups by flower color and pattern. Four basic col- In recent years the jiai concept has expanded into ors are recognized: white, red, purple, and toki, darker jiai colors and jiai cultivars with heavier which is a persimmon-orange color. Solid toki-col- shibori patterns (sectors) providing an overall stron- ored flowers are often pale in appearance and are ger, less pastel appearance. Some of the newer, described only as toki. If they are being distin- darker jiai cultivars include 'Koyo', 'Shusui', guished from a parent cultivar in having a darker `Nasuno', and 'Shien'. base color they could be described as jiai and also of the color toki. Also, for example, 'Kobaruto' is a pale-colored sport from `Takasago'. It is not described as jiai.

Summer 2001/THE AZALEAN • 37 Chart 2 KOZAN FAMILY of SPORTS

AKAKOZAN

KOZAN-NO-MAI

NYOHO-NO-HIKARI

NYOHOZAN *MIYA-NO-HIKARI 1972 KANOKO 1997

SIROKOZAN

HAKKO

- NIK KO-NO-TAKARA

A01 - —, A0I-NO-HIKARI 1970 1975

AKATSUKI-NO-HIKARI

0110

SHIZUKA(859)

TSU KASA-NO-HOMARE • HIKARI-NO-TSUKASA 1970 HIKARI NO-MASUME K 1972 KINSHI-NO-TSUKASA 1973 0 —0 NIKKO 1959 HANA-NO-TSUKASA 1988 KOUN(839) 1991 A - HOSEI(901) 1972 --a SACHI-NO-HANA I SACHI-NO-TSUKASA N 1972 1987 - TOSHO-NO-HIKARI ---*NISSHO-NO-HIKARI KEGON 1973 1991 1993 - KENKO 1974 GOKO GOHO-NO-HIKARI 1977 --a NIKKO-NO-HOSHI 1979 TENSHO(311) 1991 —a AKANE 1996 —• SUBARU 1996 KOIPPIN 1999

SHUHO-NO-HIKARI 1970 CHINPU 1972 - KOZAN-NO-HIKARI - KAGARIBI 1970 19721 KOJO-NO-HIKARI SEIKO(998) 1974 '992 SA191 9K20

- HIKARI-NO-HANA 1971

Chart 2 Kozan Family of Sports—'Kozan' best exemplifies the expansion of Satsuki from a single cultivar through the selection of sports and sports of sports. In existence prior to the 20th century, it has been the source of 43 named sports since1959, with the most recent in 1999.

38 • THE AZALEAN/Summer 2001 About Selected Kozan Family Sports (Chart 2I The Selected Kozan Family The chart is laid out chronologi- The lineage to 'Tsukasa-no- Sports chart (Chart 2) illustrates the cally from top to bottom and left Homare', for example, would start significant expansion of Satsuki to right. Cultivars with unknown with 'Nikko', a sport selected from from just one cultivar. It includes dates of origin are shown chrono- 'Kozan' that was registered in Ja- only cultivars that have been cre- logically before ones with known pan in 1959. Later, a sport was se- ated from 'Kozan' by the vegetative dates. Centered below each new lected from 'Nikko' and registered selection of variations ("sports", creation is the date of registration as 'Hikari-no-Tsukasa' in 1970. In and "sports of sports", etc.). The or approximate time of origin turn, a sport was selected from cultivars shown are only part of a much larger Kozan family that in- when known. Some cultivars have 'Hikari-no-Tsukasa' and named cludes not only sports but the been registered with more than one 'Tsukasa-no-Homare'. Its date of many descendants created from organization in Japan. In such origin is unknown. crosses with other cultivars both cases the earliest date of registra- within and outside the family. tion is shown. About the Subfamily Lineage Charts (Charts 3-5) The subfamily charts are from a The standard convention of is read from upward line, or father large Satsuki lineage study by the "mother x father" is followed. side, of the 'Juko' Subfamily Chart. author. Each chart is excerpted "Crossers" are in parentheses and On this line 'Koganenishiki', the from one of the many Satsuki fami- normal typeface; new creations are seed parent, was crossed with lies and is chosen to show a popu- in bold typeface. Centered below 'Juko' to create 'Sachi-no- lar area of Satsuki cultivar expan- each new creation is the date of reg- Kotobuki', registered in 1985. Later, sion during the last 30 years. istration or approximate time of 'Sachi-no-Kotobuki' as pollen parent was crossed with 'Kobai-no- The concept of Satsuki "family" origin in Japan, when known. Kagayaki' as seed parent to create can be found in Japanese publica- Some cultivars have been regis- 'Iwaiboshi', registered in 1998. tions (5,7) and is occasionally em- tered with more than one organi- ployed in articles in Satsuki Kenkyu, zation. In such cases the earliest (Monthly Magazine of Satsuki). The date of registration is shown. term, however, is not static and dif- The following is an example of Chart Symbols Used ferent approaches to the lineage the reading of the lineage to JUKO = Subfamily head record have been presented. The 'Hokutosei' on the 'Juko' Subfam- charting conventions and subfamily Chart (Chart 4). From the down ily designations shown here are S = Sport line representing 'Juko' as seed or those of the author. vegetative parent (mother side), 0 = Open cross (pollen parent On each chart the mother line 'Karenko' was created through an unknown) (seed or vegetative parent) of the "open cross" (pollen parent un- subfamily head extends down the known) and registered in Japan in x (GEKKOKAN) = Cross, cross left side, with sports followed by 1977. 'Byakuren' was created veg- cultivar name in parenthe- open crosses (unknown father or etatively as a "sport" from ses (example). pollen parent) and then crosses. 'Karenko' and registered in 1987. Within each group the oldest prog- Later, 'Byakuren', as seed parent, JUKOKAN = New creation eny occurs closest to the family was crossed with 'Suisen' (pollen (example). head. The father line extends up parent) to create 'Hokutosei' that and follows the same pattern with was registered in Japan in 1997. 1987 = Earliest date of registra- the oldest progeny closest to the tion in Japan (example). family head and the most recent Another example is the lineage offspring at the top or away from of 'Iwaiboshi', which has 'Juko' as = Time of origin unknown the head. a pollen parent in its heritage and

Summer 2001/THE AZALEAN • 39

Chart 3 NIKKO SUBFAMILY

(UNNAMED-02) X r FUKUHIME 1974 SHIGYOKUHIME

(GEKKEIKAN) X [ KOGYOKUHIME 1973 KASHIN(539) 1973 (MATSUNAMI) X SACHI-NO-HIKARI '972 (KOZAN-NO-HIKARI) X r ASUKA-NO-HIKARI 971 (KIKENJO) X NANTAI-NO-HIKARI

, I S —r HAKKO

S —r NIKKO-NO-TAKARA

r S —, A01 S -) A0I-NO-HIKARI — X (MAIOGI) HOSEN-NO-KAGAYAKI 1970 1957 1988 S— HIKARI-NO-TSUKASA C subfamily chart 1970 - S -) HOSEI(901) 1972 S— SACHI-NO-HANA S—* SACHI-NO-TSUKASA 1972 1987 S -) TOSHO-NO-HIKARI — S —0 NISSHO-NO-HIKARI — S KEGON 1973 1991 1993 ES— KENKO 1974 S-' GOKO GOHO-NO-HIKARI 1977 1996 (KOBAI) X –L-• SHOSAI 1996 NIKKO-NO-HOSHI 1979 TENSH0(311) 1991 AKANE 1996 SUBARU 1996 — X (SHIRYU-NO-HOMARE)—) HOSHI-NO-KAGAYAKI S KOIPPIN 11988 1999 • SUZUKAZE (SHIRYU-NO-HOMARE) X 1993 ROMANCHIKKU —X (MIYAMAKIRISHIMA(az) KAKUO 1996 X (UNNAMED-06) HOSHI-NO-HIKARI 1996 —X (KIMI-NO-HANA) • KONAN-NO-TSUKI

—X (KORIN) • IZUMI-NO-HIKARI 1972 E TAKAO —X (TAMAORIHIME) 1974 SHUNRAI 1996 —X (REIK0(723) ■ KYOKUSUI 1974 - X (OHIYO-NO-TSUK1) . WAKA-NO-HANA 1978 X (UNNAMED-06) . KAGUYAHIME 1991 UNNAMED-06 = KISARAZU X KAMI-NO- LX (KOHAN-NO-TSUKI) • BOSO-NO-HIKARI YAMAKIRIN(550) 1994

Chart 3 Nikko Subfamily Lineage—Nikko' is a jiai sport of 'Kozan' and was first registered in 1959. During the 1970s it became a popular source of new cultivars. Again in the 1990s a second flush of new cultivars were introduced originating from 'Nikko' and its offspring.

40 • THE AZALEAN/Summer 2001

Chart 4 JUKO SUBFAMILY

(YAMAKAWA-NO-TSUKI) X - TOSANKO 1994

UK IYOZUK I 1998 (MEIZAN) X MAIHIME 1997 SAKURANISHIKI

(KOZAN) X MUTSUMI-NO-HOSHI 1994 (SHINKYO) X - MIYABI 1994 (YAMABIKO) X • CHIZUHO 1994 SHIHONISHIKI 1994 (KOGANENISHIKI) X KASHIWA 1988 SACHI-NO-KOTOBUKI --- MEOTOBANA 1985 (KOBAI-NO-KAGAYAKI) X --I-, IWAIBOSHI 1998

(GEKKOKAN) X • MIYOSHINO S SAI-NO-KUNI 1984 1997 (AIKOKU) X ) AIKOKU-NO-HIKARI 1983

-CTJUKO—Th 9 S JUKO-NO-HOMARE 1988 S -> HOSHI-NO-KIRAMEKI - S HARU-NO-KOTOBUKI 1997 1991 • HOKUTOSEI - S HAKUJU-NO-HIKARI 1993 - X (SUISEN) S BYAKUREN - • SANCHO-NO-HANA - S JUKO-NO-HOSHI 1999 1994 1987 (SUISEN) X HAKUHO S TENSUI 1998 1994 (KOYO) X SHINSEI 1999

- 0 -k KAREN KO • — S SUIREN 1977 1993 (TSUKUBA-NO-AKEBONO) X -- TATEYAMA-NO-TSUKI

X (ASAZAKURA)--) H 0 1-190E M I 1998 S BANRI-NO-KAGAYAKI 1992 - X (GEKKOKAN) JUKOKAN X (HAKLIREI) KOKI 1982 1994 (AI-NO-TSUKI) X 1 a SE

-X (GINREI) HARU-NO-MISAKI '984 ME • • KASHIWA-NO-HOMARE — X (KOBAI-NO-KAGAYAKI) lehil - X (KOGANENISHIKI) 1986 1-4 SHINKA 1 . HIKARI-NO-KAGAYAKI 1998

-X (MATSUKAGAMI) -- SATOMI-NO-HANA 1987 NASUNO -X (GEKKEIKAN) 1 - HEISEI-NO-HANA

X (KAMI-NO-YAMAKEIN(55°) --) KASH IWA-NO-HOSHI 1988 - X (SANKO-NO-TSUKI) --) HEISEI-NO-HIKARI 1989

k X (GHIYO-NO-HIKAR) ---) AKEBONO-NO-HIKARI 1991

Chart 4 Juko Subfamily Lineage-111k°' was created by a cross between `Kotobuki' as the seed parent and `Gyoten' as the pollen parent. The `Kotobuki' lineage includes 'Chitosenishiki' and 'Togyoko' (`Kyokkonishiki' x 'Kinkazan'). 'Gyoten' is a jiai sport of 'Kaho', a seedling of 'Asahizuru'. 'Juko' was first registered in Japan in 1969. Its descendants now number 45. 'Juko' was particularly popular as a parent in the mid- to late 1980s and early 1990s. In the later half of the 1990s many "grandchildren" and "great-grandchildren" of 'Juko' have been registered.

Summer 2001/THE AZALEAN • 41

Chart 5 KOBAI SUBFAMILY

(TOKC-NO-TSUKI) X r MOMOIROTOIKI 1098 HANABOTAN) X r FUJIBOTAN 1997 (1-1AKUSEN-NO-MAI) X r SUMI-NO-HANA 1994 (IWA'-NO-TSUKI) X r KAYO-NO-HARU 1986 [X (ASAHI-NO-IZUMI) —1 YOSUI 1996 X (UNNAMED 12) —) KOSHUN 1996 (HAKUCHO) X • SHIRAUME 1980 SAKURAKOMACHI 1983 X (MAIOGI) r TSUZUMI 1981 TSUZUMI-NO-MAI 1980 (GOBINISHIKI) X KOKYO-NO-HIKARI(580)

0— - S ASAHIKOMACHI

S -4 HIBAI S- HIBAINISHIKI 1978 1992 - S-r KOBA I N ISHIK I 1983 S TENSEI-NO-MAI 1999

- S -4 SHUSUI 1990 HIMEKOMACHI 19-Z KOMACHIMUSUME

MEOTOZUK I - X (SACHI-NO-KOTOBUKI I 1995 - KOBAI-NO-KAGAYAKI - FUJIMUSUME 19'9 1996 IWAIBOSHI 1998 YUMESHIMAI 1998 • KASHIWA-NO-HOMARE (KASHWA-NO-HOMARE) X 1986 H IKAR I-NO-KAGAYAK I 1991 - O- HANAYUZEN 1992 - X (GOKO) i SHOSAI 1996 MURASAKIHIME - X (MAIOGI) 1996 MEOTOSAKAZUKI 1998 MURASAKIKOMACHI -X (AIKOKU) 1996 • KANBAI 1997

- (KAMI-NO-YAMAKIRIN(550) —> KAYO-NO-HANA9

Chart 5 Kobai Subfamily Lineage—`Kobai' was created by a cross between 'Sanko-no-Tsuki' and 'Yata-no-Kagami'. The heritage of 'Sanko-no-Tsuki' ('Shozui' x 'Fujinishiki') includes 'Izayoi', 'Fujinishiki', 'Kyokkonishi' and 'Tamaorihime'. 'Kobai" was first registered in 1969 and now has 33 descendants. `Kobai' and its offspring `Kobai-no- Kagayaki' have been parents to 15 new cultivars since 1995.

42 • THE AZALEAN/Summer 2001 Research Notes About the Satsuki Dictionary Unlike the editions of the 1980s that may only be described as "medium presented cultivars in Japanese alpha- size, glossy" or just "medium size." The Satsuki Dictionary (Satsuki betical order, the last three editions Daijiten) is a Japanese reference book have organized cultivars into 12 "Plant characteristics" is limited to a of Satsuki cultivars. A full page is de- groups by flower color and pattern. brief comment, often in one of three voted to each cultivar and includes a areas—winter hardiness, branching The order in which these groups are color picture and basic descriptive in- density, and plant habit (creeping to arranged is: solid white, solid red, formation. All text is in Japanese ex- white throat on red base, red variega- upright). Examples: weak against win- cept for a transliteration of the name tion on white base, jiai of red color, ter cold, dense branching, vine-like in English. solid purple, white throat on purple habit. The dictionary has been published base, purple variegation on white "Key points in culture" includes brief in several editions at least over the last base, jiai of purple color, solid toki (per- comments on care, or special consid- 18 years. Editions have been pub- simmon-like color), variegation on toki erations for bonsai or flower display lished in 1983, 1987, 1992, 1995, and base, and fukurin (jewel border, or training. The following are five ex- 1997. Each edition in the series has in- white margin on the petals). The new amples. "Stop fertilizing in July and cluded more Satsuki than the one be- cultivars since 1992 are added to the expose to plenty of sun so as to in- fore. The last two have been cumula- back and are not in any particular or- crease resistance to cold weather and tive, with new Satsuki added to the der. However, each has a color-pat- to prevent bark split." "White color back of the 1992 edition. terned tab printed in the bottom out- tends to dominate so keep as many side corner of the page identifying the The most recent 1997 dictionary in- branches as possible which bear var- group to which it belongs. These will iegated flowers." "No problems, suit- cludes 1,012 Satsuki. Not all of the likely be rearranged to the appropri- cultivars known in the US are in- able for garden planting and for shohin ate groups in a future edition. cluded, and it is difficult to ascertain bonsai." "Because of two-color bloom, styling should be done as you confirm what criteria were applied in select- The information provided for each the color of flowers." "Because it has ing those for inclusion. However, it cultivar is structured into nine subject large flower, style it for flower view- appears that most of the important headings. These columns read hori- ing." and popular cultivars have been in- zontally across the page from right to cluded in recent editions. left. Subjects are: Other Satsuki References The 1997 dictionary is a compact • Parentage (sometimes also in- softbound book yet rather heavy, cludes information on period of Besides the references cited in Jim weighing nearly 2-1 /2 pounds. Di- origin) Trumbly's article, note these articles mensions are 5 x 7-3/8 inches and 1- have also been published by the Soci- 5 /8 inches thick. It reads from back to • Flower form and size ety. Extra copies are available for $1.00 each by writing or calling: front in the standard Japanese form. • Flower color and pattern Col. Murray Sheffield The beginning of the book provides • Leaf characteristics a brief introduction and explains the 334-567-4974 terms and conventions used to de- • Plant characteristics 875 Canyon Road Wetumpka, AL 36093 scribe the cultivars. For example, • Key points in culture leaves described as medium size are between 2 and 4 cm. in length. Those • Year of registration outside this range are described as ei- Clark, Malcolm. "Named Satsuki • Creator ther small or large. Table 1 "Notes" lists Sports." June 1990. THE AZALEAN. conventions for flower and leaf sizes • Registrant 12 (2): 28-29. as used in the dictionary (see page 33). The first six subjects are addressed Evans, Charles H. and William C. The introduction also presents for nearly all of the cultivars. Informa- Miller III. "Pattern of Sporting." graphic depictions of the common tion for the last three subjects is in- March 1985. THE AZALEAN. 7 (1): flower forms and color patterns used cluded for only about half of them. 1-2. in the descriptions. Following the introduction is an index of cultivars and The information provided under Thakur, Ajit. "The Enchanting their page numbers in Japanese alpha- each of the subjects varies but is gen- Satsuki, Part 2." March 1990. THE betical order. erally very brief. Leaves, for example, AZALEAN. 12 (1): 4-7, 15-16.

Summer 2001/THE AZALEAN • 43