Writing systems.

2 3 HUMAN EXPRESSIONS IN WRITTEN FORM IN LINGUISTICS AND BEYOND .

Darius George Wenzeck

BA THESIS - GRAPHIC DESIGN AND VISUAL COMMUNICATION BERLIN INTERNATIONAL - UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

21 DECEMBER 2018 Writing systems. Human expressions in written form in linguistics and beyond.

by Darius George Wenzeck

Bachelor Thesis Graphic Design and Visual Communication Berlin International University of Applied Sciences

Advisors Prof. Alexander Tibus Graphic Design and Visual Communication Prof. Dr. Carola Ebert History and Theory of Architecture and Design

Berlin, Germany 21 December 2018 Table of Content

I. Abstract 10 XII.2. Stroke Notation 40 II. Introduction 12 XII.2.1. Decimal 41 III. Methodology 13 XII.3. Mathematical Notation 41 IV. Proto Writing 14 XIII. Conclusion - Rethink writing 43 IV.1. Ideographs 15 XIV. Project 46 IV.2. The Furthest 16 XV. Bibliography 51 V. Writing is language painting 17 XV.1. Images and Drawings 55 VI. Systems 19 VI.1. Orthography 20 VI.2. Script 20 VII. Pictorial Storytelling 21 VII.1. iLliteracy 21 VII.2. Calligraphy 22

6 VIII. Visual vs Meaning 23 7 IX. The classical typology of Writing systems 24 X. Words 25 X.1. Logographic 25 X.1.1. Hieroglyphs 26 X.1.2. Kanji 28 X.2. Syllabaries 30 X.2.1. Cuneiform 30 X.3. Letter 31 X.4. Oxroad - part one 31 X.5. Alphabets 32 X.5.1. Latin 32 X.5.2. Globalization 35 XI. Oxroad - part two 36 XII. Numbers 37 XII.1. The language and grammar of Mathematics 37 XII.1.1 Linguistics vs Mathematics - And 38 XII.1.2 Linguistics vs Mathematics - Is 39 " The true sign of intelligence

8 is not 9 knowledge but imagination."

ALBERT EINSTEIN Scientific illiteracy makes up a constant problem in our educational systems. The way scienc- I. Abstract es are taught to students or the way in which numbers and axioms about reality are imple- mented into the minds of students. (Hurd, 1998) “If scientific literacy is an ability that reflects the role of science in an individual’s everyday life and decision making, then the role of science in that individual’s identity could be crucial.” (Lombrozo, 2015) Thus making extremely important the scientific literacy problem among people in leadership and executive positions.

When talking about writing and writing systems, the classical image of a system designed to From my perspective, another fault is the perception that people have for the subjects visually convey verbal communication is emerging. Searching in books or online the simple involving numbers and “weird” signaries. Our society made a huge wall between humanities question of What is a Writing? or What is a Writing System? studies and sciences studies. This wall can be seen also in the potential to mass communi- Or even better, the History of Writing, usually we end up with the same linguistical typology. cate. There are not many Shakesperian dramaturgs that comprehend Calculus and vice-ver- Numbers, Mathematics, Music, and the sciences usually fall to the definitions of some sort of sa, thus the communication is limited only to some specific members who can decode the symbolical communication with incomprehensible notation system. Dr. Randy Palisoc points message. (Cecil, 2014) that “kids don’t understand Maths because we have been teaching it as a dehumanized subject”. (Palisoc, 2014. min00:59). “Math is a human language just like English, Spanish or Chinese because it allows people to com- municate with each other.” (Palisoc, 2014. min01:29) 10 A deeper understanding of the terminology shows writing as a form of expressivity, a form of 11 “leaving a mark”, to embed and transmit knowledge for the future. (Jackson, 1980)

VERBAL WRITING - visual representation of verbal communication. MATHEMATICAL WRITING - visual representation of numerical reality. MATTER WRITING - visual representation of life and matter relationships. DIGITAL WRITING - visual representation of the communication between intelligent systems.

Note: there are mixes of sensorial interpretation of a writing system - e.g. Braille and the tactile representation. (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2016)

In the development of human knowledge and advancements in social behavior, all forms of writing are equally important. Writing helped people to leave an important written milestone. In ancient times people needed the language of maths, amongst the verbal writing, in order to conduct trades, measurement and build monuments. (Palisoc, 2014. min01:32)

“Having a basic knowledge of scientific principles is no longer a luxury but, in today’s complex world, a necessity.” (Michigan State University, 2007) II. Introduction III. Methodology

The purpose of the thesis is to think different, to approach the problems or the ideas, This thesis shows the similarities between words and numbers when writing is taken into concepts, beliefs from different perspective. To rethink the purpose and not to divide and consideration. The thesis consists of a series of exploratory research methods. Based on limit. To question everything and also to keep an open mind. The Thesis intend is to combine Interpretivism, the thesis is a collection of observations made in the realm of writing. The all forms of writing into a modern era mentality. Writing systems should represent far more modern classification of writing systems is the main outcome of this thesis, but to arrive at sensorial information than just the acoustics of our mouths. that point, many aspects of how is writing used need to be described. There are multitudes of references ranging from linguistics, alphabets, numbers, all the way The thesis is an observation, a scientifical mind design, and a historical timeline to describe to artificial intelligence to accumulate bits and pieces into a better story of What are Writing the development of writing systems, as part of communicating and as part of decoding sto- Systems.

12 ries, stored with the help of writing over the ages. First, some definitions for the topic, describing a system of symbols from the classical linguis- 13 An artistical investigation of writing rules and the graphical philosophy in the history of hu- tical point of view. mankind. Wherever there are logograms, alphabets or other forms of interpreting our tongue After that, some mathematical ambiguities both in the language of mathematics and the nota- resonance, the classification of writing systems should incorporate also the graphical mean- tional area, showing the need of expressing numbers with the same importance as the letters. ing behind the music, numbers, mathematics, etc. The typology of verbal language writing systems. The numbers and the numerals. The thesis In this thesis, writing systems are traveling beyond the classical connotation with linguistics. describes the possibilities that a writing system is capable, in the evolution of knowledge taking in consideration as a whole the symbolism to depict words and numbers. Writing is a way for us to remember, to study, to evolve, to leave a mark, to store knowledge. Writing helps to record events and history thus making the reader, decode, understand and interpret the piece of communication. (Jackson, 1980) In the same way, mathematical and the scientifical writing help us interpret our reality and surroundings, to understand the operations of our nature, to learn the languages of our surroundings that are otherwise, impossible to visualize them. IV. Proto Writing #2 - BA ’ ALAT Varieties of proto-Sinaitic inscription, 3rd millenium BC, Bronz Age. Before expanding into the linguistic approach of defining a writing system, an observation TRANSLATION : unknown. about the influences that preceded writing needs to be defined. Assumed to represent the name of the Canaaite goddess Ba’alat. Digital calligraphy reproduction. NEANDERTAL SYMBOLISM

In the caves residing in different parts of today’s Spain territory, respectively La Pasiega, Maltravieso, Ardales, there is a collection of symbols and hand stencils that, the dating methods are indicating an age of at least 64,800 years. (Wong, 2018). Representing three red non-figurative art lines, dots, symbols, the uranium-thorium measure shows to predate the arrival of modern humans to Europe by at least 20,000 years thus they were made by the Neanderthals. (Netburn, 2018) IV . 1. IDEOGRAPH

14 #1 - RED DOT LINE “Alternatively, the term ‘ideographic’ is also commonly used. However, it is doubtful that there 15 Cave art: geometrical, non–figurative design dating 64 800 yrs. ago. ever was a writing system that expressed ideas, as this term would seem to suggest.” TRANSLATION : unknown. (Coulmas, 2003. p40-41) Interpreted as a ladder shaped symbol, depicting red dots, vertical Ideographs consist of a mode of writing that symbolizes an idea or a concept and they are and horizontal lines. easily distinguished from the various aspects of the linguistic form from which is expressed. Digital calligraphy reproduction. (Coulmas, 2003. p224) Thus, making, for example, Emoji to depict feelings and a certain extent of actions but in an ideographic way rather than a writing system. (Thomas, 2018)

PROTO WRITING #3 - EMOTIONS Emoji: depicting feelings symbolism on the World Wide Web. In 1989, Florian Coulmas, in his book, The Writing Systems of the World, defines the form of TRANSLATION : from top to bottom: Grinning Face, Slightly Smiling picture writing with the term Proto-Writing. Face, Neutral Face, Dissapointed Face. “The historian of writing is faced with an array of visual signs, often called ‘proto-writing’, used Digital interpretation. for information storage and communication.” (Coulmas, 1999. p376) Proto-writing consists of graphical marks – “artificially produced” to record information “without being systematically related to language”. This is visual representations that cannot accomplish the full spectrum of the verbal communication. IV . 2. THE FURTHEST V. Writing is language painting. Among other methods of picture writing that the present era gives, there is a special and futuristic usage of images to communicate information. 21,2 billion km away from Earth, it is the most distant man–made object in space. (Nasa, 2018) The launch of satellite Voyeger1 in 1977 was the beginning of Interstellar exploration. Along with the 5 instruments specialized for scientific investigation of the mission, the Voyager1 spacecraft is carrying a greeting message to any form of life that might exist. (Nasa, 2018) “It is not risky to call writing the single most consequential technology ever invented. ‘Access’, the “The message is carried by a phonograph record - -a 12-inch gold-plated copper disk containing catchword of the knowledge society, means access to written intelligence. Writing not only offers sounds and images selected to portray the diversity of life and culture on Earth.” (Nasa, 2018) ways of reclaiming the past, but is a critical skill for shaping the future.” (Coulmas, 2003. p1) The plate shows symbols that may be interpreted to give the instructions as to how the record should be played (some pictographic representations). The contents of the record Writing is a highly creative process and has been with us for thousands of years (Coulmas, were selected for NASA by a committee chaired by Carl Sagan. Dr. Sagan and his team 1999); an opportunity to tell a story, to document past events, to store information for gen- assembled 118 images (represent people, human biology, families, the things that describe erations to come. It outstands the limitations of time and eras. Writing, as a method to store us as a civilization and as humans). To this, they added musical selections from different and transmit information, evolves the humankind intelligence in every known domain. 16 cultures and eras and spoken greetings from Earth-people in 55 languages. (Nasa, 2018) Writing is defined as “a system of more or less permanent marks used to represent an utterance in 17 such a way that it can be recovered more or less exactly without the intervention of the utterer.” (Daniels et al. 1996. p3-17) #4 - HELLO By this definition, writing is bound up with at least one language. Interstellar message to any life form outside Terra boundries. 1977 AD: Voyager 1 Satelite. utterance - an act of uttering; vocal expression. TRANSLATION : utter - to give audible expression to; speak or pronounce. In phonetics: to produce (speech Instructions on how to open the content of the golden sounds, speechlike sounds, syllables, words, etc.) audibly, with or without reference to formal plate; Map of the Earth’s possition in the galactic space; language. (Dictionary Unabridge, 2018) Time measurement based on hydrogen atom oscillation. Full translation in the project book of this thesis. At least six meanings of ‘writing’ can be distinguished: Digital reproduction. (1) a system of recording language by means of visible or tactile marks; (2) the activity of putting such a system to use; (3) the result of such activity, a text; (4) the particular form of such a result, a script style; (5) artistic composition; (6) a professional occupation. (Coulmas, 2003. p1) Writing not only complements speech but is a medium to visually represent any language and VI. Systems. spread messages. With signs and symbols, harmoniously arranged into a sequence, the people communicate emotions and experiences, knowledge and theories, thus recording A writing system is defined as: events and transmitting pieces of information for the future. “[...] signary together with an associated orthography.” Writing, as a personal touch between pen and paper, or different other exposing medium like (Daniels et al. 1996. p65) chisel and stone or keyboard and computer, allows one to express personalities, to render ideas and to communicate believes. Coulmas in his book “Writing Systems: An Introduction to their Linguistic Analysis” defines the Signary as the complete inventory of signs and symbols of a writing system. Furthermore, Writing needs a certain intellect capacity to encapsulate and communicate pieces of the author points out that the terminology for a writing system has two distinct meanings. A information. (Jackson, 1980) Writing is the artistic representation of intelligence. Writing System that refers to a graphical description of a language but also an abstract type. For the first meaning “there are as many writing systems as there are written languages”. An example of how writing systems influenced our mental evolution can be seen in the For the abstract typology of writing systems, there are few categories that emerge from the recorded history of the world, telling, for the future generation, some stories of our evolution linguistics approach “such as logographic or word writing systems, syllabic writing systems, and how were we able, throughout the millennia, to have a better understanding of our goals phonetic writing systems, or variant forms”. (Coulmas, 2003. p35-36) and to overcome certain obstacles. Searching in Online Dictionaries the terminology of a writing system gives the following: The

18 method to represent, with printed or written symbols, the sounds of a language (Wordnet, 19 2018) or the glyph sets used for representing a given language (TheFreeDictionary, 2018) and any conventional method used for visually representing verbal communication. (Wikipedia, 2018).

Furthermore, even if language and writing are useful in conveying messages, writing when compared with language, provides also a reliable form of storage for information and then transmitting the messages. Across our recorded history, there were a significant number of writing works, showcasing the tremendous (both, in an orthographic representation and visu- alization) development of our past and present writing systems.

Also Coulmas, in his earlier book from 1999 “The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Sys- tems” is defining Writing Systems as a set of signs (visual or tactile) that represents language units in a sequential and systematic way “with the purpose of recording messages which can be retrieved by everyone who knows the language in question and the rules by virtue of which its units are encoded in the writing system.” (Coulmas, 1999. p560)

Sampson (1985) describes some theories involving writing system about the conjunction between writing and speech, analyzing both ancient and their transitions to current writing VII. Pictorial Storytelling systems types. (Sampson, 1985. p20) Aside from the humans’ artistic developments in painting and drawing, writing systems went Linguistics as a study is split into two main categories: Historical and Descriptive. (Dictionary to become much more than a graphical representation of one object. As the complexity of Unabridge, 2018) Just like Mathematics with Pure and Applied notions. writing grew, so did the illiteracy among individuals. One must take into consideration both processes. VII . 1. ILLITERACY VI . 1. ORTHOGRAPHY The state of being illiterate is the inability to read or write. (Merriam-Webster, 2018) The terminology of Writing System, from the linguistical approach, is sometimes used in- “It is important to know that a lot of the things that we associate generally with Literacy is the terchangeably with alphabet, orthography, spelling as explored in the works of Daniels and letter-writing”. (Cecil, 2014. min02:02) Bright (1996 page xliv) and Sampson (1985 p20). Coulmas illustrates orthography as the correct spelling and the part of grammar that is im- The number of letters that were being written grew up at the same time as the territorial ex- plying the correct spelling to visual represent a language in a standardized and uniform way. pansion. The bigger the territory that a civilization or a language group is covering, influenced (Coulmas, 1999. p379) a more frequently and a larger amount of written letters. Every social status and ranks of On Dictionary Unabridged, orthography is exemplified as “The art of writing words with the capable members were writing letters because the territory grew so large that it was no other 20 proper letters“, the method of spelling, the correct spelling used in conjunction with an alpha- mean to communicate to all rather than letters. (Cecil, 2014) 21 bet or another system of representing symbols. (Dictionary Unabridge, 2018) Letter writing might be the most influential medium across human history for communicating knowledge or emotions but the expressivity of intelligence has many more media on which it VI . 2. SCRIPT can be exhibit.

A general description of a script relates to cursive handwriting, fonts and print types which Because the past is floated with illiteracy societies, many cultures adopted the usage of im- imitate cursive writing. ages in their spreading of information. Examples are the paintings in churches or in other tem- ples, that tells a story. Priests and the rest of the intellectual classes spoke, read and were (in handwriting) letters joined together by flowing stroges. (Dictionary, 2018). writing a language that not everyone understood, so the only way for the church to communi- cate with everyone, was through painting that describes a story or an event. (Cecil, 2014) “The Croatian and Serbian writing systems are very similar, but they employ different scripts, Pictorial storytelling is one of the most efficient ways of transmitting information, especially Roman and Cyrillic, respectively.” between non-native speakers. (Coulmas, 2003. p35). Only in the last 2 century did the humankind raised the number of media onto which informa- Coulmas describes scripts as graphical representations that are not strictly related to a single tion can be stored and transmitted: telegraph, telephone, internet, email, social media, etc. language. This are “usually, but not always, based on spoken languages.” (Coulmas, 2003) Globalization has a major role in conjunction with the technological advancements in raising Scripts, “sometimes referred to using terms such as alphabet and syllabary” is a collection of the territory and spreading the individuals that need to communicate. symbols accompanied by sets of behavioral rules. (Gaultney, 2003) “People wrote to communicate.” (Cecil, 2014. min03:25) Most of the history of humanity was oral. This is because learning to write and read are very hard skills to achieve mentally; they are intellectual tasks. They need a special education VIII. Visual vs Meaning system, a certain learning environment, thus only in the brief timeline of the last couple of centuries, the rise of a writing culture emerges. Earlier, these skills were reserved only for the “But one must also ask: to what degree does grammar have a separate identity in the actual work- few, the enlightenment ones with a rich social status as a background, to invest in education ing of a human mind?” (Haugeland, 1997. p116) and pursuing knowledge, beauty, and aesthetics. (Cecil, 2014) THINK : ANNE HAS APPLES VII . 2. CALLIGRAPHY Generally, people don’t admit to assigning a color to the apples. “But everyone admits (eventually) to having assumed, if not a size or color, at least some purpose” “For almost the entire history of written records, calligraphy is what humans did.” (Cecil, 2014. (Haugeland, 1997. p117). Purposes or actions, attitudes, shapes or other elements that are min03:25) composing that assumed scenario. A primordial rule for the expressivity of calligraphy is not only the For example, under the dictionary entry for “broken”, it can be observed how we analyze message that is being delivered but also the form of the script used, words with our visual interpretation. The term visual has more to do with how images are the shape of the writing system, the harmony of the layout where the propagated in ones mind, then interpreted to give the final output (the analysis of the mes- sequencing of words is taking place. The way in which the words sage, recorded with the help of the eyes) of that particular scenario. It is not only the visual- were carved out of stone or painted on papers was complementing ization of the symbols depicting the idea of a broken something, but also a small amount of and strengthening the message, giving it a bigger character, a per- linguistical semiotics to distinct and react accordingly to that situation.

22 sonality for that piece of information. 23 Caligraphy allows a greater individual expression. (Cecil, 2014) BROKEN Monks and scholars, in the middle ages, that we’re dealing with writ- “1. fractured, smashed, or splintered: a broken vase. ing books by hand, took an unbelievable care for them. Their calligra- 2. imperfect or incomplete; fragmentary: a broken set of books. phy was gorgeous both from readability and aesthetics aspect. They 3. interrupted; disturbed; disconnected: broken sleep. spend years developing that skills and capacities. (Cecil, 2014) 4. intermittent or discontinuous: broken sunshine. 5. (Music, other) varying in direction or intensity, as of pitch: a broken note. #5 - BUCHSTABEN “ P ” 6. not functioning: a broken radio. Hand made Initial: 16th century AD. 7. (of a trust, promise, contract, etc) violated; infringed TRANSLATION : Letter “P” depicting a woman in the antic style of 8. overcome with grief or disappointment: a broken heart. Velificatio movement. Original press plate by Giuseppe Maria Mitteli 9. (Grammar) (of the speech of a foreigner) imperfect in grammar, vocabulary, and pronuncia- in “Alphabets in Dream” 1683 AD. tion: broken English. Digital calligraphy reproduction. 10. exhausted or weakened as through ill-health or misfortune 11. confused or disorganized: broken ranks of soldiers. Pictorial storytelling is not a writing system, but it follows a sequencing of events that are 12. breached or opened: broken defensive lines. adding layers of details to the information, thus a bigger picture is mentally appearing. Pic- 13. irregular or rough; uneven: broken ground. torial storytelling has the same process as a system (to a certain degree), to store, transmit, 14. bankrupt or out of money: a broken industry.” perceive, interpret and then translate the story (but not the full message). (Dictionary Unabridged, 2018) IX. The classical typology of writing systems. X. Words

“Writing is the oldest known and most consistently applied form of linguistic analysis.” Information is all around us, everything that we interact with, everywhere we look, we are sur- (Gnanadesikan, 2018) rounded by words. (Jackson, 1980) Their implementation in our brains and culture is so vast that one tends not to notice them every time. But they are all trying to communicate a mes- To master writing a regional language, usually, one must have a good understanding of the sage. In a form of some directions, a book title, the passing of time, the brand of the shoes, signary, must have a good knowledge of the grammar used and must have good rhetorical the equations that help solve the problem for an exam, etc. Words governed all societies, skills to express clearly the message intended. they dictate where to experience a good meal, who to vote for, the laws governing the reality, Writing Systems can be classified into six different types:Alphabetic, Consonantal, Syllabic, the surrounding or the social behaviors. (Jackson, 1980) Alphasyllabic, Logographic, Mix Logographic-Syllabic. (Haspelmath et. al. 2005) Words enable us to store information, messages, knowledge and to communicate it over

24 There is a multitude of material concerning the typology of Writing Systems where the time and distance. The writing ability that humans possess (differentiating them in intellect 25 analysis is made only to represent verbal communication. from any other known biological species) was developed from primitive pictures thousands of years ago, showing the basic need for people to leave a mark. Early humans already com- On Omniglot, the classification is split into 5 categories. municated through sounds and gestures, but marks scribbled on sand or stone helped them The first three of them Alphabets, Abjads (Consonant alphabets), Abugidas (Syllabic al- remember. (Jackson, 1980) phabets) fall into the same category when the structure of the writing system is taken into consideration. There are also Syllabaries and the Semanto-phonetic writing systems (which It can be observed throughout history, that flourishing civilizations, for example, ancient Egypt, has the same description as a logographic system). (Omniglot, 2018) wanted to record their achievements, methods and believes, to pass on the intelligence that helped them grow. Proto-writing can tell a story with some limitations, but a set of signs, Daniels and Bright specify the classification as logosyllabaries, syllabaries, consonantary arranged in a logical sequence can tell a more complex message. (abjads), abugidas and alphabets. (Daniels et. al. 1996). And the list goes on... As long as a civilization is maturing and raises in search of perfection, it needs a more com- plex way of writing deemed to convey the full message. (Jackson, 1980) The literature concerning the linguistical writing system presents different classifications although most of them argue on the same mix of signary differences. Nowadays, the classifi- X . 1. LOGOGRAPHIC cation of writing systems has developed to include other aspects too but breaking it down, all linguistic typology involving writing, use logographs, syllabaries, and alphabets. With the help Logograph [syn: logogram]: “A conventional symbol for a frequently recurring word or phrase.” of this three methods of sequencing symbols, the people are capable of making something (Dictionary Unabridge, 2018) extremely important and also extremely common: WORDS. The symbol “%” is for “percent”, “&” stands for the word “and”, “4” is “Four” in English and #6 - UNAS “Quatro” in Italian, the logogram for “7” is spelled “Nanatsu” in Japanese and “Seven” in Fragment from the poem “Unas the slayer and eater of the English. (WordNet, 2018) Gods”. Original carving: inside the pyramid of Unas - cca 2400 BC, Egypt. “Writing systems whose basic functional units are interpreted as words are known as ‘logographic’ or ‘word writing’ systems.” (Coulmas, 2003. p40) TRANSLATION : 1904 English Logographic writing systems are most closely associated with both classical and modern “Poureth down water heven, tremble the stars, | standard Chinese. Go about the bow-bearers, quake | The bones of Aker, those beneath them take the flight The signary represents both sounds and meanings, thus making the script to include a large when they see | number of symbols ranging from several hundred to tens of thousands. In the Kanji script Unas rising as a soul like a god who liveth upon his fathers of the Chinese writing system, there is no theoretical upper limit to the number of symbols. and feedeth | (Coulmas, 2003) Upon his mothers. Unas this is the lord of wisdom”

X . 1. 2. HIEROGLYPHS Digital calligraphy reproduction.

“It was the Egyptians that took pictures and signs and turn them into a system.” Note: the 1904 English translation is using different verbs 26 (Jackson, 1980. min06:36) termination: Poureth, Liveth, Feedeth - Poured, Lived, Fed, 27 showcasing the development of English in the last century. The Hieroglyphic system was developed mainly by priests. It was considered a divine art. The skill of writing was considered an invention of Thot, the God of Wisdom. (Parkinson, 2006) PAPYRUS “From Egypt came the system of writing which was the beginning of the alphabet we use today.” (Jackson, 1980. min07:20) The Egyptian wonder plant grew across the river of Nile and is considered one of the most They were calling it Medu Netjer “The Gods Words”. (Parkinson, 2006) important development to the evolution of the ancient Egyptian civilization. From boats made Around 5th century BC, Greek visitors to Egypt gave the name for the writing system out of papyrus to ropes, sandals, baskets, and, with a technologically advanced method, hieroglyph (sacred carving). (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2017) papyrus was turned into paper (the process of making Papyrus Paper (Jackson, 1980. Writing was done from left to right or vice-versa or from top to bottom. The facing of the min09:00-13:00)) and made much easier the way messages are recorded and transmitted symbols determined the direction that was intended to read it. (Omniglot, 2018) with the use of writing. In conjunction with the development of the styluses tip (the process of making the Reed Pen The hieroglyphic script was in use for almost four thousand years, a much longer time than (Jackson, 1980. min15:07-19:00)), dipped into ink, formed a specific character design, that the use of the modern alphabets. (Jackson, 1980) was immediately recognizable. At first, the ancient egyptian signs represented the actual thing as the depiction: the snake. the bird, the river, etc. With the constant development, they turned into expressing ideas (an eye with a tear depicted sadness, the goose (as a prize possession) represented a child, the owl for wisdom). (Jackson, 1980) But carving in stone was laborious and time-consuming. X . 1. 3. KANJI “When scholars consider the early history of the characters, they often focus on the Shang dynasty (sixteenth-eleventh centuries BC) because of the rich historical material from the period.” “Kanji - The Japanese term for ‘Chinese character’.” (Coulmas, 1999. p256) (Bjorksten, 1994. p4) Chinese writing system descended from Proto-Sino-Tibetan pictograms. (Omniglot, 2018) Chinese characters had a direct influence for East Asian scripts like Japanese, Korean, Vi- The proto characters were in use since the Stone Age however the depicted symbols, suf- etnamese. CJK is the international collective term used for languages that are built with this fered lots of developments thus, the characters of that time are not considered to be a true characters. (Wikipedia, 2018) script. (Bjorksten, 1994)

HÀNZI , KANJI , KANA , KANJA , KANGUL , HÁN TU #8 - HORSE The development of the pictogram for horse from proto-writing The writing system used by Chinese is a unique phenomenon among the alphabetical scripts symbol to modern day logogram. used in the modern world. Rather than just relying on a few dozens of letters to graphically SCRIPT DEVELOPMENT :from top to bottom express the language, Chinese script developed thousands of complex signs and symbols Oracle bone script, Bronze script, Large Seal script, Small Seal called characters - about 74000 characters of which some 25000 are variants - “This still script, Clerical script, Standard script (Han Dinasty 207 BC), leaves about 49,000 standard characters” (Coulmas, 2003. p54). The characters that com- Running script, Draft script, Simplyfied script. pose the Chinese script are one of the oldest forms of writing that humans have developed and still in use today. (Bjorksten, 1994) Note: the Simplyfied script was adopted by the People’s Republic of

28 China in 1949 AD, with the purpose to eradicate illiteracy. 29 Digital calligraphy reproduction.

Some of the old symbols were originally pictures, implying a pictographic approach. These #7 - THE COMMANDER primitive symbols have developed over a long process, the original pictographs becoming the Fragment from the strategical Sun Tzu discusses - The Art of characters of the Chinese script. (Omniglot, 2018) Warface. Original text - The Commander - 6th century BC. Some of them are representing abstract concepts, others, are formed from a phonetic and TRANSLATION : a radical. The rest of the characters were borrowed without the addition of a radical. At that The traits of the true commander are: wisdom, humanity, respect, in- time, the standardization of writing didn’t take place, so the same characters would appear in tegrity, courage, and dignity. With his wisdom he humbles the enemy, a large number of variants and interpretations. (Bjorksten, 1994) with his humanity he draws the people near to him, with his respect he recruits men of talent and character, with his integrity he makes The Chinese scribes were true believers of the aesthetics through calligraphy; Nonetheless, good on his rewards, with his courage he raises the morale of his speed and accuracy in writing and transmitting pieces of information, are more valuable skills men, and with his dignity he unifies his command. than just making beautiful hand renderings of the characters. In the Chinese script, these two concepts are merged perfectly: Full translation of the text in the project book of this thesis. Digital calligraphy reproduction. WITH MORE ELEGANTLY DEPICTIONS OF THE CHARACTERS , THE FASTER ONE CAN WRITE . X . 2. SYLLABARIES X . 3. LETTER

Syllabaries are the systems with the signary based on syllables of a given language. (Coul- A general description for letters is the class of shapes composed of particular abstract mas, 2003) The symbols inventory used, compared to the logographic systems, is exponen- graphic concepts, representing the basic units of an alphabetic writing system. tially smaller and the learner has to deal with an easier understanding for the orthography. (Coulmas, 1999. p291) “[...] a type of writing system whose characters denote syllables, with no deliberate graphic similar- ity between characters denoting phonetically similar syllables.” (Daniels et. al. 1996. p44) “Wherever we live or whatever our language is, the letters of our alphabet are the basic currency for a civilization.” (Jackson, 1980. min02:00) Going further, the systems with graphical similarities between characters, denoting phoneti- cally similar syllables are called genuine syllables or they are frequently reffed to as alphasyl- ‘ox’ In any alphabet, the letters have monosyllabic meaning- labaries or abugidas. Chinese characters, the cuneiform script used for Sumerian, Akkadian, ‘house’ less names. For example Ei, Bi, Si in the English alphabet. the old Mayan script, among many other writing systems, are a mix of different linguistic typol- ‘water’ The name of this letters shares Greek, Etruscan and Latin ogy of writing systems as they are largely syllabic in nature, although based on logograms. ‘fish’ heritage. When the Etruscans adopted the Greek alphabet ‘mouth’ they inherit also the names of the symbols, thus it can be X . 2. 1. CUNEIFORM ‘head’ observed the Semitic origin of the Alphabet. ‘sign’ (Coulmas, 1999) THE NILE , THE EUPHATES , AND THE TIGRIS . ‘weapon’

30 These are the three rivers “that gave men more than just a fertile soil”. 31 (Jackson, 1980. min07:10) X . 4. OXROAD - PART ONE Civilization had its birthplace here and with it, so did the writing systems. From Mesopotamia came the clay tablet writing, called Cuneiform. It literally means “wedge- PAPYRUS , INK , THE REED PEN AND A GREAT DOSE OF INGENUITY developed shaped”. The shape of carvings onto the clay tablets made by the reed stylus, make Cunei- pictures into letter shapes. It was much closer to painting a language rather form stand out visually. (Jackson, 1980) than just a pictogram for an object. The new letter shapes didn’t symbolize only the animal but also the sound of that name. (Jackson, 1980) #9 - EYES Law no. 196, coloumn 33, line 45 to 49 from the Code of Merchants traveled from port to port in the eastern Mediterranean coast, and along with them, Hammurabi, Mesopotamia 1754 BC. Original writing on the the Ox (Aleph) a symbol in constant development. The Phenicians traveled furthest to the Stele of Hammurabi, preserved at Louve, Paris. west and spread the alphabet to Cyprus, Crete, Greece, and North Africa. In Grece, the Ox TRANSLATION : If a man puts out the eye of another man, his eye merged with the Greek alphabet and thus Alpha was born. After the Etruscian alphabet, the shall be put out.” (An eye for an eye - mainstream culture trigger) Ox reached his final destination in Rome, becoming the letter A. (Jackson, 1980). Digital calligraphy reproduction. #10 - OXROAD : PART ONE Cuneiform system was created mainly for the Sumerian language “a language of unknown Development of the Ox symbol from pictorial proto writing to the affiliation”. In time, Sumerian was surpassed by Akkadian–the Semitic writing system of the Latin letter shape of A. Babylonians and Assyrians. (Coulmas, 1999. p102) Digital callygraphy reproduction. X . 5. ALPHABETS Latin inscriptions date from 6th century BC. Latin, the language, was specific to Latium (mod- ern Lazio) which was including also the town of Rome. Latin was one of many Italic languages The term comes from combining the first two Greek letters: Alpha and Beta. in use in central Italy at that time. (Arzamas, 2017) Alphabetic writing systems are described as a systematic relation between its signs and the Designed as a language for the law and administration of an Empire, Latin become rapidly the units of speech. (Coulmas, 1999) language of everyday life. Literacy was a common condition among Rome inhabitants. At the same time, in the eastern parts of the Mediterranean, the prestige of the Greek lan- Alphabets can be interpreted as the fixed and systematic order of signs and symbols in a guage continued, thus the majority of well educated Roman citizens were familiar in both language ( A followed by B followed by C ). The same order was implied for the numerals languages. (Arzamas, 2017) in Semitic scripts. The term is used to describe writing systems that use consonant scripts (Arabic, Hebrew) and also the segmental scripts (Greek, Latin) which consists of letters both In 5th century BC, Rome became a republic; for vowel and consonants. (Coulmas, 1999) Res Publica - Public Things (public affairs). The public and civil rights were developed during the beginning of Rome as a republic. By X . 5. 1. LATIN writing and implementing a good set of laws the Romans achieved the complete equality of rights amongst its citizens (Arzamas, 2017); This Unity of Rome has a better expression: 60 percent of all English words have their roots in Greek or Latin. 80 percent of any entry in English dictionaries has Latin as a direct influence. SENATUS POPULUSQUE ROMANUS 90 percent of the vocabulary in sciences and technology have their terminology origin in The Senate and the People of Rome.

32 Latin. (Dictionary Unabridge, 2018) 33

In the Northen part of Rome, the Etruscans (modern Tuscany) developed the Latin alphabet by adapting the Greek letters, in use by the Greek colonies (on the southern shores of mod- ern Italy) for their own needs of communication. (Arzamas, 2017) In Rome, letters were considered to be symbols of the order and the precision. To proclaim The Romans embrace the colossal knowledge, culture, and traditions, leftovers of the dis- the glory of their achievements, the leaders of Rome, compete with each other in a game of integrating Empire of Alexander the Great. Greek became a second state language for the carving letter on monuments and manuscripts. Precise alignment, with an exact weight of the Romans citizens. Almost all the great Roman minds had modeled their speeches according stroke and a good use of a grid system, made, for the master carvers of Rome, to achieve the to the old Greek philosophers ( e.g. Cicero was influenced by the writings of Demosthenes ). perfect balance between the letters depicted; they fit individually into a square. (Arzamas, 2017) (Jackson, 1980)

It was a grid system to convey not only the name of the Emperor but also the prestige and the high standards of the Roman civilization. Rome was in a constant need of skilled craftsmen worthy of the Roman Forum. (Jackson, 1980) The letters were carefully painted on the walls - according to the grid system and the measurements done in the beginning, then meticulously carved out of the block of stone. literature from the Romans and Greeks was lost or burned after the fall. (Cecil, 2014) The sword was ruling once again. Writing almost died. Latin continued to be used as a literary language throughout western and central Europe. To keep alive the faith, Irish and Anglo-Saxon monks in the 6th century AD, started to transcript the holy Gospels, but also the remaining works on sciences from the Romans and Greeks. Enormous amounts of medieval Latin literature began to be produced. Literature varying from scientific books to simple tales and stories. (Cecil, 2014)

The monks used a new script, which was influenced by classical Rome. Because of the overwhelming amount of works that they needed to put into transcribing, scholars used a more simple-to-draw script, thus the letters changed. The capital letters of Rome were developed into the nowadays lower-case. (Jackson, 1980) Latin begins to see its demise in the 15th century, losing the position of supremacy as the main language for scientific and religious thinking in Europe. Nowadays, the modern Latin alphabet is used in the writings of hundreds different languages, some using a slightly different set of letters, different pronunciations and a different number of letters.

34 35 #11 - LUNAR DISTANCE #12 - SMALLCAPS Geometric calculation of the distance between Earth and Moon. Claudius Ptolemy 100 AD. Development from the capital letters of Rome to a more easier way of TRANSLATION : center to center the distance equals b+m, 59 earth’s radii (actual distance writing books with the Latin script. 56 to 63 earth’s radii). Based on his early calculations of the size and sphericity of the Earth, Digital calligraphy reproduction. writing and solving some trigonometric equation, observed during mid–lunar eclipse, Ptolemy was able to determine the lunar distance almost accuratly (with the help of a stick, a rope and a plumb) compared to today’s telescopes and laser–beam–photon refractions. X . 5. 2. GLOBALIZATION

Digital modern geometrical reproduction. Pax Romana serves the as the first example of the nowadays globalization.(Arzamas, 2017) Note: The model used by Ptolemy shows the Earth to be the center of the Solar system The present can be described as a period of time and history with some unprecedented opposed to the Heliocentric model that is used today, but the maths involved gives always issues (the increase of technological advancements, mass-migration). (Cecil, 2014) the same result. The Globalization can be noticed in the worldwide implementation of English as the first truly Lingua Franca (lingua franca is the term used for a bridge language, common language, trade language, or a link language). GOD IS GLORIOUS , SO MUST BE HIS BOOK . It is the language used to make communication possible between people who do not share The collapse of the western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD, made Europe plunder into a native tongue). Until the times of the present era, there was no global language because it a Dark Age, where it was no longer room for a pen. A tremendous amount of scientific was no idea of an integrated globe as a civilization. (Cecil, 2014) XI. OxRoad - part two XII. Numbers

“A figure or a group of figures expressing a number. Numerals played an important role in the development of writing.” (Coulmas, 1999. p357)

The number is probably one of the primary principals in the Universe. A number is indestructible. The laws of numbers are immutable. Numbers are a primordial PAPYRUS , INK , THE REED PEN AND A GREAT DOSE OF INGENUITY developed idea of our consciousness. The sequencing of numbers is a given truth and throughout histo- pictures into letter shapes. It was much closer to painting a language rather ry, many graphical interpretations of the number system were developed. than just a pictogram for an object. The new letter shapes didn’t symbolize Coulmas states that the Sumerian cuneiform, with “compelling epigraphic evidence”, was de- only the animal but also the sound of that name. (Jackson, 1980) veloped from an accounting system. Also, an important observation is that numeracy preced- ed literacy. (Coulmas, 1999) The decimal system (the precise sequencing from one to ten) The symbol for an Ox (Aleph in the language of the Middle East) representing the animal, is, perhaps, derived from the ten fingers of the human hand. Another example of numerical became the sound, a recognizable vibration. In time Aleph has shortened to Alif, A and it systems used is the sexagesimal (based on 6 as a unit) that people use in measuring time. became the first letter in the Arabic alphabet. (Jackson, 1980) (Coulmas, 1999) Semitic languages had also numerical values for they’re sequencing in writing numbers. Just like language, numeracy looks more like a biological condition for the intelligent mind,

36 for 1, for 2, for 3, etc.(the first letters of the Hebrew writing system). rather than the linguistical definitions. 37 This is one explanation concerning the constant order and sequencing of the alphabets during antiquity and following the AD era. (Coulmas, 1999) XII . 1. THE LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR OF MATHEMATICS

“ It is a remarkable phenomenon that children can learn to speak without ever being consciously #13 - OXROAD : PART TWO aware of the sophisticated grammar they are using.” (Gowers et al. 2010. p1-16) Development of the Ox symbol from pictorial proto–writing to the Semitic first letter. It was used also for epiction of the first number People can live a perfectly satisfactory life without the ideas of nouns, verbs, other parts of (number sequence), refined further until today’s arabic One. speech or grammatical ideology. (Gowers, 2010) But knowing at least the basic grammar empowers one’s understanding of that language. This basic understanding gives one the Digital calligraphy reproduction. blueprint to use language more effectively, precise, academical and poetic. The language of Mathematics behaves in the same way. Until a certain point, one can inter- pret, speak and deal with numbers without knowing the classification and the different kind of numbers or words making the mathematical lexicon. The statements of mathematics are precise and without the knowledge of grammar is some- how impossible to achieve the high level of precision that the statements are requiring. (Gowers, 2010)

“Mathematical sentences can also be highly complex: if the parts that made them up were not My car is red. My car is six. clear and simple, then the unclarities would rapidly propagate and multiply and render the sen- tences unintelligible.” (Gowers, 2010. p1-16) Look at that tall building. Look at that six building.

In the grammar of mathematics, the British professor, Timmothy Gowers points the four ba- This sentances "are not just nonsense but ungrammatical nonsense." (Gowers, 2010) sic concepts: Sets, Functions, Relations, Binary operations; And elementary logic: Logical conectives, Quantifiers, Negation, Variables. But more important is the the basic relation- ship between linguistical words and the perspective of mathematical language. Professor XII . 1. 2. LINGUISTICS VS . MATHEMATICS : “ IS ” Gowers question some of this ambiguities as follows. In Mathematical language “is” has three distinct meanings:

XII . 1. 1. LINGUISTICS VS . MATHEMATICS : “ AND ” 5 is the square root of 25. Althought "plus" resembles the word "and", in the conjunctions of mathematics, "plus" and 5 and the square root of 25, the two objects are one and the same. "and" doesn't behave in the same way. "is" can be replaced by "equal". "Is" is used as in: Two plus two equals four. Mary and Peter love Paris. London is the capital of the U.K. 38 3 x Nouns: two, two, four 3 x Nouns: Mary, Peter, Paris 5 = √ 25 mathematical notation where √ is the square root symbol. 39 1 x Verb: equals (singular) 1 x Verb: love (plural) 1 x Conjunction: plus 1 x Conjunction: and The word "plus" is taking two The word "and" conjoins Mary 5 is less than 10. objects (two and two) and pro- and Peter but is leaving them as “less than” makes an adjectival phrase and triggers a property that the numbers duce a new single word "four". distinct objects. can or doesn't have. "Is" is used as in: “and” use: link two nouns “and” use: join two sentences Grass is green. In the most formal mathematical expressions, the mathematicians exclude the 5 < 10 mathematical notation where < is the "less than" symbol. noun–linking aspect of “and”. “[...] a sentence such as “3 and 5 are prime numbers” is then paraphrased as “3 is a prime number and 5 is a prime number”. (Gowers, 2010. p1-16) 5 is a prime number. “Is” means “is an example of”. "Is" is used as in: This section has six subsections. “What is the role of the word “six” in the sentence?” Mercury is a planet. 5 P mathematical notation where P is defined as a Set containing the prime Because six is modifing the noun "subsection", the role of the numbers and is the symbol for "belongs to". number is adjectival but is not behaving as an ordinary adjective. ∈ ∈ Linguistics vs Mathematics - sentances and coresponding mathematical equations Gowers, 2010. p1-16 XII . 2. STROKE NOTATION “Egyptian had elementary signs for 10 and 100 and used logograms for 1,000, 10,000, etc., a decimal system without zero, as it were.” (Coulmas, 1999. p358) In the early numeric systems a common pattern is emerging: one stroke for 1, two strokes for 2, three strokes for 3, etc. (Coulmas, 1999) The iconic pattern where the number expressed The Greeks and Romans used Alphabet letters in writing numbers as it was implied by the is corresponding with the basic graphical elements can be seen in the use of Sumerian, Chi- Semitic heritage. But their notation made easy calculation look like complex and never-ending nese, Egyptian, Maya, early Greek numerical system, among others. “The Maya system uses strings. This is why both excelled at Geometry rather than Arithmetic. (Coulmas 1999) dots rather than strokes” but the principle is the same. To resolve the problem of dealing with large numbers when using the stroke pattern, some early civilizations evolved recognizable XII . 2. 1. DECIMAL : FROM 0 TO 9 symbols for higher-levels units. (Coulmas, 1999) In the 5th century BC, the old Hindus, using the letter of Brahmi system for depicting num- bers, discovered something of great importance, the nothing that is - zero. This principle #14 - NUMBER MATRIX arrived in Europe only in the Middle Ages through the tremendous developments done in mathematics by the Arabic civilization. With this revelation, the decimal system was devel- Earliest forms of numbers system used from oped. Today the Arabic decimal system is used worldwide, showing the universal capabilities antiquity and medieval period until the full of the Hindus discovery. (Coulmas. 1999) development of the arabic decimal system used today

40 XII . 3. MATHEMATICAL NOTATION : SOME BRIEF IDEAS 41 NOTATIONS : columns, from left to right - Egyptian, “The fact that all Mathematics is Symbolic Logic is one of the greatest discoveries of our age; and Cuneiform, Chinese, Maya Phonecian, when this fact has been established, the remainder of the principles of mathematics consists in the Greek, Hebrew, Arabic and Today’s system. analysis of Symbolic Logic itself.” (Russell, 1903. p5)

Digital calligraphy reproduction Oxford, 16th century AD. = The mathematician Robert Recorde, writes a book called “The Whetstone of Witte” with the purpose to share his knowledge about algebra. Every mathematical sentence was includ- ing “is equal to”. He replaced the words with two parallel horizontal lines, reducing the time consumed just to write the state of equality. Eventually, it became the standard symbol that defines equality in the mathematical notation. (Walters, 2017)

The symbol for “plus”, used for addition, originated from the condensing of the Latin word et + “&” meaning and. (Walters, 2017)

France, end of 18th century AD. XIII. Conclusion The mathematician Christian Kramp is introducing the exclamation mark as a symbol for fac- THE CONTEMPORARY CLASSIFICATION OF WRITING SYSTEMS ! torials principle because of the need for shorthand expressions for computational strings whit such a structure. 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 = 4! 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x .... x (n - 2) x (n - 1) x n = n! (Walters, 2017) What is writing and what is a writing system? These symbols, amongst many more, used to write the language of Mathematics are a Exemplified in this thesis, words are of equal value as numbers. Writing helps us grow in collection of Latin letters, Greek letters, superscripts, subscripts, characters that represents knowledge. Knowledge in every domain, not only the development of the letters but also nu- unknown quantities and relations between variables. There were invented or adopted by merical and rational thinking. Writing systems doesn’t deserve only the systematic growth to mathematicians because of the need to not repeat themselves or to deal with huge blocks of alphabets, but a full story of how writing helped us to construct Wonders. The digital revolu- text in rendering mathematical ideas. (Walters, 2017) tion shows us that writing is more complex than we ever thought. With the help of a perfect writing system, we were capable to walk on the Moon, to rethink transport, economy, to give new meanings for our civilization. Writing, helps us to accomplish our dreams and goals - whatever these may be. Writing helps us to invent and develop new methods of communica- tion. Writing is the most ingenious tool ever devised. Writing is the artistical expressivity of

42 intelligence. Writing means communicating and remember. writing help us to be informed, to 43 construct and to leave a mark. Writing allows us to continue the works of the past, and not constantly reinvent what it was done. It is amazing that with the help of some specific writing systems, we can put down on a few pieces of paper all the laws that govern our reality, input them into a computer and simulate our Universe and surroundings. If writing dies, so does the civilized world. This is why the classification of writing systems need rethinking.

In ancient Greece and Rome the educational systems may have been different from today’s standards, but some principles about what people should be capable to learn, have deep roots in the process of culture and education. The Seven Liberal Arts (Septem Artes Liberales) witch in Rome were the ways “[...] to qualified a human being to become an artist himself, liberated to serve others, by creatively mak- ing things out of words and numbers” (Perrin, 2018. min05:25). The Seven Liberal Arts were composed of the three ways of mastering language: Grammar, Logic, and Rhetoric followed by the studies about the numbers as in Arithmetics, Geometry, Music, Astronomy (Astronomy is an equivalent to nowadays Physics). (Perrin, 2018) Arithmetics translated in Greek means numbering, to calculate (addition, subtraction, mul- tiplication, division). Geometry is the science of numbers in space and the relations between shapes; Music studies numbers in time. Several types of writing system arose from this arrangement. Going further, Astronomy was one of the earliest forms of science. Nowadays is translated as Physics - about the movement and interaction of the surrounding objects, the matter, and the rules on which they relate. (Perrin, 2018) Mathematics brings the study of calculation to a much higher level beginning with the Alge- bra ( Arabic al-jabr meaning restoration (The Free Dictionary, 2018), unify the broken things) Writing Systems which opens new doors for more complex calculations of reality. Same goes for Geometry since Mathematical numbers are influencing the spatial boundaries. Arguably, the numbers in time are also influenced by Mathematics in Music, determining the variation in musical genres PARIETAL ART | PROTO WRITING | PICTORIAL STORYTELLING done mostly with the help of computers. Chemistry is a science that needed a lot more time in the development of human intellect (traditional chemistry 1700 AD (Columbia Edu, 2018). Chemistry augments Physics in the studies of matter. LOGOGRAPHIC The transition from the second to the third millennium impacted humanity, among oth- LINGUA SYLLABARIES ers, with the digital revolution in which new languages were born and new writing systems ALPHABETS emerged. Some principles of the nowadays writing systems for the computational industry started centuries ago (binary principles).

44 The terminology for this classification consists of Latin and Greek influences, mainly be- ARITHMETICS 45 cause a quick translation of the term Language in Latin gives Lingua (Tongue). But also the TRIVIUM GEOMETRY Roman and Greek terminology is chosen because of the immense heritage from the ones MUSIC who built the civilization. “lingua, linguae: noun; 1. dialect, 2. speech, language, 3. tongue” (Latin Dictionary, 2018). The regional languages have more to do with the native tongue and the sounds and vibrations MATHEMATICS that are produced with verbal communication. Mastering your verbal speech. (“linguist - a SCIENCIA PHYSICS person who specializes in the study of human speech” (Meriam-Webster, 2018). Languages CHEMISTRY overall, with their writing systems needs a proper classification to incorporate all the biologi- cal wonders that humankind was able to write down in the evolution of intelligence. BINARY DIGITUM MARK UP COMPUTATION

MOVING " FOREWORD " ~ QUANTUM & KONTINUUM XIV. Project

Going from Cave art, proto–writing, words and numbers, until the present era, the thesis project will be a BOOK, entitled R3THINK WRITING.

In my observation of what is a writing system, I will use the skills of calligraphy and drawing to have at least a minimum comprehention of our written capabilities. By classifying our power to understand the transmission of knowledge, the result will be de- velopmental-historical-timeline mixed with a classification of writing as ideas and principles of writing and why we don’t need to put a barrier between linguistics and other graphical representations.

The book is a visual encyclopedia of human expressivity in written form, from linguistics and the story of writing development to mathematics and written interpretation to understand our reality going in the realms of matter and the syntaxes of our digital experience.

46 As a student of graphic design and visual communication, I’ve learned, amongst many other 47 things, that everything that you create/design must have a meaning. Is not just the story behind this book, but the design as well, every color and font, every centimeter and number. The story is about words and numbers (a complex mix) thus everything needs to be in a near perfect balance for the harmony to emerge. 48 49 XV. Bibliography

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Parkinson, Richard. 2006. Pocket guide to ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphs: How to read and write Ancient Egyptian. The British Museum Press. 50 51 Watkins, Matthew, Matt Tweed, and Gerard Cheshire. 2017. Sciencia: Mathematik, Physik, Chemie, Biologie & Astrono- mie. Wooden Books Limited: Libero.

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Coulmas, Florian. 1999. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems. United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing.

Coulmas, Florian. 2003. Writing Systems: An Introduction to their Linguistic Analysis. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Daniels, Peter T., and William Bright. 1996. The World’s Writing Systems. New York: Oxford University Press. Gaultney, Victor and Melinda Lyons. 2003. “Writing system implementations”. NRSI: Computers & Writing Systems. SIL. Published Nov 20, 2003. Accessed September 11, 2018. https://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php? site_id=nrsi&id=W- Gowers, Timmothy. 2010. The language and grammar of mathematics. In The Princeton Companion to Mathematics by SI_Guidelines_Sec_1 Imre Leader, June Barrow-Green, and Timothy Gowers. 8-16. Princeton University Press. Gnanadesikan, E. Amalia and Richard Sproat. 2018. Writing Systems. Oxford Bibliographies. Published Aug 28, 2018. Harper, Robert, Francis. 1904. The Code of Hammurabi. King of Babylon. About 2250 B.C. Chicago: The University of Accessed November 23, 2018. 10.1093/OBO/9780199772810-0221 Chicago Press. Gordin, Michael. 2015. “Chemical linguistics”. Chemistry World. Published Jun 24, 2015. Accessed May 17, 2018. Haugeland, John. 1997. Mind Design II: Philosophy, Psychology, Artificial Intelligence. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/chemical-linguistics/8685.article. MIT Press. Hurd, Dehart Paul. 1998. “Scientific literacy: New minds for a changing world”. Published June 1998 in Science Educa- Kaplan, Robert. 2000. The Nothing That Is: A Natural History of Zero. Oxford: University Press. tion 82. p407-416. Accessed October 25, 2018. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253316043_Scientific_litera- cy_New_minds_for_a_changing_world Russell, Bertrand. 1903. The Principles of Mathematics. New York. W.W.Norton and Company, Inc.Publishers. Lombrozo, Tania. 2015. “Scientific Literacy: It’s Not (Just) About The Facts”. National Public Radio. Published Sept 14, Sampson, Geoffrey. 1985. Writing Systems: A Linguistic Introduction. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 2015. Accessed November 2, 2018. https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2015/09/14/440213603/scientific-literacy-it-s-not- just-about-the-facts?t=1543176294277 52 - C - AUDIOBOOKS AND PODCASTS 53 Michigan State University. 2007. Scientific Literacy: How Do Americans Stack Up?. ScienceDaily. Published February Cecil, Wes. 2014. Future of Languages. Performed by Wes Cecil Ph.D. at Peninsula College. Part of the Language and 27, 2007. Accessed October 23, 2018. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/02/070218134322.htm Literatures series that explores the development, spread, and influence of a variety of languages. Published Apr 26, 2014. Accessed February 02, 2018. https://youtu.be/ycUIexwz3oM. Nasa. 2018. The Golden Record. Voyager. Jet propultion Laboratory. Accessed November 14, 2018. https://voyager.jpl. nasa.gov/golden-record/ Tyson, Neil DeGrasse. 2017. Astrophysics for People in a Hurry. Narrated by Neil deGrasse Tyson. Published by Blackstone Audio on Jun 20, 2017. Accessed April 02, 2018. Audiobook edition. Netburn, Deborah. 2018. Neanderthals Made Hand Stencils in Europe. LA Times. Stencil Archive. Published Feb 22, https://youtu.be/N8UZhFf06Is. 2018. Accessed November 3, 2018. https://www.stencilarchive.org/content/neanderthals-made-hand-stencils-europe

- D - ARTICLES ONLINE AND BLOG ENTRIES Nguyen, Thai. 2017. “Hacking Into Your Happy Chemicals: Dopamine, Serotonin, Endorphins and Oxytocin”. Huff Post. Published Dec 6, 2017. Accessed April 13, 2018. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/hacking-into-your-happy- Babylon. 2018. Writing systems “How to put it on paper”. Lingvo. Published 2018. Accessed November 20, 2018. http:// c_b_6007660. lingvo.info/en/babylon/writing_systems The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2016. Braille writing system. Encyclopædia Britannica. Published Jul 08, Bordeau, Jessica. 2010. “Writing Systems And Calligraphy Of The World”. Smashing Magazine. Published May 18, 2010. 2016. Accessed November 25, 2018. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Braille-writing-system Accessed April 15, 2018. https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2010/05/the-beauty-of-typography-writing-systems-and- calligraphy-of-the-world/. Thomas, Rebecca. 2017. Emoji This, Ideographic communication has a place. Medium. Published Oct 6, 2017. Accessed Scrivial. 2017. Theories that changed the World. Published Jul 22, 2017. Accessed August 05, 2018. Scrivial Media Pro- December 7, 2018. https://medium.com/@rebeccathomas/emoji-this-%EF%B8%8F-5f87ed174c03 duction. https://youtu.be/nQ9pPIQS1xM

Tyson, Neil DeGrasse. 2016. “What Science Is — and How and Why It Works”. Huffington Post. Published Nov 18, Tyson, Neil DeGrasse. 2013. Storytelling Of Science. ASU Origins Project. Published Apr 8, 2013. Accessed January 17, 2016. Accessed May 27, 2018. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/neil-degrasse-tyson/what-science-is-and-how-and-why-it- 2018. https://youtu.be/5025Kyx3Qfo. works_b_8595642.html. Tyson, Neil DeGrasse. 2017. Living In Higher Dimensions. Published Aug 7, 2017. Accessed May 25, 2018. https://you- Wong, Kate. 2018. Ancient Cave Paintings Clinch the Case for Neandertal Symbolism. Scientific American. Published Feb tu.be/lM_HPAXwJFw. 23, 2018. Accessed September 15, 2018. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/ancient-cave-paintings-clinch-the- case-for-neandertal-symbolism1/ Walters, John David. 2017. Where do math symbols come from?. TED-Ed. Published Oct 30, 2017. Accessed September 21, 2018. https://youtu.be/eVm063xmnow. - E - VIDEO DOCUMENTARIES AND INTERVIEWS - F - ONLINE DOCUMENTATION : DICTIONARIES Arzamas. 2017. Ancient Rome in 20 minutes. Published May 30, 2017. Accessed November 4, 2018. https://youtu. be/46ZXl-V4qwY www.omniglot.com www.dictionaries.com www.ancientscript.com www.projectrho.com www.latin-dictionary.net www.wordnet.com Carrier, Richard. 2015. The Sciences in Ancient Greece & Rome: How Far Did They Get?. Wonderfest Science. Published www.britannica.com www.wikipedia.com www.meriam-webster.com 54 Apr 30, 2015. Accessed November 3, 2018. https://youtu.be/Iq_E2R_hvTY 55 XV .1. IMAGES AND DRAWINGS Jackson, Donald. 1980. Alphabet: The Story of Writing. Published Oct 27, 2014. Accessed August 15, 2018. https://youtu. be/7IUBglyvt8o. #1 - Illustration by the author. Digital calligraphy reproduction. https://wileyearthpages.files.wordpress.com/2018/02/ neanderthal-art.jpg Kaku, Michio. 2011. Big Think: The Universe Is a Symphony of Vibrating Strings. Published May 31, 2011. Accessed May #2 - Illustration by the author. Digital calligraphy reproduction. Coulmas, 1999. p420 29, 2018. https://youtu.be/fW6JFKgbAF4. #3 - Illustration by the author. Digital calligraphy reproduction. http://emojipedia.org/people/ #4 - Illustration by the author. Digital reproduction. https://vayager.jpl.nasa.gov/golden-record/golden-record-cover/ National Geographic. 2018. Cave Art 101. National Geographic. Published Apr 15, 2018. Accessed October 3, 2018. #5 - Illustration by the author. Digital reproduction. Finke, 1965. p32 https://youtu.be/ZjejoT1gFOc #6 - Illustration by the author. Digital calligraphy reproduction. Parkinson, 2006; Budge, 1904. p45 #7 - Illustration by the author. Digital calligraphy reproduction. Bjorksten, 1994; Ames, 1993. p170 Palisoc, Randy. 2014. Math isn’t hard, it’s a language. TEDx Talks. Published Dec 5, 2014. Accessed November 10, 2018. #8 - Illustration by the author. Digital calligraphy reproduction. http://www.omniglot.com/chinese/evolution.htm https://youtu.be/V6yixyiJcos #9 - Illustration by the author. Digital calligraphy reproduction. Johns, 1903; Harper, 1904. plate LVII #10 - Illustration by the author. Digital calligraphy reproduction. Jackson, 1980. min21:02 Perrin, Christopher. 2018. What are the Seven Liberal Arts?. Classical Academic Press. Published Nov 2, 2018. Accessed #11 - Illustration by the author. Digital reproduction. Carrier, 2015. min12:41 November 11, 2018. https://youtu.be/4Ju4aL2WR2E #12 - Illustration by the author. Digital calligraphy reproduction. Jackson, 1980. min36:10 #13 - Illustration by the author. Digital calligraphy reproduction. Jackson, 1980. min20:00 #14 - Illustration by the author. Digital calligraphy reproduction. Lundy, 2017. p49; Coulmas, 1999. p359 56 57 (Title of the thesis)

By

(Author)..

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor in XXX

At Berlin International University of Applied Sciences

The author hereby grants Berlin International University of Applied Sciences (BIU) permission to place this thesis in the library, reproduce and distribute copies of this thesis, in whole or in part, for educational purposes.

Any original of the thesis will not be available for borrowing.

The author hereby Legally declares that he/she has completely written the attached thesis on their own and has not used any other tools than those explicitly mentioned in it. In all instances where the author has borrowed content created by other authors, either directly or in paraphrase, it has been explicitly marked in the thesis as such.

This thesis has not been presented, fully or in part, to another examination authority, or been published anywhere.

(The above declaration has legal value both internally at Berlin International University and externally under German public law as an ,,Eidesstattliche Erkl5rung".)

Signature of the Author:

Date of Submission: ...2\ THE CONTEMPORARY CLASSIFICATION OF WRITING SYSTEMS DARIUS GEORGE WENZECK MMXIX Genesis IV

Whenever a scientist has an Evrika moment, It can be observed that his urge to fill an empty blackboard whit mathematical states of equality or to start writing the poem be- tween two constants, is on the same level of passion as a master painter decoding, on the empty canvas, his sequencing of ink, color and brushes. Is the same passion in which life is given to a story through beautifully, V concise and precise written representations.

The pages that follow show our writing capa- bilities used to communicate on all levels.

THIS IS NOT MATHEMATICS , THIS IS NOT LINGUISTICS . THIS IS MIND DESIGN CONCERNING WRITING ! “The true sign of intelligence is not knowledge but imagination.”

ALBERT EINSTEIN RED DOT LINE

VIII

CAVE ART Spain: Maltravieso cave.

Geometrical, non-figurative design. Dating 64,800 years ago. (uranium-thorium method) IX TRANSLATION : unknown

Interpreted to be a ladder shaped symbol, depicting red dots, vertical and horizontal lines.

Predates the arrival of modern humans to Europe by at leat 20,000 years. Made by Neaderthals. THE OX

X

XI

CAVE ART Indonesia: Lubang Jeriji Saléh cave

TRANSLATION : depiction of a bull

Oldest known figurative painting. Dating 40,000 (to 52,000) years old. (uranium-thorium method) BA ’ ALAT

XII

PROTO WRITING XIII Palestine: Sinaic peninsula.

TRANSLATION : unknown

Assumed to represent the name of the Canaanite goddess Ba’alat.

Varieties of proto-Sinaitic inscriptions Dating 3rd millenium BC, Bronz Age. BUCHSTABEN “ P ”

XIV

XV

PICTOGRAM

Hand made Initial: 16th century AD.

TRANSLATION : Letter “P” depicting a woman in the antic style of Velificatio movement. Original press plate by Giuseppe Maria Mitteli in “Alphabets in Dream” 1683 AD. EMOTIONS

XVI

IDEOGRAMS

Emoji: depicting feelings symbolism on the World Wide Web. XVII

TRANSLATION : from top to bottom: Grinning Face, Slightly Smiling Face, Neutral Face, Dissapointed Face.

Every Emoji represents an idea, rather than a specific word. HELLO

XVIII

PICTOGRAMS depicted as diagrams on vinil record (The Golden Plate).

Interstellar message to any life form outside Terra boundries. 1977 AD: Voyager 1 Satelite.

TRANSLATION : •Binary code defining proper speed (3,6s/ro- tation) and Stylus cartrige to play the record. Elevation view, playing time ~1h. •Location of our Sun utilizig 14 pulsars. The binary code defines the frequency of the pulses •General appearence of wave form of video XIX signals. Time of the scan ~8ms •Scan triggering. •Video image frame showing direction of scan: 512 vertical lines per complete pic- tures. •The first image appears as a circle if properly decoded. •Fundamental clock reference based on the two lowest states of the hydrogen atom. XX Lingua

LOGOGRAPHIC SYLLABIC ALPHABETIC XXI XXII

Logographic

LINGUA XXIII UNAS

XXIV

HIEROGLYPHS Fragment from the poem “Unas the slayer and eater of the Gods”. Original carving: inside the pyramid of Unas - cca 2400 BC, Egypt.

TRANSLATION : 1904 English “Poureth down water heven, tremble the stars, | Go about the bow-bearers, quake | The bones of Aker, those beneath them take the flight when they see | Unas rising as a soul like a god who liveth XXV upon his fathers and feedeth | Upon his mothers. Unas this is the lord of wisdom”

Note: the 1904 English translation is using different verbs termination: Poureth, Liveth, Feedeth (Poured, Lived, Fed) showcasing the development of English in the last century. HORSE

XXVI

KANJI The development of the pictogram for Horse from proto-writing symbol to modern day logogram of the Chinese script.

TRANSLATION : script development: from top to bottom

Oracle bone script, Bronze script, Large Seal script, Small Seal script, XXVII Clerical script, Standard script (Han Dinasty 207 BC), Running script, Draft script, Simplyfied script.

Note: the Simplyfied script was adopted by the People’s Republic of China in 1949 AD, with the purpose to eradicate illiteracy. THE COMMANDER

XXVIII

KANJI Fragment from the strategical Sun Tzu dis- cusses - The Art of Warface. Original text : The Commander (6th century BC).

TRANSLATION : “The traits of the true commander are: wis- dom, humanity, respect, integrity, courage, and dignity. With his wisdom he humbles the enemy, with his humanity he draws the people near to him, with his respect he recruits men of talent and character, with his integrity he makes good on his rewards, with his courage he raises the morale of his men, and with his dignity he unifies his command. Thus, if he humbles his enemy, he is able to take advantage of changing circumstances; if the people are close to him, they will be of XXIX a mind to go to battle in earnest; if he em- ploys men of talent and wisdom, his secret plans will work; if his rewards and punish- ments are invariably honored, his men will give their all; if the morale and courage of his troops is heightened, they will of themselves be increasingly martial and intimidating; if his command is unified, the men will serve their commander alone.” XXX

Syllabic

LINGUA XXXI EYES

XXXII

CUNEIFORM Law no. 196, coloumn 33, line 45 to 49 from the Code of Hammurabi, Mesopotamia 1754 BC. Original writing on the Stele of Hammu- rabi, preserved at Louve, Paris.

TRANSLATION :

Syllabaries pronunciation 45 sum-ma a-wi-lum 46 i-in mftr a-wi-lim 47 ulj-tab-bi-it XXXIII 48 i-in-su 49 u-ba-ap-pa-du

English translation “If a man puts out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out.”

An eye for an eye - mainstream culture trigger. OxRoad XXXIV PART - ONE

XXXV

LETTER DEVELOPMENT

Development of the Ox symbol from pictorial proto writing to the Latin letter shape of A. XXXVI

Alphabetic

LINGUA XXXVII S . P . Q . R

XXXVIII

LATIN ALPHABET senatvs popvlvsqve romanvs imp caesari divi nervae f nervae Serif letters carved on the base of the Tra- jan’s Column (COLVMNA TRAIANI) - Victory traiano avg germ dacico pontif Column. Rome, Italy 107 AD. maximo trib pot xvii imp vi cos vi p p

TRANSLATION : ad declarandvum qvantae altitvdinis mons et locvs tantis operibvs sit The Senate and the People of Rome To the Emperor Caesar Nerva Trajan Augus- egestvs tus, son of Nerva of blessed memory, Conqueror in Germany and Dacia, High XXXIX Priest, vested with the Tribunician power 17 times, proclaimed Imperator 6 times, Father of the Nation: As an illustration of the height which this hill and place attained, Now removed for such great works as these.

Note: the Latin text is composed of a series of abbreviations. SMALLCAPS

XL

XLI

STYLE

Development from the capital letters of Rome to a more easier way of writing books with the Latin script. Latin Users XLII ABENAKI, ABUI, ACHANG, ACEHNESE, ACHUMAWI, ACHERON, ACHI, ACHOLI, ACHUAR-SHIWIAR, ADAIZAN, ADAMAUA FULFULDE, ADZERA, AFAAN OROMO, AFAR, AFRIKAANS, AGUARUNA, A-HMAO, AHTNA, AINU, AJA, AJIË, AKAN, AKLAN, AKURIO, ALABAMA, ALBANIAN, ALEUT, ALGONQUIN, ALSATIAN, ALTAY, ALUR, ALUTIIQ, ALYUTOR, AMAHUACA, AMARAKAERI, AMARASI, AMELE, AMIS, ANDOA, ANGAMI, ANUKI, ANUTAN, APACHE, APMA, ARABELA, ARAGONESE, ARAKI, ARANESE, ARAPAHO, ARAWAK, ARBËRESH, ARE, ARIKARA, ARINGA, AROMANIAN, ARRERNTE, ARVANITIC, ASHÁNINKA, ASHÉNINKA, ASSINIBOINE, ASTURIAN, ATAYAL, ATIKAMEKW, ATONG, ’AUHELAWA, AVOKAYA, AWARA, AWING, AYMARA, AZERI, BABINE-WITSUWIT’EN, BAI, BAKA, BALANGAO, BAMBARA, BANDIAL, BANIWA, BAOULÉ, BARAI, BARI, BARIBA, BARTANGI, BASHKIR, BASQUE, BASSA, BAVARIAN, BEAVER, BELARUSIAN, BELI, BEMBA, BET- AWI, BIETE, BIKOL, BILOXI, BISLAMA, BLACKFOOT, BLAGAR, BOKAR, BOLINAO, BONGO, BORA, BOUYEI, BRAHUI, BRETON, BUGIS, BUHUTU, BULU, BUNDJALUNG, BUNUN, BURUSHASKI, BUSA, BUSHI, CADDO, CALUYANON, CANDOSHI-SHAPRA, CAPE VERDEAN CREOLE, CAQUINTE, CASIGURAN DUMAGAT AGTA, CATALAN, CAYUGA, CEBUANO, CENTRAL SINAMA, CHAMORRO, CHANG, CHA’PALAA(CHI), CHAVACANO, CHECHEN, CHEYENNE, CHINAN- TECO, CIMBRIAN, CHICHEWA, CHICKASAW, CHILCOTIN, CHINOOK, CHIPEWYAN, CHIPPEWA, CHIQUIHUITLÁN MAZATEC, CHITIMACHA, CHIWERE, CHOCTAW, CHOKWE, CH’OL, CHRAU, CHUUKESE, COCOPAH, COEUR D’ALENE, COFÁN, COMANCHE, COMORIAN, COMOX, CORA, CORNISH, CORSICAN, CREEK, CROATIAN, CROW, CUBEO, CUYONON, CYPRIOT ARABIC, CZECH, DAGAARE, DAGBANI, DALMATIAN, DANE-ZAA (BEAVER), DANISH, DANANSHAN MIAO, DAUR, DAWAN, DAZA, DEG XINAG, DENA’INA, DENGEBU, DHAO, DHOLUO, DIGARO MISHMI, DINKA, DITIDAHT, DOMARI, DONGOTONO, DREHU, DUALA, DUSUN, DUTCH, EDO, EFIK, ELFDALIAN, EMILIAN-ROMAGNOL, ENGLISH, ENINDHILYAGWA, ESPERANTO, ESTONIAN, EWE, EWONDO, EXTREMADURAN, EYAK, FALA, FANAGALO, FANG, FAROESE, FIJIAN, FIJI HINDI, FINNISH, FLEMISH, FOLKSPRAAK, FON, FOX, FRANCO-PROVENÇAL, FRENCH, FRENCH GUIANESE CREOLE, FRISIAN, FRIULIAN, FULA(NI), FUR, FUTUNAN, GA, GAGAUZ, GALICIAN, GALLO, GALOLI, GAMILARAAY, GANDA, GARIFUNA, GARO, GAWWADA, GEN, GENOESE, GERMAN, GITXSAN, GONJA, GOONIYANDI, GOTTS- CHEERISH, GREENLANDIC, GRIKO, GUADELOUPEAN CREOLE, GUAMBIANO, GUANANO, GUARANI, GUAYMÍ, GUERNÉSIAIS, GUGADJA/KUKATJA, GUINEA-BISSAU CREOLE, GWERE, GWICH’IN, HAIDA, HAISLA, HAITIAN CREOLE, HALKOMELEM, HÄN, HANI, HAUSA, HAWAIIAN, HERERO, HIDATSA, HILIGAYNON, HIXKARYANA, HMAR, HMONG DAU, HMONG NJAU, HMU, HO-CHUNK / WINNEBAGO, HOPI, HUAMBISA, HUNGARIAN, HUASTECO, HUICHOL. HUNSRIK, HUPA, IBAN, IBIBIO, ICELANDIC, IDO, IDU MISHMI, IFUGAO, IGBO, IKIZU, ILOKO, INARI SAAMI, INDONESIAN, INGRIAN, INTERGLOSSA, INTERLINGUA, INTERSLAVIC, IÑUPIAQ, IRISH, ISHKASHIMI, ISNAG, ISTRIOT, ITALIAN, IU MIEN, IVATAN, IVILYUAT / CAHUILLA, IXIL, JAMAICAN, JAMINJUNG, JAQARU, JARAI, JAVANESE, JÈRRIAIS (JERSEY NORMAN FRENCH), JICARILLA, JINGULU, JITA, JOLA-FONYI, JRU’, JUHURI, JUR MODO, KABIYE, KABYLE, KADAZANDUSUN, KA- DUGLI, KAGAYANEN, KAINGANG, KAIWÁ, KAKABAI, KALA LAGAW YA, KAM, KAMBARI, KANASI, KANGA, KANINUWA, KANURI, KAPAMPANGAN, KAPINGAMARANGI, KAQCHIKEL, KARAIM, KARAKALPAK, KARAMOJONG, KARBI, KARELIAN, KARUK, KASEM, KASHAYA, KASHIBO, KASHINAWA, KASHUBIAN, KAURNA, KAWAIISU, KAZAKH, KEIGA, KELIKO, KET, KHAKAS, KHASI, KHOEKHOE, KHUFI, KI’CHE’, KICHWA, KICKAPOO, KIKUYU, KINARAY-A, KINYARWANDA, KIRIBATI, KIRUNDI, KITUBA, KLALLAM, KLAMATH, KOASATI, KOM, KOMO, KONGO, KONJO, KONKANI, KOTI, KOVE, KOYUKON, KRI, KRONGO, KUMYK, KUNA, KUOT, KUPA, KURDISH, KURTI, KVEN, LAALAA, LADIN, LAHU, LAMPUNG, LATIN, LATINO SINE FLEXIONE, LATGALIAN, LATVIAN, LEDO KAILI, LINGALA, LINGUA FRANCA NOVA, LIGURIAN, LIMBA, LIMBURGISH, LITHUANIAN, LIVONIAN, LLANITO, LOJBAN, LOMBARD, LOPIT, LOTE, LOTUKO, LOW GERMAN, LOKOYA, LOZI, LUG- XLIII BARA, LUISEÑO, LULE SÁMI, LUMUN, LUOBOHE MIAO, LUSHOOTSEED, LUXEMBOURGISH, MAASAI, MACHIGUENGA, MA’DI, MADURESE, MAKASARESE, MAKONDE, MAKHUWA, MALAGASY, MALAY, MALTESE, MAM, MANADO MALAY, MANDAN, MANDAR, MANDINKA, MANGGARAINESE, MANINKA, MANKANYA, MANX, MAORE, MĀORI, MAPUCHE, MARANAO, MARBA, MARSHALLESE, MASBATEÑO, MASHAN MIAO, MASKELYNES, MASSACHUSETT, MATO, MAURITIAN CREOLE, MAZAHUA, MAZATEC, MATIGSALUG, MBULA, MBUM, MEGLENO-ROMANIAN, MENOMINEE, MERIAM MIR, MESCALERO-CHIRICAHUA, MIAMI, MICHIF, MIKASUKI, MI’KMAQ, MIJU, MINANGKABAU, MIRANDESE, MISKITO, MIX- TEC, MIZO, MÒCHENO, MOHAWK, MOHEGAN, MONÉGASQUE, MONGUOR, MONO, MONTAGNAIS, MONTENEGRIN, MORIORI, MOROKODO, MORU, MOSSI, MOTU, MUALANG, MUNA, MUNDARI, MUNSEE, MUONG, MURRINH-PATHA, MURUI HUITOTO, MUTSUN, MWOTLAP, NAGAMESE, NAHUATL, NANTI, NARIM, NASKAPI, NATCHEZ, NAURUAN, NAVAJO, NAXI, NDEBELE (NORTHERN - SOUTH AFRICA), NDEBELE (NORTHERN - ZIMBABWE), NDEBELE (SOUTHERN), NDRUMBEA, NEAPOLITAN, NEGIDAL, NENETS, NGIYAMBAA, NHEENGATU, NIAS, NISGA’A, NIUEAN, NKORE, NOBIIN, NOMATSIGUENGA, NOON, NOONGAR, NORFUK, NORN, NORWEGIAN, NORTH FRISIAN, NORTH SLAVEY, NORTH- ERN PAIUTE, NORTHERN POMO, NORTHERN SÁMI, NORTHERN SOTHO, NOVIAL, NUER, NUNGGUBUYU, NUPE, NUU-CHAH-NULTH (NOOTKA), NUXALK, NYOLE, NZEMA, OCCIDENTAL, OCCITAN, OKINAWAN, OLU’BO, ONONDA- GA, O’ODHAM, OMAHA, ONEIDA, OLD NORSE, OROQEN, OROSHOR, OSHIWAMBO, OSSETIAN, OTOMI, OTTAWA, PAAKANTYI, PAAMA, PÁEZ, PAICÎ, PAIWAN, PALAUAN, PALENQUERO, PANGASINAN, PAPIAMENTO, PARAUJUANO, PAWNEE, PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN, PICARD, PIEDMONTESE, PIJIN, PINYIN, PIPIL, PIRAHÃ, PITE SÁMI, PITJANTJATJARA, POCHURI, POHNPEIAN, POLISH, POMO (CENTRAL), POMO (EASTERN), POMO (SOUTHERN), PONTIC GREEK, XLIV Trivium

ARITHMETIC GEOMETRY MUSIC XLV OxRoad XLVI PART - TWO

XLVII

NUMBER DEVELOPMENT

Development of the Ox symbol from pictorial proto–writing to the Semitic first letter. It was used also for epiction of the first number (number sequence), refined further until today’s arabic One. “All Things Are Number. ”

PYTHAGORAS L

Arithmetic

TRIVIUM LI MATRIX DEV .

LII

NUMBERS Symbols to represent Quatities. The NOUNS of Mathematical language.

Earliest forms of numbers system used, from antiquity and medieval period until the full development of the arabic decimal system used today.

NOTATIONS : columns, from left to right: LIII Egyptian Cuneiform Chinese Maya Phonecian Greek Hebrew Arabic Today’s system MARK OF THE BEAST

LIV

NUMEROLOGY

666 is the numerical value for Nero Caesar (Kaisar Neron - Roman leader around the time of the writing of the Bible) in Hebew language (original language used to write the Bible texts).

TRANSLATE :

“This calls for wisdom: let the one who has understanding calculate the number of the beast, for it is the number of a man, and his number is SIX HUNDRED AND SIXTY - SIX . “ (Revelation 13:18)

from right to left: LV

Nun: 50 Resh: 200 Wav: 6 Nun: 50 Quph: 100 Samekh: 60 Resh: 200 Total: 666 666 NUMBERING

LVI

CALCULATE

The four basic arithmetic operations LVII symbols. Action Symbols – the VERBS in the Mathematical language.

SYMBOLISM :

Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division LVIII

Geometry

TRIVIUM LIX PYTHAGORAS

LX

RELATION NUMBERS IN SPACE

Pythagoras Theorem for calculation involing a right-angle triangle. (~6th century BC) A fundamental calculation for the study of geometry, used in calculating distances between forms.

TRANSLATION :

“In right-angled triangles, the square on the side subtending the right-angle is equal to the (sum of the) squares on the sides con- LXI taining the right-angle.” (Euclid’s Elements: 1885 ed.)

FORMULA : a2 + b2 = c2

a2 side containing–cateto (leg) b2 side containing–cateto (leg) c2 side subtending–hypotenuse TRIGONOMETRY

LXII

MEASURE

Trigonometry is all about triangles. based on the Theorem of Pitagora, trigonometry calculates the relatiions of all triagles with an extend interest in LXIII the right-angle triangle.

TRANSLATION :

Given a triagle with the angle alpha, oppos- ing to the right-angle, with the hypothenuse of 1, the sides containing the right-angle are called sine of alpha (opposite) and cosine of alpha (adjacent). LUNAR DISTANCE

LXIV

MEASUREMENT

Geometric calculation of the distance between Earth and Moon. Claudius Ptolemy 100 AD.

TRANSLATION : center to center the dis- tance equals b+m, 59 earth’s radii (actual distance 56 to 63 earth’s radii). Based on his early calculations of the size and sphe- ricity of the Earth, writing and solving some trigonometric equation, observed during mid–lunar eclipse, Ptolemy was able to de- termine the lunar distance almost accuratly LXV (with the help of a stick, a rope and a plumb) compared to today’s telescopes and laser– beam–photon refractions.

Note: The model used by Ptolemy shows the Earth to be the center of the Solar system opposed to the Heliocentric model that is used today, but the maths involved gives always the same result. PLATONIC SOLIDS

LXVI

PERFECT FORMS

3d–shapes where every face is the same regular polygon (equilateral triangle, square, regular pentagon).

TRANSLATION : from top to bottom:

Tetrahedron Cube Octahedron Dodecahedron LXVII Icosahedron

Note: there are only five platonic solids since our vision is 3d constructed but with the help of mathematics it was determined other perfect solids that resides in higher dimmen- sions, thus is imposible to perceive them because of our anatomy limitation to only 3 dimensions. LXVIII

Music

TRIVIUM LXIX RHYTHM

LXX

ACOUSTICS NUMBERS IN TIME

Asturias (Leyenda) Musical masterpiece by Isaac Albéniz 1892 AD. The music sheet is composed of com- plex notation that, if played properly, iconic vibrations are emerging. Dificult both is per- forming, the suite is played at a solo guitar LXXI without other acoustical influences.

TRANSLATION : LXXII Sciencia

MATHEMATICS PHYSICS CHEMISTRY LXXIII LXXIV

Mathematics

SCIENCIA LXXV 2178309 27777890035288 3524578 44945570212853 0 5702887 72723460248141 1 9227465 117669030460994 1 14930352 190392490709135 2 24157817 308061521170129 LXXVI 3 39088169 498454011879264 5 63245986 806515533049393 8 102334155 1304969544928657 13 165580141 2111485077978050 21 267914296 3416454622906707 34 433494437 5527939700884757 55 701408733 8944394323791464 89 1134903170 14472334024676221 144 1836311903 23416728348467685 233 2971215073 37889062373143906 377 4807526976 61305790721611591 610 7778742049 99194853094755497 987 12586269025 160500643816367088 1597 20365011074 259695496911122585 2584 32951280099 420196140727489673 4181 53316291173 679891637638612258 6765 86267571272 1100087778366101931 10946 139583862445 1779979416004714189 17711 225851433717 2880067194370816120 LXXVII 28657 365435296162 4660046610375530309 46368 591286729879 7540113804746346429 75025 956722026041 12200160415121876738 121393 1548008755920 19740274219868223167 196418 2504730781961 31940434634990099905 317811 4052739537881 51680708854858323072 514229 6557470319842 83621143489848422977 832040 10610209857723 135301852344706746049 1346269 17167680177565 218922995834555169026 3, 1 4 1 5 9 2 6 5 3 5 8 9 7 9 3 2 3 8 4 6 2 6 4 3 3 8 3 2 7 9 5 0 2 8 8 4 1 9 7 1 6 9 3 9 9 3 7 5 1 0 5 8 2 0 9 7 4 9 4 4 5 9 2 3 0 7 8 1 6 4 0 6 2 8 6 2 0 8 9 9 8 6 2 8 0 3 4 8 2 5 3 4 2 1 1 7 0 6 7 9 8 2 1 4 8 0 8 6 5 1 3 2 8 2 3 0 6 6 4 7 0 9 3 8 4 4 6 0 9 5 5 0 5 8 2 2 3 1 7 2 5 3 5 9 4 0 8 1 2 8 4 8 1 1 1 7 4 5 0 2 8 4 1 0 2 7 0 1 9 3 8 5 2 1 1 0 5 5 5 9 6 4 4 6 2 2 9 4 8 9 5 4 9 3 0 3 8 1 9 6 4 4 2 8 8 1 0 9 7 5 6 6 5 9 3 3 4 4 6 1 2 8 4 7 5 6 4 8 2 3 3 7 8 6 7 8 3 1 6 5 2 7 1 2 0 1 9 0 9 1 4 5 6 4 8 5 6 6 9 2 3 4 6 0 3 4 8 6 1 0 4 5 4 3 2 6 6 4 8 2 1 3 3 9 3 6 0 7 2 6 0 2 4 9 1 4 1 2 7 3 7 2 4 5 8 7 0 0 6 6 0 6 3 1 5 5 8 8 1 7 4 8 8 1 5 2 0 9 2 0 9 6 2 8 2 9 2 5 4 0 9 1 7 1 5 3 6 4 3 6 7 8 9 2 5 9 0 3 6 0 0 1 1 3 3 0 5 3 0 5 4 8 8 2 0 4 6 6 5 2 1 3 8 4 1 4 6 9 5 1 9 4 1 5 1 1 6 0 9 4 3 3 0 5 7 LXXVIII 2 7 0 3 6 5 7 5 9 5 9 1 9 5 3 0 9 2 1 8 6 1 1 7 3 8 1 9 3 2 6 1 1 7 9 3 1 0 5 1 1 8 5 4 8 0 7 4 4 6 2 3 7 9 9 6 2 7 4 9 5 6 7 3 5 1 8 8 5 7 5 2 7 2 4 8 9 1 2 2 7 9 3 8 1 8 3 0 1 1 9 4 9 1 2 9 8 3 3 6 7 3 3 6 2 4 4 0 6 5 6 6 4 3 0 8 6 0 2 1 3 9 4 9 4 6 3 9 5 2 2 4 7 3 7 1 9 0 7 0 2 1 7 9 8 6 0 9 4 3 7 0 2 7 7 0 5 3 9 2 1 7 1 7 6 2 9 3 1 7 6 7 5 2 3 8 4 6 7 4 8 1 8 4 6 7 6 6 9 4 0 5 1 3 2 0 0 0 5 6 8 1 2 7 1 4 5 2 6 3 5 6 0 8 2 7 7 8 5 7 7 1 3 4 2 7 5 7 7 8 9 6 0 9 1 7 3 6 3 7 1 7 8 7 2 1 4 6 8 4 4 0 9 0 1 2 2 4 9 5 3 4 3 0 1 4 6 5 4 9 5 8 5 3 7 1 0 5 0 7 9 2 2 7 9 6 8 9 2 5 8 9 2 3 5 4 2 0 1 9 9 5 6 1 1 2 1 2 9 0 2 1 9 6 0 8 6 4 0 3 4 4 1 8 1 5 9 8 1 3 6 2 9 7 7 4 7 7 1 3 0 9 9 6 0 5 1 8 7 0 7 2 1 1 3 4 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 3 7 2 9 7 8 0 4 9 9 5 1 0 5 9 7 3 1 7 3 2 8 1 6 0 9 6 3 1 8 5 9 5 0 2 4 4 5 9 4 5 5 3 4 6 9 0 8 3 0 2 6 4 2 5 2 2 3 0 8 2 5 3 3 4 4 6 8 5 0 3 5 2 6 1 9 3 1 1 8 8 1 7 1 0 1 0 0 0 3 1 3 7 8 3 8 7 5 2 8 8 6 5 8 7 5 3 3 2 0 8 3 8 1 4 2 0 6 1 7 1 7 7 6 6 9 1 4 7 3 0 3 5 9 8 2 5 3 4 9 0 4 2 8 7 5 5 4 6 8 7 3 1 1 5 9 5 6 2 8 6 3 8 8 2 3 5 3 7 8 7 5 9 3 7 5 1 9 5 7 7 8 1 8 5 7 7 8 0 5 3 2 1 7 1 2 2 6 8 0 6 6 1 3 0 0 1 9 2 7 8 7 6 6 1 1 1 9 5 9 0 9 2 1 6 4 2 0 1 9 8 9 3 8 0 9 5 2 5 7 2 0 1 0 6 5 4 8 5 8 6 3 2 7 8 8 6 5 9 3 6 1 5 3 3 8 1 8 2 7 9 6 8 2 3 0 3 0 1 9 5 2 0 3 5 3 0 1 8 5 2 9 6 8 9 9 5 7 7 3 6 2 2 5 9 9 4 1 3 8 9 1 2 4 9 7 2 1 7 7 5 2 8 3 4 7 9 1 3 1 5 1 5 5 7 4 8 5 7 2 4 2 4 5 4 1 5 0 6 9 5 9 5 0 8 2 9 5 3 3 1 1 6 8 6 1 7 2 7 8 5 5 8 8 9 0 7 5 0 9 8 3 8 1 7 5 4 6 3 7 4 6 4 9 3 9 3 1 9 2 5 5 0 6 0 4 0 0 9 2 7 7 0 1 6 7 1 1 3 9 0 0 9 8 4 8 8 2 4 0 1 2 8 5 8 3 6 1 6 0 3 5 6 3 7 0 7 6 6 0 1 0 4 7 1 0 1 8 1 9 4 2 9 5 5 5 9 6 1 9 8 9 4 6 7 6 7 8 3 7 4 4 9 4 4 8 2 5 5 3 7 9 7 7 4 7 2 6 8 4 7 1 0 4 0 4 7 5 3 4 6 4 6 2 0 8 0 4 6 6 8 4 2 5 9 0 6 9 4 9 1 2 9 3 3 1 3 6 7 7 0 2 8 9 8 9 1 5 2 1 0 4 7 5 2 1 6 2 0 5 6 9 6 6 0 2 4 0 5 8 0 3 8 1 5 0 1 9 3 5 1 1 2 5 3 3 8 2 4 3 0 0 3 5 5 8 7 6 4 0 2 4 7 4 9 6 4 7 3 2 6 3 9 1 4 1 9 9 2 7 2 6 0 4 2 6 9 9 2 2 7 9 6 7 8 2 3 5 4 7 8 1 6 3 6 0 0 9 3 4 1 7 2 1 6 4 1 2 1 9 9 2 4 5 8 6 3 1 5 0 3 0 2 8 6 1 8 2 9 7 4 5 5 5 7 0 6 7 4 9 8 3 8 5 0 5 4 9 4 5 8 8 5 8 6 9 2 6 9 9 5 6 9 0 9 2 7 2 1 0 7 9 7 5 0 9 3 0 2 9 5 5 3 2 1 1 6 5 3 LXXIX 4 4 9 8 7 2 0 2 7 5 5 9 6 0 2 3 6 4 8 0 6 6 5 4 9 9 1 1 9 8 8 1 8 3 4 7 9 7 7 5 3 5 6 6 3 6 9 8 0 7 4 2 6 5 4 2 5 2 7 8 6 2 5 5 1 8 1 8 4 1 7 5 7 4 6 7 2 8 9 0 9 7 7 7 7 2 7 9 3 8 0 0 0 8 1 6 4 7 0 6 0 0 1 6 1 4 5 2 4 9 1 9 2 1 7 3 2 1 7 2 1 4 7 7 2 3 5 0 1 4 1 4 4 1 9 7 3 5 6 8 5 4 8 1 6 1 3 6 1 1 5 7 3 5 2 5 5 2 1 3 3 4 7 5 7 4 1 8 4 9 4 6 8 4 3 8 5 2 3 3 2 3 9 0 7 3 9 4 1 4 3 3 3 4 5 4 7 7 6 2 4 1 6 8 6 2 5 1 8 9 8 3 5 6 9 4 8 5 5 6 2 0 9 9 2 1 9 2 2 2 1 8 4 2 7 2 5 5 0 2 5 4 2 5 6 8 8 7 6 7 1 7 9 0 4 9 4 6 0 1 6 5 3 4 6 6 8 0 4 9 8 8 6 2 7 2 3 2 7 9 1 7 8 6 0 8 5 7 8 4 3 8 3 8 2 7 9 6 7 9 7 6 6 8 1 4 5 4 1 0 0 9 5 3 8 8 3 7 8 6 3 6 0 9 5 0 6 8 0 0 6 4 2 2 5 1 2 5 2 0 5 1 1 7 3 9 2 9 8 4 8 9 6 0 8 4 1 2 8 4 8 8 6 2 6 9 4 5 6 0 4 2 4 1 9 6 5 2 8 5 0 2 2 2 1 0 6 6 1 1 8 6 3 0 6 7 4 4 2 7 8 6 2 2 0 3 9 1 9 4 9 4 5 0 4 7 1 2 3 7 1 3 7 8 6 9 6 0 9 5 6 3 6 4 3 7 1 9 1 7 2 8 7 4 6 7 7 6 4 6 5 7 5 7 3 9 6 2 4 1 3 8 9 0 8 6 5 8 3 2 6 4 5 9 9 5 8 1 3 3 9 0 4 7 8 0 2 7 5 9 0 0 9 9 4 6 5 7 6 4 0 7 8 9 5 1 2 6 9 4 6 8 3 9 8 3 5 2 5 9 5 7 LXXX

Physics

SCIENCIA LXXXI LXXXII

Chemistry

SCIENCIA LXXXIII SOUL ELEMENTS

LXXXIV

LIFE PERIODIC TABLE

Chemical components of life. In the red squares are the basic blocks for existance.

TRANSLATION :

96 % of the mass in every human body is made up of: Oxygen(65%), Carbon (18%), Hydrogen (10%) and Nitrogen (3%). Most of them react in form of water (primordial for life as we know it). Sulfur (0.25%) is foud in LXXXV only two amino acids (one is DNA - dezoxir- ibonucleic acid, responsable for the genetic instructions and growth). Carbon is the most abundent element in na- ture, and in poetical term, carbon is synonym with life - the biology is all carbon based. The other elements, the macronutrients are in a very tiny proportion but necessary for development (e.g. Calcium for bone density). LXXXVI

LXXXVII LXXXVIII Digitum

BINARY MARK _ UP COMPUTATION LXXXIX XC

Binary

DIGITUM XCI HAMLET O / I 01010100 01101111 00100000 01100010 01100101 00101100 00100000 01101111 01110010 00100000 01101110 01101111 01110100 00100000 01110100 01101111 00100000 01100010 01100101 00111111 00100000 00001101 00001010 01010100 01101000 01100001 01110100 00100000 01101001 01110011 00100000 01110100 01101000 01100101 00100000 01110001 01110101 01100101 01110011 01110100 01101001 01101111 01101110 11100010 10000000 10010100 00001101 00001010 01010111 01101000

XCII 01100101 01110100 01101000 01100101 01110010 00100000 11100010 10000000 10011001 01110100

BINARY 01101001 01110011 00100000 01101110 01101111 01100010 01101100 01100101 01110010 00100000 01101001 01101110 00100000 01110100 01101000 01100101 00100000 01101101 01101001 01101110 based on transistors, to open the fluctuation 01100100 00100000 00001101 00001010 01110100 01101111 00100000 01110011 01110101 01100110 of energy and to close it, every digitaly imput 01100110 01100101 01110010 00001101 00001010 01010100 01101000 01100101 00100000 01110011 is converted into binary. Then reconverted 01101100 01101001 01101110 01100111 01110011 00100000 01100001 01101110 01100100 00100000 into readable text, images, sounds, etc. The 00001101 00001010 01100001 01110010 01110010 01101111 01110111 01110011 00100000 01101111 system represents values using just two 01100110 00100000 01101111 01110101 01110100 01110010 01100001 01100111 01100101 01101111 symbols. 01110101 01110011 00100000 01100110 01101111 01110010 01110100 01110101 01101110 01100101 00101100 00001101 00001010 01001111 01110010 00100000 01110100 01101111 00100000 01110100

TRANSLATION : 01100001 01101011 01100101 00100000 01100001 01110010 01101101 01110011 00100000 01100001 01100111 01100001 01101001 01101110 01110011 01110100 00100000 00001101 00001010 01100001 “To be, or not to be? 00100000 01110011 01100101 01100001 00100000 01101111 01100110 00100000 01110100 01110010 That is the question— 01101111 01110101 01100010 01101100 01100101 01110011 00101100 00001101 00001010 01000001 Whether ’tis nobler in the mind 01101110 01100100 00101100 00100000 01100010 01111001 00100000 01101111 01110000 01110000 to suffer 01101111 01110011 01101001 01101110 01100111 00101100 00100000 01100101 01101110 01100100 The slings and 00100000 01110100 01101000 01100101 01101101 00111111 00100000 00001101 00001010 01010100 arrows of outrageous fortune, 01101111 00100000 01100100 01101001 01100101 00101100 00100000 01110100 01101111 00100000 Or to take arms against 01110011 01101100 01100101 01100101 01110000 11100010 10000000 10010100 00001101 00001010 XCIII a sea of troubles, 01001110 01101111 00100000 01101101 01101111 01110010 01100101 11100010 10000000 10010100 And, by opposing, end them? 00001101 00001010 01100001 01101110 01100100 00100000 01100010 01111001 00100000 01100001 To die, to sleep— 00100000 01110011 01101100 01100101 01100101 01110000 00100000 01110100 01101111 00100000 No more— 01110011 01100001 01111001 00100000 01110111 01100101 00100000 01100101 01101110 01100100 and by a sleep to say we end 00001101 00001010 01010100 01101000 01100101 00100000 01101000 01100101 01100001 01110010 The heartache and the thousand 01110100 01100001 01100011 01101000 01100101 00100000 01100001 01101110 01100100 00100000 natural shocks” 01110100 01101000 01100101 00100000 01110100 01101000 01101111 01110101 01110011 01100001 01101110 01100100 00100000 00001101 00001010 01101110 01100001 01110100 01110101 01110010 (William Shakespear: Hamlet, Act3, Scene1) 01100001 01101100 00100000 01110011 01101000 01101111 01100011 01101011 01110011 TELEGRAPHIC ...... - --- .-. -.-- /

.-- .. .-.. .-.. /

XCIV -... . /

-.- .. -. -.. / - --- /

-- . /

..-. --- .-. /

MORSE .. / Character encoding scheme used in tele- communication. Encodes text characters as standardized sequences of two different .. -. - . -. -.. / XCV signal durations: dots and dashes.

TRANSLATION : - --- /

“History will be kind to me for I intend to .-- .-. .. - . / write it.” (Winston S. Churchill)

Note: the foreward–slash (/) is the space .. - .-.-.- between the words of the text above. SENSORIAL

XCVI

BRAILLE

Characters in a 4×2 matrix. They are encoded as 8-bit binary number: XCVII the bit for a single position is 0 for flat and 1 for raised (printed braill books).

TRANSLATION :

“And those who were seen dancing were thought to be insane by those who could not hear the music.” (Friedrich Nietzsche) XCVIII

Mark–Up

DIGITUM XCIX C

Computation

DIGITUM CI IF / ELSE import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.HashMap; import java.util.Map;

j a v a p r o g r a m t o p r i n t f i b o n a c c i s e r i e s w i t h o u t u s i n g r e c u r s i o n . CII public class FibonacciSeriesWithoutRecursion { public static void main(String args[]) { // printing first 10 numbers of Fibonacci series fibonac- ci(10); } public static void fibonacci(int number){ for(int i=0; i <= number; i++){ System.out.print(getFibonacci(i) + “ “); } } GENERATE public static int getFibonacci(int n){ if (n == 0) { Java system used for digital computational return 0; } outputs, ranging from complex mathematical if (n == 1){ equations to cybernetics and programing. return 1; } int first = 0; TRANSLATION : int second = 1; int nth = 1; The Fibonnaci sequence based of the for (int i = 2; i <= n; i++) { mathematical formula that the sum of two nth = first + second; CIII numbers gives the third one. Used to gen- first = second; erate the string of numbers eliminating the second = nth; } tremendous time needed to calculate them return nth; by hand. The code will give as a result the } first 10 numbers in the sequece but if proper programed, it can generate numbers with- } out a phisical limit. There is no boundries as what computational languages can do, only Output : 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 our minds and how we create the code. TESSERACT

CIV

BEYOND OUR PERCEPTIONS

A Tesseract (hypercube) is a cube in the fourth dimmension. The image is generated by the Sage code (programing). 2011 AD.

TRANSLATION :

plot(graphs.CubeGraph(4), vertex_labels=- False, vertex_size=0) CV

INTERPRETATION :

A four-dimensional object, Bound by three-dimensional sides, Projected on a two-dimensional surface, Processed, in this exact moment, by ONE mind! “Education is not the learn- ing of facts, but the training of minds to think”

ALBERT EINSTEIN Odyssey CVIII

PERHAPS G RAVITY IS THE P EN OF P URPOSE WHO W RITES THE ETER - NAL MEANING OF LIFE , SHAPING OUR SOULS AND REALITY - THE P URPOSE CIX THAT IS ESTABLISHING ORDER IN THIS COMPLEX SEQUENCING OF EVENTS . THERE IS NO YOU , ME , OR THEY , WITHOUT THE P URPOSE , BUT ONLY SHADOWS FILLING THE GAPS FOR NATURAL SELECTION . THIS P URPOSE GIVES US THE ENERGY TO STRIVE AND SUCCEED AND TO DO MAJESTIC FEATS FOR A BETTER TOMORROW .