Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs-World Bank
Climate Smart Management of Grassland Ecosystems Project
Public Disclosure Authorized
Ethnic Minority Development Plan Public Disclosure Authorized
Public Disclosure Authorized
Public Disclosure Authorized Climate Smart Management of Grassland Ecosystems Project Management Office
August 2019
Contents 1. Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Project Objectives ...... 1 1.2 Components of the Project ...... 1 1.3 World Bank-Related Security Policy ...... 2 1.4 Principles for the Development of the Minority Development Plan ...... 2 1.5 Data and Information Sources for Minority Development Plan ...... 3 2. Laws and systems applicable to ethnic minorities ...... 3 2.1 The present policy of ethnic minorities in China ...... 4 2.1.1 Constitution of the People's Republic of China (promulgated in 1982, revised in 2018) ...... 4 2.1.2 Organization Law of the Villagers Committees of the People's Republic of China (1998) ...... 4 2.1.3 Regulations on Administrative Work in Ethnic Townships (1993) ...... 4 2.1.4 "13th Five-Year Plan" to Promote the Development of Ethnic Areas and Ethnic Minority (2016) ...... 4 2.2 World Bank Minority Policy ...... 5 3. The situation of ethnic minorities in the project area ...... 5 3.1 Population composition of each ethnic group in the project ...... 5 3.2 Economic, cultural and political characteristics of each ethnic group in the project area . 6 3.2.1 Mongolian ...... 6 3.2.2 Tibetan ...... 7 3.2.3 Hui ...... 8 3.2.4 Tu...... 8 3.3 Social and economic conditions of various ethnic groups in the project area ...... 9 3.1.1 Basic conditions of ethnic minorities ...... 9 3.3.2 Infrastructure Construction ...... 11 3.3.3 Income of ethnic minorities ...... 12 3.3.4 Poverty of ethnic minorities ...... 13 4. Analysis of the vulnerability and diversity of ethnic minorities ...... 14 4.1 Analysis of the vulnerability of ethnic minorities...... 14 4.1.1 The natural environment is fragile and the public infrastructure is imperfect...... 14 4.1.2 Single livelihood model, low ability to withstand economic risks ...... 14 4.1.3 Social vulnerability ...... 14 4.1.4 Low degree of organization...... 15 4.2 Differences in livelihoods among ethnic groups ...... 15 4.2.1 Mongolian ...... 15 4.2.2 Tibetans ...... 16 4.2.3 Hui ...... 16 4.2.4 Tu...... 17 4.2.5 Summary ...... 17 4.3 Gender Differences in Minority Livelihoods ...... 17 5. Based on free, prior and informed consultation ...... 19 5.1 Consultation framework ...... 20 5.2 Consultation method ...... 20 5.3 Information disclosure channels ...... 26 5.4 Grievance procedures ...... 27 5.5 Minority cognition of the project ...... 28 6. Social Impact Assessment ...... 30 6.1 The positive impact of the project on ethnic minorities ...... 31 6.2 Potential negative effects of the project on the development of ethnic minorities ...... 31 6.3 Mitigation measures for the adverse effects of the project on ethnic minorities ...... 33 7. Action Plan ...... 33 7.1 Implementing agency ...... 33 7.2 Implementation plan ...... 35 7.3 Program budget and source of funding ...... 35 7.4 Grievance mechanism ...... 36 8. Impact monitoring and evaluation ...... 37 8.1 Monitoring content ...... 37 8.2 Evaluation content ...... 37 8.3 Effectiveness of monitoring and evaluation ...... 38 8.4 Budget of monitoring and evaluation ...... 38
1. Introduction
This document is a proposed Minority Development Plan for the Climate Smart Grassland Ecosystem Management Project. The project is one of five sub-projects of the China-Global Environment Facility (GEF) Agricultural Sustainable Development Partnership Project. GEF provides approximately $3.77 million in grants and $25.5 million in domestic support. The project has a five-year implementation period from January 2020 to December 2024. The project is implemented by the World Bank and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs is the implementing partner of the project. As the project activity will be implemented in Moeller Town, Qilian County, Qinghai Province, where ethnic minorities live together and involve concentrated ethnic groups, the World Bank Guideline OP4.10 is triggered. It is necessary to prepare a minority development plan according to OP4.10, in order to better safeguard the rights and interests of ethnic minorities and promote the sharing of social development achievements by ethnic minorities.
1.1 Project Objectives
The project chooses Qilian county in Qinghai province to establish a demonstration area in the grassland ecosystem of the middle and upper reaches of Qilian-Heihe river basin in China, in order to provide demonstrations for technological innovation and policy adjustment of grassland animal husbandry and grassland ecosystems to cope with climate change. And provide demonstrations for the integration of efficient production models for grassland animal husbandry that are conducive to carbon sequestration. To improve the ability of grassland animal husbandry and ecosystems to withstand climate change, and promote the sustainable development of ecologically fragile pastoral areas that are sensitive to climate change and where ethnic minorities are concentrated, policies and capacity building for sustainable management of grassland ecosystems should be improved, evidence-based ecological compensation mechanisms and climate smart grassland ecosystem management demonstrations and knowledge management should be conducted.
1.2 Components of the Project
The project implementation includes three parts: 1) innovation and application of grassland management technology; 2) innovation based on empirical policy compensation mechanism; 3) knowledge and project activity management.
The report focuses on the first two components of the project, which will be implemented through the following main activities: grassland improvement, pest control, spring grazing, artificial grassland management, and captive feeding.
Component 1: Grassland management technology innovation and application. In order to solve the above-mentioned shortcomings in the practice of grassland management in Qilian County, this part will support grassland co-management innovation. Specifically, in Qilian County, the project will help selected herders establish formal or informal alliances to better manage their shared summer pastures and control winter pastures to graze during spring growth. To achieve these goals, herders will receive parallel financing support from existing government programs to improve fenced feeding facilities for herders and increase the productivity of winter pastures
1 through supplemental sowing. In addition, the project will support the capacity building of the herders’ group to better manage their animals and maximize their financial returns.
Component 2: Empirical evidence-based mechanism innovation. This section will rigorously assess the effectiveness of project activities. Based on the results of the assessment, the economic losses caused by the project intervention are calculated, and the herders who follow the grazing method advocated by the project are rewarded. This section will use innovative and low-cost technologies and equipment (satellite imaging, UAV measurement, camera monitoring, GPS tracking, remote data transmission, etc.) to provide reliable and timely monitoring results for the project area.
1.3 World Bank-Related Security Policy
According to the overall design of the project, the above activities will be implemented in 116 mutual groups in 27 natural villages of 6 administrative villages in Mole Town, Qilian County. The project will use 14 natural villages as project intervention villages, and the remaining 13 villages as control villages in the project area. Choosing three mutual help groups randomly (when the actual situation is less than 3 mutual aid groups, choose 2), each mutual group selects 4 households as project intervention households according to the project execution willingness and actual production situation, and actually selects 160 households as the project activity intervention households; in the control groups, 13 villages did not accept intervention, and the project was implemented at the herders level. In the first year of project implementation, the actual production situation of the herdsmen in the project area will be investigated, the baseline situation of the project area will be clarified, and various preparations will be made for the implementation of the project activities. In the second year, 160 selected households will be selected for project activities. Each herder plans to implement natural grassland no-tillage reseeding for 50 acres, and spring grazing fences for 300 acres, grassland planting and grassland planting management, and project household livestock nutrition management. All project activities are consistent. In order to facilitate the evaluation of the project implementation effect with the control household, the implementation of activities may lead to changes in land use and pastoralist livelihoods, which may adversely affect the livelihoods or the environment of ethnic communities. According to the results of the baseline survey and according to the World Bank OP / BP 4.10, the project involves ethnic minorities, so the minority plan is based on social evaluation and consultations with affected minority communities.
Based on social assessment and the results of free, prior and informed consultation, we want to confirm whether the affected minority communities will provide broad support for the project. If so, the project party shall prepare a detailed report on the minority development plan.
1.4 Principles for the Development of the Minority Development Plan
The formulation of Minority Development Plan should be flexible and pragmatic. The Minority Development Plan includes the following elements:
Laws and systems applicable to ethnic minorities;
Information about the demographic, social, cultural and political characteristics of the affected minority communities, the lands and territories traditionally owned, used or
2 occupied by ethnic minorities and the natural resources on which they depend;
Summary of social assessment;
Conduct free, prior and informed consultations with minority communities during the project preparation period to gain extensive community support for the project;
Develop a free, prior and informed framework for consultation with affected minority communities during the project implementation period;
Develop an action plan to ensure that minorities receive social and economic benefits that are culturally appropriate to avoid and minimize the adverse effects of the project;
Formulate procedures for minority community complaints that may arise from project implementation;
Develop a monitoring, evaluation, reporting mechanism and indicator system suitable for the implementation of minority development plan.
1.5 Data and Information Sources for Minority Development Plan
The main information in the report comes from the following four ways:
Source 1: Field research, including the investigation of the “Preparation Baseline Survey” of the World Bank and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs from July 13 to 25, 2018, in Qilian, Qinghai, and the baseline survey of the inspection team in Moeller Town, Qilian County from November 19 to 24, 2018;
Source 2: Depth interviews. From November 2018 to January 2019, interviews were conducted using WeChat, telephone and Wenjuanxing, including 19 community-level questionnaires and 74 herders’ questionnaires;
Source 3: The project team conducted rough information statistics from November to December 2018 for representatives of 6 administrative villages, 27 communities and 116 herders’ groups and more than 1,000 herders in Moeller Town, Qilian County;
Source 4: Relevant literature statistics, including statistics provided by local governments, and information about ethnic minorities obtained through online inquiries.
2. Laws and systems applicable to ethnic minorities
The Minority Development Plan of the project is based on the relevant national and local laws and regulations of the People's Republic of China and the World Bank's operational guidelines OP4.10. The purpose is to ensure that: a. The ethnic minorities affected by the project receive social and economic benefits in accordance with their cultural practices; b. In the case of determining the potential negative impact of the project on ethnic minorities, measures are taken to avoid, minimize or mitigate these negative effects, or compensate for these negative impacts. The legal system applicable to ethnic minorities and its main contents are as follows:
3 2.1 The present policy of ethnic minorities in China
China’s policies and regulations on ethnic minorities and World Bank’s focus on ethnic minorities are consistent: full respect for the dignity, power, economy and culture of ethnic minorities; attention to the equality and development of ethnic minorities, and pay special attention to the development of economic, social and cultural undertakings in order to safeguard the rights and interests of ethnic minorities and improve the social and economic status of ethnic minorities. Both China's policies and World Bank’s policies focus on public participation, free, prior and informed consultation and action plans for minority communities. Both China's policies and World Bank's policies emphasize the adoption of a series of measures to ensure that affected ethnic minorities receive social and economic benefits that are consistent with their cultural practices; and take measures to avoid, minimize and mitigate the potential impact on ethnic minorities.
2.1.1 Constitution of the People's Republic of China (promulgated in 1982, revised in 2018)
The state stipulates that all ethnic groups are equal, guarantees the legitimate rights and interests of ethnic minorities, helps ethnic minorities accelerate economic and cultural development, allows all ethnic groups to use and develop its own language, and maintain or reform its own customs and habits. Help ethnic minorities accelerate the development of economic construction and cultural construction from the aspects of finance, materials and technology. It is stipulated that in areas where ethnic minorities live in concentrated areas, the trials are conducted in the local language; indictments, judgments, notices and other documents use one or more of the local common words according to actual needs.
2.1.2 Organization Law of the Villagers Committees of the People's Republic of China (1998)
It is stipulated that among the members of the villagers' committee, there should be women members, and villages inhabited by multi-ethnic villagers should have members of a small number of ethnic groups. Except for those deprived of political rights, villagers who are 18 years of age or older have the right to vote and be elected regardless of nationality, race, gender, occupation, family origin, religious belief, education level, property status, and residence period.
2.1.3 Regulations on Administrative Work in Ethnic Townships (1993)
The regulations aim to protect the legitimate rights and interests of people in ethnic minority areas, enhance national unity, and promote the development of national economy and culture. Where the population of ethnic minorities accounts for more than 30% of the total population of a township, an application can be made for the establishment of a nationality township. Ethnic townships can be prioritized in terms of budget preparation, productive loans, resource development, tax reduction and exemption measures, infrastructure construction, natural resource development and utilization, and personnel recruitment.
2.1.4 "13th Five-Year Plan" to Promote the Development of Ethnic Areas and Ethnic Minority (2016)
The "Planning" aims to fill shortcomings in the development of ethnic minorities and ethnic minority areas, safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of ethnic minorities, enhance the well-being of all ethnic groups, enhance national unity and progress, and promote exchanges and
4 integration among ethnic groups. From the aspects of finance, materials and technology, the state helps ethnic minorities to get rid of poverty, classify and promote the development of special poverty-stricken areas, strengthen infrastructure construction, and improve the development of education, employment, entrepreneurship, social security, health care, and culture.
2.2 World Bank Minority Policy
According to OP4.10 and BP4.10, World Bank's Minority Policy aims to ensure that project activities are carried out with full respect for the dignity, power, economy and culture of ethnic minorities.
Due to the obvious differences with the characteristics of mainstream groups in society, and their gender and intergenerational problems are also prominent, ethnic minorities belong to the marginal and vulnerable groups of the local population. They are inseparable from the land they live in and the natural resources on which they depend, which exposes them to the various risks and varying degrees of impact of the project. However, ethnic minorities play a vital role in the sustainable development of the region. Therefore, domestic and international laws are increasingly paying attention to protecting their rights and interests.
World Bank-funded project measures should avoid potential negative impacts on minority communities. If it is unavoidable, these effects should be minimized, mitigated, or compensated. At the same time, the World Bank-funded project aims to ensure that ethnic minorities receive social and economic benefits that are compatible with their culture and that are gender and intergenerational inclusive.
If the project affects ethnic minorities, the project team should assist the payee to conduct informed consultations with the affected communities on the projects they have built throughout the project cycle. At all stages of project preparation and implementation, all information related to the project is provided to minority communities in a manner consistent with minority cultural practices. Based on the results of social evaluation and free, prior and informed consultations, it is determined whether the affected minority communities will provide broad support for the project.
3. The situation of ethnic minorities in the project area
The Mole Town, which is dominated by animal husbandry, is a pure animal husbandry town. It is located in the southeast of the county, adjacent to Menyuan County in the east, bordering Haiyan County, Gangcha County and Datong County in the south, and connecting Tianjun County in the west of the Haixi Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, and adjacent to the five townships such as Ebao Town in the north. The east-west spans to 280 kilometers and is distributed in a narrow and long way. The three roads of Panda, Chamo and Huangjia are in the territory. The total area of the town is 3826.8 square kilometers, with a natural pasture of 3,945,600 mu, accounting for 22.4% of the county's grassland area, of which 3,658,800 mu can be used, and the utilization rate is 90.4%.
3.1 Population composition of each ethnic group in the project
The project covers 6 administrative villages of 116 pastoral groups in 27 communities, involving 6 ethnic groups, of which Mongolian and Tibetan have the largest population,
5 accounting for 51% and 38% of the total population respectively. Others include Hui, Han, Tu and Baoan. Ethnic minorities account for 97% of the total population, and they are the main body of project herders. These ethnic minorities basically speak Tibetan, And the herdsmen of many ethnic groups live together harmonically. Some families have a population of three ethnic. The composition of each village population and its ethnic group is shown in Table 3-1.
Table 3-1 Population and ethnic composition of 6 villages in Moeller Town (person) Total population Mongolian Tibetan Hui Tu Baoan Han Hailang Village 1811 392 1170 180 13 1 55 Dollong Village 1190 596 440 207 4 7 47 Wariga Village 1053 522 417 26 60 0 6 Caishitu Village 947 599 326 0 17 0 5 Laorigen Village 1273 955 270 6 11 2 29 Zhasha Village 905 587 119 156 14 0 29 6 villages in the town 7179 3651 2742 575 119 10 171 Dolung Organ 79 46 20 2 3 0 8 Mole Organ 242 132 61 10 8 0 31 Mole Town 7500 3740 2823 587 130 10 210 Source: Information source 4.
3.2 Economic, cultural and political characteristics of each ethnic group in the project area As mentioned above, the project area is a mixed area of ethnic minorities. Of the 7,507 people counted in 2018, 49.9 percent are Mongolian, 37.6 percent are Tibetan, 7.8 percent are hui, 1.7 percent are tu and 2.8 percent are han. In addition, there are 10 baoan, 2 salar and 1 manchu. All ethnic groups live in harmony, Chinese and Tibetans are generally applicable in the project area, but documents related to the project usually use Chinese. Despite this, each nation has its own unique culture. The economic, cultural and political characteristics of Mongolian, Tibetan, Hui and Tu nationals are introduced below. 3.2.1 Mongolian
Qinghai Mongolian is one of the ethnic minorities living in Qinghai for generations, also known as “Dedu Mongolia”. They entered Qinghai in the 1920s. The Mongolian people in Qinghai are basically the same as the Mongolian customs in Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang. According to the fifth census, there were 88,829 Mongolians in the region in 2000, accounting for 1.71% of the total population of the province, mainly distributed in Delingha, Golmud and Dulan, Wulan County in Haixi Prefecture, and Henan Mongolian Autonomous County in Huangnan Prefecture, Qilian County, Haiyan County and Menyuan County of Haibei Prefecture, as well as Xining City, Hainan Prefecture, Haidong Area, Datong County and some areas; ethnic autonomous areas include Haixi Mongolian Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Henan Mongolian Autonomous County. They are mostly distributed in Haixi and Henan counties.
At the cultural level: Qinghai Mongolian belongs to the Mongolian Weilat dialect, which is basically the same as the Mongolian language with the Chahar voice represented by Zhenglan
6 Banner. But it also has its own characteristics; the text uses "Hudumu" Mongolian, that is, the same text is used in Mongolian provinces such as Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning and other provinces. The Mongolian speaks the Mongolian Weilat dialect, and the Mongolian people in Henan County have switched to Tibetan. Due to the integration of Mongolian and Tibetan national cultures, the Mongolian dresses here are not much different from the Tibetan compatriots. In language, both Mongolian language and fluent Tibetan language can be used. However, only a small number of Mongolian herders can communicate or write in Chinese. Those who cannot speak Chinese will normally communicate with Mongolians who can speak, or/and read or/and write Chinese. This is one of the ways in which people communicate in areas with multi-minorities.
In terms of production methods, they are mainly engaged in animal husbandry production, pasture by water, operating sheep, goats, horses, yaks, camels, etc., living garden type felt yurts, which are warm in winter and cool in summer, easy to move and resist the hot weather; Some of them are engaged in agricultural production in small agricultural areas and eastern agricultural areas, and they live in the house of civil structure in the style of a courtyard. Because of their long-term interlaced living with Tibetan and Han nationality, their costumes are different from Tibetans and different from Mongolian in Inner Mongolia.
3.2.2 Tibetan
Qinghai is the largest Tibetan area in the country preceded only by Tibet. The people who believe in Tibetan Buddhism account for about a quarter of the province's total population. It is geographically located in eastern Tibet. There are six Tibetan autonomous prefectures in Qinghai Province, namely Huangnan Autonomous Prefecture, Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, and Haixi Mongolian Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture.
Tibetans have their own language and words, and in the daily life, Tibetan is the main language (for example, the choice of mobile phone language is mainly in Tibetan)., The Tibetan language belongs to the Tibetan branch of Tibetan-Burmese group of the Sino-Tibetan language family. It is divided into three dialects of Tibetan, Kang and Anduo, and it has written characters. The Jiarong Tibetans are rare and are dialects without words. The current Tibetan text is a pinyin text based on ancient Sanskrit and Western languages in the early 7th century. The use of Tibetans has strengthened the economic relationship between Tibetans and the Central Plains. Tibetan literature is rich and colorful, including writers' literature and folk literature, and ranks among the top ethnic groups in China in terms of quantity.
In terms of economic production, Tibetans are mainly engaged in high-altitude animal husbandry. It is the main sector in traditional Tibetan production, and its proportion in production is still slightly larger than that of agriculture. There are many kinds of animal husbandry production in the plateau. The pastoral areas are mainly semi-settlement nomadic types that are rotated by seasons. The semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas and agricultural areas are settled nomadic and settled grazing. The main types of livestock include Tibetan sheep, Tibetan goats, yellow cattle, Zho, yak, wild yak, horse, Mules, donkey and so on. Domestication of yak, cultivating yak, and planting green carp are the special contributions of Tibetan people in the history of human civilization.
7 3.2.3 Hui
The Hui are a nation with a long history, a large population and a wide distribution among the Qinghai ethnic minorities. According to the statistics of the fourth national census in 1990, there were 641,700 people in the province, mainly distributed in the eastern and northeastern parts of the province. The populations of cities and counties such as Xining, Menyuan, Hualong, Datong, Minhe, Xunhua, Huangzhong, Pingan, Guide, Qilian, Wulan and Jianzha are concentrated, and other states and counties are also distributed. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Hui nationality Autonomous County was established in the Menyuan and Hualong districts where the Hui people lived. The Hui and Tutong Autonomous Counties were established in Minhe and Datong respectively, and 10 Huizu Townships were established in Ping'an and Huangzhong County.
In terms of writing, Hui people do not have their own unique language and words, they use Arabic as a religious language, daily communication is a change of Mandarin, that is, local language. However, hui herdsmen mainly use Chinese in formal occasions (such as the issuance of documents, etc.) and can read Chinese fluently.
The local area has extremely rich cultural resources for Hui culture. The mosque building community and the religious and cultural landscapes constructed by the religious activities of the temples (that is, the magnificent mosque architecture and the unique landscape of the believers who prayed religious activities), various halal dishes, snacks, and the rough and bold ethnic customs formed by personal etiquette, family villages, clothing, food and shelter. Walking through it, there is a strong exotic atmosphere. In terms of food culture, local flavor snacks of the hui ethnic group in qinghai include noodles, fermented grains, fermented milk, yogurt, roast mutton, pilings, chop, etc., as well as some new dishes with improved local flavor.
3.2.4 Tu
Tu mainly live in the east of the Qinghai Province, north of the Huangshui River, on the banks of the Yellow River and adjacent areas, most of which live in Qinghai Province Tu nationality Autonomous County, Minhe County, Datong County, Ledu County, Tongren County, etc., and some residents live in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County of Gansu Province. The Qinghai Tu residents originally believed in polytheism, and some people believed in Taoism. After the Yuan and Ming dynasties, Lamaism was widely believed, but folk beliefs still exist. There are more than 40 Lama temples in the Tu areas, and the famous ones include Youning Temple and Guanghui Temple.
Tu language, also known as "menggur" language, belongs to the Mongolian language family of the Altaic language. It is distributed in the eastern part of Qinghai Province of China and the western part of Gansu Province. It is concentrated in Qinghai Province Muzhu Autonomous County and Minhe Hui Autonomous County. In 1979, on the basis of investigation and research, the researchers on the basis of the wishes of the Tu nationality created a Turkish script scheme based on Latin Tujia costume letters and Chinese pinyin letters in the form of letters. The writing of the letters is consistent with the Chinese pinyin letters. In 1981, it began trials in the mutual aid dialect area and further promoted in 1986. After the experiment, the Turkish scripts have increasingly shown their positive effects in such areas as sweeping illiterate, memo, accounting,
8 transmitting information, collecting and sorting out folk literature, popularizing popular science knowledge, and teaching Chinese. They have been recognized and welcomed by the Turkish people. At present, the Turkish script has entered the school, and the Turkish language classes are offered in the lower grades of primary school.
The Tu people of Qinghai can sing and dance, and have rich folklore. Folk literature is all about oral communication, and the narrative poem "Larenbu and Qiemensuo" has been put on the stage. A variety of cultural content is very rich. In addition, the folk embroidery techniques of the Tus in Qinghai are famous. The exquisite embroidery is the creation of the Tu women and a striking symbol of the traditional culture of the Tus. The eating habits of the Tus in Qinghai are closely related to the production characteristics of agriculture-based and animal husbandry. The daily staple food is dominated by barley, followed by wheat. Tu people mainly eat radishes, cabbage, onions, garlic, lettuce, etc., less vegetables, and usually eat more sauerkraut, supplemented with meat. They love to drink milk tea and eat ghee sand noodles.
3.3 Social and economic conditions of various ethnic groups in the project area
3.1.1 Basic conditions of ethnic minorities According to the analysis of survey data, at present, the average size of each community in the town of Mole is 79 households with an average population of 268. The number of men and women is symmetrically distributed. But the number of herdsmen with livestock is currently only about half, and the others do not have livestock. There are still some herdsmen who have no grass at all. In terms of poverty in pastoral areas, the number of poor pastoral households in each community accounts for about 9% of the total number in the community. On the whole, this proportion is still relatively high. However, most of these herdsmen are national poverty alleviation households, so the poverty situation in pastoral areas can be greatly improved. In the age distribution of the population, as shown in Table 1, the population of the community over 60 years old is small, the average size is only 37, and the distribution is larger than that of other age groups. The population is concentrated between 20-60 years old, accounting for about 60% of the total population of the community, and the minimum and maximum population are higher than other age groups. The average size of the population aged 10-20 is 42, and the number of children under the age of 10 is also relatively small. In general, the age distribution of the population is relatively concentrated, Table 3-2 Age distribution of the sample community in Moller Town Minimum Maximum Mean Standard deviation
60 years old or older 16 230 37 47
20-60 years old 80 220 157 35
10-20 years old 14 89 42 20.87
Under 10 years old 10 70 27 14 Data source: community level survey of information 2 The young and the elderly are few, mainly young and middle-aged. In addition, in each age group, the distribution of men and women is more equal, about 50 percent of each. In addition, the
9 population aged between 20 and 60 years old is the majority of grazing, which is mainly male. The proportion of people who graze younger than 20 years old or older than 60 years old is very low. Among the population engaged in grazing, the education level is basically junior high school or below, and the education above senior high school is rarely grazing. As for education, the overall level of education is low. The survey found that the educational level of women and men is not much different, but regardless of gender, the age and education level are quite different. For example, male and female herders over the age of 40 have rarely attended high school, and some have attended junior high school; but most of the men and women born in the 1990s went to middle school or high school. Table 2 also shows that the number of people who have received high school education or above in each community is only 14, and there is little difference among different communities, indicating that the number of people who have received high level education is generally low. Based on the average, 8 percent of people with a high school education, 16 percent of people with a junior education, 24 percent of people with a primary education, and 52 percent of people who cannot read or write are illiterate. The illiteracy rate is more than half of the population. It indicates that the education level in the project area needs to be improved. Table 3-3 Status of education level of sample population in Moller Town
Minimum Maximum Mean Standard deviation
High school and above 4 35 14.53 9.31 junior high school 3 100 27.53 23.68 primary school 7 100 42.16 31.69 illiteracy 6 203 90.58 67.37 Data source: community level survey In terms of industrial structure, the project area is mainly based on the first and third industries. In 2018, the output value of the primary industry was 569.97 million yuan, the output value of the secondary industry was 334.44 million yuan, and the output value of the tertiary industry was 74.701 million yuan. The reason for the lower output value of the secondary industry may be closely related to the local natural conditions. The area is located on the plateau and has a high altitude. It is not suitable for industrial development and can only develop industries such as animal husbandry and tourism. In addition, the per capita GDP of the region in 2018 is 32,130 yuan, far lower than the national average of 64,520 yuan. The grassland resources of each village in Moller Town are shown in Figure 3-1.
10
Figure 3-1 Distribution of grassland resources in 6 administrative villages in Moller town
3.3.2 Infrastructure Construction
In order to have a more detailed understanding of the infrastructure construction of the project area, 27 groups were randomly selected from 116 groups provided by local governments for analysis (Table 3-4). In terms of infrastructure, the project area is relatively poor. The area has a high altitude, with an average elevation of 3422 meters, and the difference between the regions is small, that is, the altitude is relatively close, and the high altitude also brings difficulties to the local infrastructure construction; The communities in the project area are far away from the county, the average distance is 18.5 kilometers, and the distance to the hospital is also far, which is 22.19 kilometers. From these indicators, the infrastructure construction in the project area is seriously insufficient to fully meet the living needs of local people. In particular, the number of schools is small, and the average distance between the pastoral communities and secondary schools is 85 kilometers, indicating that the pastoral areas are sparsely populated and the educational resources are relatively scarce. In addition, the population of the area is relatively scattered, which also brings difficulties to infrastructure construction. At present, most herdsmen in this region are facing the problem of drinking water difficulty for livestock. The main reason is that the place of residence is 3-5 kilometers away from the water source, and the livestock needs a large amount of drinking water. It is difficult to transport by means of transportation. Therefore, how to solve this problem is crucial for the development of local animal husbandry. The region's annual power generation in 2018 is 289.15 million kWh, and the people's livelihood facilities are gradually improving. In order to supplement the shortage of forages, some herdsmen will also grow oat grass, but the overall size is not large enough to meet the actual conditions of livestock breeding. Other production facilities are few. In the aspect of animal husbandry machinery, the herdsman families in this area have few. In addition, the herdsmen follow the traditional grazing method, so the facility husbandry has not been popularized in this area, and few herdsmen participate. Overall,
11 infrastructure construction in the region has a long way to go.
Table 3-4 Status of infrastructure in each district of the project area Indicator Mean Standard deviation Minimum Maximum Elevation (m) 3422 204 2980 3900 Distance to county seat (km) 18.5 11.26 1 50 Distance to secondary school (km) 85 21.34 40 120 Distance to health center (km) 22.19 15.52 1 600 Population (person) 69.37 27.37 33 130 Source: Information source 4.
3.3.3 Income of ethnic minorities
According to the survey conducted by the project team on 74 households in 6 project villages through questionnaires, the distribution of ethnic groups in the survey data was counted as shown in Table 3-5 (information source 2). The livelihood status of ethnic minorities in the project area is shown in Table 3-6.Judging from the area of the pasture, the average grassland area of each minority herd in the area has reached 1487 mu, which is smaller than that of Inner Mongolia, and the standard deviation is large, indicating that the difference in the amount of pasture between the herders is higher. Some herders do not have pastures, and there are also a few herders who have large grassland areas. From the perspective of the number(standard sheep, specifically, the average number of yaks is 51, the minimum number is 0, and the maximum number is 160; The average number of sheep owned was 166, with a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 800.) of livestock, the herdsmen have a large number of livestock. From the standard deviation, the difference in the amount of livestock is not large, which will bring the local grassland ecology greater pressure and increase the pressure of ecological restoration. From the income situation, the average income of the herdsmen reached 125,000 yuan, which is higher than the national average in general, but some herders do not engage in animal husbandry, which leads to a large difference in animal husbandry income, but in general, the income from animal husbandry is conducive to raising the standard of living. Finally, the average level of herders’ expenditure in the region is higher, but there is a big difference between the herders. The reasons for the differences need to be discussed.
Table 3-5 Specific distribution of sample ethnic groups and proportion
Ethnic distribution Quantity (number) Proportion (%)
Tibetan 22 29.73
Mongolian 42 56.76
Hui 4 5.41
Tu 2 2.7
Han 2 2.7 other 2 2.7
12 Table 3-6 Livelihood status of ethnic minorities in Moeller Town Indicator Mean Standard Minimum Maximum deviation Grassland area (mu) 1487 1184 0 5900 Number of livestock (pcs) 420 356 0 1520 Animal husbandry income (yuan) 124376 121709 0 668000 Household expenditure status (yuan) 62601 65539 25470 350000 Source: Information source 2. Note: The amount of livestock is herd of standard sheep unit, 1 yak = 4 standard sheep.
3.3.4 Poverty of ethnic minorities
Absolute poverty still exists in the project area. According to the statistics provided by Mole Town, Poor households all have file cards. the poor households in the town accounted for about one-tenth of the total herders in 2018, and the poor population also accounted for 10% of the total population (Table 3-7). For example, among all 222 households with 931 people in Zhasha Village, 22 households are poor, and 79 people are poor (Table 3-7), accounting for 9.2% and 8.7% of the total households and the total population, respectively, and accounting for 14.5% and 11.2% of the total households and the total population in the project area. The survey data also supports this ratio. Take the Wariga community as an example. Among the 76 households in the whole community, there are 44 livestock households. There are 7 households in the community with accurate poverty alleviation, one of which has been out of poverty by 2018, 6 have not yet been lifted out of poverty, and 3 have been destitute for the poor. Even in the village of Hailang where per capita livestock is high, poverty still exists. According to the People's Daily Online (December 14th, 2018), the Dulong Ecological Animal Husbandry Cooperative uses the 45,000 yuan “Industrial Park Project Fund” of the Qilian County Poverty Alleviation Bureau to help 46 households with 142 people in the neighboring village (Hailang Village). The cooperative continued to drive for three years to help them get rid of poverty. At the end of 2018, the cooperative gave 330 yuan to each person in the village. The data of poor households and poor people here exceeds the statistics of 35 households with 112 people. This shows that 8.3% and 7.3% of the statistics of the poor households and population according to the total number of 2,090 households and 7505 people in the town may be slightly lower than the actual ratio.
Table 3-7 Situation of poor households and poor people in 6 villages in Moeller town (person)
Village Number of poor households Population
Caishitu 32 100 Hailang 35 112 Wariga 27 80 Laorigen 30 95 Dulong 27 81 Zhasha 22 79 Total 173 547 Source: Information source 4.
13 Taking Zhasha Village as a sample, the ethnic distribution of the poor population was further investigated. It was found that among 79 poor people, the population of Mongolian accounted for 67.1%, the population of Tibetan accounted for 15.2%, the population of Hui accounted for 10.1%, and the population of Tu accounted for 5.1%. The population of Han accounts for 2.5%. The ethnic distribution of the poor is roughly equal to the proportion of the total population.
4. Analysis of the vulnerability and diversity of ethnic minorities 4.1 Analysis of the vulnerability of ethnic minorities
According to the equality policy of all ethnic groups as stipulated in the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, there are no ethnic groups in the project area that are weak in language, culture, politics, and economy. At the project seminar held in Beijing on April 9-10, 2019, the social assessment team also asked local leaders and technicians from Qilian County Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Bureau and Mole Town to confirm that the various ethnic groups in the project area did not live in a weak state. However, in general, ethnic minorities in the project area are relatively fragile, mainly in four aspects: natural environment and infrastructure, livelihood model, social and organizational level. The following is a brief introduction to the vulnerability of these aspects.
4.1.1 The natural environment is fragile and the public infrastructure is imperfect
The fragility of the ecological environment is characterized by the high altitude, harsh climate, harsh natural conditions, sparse vegetation, and obvious soil erosion phenomena such as wind erosion, water erosion and freezing erosion. These include plateau glaciers, snow lines and tundra ecosystems, alpine shrub grassland ecosystems, alpine meadow ecosystems, and alpine valley river wetland ecosystems. Moreover, the terrain of the area is undulating, the geological structure is complex, the hydrothermal conditions are vertically changed, the soil layer is incompletely developed, the soil is thin, the vegetation is sparse, the influence of human activities is strong, and the regional ecological degradation is obvious. In addition, the traffic conditions in this area are inconvenient.
4.1.2 Single livelihood model, low ability to withstand economic risks
According to the socio-economic survey of ethnic minorities, 72.97% of the ethnic minority's income sources depended on animal husbandry income, while the number of migrant workers was small, and the dependence on grazing income is strong. The survey found that, on the one hand, the high-altitude and low-temperature climate characteristics also directly lead to low land output rate in the project area. In addition, ethnic minorities, especially for the poor ethnic minority families, still have livestock farming as the main source of livelihood; On the other hand, the lack of necessary human resources training directly leads to a single source of ethnic minorities' livelihoods. Therefore, both of these aspects directly lead to the low abilities of ethnic minorities to resist risks.
4.1.3 Social vulnerability
Mainly reflected by the low level of education, the overall quality is not good, and there is still a lack of risk sharing mechanism.
14 The proportion of ethnic minorities in the region who have entered the high school or above is only 4.98%, the comprehensive quality of ethnic minorities is not good, there are certain difficulties in understanding the concept of the project, the ability to participate in the project is weak, the mastery of market development modern technology is also weak, and self-development ability is insufficient. The survey found that, on the one hand, ethnic minorities lack the necessary abilities to participate, such as reading, writing, and listening, but cannot express their own interests because of their lack of abilities; on the other hand, although traditional culture of ethnic minorities advocates mutual cooperation and cooperation. However, due to the imperfect infrastructure of the minority project areas, the backwardness of farming technology, and the lack of necessary start-up capital and self-organization ability, the ethnic minorities still cannot be organized, and it is difficult to exert the scale advantage of the collective economy.
Minority farmers are the direct bearers of natural disasters, market risks and social risks in minority project areas. Due to lack of funds, low cultural quality, and imperfect mutual aid organizations, the ethnic minority project villages have not been established to cope with industrial development risks ‘prevention mechanisms. On the one hand, ethnic minorities in the project area are living in remote mountainous areas, lacking channels of market information, information is blocked, opportunities for foreign exchange and learning are small, market and commodity awareness are weak; on the other hand, risk prevention mechanisms are not only aimed at risks before the response is also aimed at the remedy after the risk has emerged. In the minority project areas covered by the project, the incidence of poverty among ethnic minorities is high, and there is a lack of preventive funds to resist risks. In addition, the number of professional cooperative organizations or groups in minority areas is few, only two, the ability of individual farmers to prevent risks is quite low.
4.1.4 Low degree of organization
More than 1,000 herders in the 6 villages involved in the project, there are 2 professional cooperatives of herders, and only 86 households are involved, accounting for 6% of the total herders, respectively. 16% and 18% of the root village herders. However, the interview found that there are fairly common mutual cooperation activities among herders in activities such as shearing wool, sheep dung and yak hair. These loose mutual aid groups can sometimes reach 20 people. Overall, the level of village-level organization in the project area is low, and the ability of herders to self-service needs to be improved. This will affect its ability to withstand risks.
4.2 Differences in livelihoods among ethnic groups
In order to understand the differences in livelihoods deeply among different ethnic groups, based on information source 2 to analyze the upgrading status of each ethnic group from four aspects: grassland area, livestock quantity, animal husbandry income and household expenditure.
4.2.1 Mongolian
Table 4-1 shows that the Mongolian indicators and the average level of the region are not so different, and the grassland area, livestock quantity and animal husbandry income are higher than the average level of the region (Table 3-3), while expenditure is less, and the internal difference is large. Specifically, Mongolian herders have raised more than 6% of livestock in the pasture area equivalent to all herders, and the income from animal husbandry is 10% higher than that of all
15 national herders, but it is 12.6% less. Therefore, overall, the Mongolian people have a higher standard of living and are generally more affluent.
Table 4-1 The Livelihood Status Of Mongolian Herders Mean Standard Deviation Minimum Maximum Grassland area (mu) 1500 1162 0 5818 Number of livestock (only) 445 377 0 1400 Animal husbandry income 136820 124103 0 668000 (yuan)
Expenditure status (yuan) 54714 44162 13586 180000 Source of data: Information source 2.
4.2.2 Tibetans
The livelihood status of Tibetan herders is shown in Table 4-2. The area of pasture owned by Tibetan herders is 4.71% higher than the overall level, while the number of livestock is only 2.86 higher than the average. This shows that Tibetan herders are more concerned about the balance of grass and livestock than Mongolian herders. Its animal husbandry income is almost one-third lower than the average, while consumption levels are 12% higher. It shows that the consumption concept and Tibetan culture of Tibetan herders are quite different from those of other herders. More attention needs to be paid to the lives of Tibetan herders, especially for the coordination of their livelihood levels, ecological protection and their traditional culture.
Table 4-2 The Livelihood Status Of Tibetan Herders Mean Standard Deviation Minimum Maximum Grassland area (mu) 1557 1284 0 5990 Number of livestock (only) 432 366 0 1520 Animal husbandry income 85132 72255 12000 325000 (yuan) Expenditure status (yuan) 70059 74023 10000 300000 Source of data: Information source 2.
4.2.3 Hui
The livelihood status of Hui nationality herders is shown in Table 4-3. Compared with all ethnic minority herders in the project area, the Hui people's pastoral households have a grassland area less than the average level of 22.86%, and the livestock quantity is correspondingly lower than the average level of 21.43%, but their animal husbandry income is higher than the average. The level is 161%, while the level of expenditure is 155% above the average. Therefore, it is necessary to warn the herders to increase the grazing pressure of the pastures in order to increase living expenses, thereby increasing the ecological crisis of the grasslands, which requires special attention in the implementation of the project.
16 Table 4-3 The Livelihood Status Of Hui Nationality Herders Mean Standard Deviation Minimum Maximum Grassland area (mu) 1147 1150 0 3440 Number of livestock (only) 330 365 150 600 Animal husbandry income (yuan) 325000 146105 60000 430000 Expenditure status (yuan) 159500 83534 30000 350000 Source of data: Information source 2. 4.2.4 Tu
Table 4-4 shows the livelihoods of the Tu herders. The number of Tus and herders in the project area is relatively small. The grassland resources they have are relatively poor, which is lower than the average level of 54% of the average minority households in the project area. The number of animals raised is less than one-third of the average level, and their income. And expenditures were below the average of 61% and 49% respectively. In this way, the Tus are relatively weak in the project area. They are mostly distributed in the village community of Wariga, where the altitude is higher than other villages and the natural conditions are even worse. The project should pay special attention to this group.
Table 4-4 The Livelihood Status Of Tu Nationality Herders Mean Standard Deviation Minimum Maximum Grassland area (mu) 690 1186 600 780 Number of livestock (only) 277.5 404 155 400 Animal husbandry income 49000 100826 28000 70000 (yuan) Expenditure status (yuan) 32000 55412 24000 40000 Source of data: Information source 2.
4.2.5 Summary From the above statistical analysis, the main source of livelihood of ethnic minorities in the project area is grazing. The livestock are mainly cattle and sheep, and the income of animal husbandry is relatively high, which can basically meet the daily expenses of the family. The biggest risk facing is ecological degradation in the region. The project area is located on the plateau and the ecological environment is fragile. The herdsmen raise a large amount of livestock for increasing income, which is much higher than the national grass and livestock balance regulations, which further aggravates the grassland burden. Therefore, the promotion of ecological protection can be increased during the implementation of the project, while special attention is paid to protecting the ecology and increasing minority awareness of the project.
4.3 Gender Differences in Minority Livelihoods
According to the statistics of Qilian County, the total number of males in the county was 26,254 in 2018, accounting for 49.87% of the total population; the number of females was 26,384, accounting for 50.13% of the total population of the county. Similarly, the county's female secondary school enrollment rate was 50.39%, and the minority female enrollment rate was 51.10%, which was 1.41% higher than the county on average. Minority women in the project area play a very important role in animal husbandry production and life. From the perspective of the
17 herdsmen's family, they have to participate in all kinds of animal husbandry production activities other than sheep dung, as well as milking, cooking and ghee, which are daily heavy household chores (Table 4-5). It is more labor intensive and harder than male herders. Therefore, female herders are also vulnerable and should receive special attention.
Table 4-5 Gender Division of Labor in Animal Husbandry Activities Activities Milking Shearing Yak hair Grazing Sheep Cow Cooking Ghee Dung Dung
Male * * * * *
Female * * * * * * *
Table 4-6 Gender and age distribution of herdsmen in Mole town <20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 >70 合计 male number 2 42 149 357 246 160 93 1037 percent 0.19 4.05 14.37 34.43 23.72 15.43 8.97 100 female number 3 5 45 142 89 62 47 386 percent 0.78 1.30 11.66 36.79 23.06 16.06 12.18 100 max min mean std male 95 19 50.59 12.96 female 88 17 52.24 13.14
Source of data: field research in November,2018
Table 4-6 shows the age and gender distribution of the majority of herdsmen in Mole. It can be seen that the majority of women are over 40 years old, and the majority are mainly middle-aged and old. From the perspective of education level, the education level of female herders is generally low. According to the female herdsmen representatives asked in the interviews, nearly 80% of the women have only received primary education, and only about 20% have received junior high school education or above. There are very few female herders who have received high school education.
If you compare a female household with a male owner (Table 4-7), you can see that the female herder has a grassland area that is 35.7% lower than that of the male herd, and the number of livestock is less than that of the male animal husbandry. 72.9% of households have a lower income than 61.3% of male herders, but female herders spend more than 4.2% of male herders.
In addition, the age of male herders and female herders varies. According to information source 3, among the more than 1,000 herders in Moller town, the average age of male herders is about 51 years old, the oldest is 95 years old, and the youngest is 19 years old. Most of the herders aged 40-60 years old, 58.15% of the total number of herders, of which 40-50 years old and 50-60 years old herders accounted for 34% and 24% of the total herders respectively; the average age of female herders is over 52 years old. The oldest is 88 years old and the youngest is 17 years old. Female herders aged 40-60 account for nearly 60% of the total number of female herders, with
18 37-50% and 23% of women herders aged 40-50 and 50-60, respectively. Female herders over the age of 60 exceed 28% of the total number of female herders, while men are less than 25%. In general, herders are characterized by aging and feminization.
Table 4-7 Livelihood Status of Male and Female Herders
Mean S.D. Min Max Male Grassland area (mu) 1531 1191 0 5900 Number of livestock (only) 446 358 0 1520 Animal husbandry income (yuan) 130880 123563 8000 668000
Expenditure status (yuan) 62390 67766 17810 350000 Female Grassland area (mu) 984 1077 200 3025 Number of livestock (only) 121 379 0 350 Animal husbandry income (yuan) 50667 129281 0 170000
Expenditure status (yuan) 65000 71987 30000 120000 Source of data: Information source 2.
Female herders are not as cooperative as male pastors. Among the only two animal husbandry cooperatives in the town, the female herders accounted for 15.11% of the total herders of the cooperatives, of which the old Japanese root cooperatives participated in the female comparison ratio of 19.05% and the multi-long 11.36%, which were far lower than the whole village. Female herders account for the ratio of all herders. Moreover, on the whole, the average age of women participating in cooperatives is 50 years old, and that of men is 47 years old. The average age of males in Laorigen cooperatives is 50 years old, and the average age of women is 52 years old. The members of the multi-long cooperatives are younger. The average male is 44 years old and the female is 48 years old. In general, the number of women participating in cooperatives is small and older than men. These facts show that minority women are vulnerable groups in the project area, and the project should pay special attention to women and herders to promote the balanced development of the project area.
Since the project has carried out various forms of publicity and research in the project area since 2014, the sample herdsmen are almost aware of the project, but the specific implementation of the project, such as which villages or communities will be implemented, the specific measures of the project are not clear. With the development of the project, more information will be informed to local people, especially the women.
5. Based on free, prior and informed consultation
Since the early 2018, the project has listened to the opinions and suggestions of local governments and minority herders through seminars and demonstrations in many field trips. On May 9-11, 2019, the project team conducted further interviews on the specific implementation of the project in the form of symposiums in Qilian County and Mole Town and its affiliated administrative villages. The number of participants is about 50, of which the project team are 5, 9 men from county and township cadres and technicians, and the rest are local people, including 7
19 female herders. The discussion mainly focused on the three activities to be carried out by the 160 participating households and their compensation methods and compensation quotas: 1) each project household no-tillage to reproduce 50 acres of degraded winter and spring grassland; 2) each project household artificially planting about 2 mu of oat grass in the circle nest; 3) 300 mu of winter and spring grassland for each project household (including 50 mu of no-tillage re-cultivation in the previous article), that no grazing allowed for 50 days in the spring. After discussion, on the basis of fully listening to the opinions of the people, a consensus was reached, the village-level administrative committee and the herdsmen signed a service agreement, and the project subsidized according to the actual promotion area of the re-broadcast. 2 kilograms of seeds per mu, about 15 yuan per kilogram of seeds; leasing no-tillage and reseeding machinery (including transportation costs) rental price of 145 yuan / mu; herders no-tillage tonic maintenance effect subsidies 1,000 yuan per project. All the participants in the discussion collectively expressed support for the implementation of the project. Subsequently, the research team went into the herders’ houses and pastures to talk with the herders and listen to their suggestions for the project.
Within a few days after the investigation team returned to Beijing, the specific information of the project was publicized at the location of the town government and the administrative villages (see relevant signature tables and photos), which laid a good social foundation for the project. Following this practice, the project still needs to let ethnic minority herders and other stakeholders fully understand and give strong support to the project during the preparation and implementation phases. To this end, detailed and culturally appropriate consultation procedures for ethnic minorities need to be developed at all stages of project preparation and implementation, and potential projects should be evaluated alongside free, prior and informed consultations with affected minority groups. And identifying and assess the measures necessary to avoid adverse effects.6.1 Framework for consultation
5.1 Consultation framework
The World Bank’s policy on ethnic minorities requires a free, prior and informed consultation process to benefit the project or the broad community support of the affected groups. Recipients need to: 1) establish an appropriate negotiation framework to enable affected genders and intergenerational personnel to participate in consultations at all stages of project preparation and implementation; 2) design and adopt method that is appropriate for the social and cultural values of ethnic minorities, and the consultation methods should pay special attention to the access of women and adolescents to development opportunities and interests; 3) make sure the relevant information that may affect the various stages of the project is based on minority culture. under these conditions, the project mainly adopts the following negotiation methods.
5.2 Consultation method
According to the above consultation framework, combined with the analysis of the cultural characteristics and differences of ethnic minorities in Parts 3 and 4 of this report, the whole process of preparation, implementation and evaluation of the project allows the ethnic minorities to participate freely and fully in decision making in a manner consistent with their culture. To this end, the PMO organized two field visits: on November 11-19, 2018 and may 9-11, 2019, went to
20 the province/county/town and potential project villages for field visits and discussed with personnel at all levels to understand the situation and identify problems according to this, the work plan was formulated; At the same time, the minority cadres of the county/town where the project is located came to Beijing twice in December 2018 and January 2019 respectively to participate in the discussion on the report writing, which provided valuable suggestions for the implementation of the project and the development of ethnic minorities. The project office also established a WeChat group to facilitate the writing of the minority development plan report. In addition, during the period from November 2018 to January 2019, the project team conducted interviews with ethnic minority herders/village community cadres on the basis of telephone, WeChat and questionnaire stars to understand their basic situation, livelihood status and opinion of the project. Through the above channels, the project team negotiated with ethnic minorities in the following three ways:
1) Holding a group symposium in a minority village community. Focusing on the issues of common concern to the local minority herders', a group symposium was held in the minority villages, and the participants spoke freely;
2) Personal interviews with ethnic minority herders who are potentially affected by the project to understand their views and attitudes towards the project;
3) Talking to the government and business departments of Mole Town, Qilian County, Haixi Prefecture and Qinghai Province where the project is located, and listening to their opinions and attitudes towards the project. Together with local governments at all levels, establishing institutional arrangements and supervision mechanisms for minority participation in the project area to ensure that ethnic minorities can participate in the design and implementation of the project.
With the implementation of the project, the methods of consultation with ethnic minorities, such as group discussions and personal interviews, are still needed later, and needed to be flexible used in various ways according to specific situations. The following diagram and check-in table show some of the negotiation process:
21
Figure 5-1 Check-in forms and photos of related parties in Xining and Qinghai Province
22
23
Figure 5-2 Check-in forms and photos of the forum in Qilian County
24
Figure 5-3 May 2019 Merle Town Research Survey Record
25
5.3 Information disclosure channels
The project office shall promptly describe the upcoming activities of the project to the affected ethnic minority groups in order to facilitate the participation of the affected minority groups; and at various stages of project preparation and implementation, we adopt a manner consistent with the cultural habits of ethnic minorities. Providing all relevant project information, such as project declaration conditions, disclosure of restrictions on grassland improvement, pest control and spring grazing activities, and the publication of ecological awards, Monitoring results of each family, etc., in order to build trust and broad support with ethnic minority groups, herders and local governments in the project area, at different stages of the development of the ethnic minority development plan, at least one month before the World Bank evaluates, the minority development plan is disclosed to the affected people and the public in a specific language at a specific place where the project is located. After the World Bank's approval, the final draft of the minority development plan must be made public again. While the public participation of the project and the minority development plan are open, the plan should also seek the opinions of the affected people. Specific information disclosure channels include:
1) Communicate step by step through local governments at all levels. Taking the project declaration as an example, the application conditions for the demonstration project will be issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and issued to the provincial government; the provincial government will initially select the eligible demonstration counties according to the project application conditions; the county government will prepare the declaration form and declare the project; Ministry, the provincial government and the World Bank organize relevant experts to conduct competitive evaluations and identify demonstration counties; the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and the provincial government organize project demonstration counties to carry out annual implementation plan preparation; through project approval, carrying
26 out project implementation work;
2) Announcement in the project village community;
3) Publish information through local TV stations, newspapers, radio, WeChat platforms, etc.;
4) Provide technical training and services, establishing a village-level training platform, using the agricultural technology promotion platform and the Agricultural Broadcasting School to provide technical consultation and guidance to the herders, and carrying out participatory technical training, publicity and popular science education activities, in which female herders receive training. The time and quantity should be no less than 1/3 of the total training.
In summary, before the project is approved, the recipient must send the social impact assessment report and the draft minority development plan to the World Bank for review. According to the provisions of OP/BP 4.10, if the review is passed, the social impact assessment report and the draft minority development plan will be published to the affected minority groups in a manner appropriate to the culture of ethnic minority groups. And disseminate it with tools or means appropriate to national, regional and local minorities. 6.4 Grievance procedure
5.4 Grievance procedures
The project will establish complaint committees at all levels in the affected ethnic minorities before the project is launched. These representatives are selected by their working features or their responsible works. Sometimes, they can also be recommended by the communities and/or agencies where they were. The Appeals Committee will be composed of multi-stakeholder representatives including project villages, community leaders and independent civil society organizations (non-profit associations and community organizations). The committee will receive, evaluate and mediate suggestions and grievances that may arise within minority groups.The Appeals Committee will serve community members during the execution of the project.
The grievance procedures are shown in Figure 5-4, in which, the roles and responsibilities of each level of the complaint committees can be seen.
Appeals committees at all levels receive complaints with the writing style. To make the appeal easy to take, you can develop an easy-to-understand template or form for anyone who wants to make a complaint. The complainant will be exempt from all administrative and legal costs incurred as a result. The complaint will be dealt with through negotiations to reach a consensus. The details, discussion and results of the appeal will be recorded in the complaints log of the Appeals Committee. In order to eliminate possible dissatisfaction among project-affected people and families quickly and effectively, the appeal can be carried out in a bottom-up process, that is, if community members are not satisfied with the project activity or its implementation, they can make a written complaint to the Community Appeals Committee; However, if they are dissatisfied with the above results, they can appeal to the appeal committee at the higher level of the project until they apply to the project executive level for administrative arbitration or file a lawsuit with the civil court in accordance with relevant national laws and regulations.
27
Local resolution
Solved End
If NOT
Grievance committee at project level
Solved in 10 days End
If NOT
Provincial level
Solved in 20 days End
If NOT
If still unsolved, complainers may choose to exercise their rights under law to refer the matter to court of law.
Figure 5-4 Grievance procedures
5.5 Minority cognition of the project
Based on information collected from field trips, group discussions, household interviews, and telephone interviews, ethnic minority herders, technicians, and government officials at all levels
28 showed great interest and enthusiasm for the project, and eagerly hoped that the project would conducted within their own geographic area.
According to the data source given above, the data implementation process is specifically described here. The first is a field trip, including the investigation of the “Preparation Baseline Survey” of the World Bank and the Ministry of Agriculture project on July 13-25, 2018, in Qilian, Qinghai. On November 19-24, 2018, the inspection team was in Mole, Qilian County. The baseline survey of the town and the supplementary research conducted in the town of Moller on May 9-11, 2019; the main methods adopted were symposiums and hearings, listening to the specific opinions of herders, local community leaders, Mole township leaders, technical and management persons from Qilian county for project implementation, and providing suggestions for the project formulation. The second is in-depth interviews. From November 2018 to January 2019, interviews using WeChat, telephone and questionnaire stars, including 19 social-level questionnaires and 74 herder questionnaires. The survey was divided into a community-level questionnaire and a herder's questionnaire. The third is the rough information statistics of the project team from November to December 2018 for representatives of 6 administrative villages, 27 communities and 116 herders groups and more than 1,000 herdsmen in Mole Town, Qilian County. It mainly covers information such as age, gender and village. The fourth is related literature statistics, including statistics provided by local governments, and information about ethnic minorities obtained from online enquiries. When it comes to some basic climatic conditions in the project area or local customs, it is provided by local governments.
Mole Town, whose ethnic minority population is over 95%, said that they welcomed this project very much and it would set up a leading group to cooperate with experts and do a good job. Veterinary professionals said that if the people want to take out their own money to buy grass, the project's goal will be failed. It is recommended that the Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Department tilt the project to Qilian and try to make the project cover more herders. Without the support of the project, even if the herders' grass hills are seriously degraded, their cattle and sheep still need to use these grass hills. To feed in the critical period. The town believes that it is easier to participate in the project by the social unit. The quality of the grassland is used as the evaluation standard. After the grassland reaching a certain quality, the funds will be compensated. As long as the compensation is equal to the previous animal husbandry income, the herders can accept it. The herders have the awareness of protecting the grasslands and accept ecological protection, but do not accept income reduction. Therefore, economic sustainability issues after house feeding need to be considered.
Herders said that if the compensation for the project is enough to offset the loss of income from the reduction of livestock, they were very willing to adopt a grazing ban and grassland balance to protect the grassland. However, grazing bans require more labor to feed the animals. Some herders face difficulties in drinking water from serious livestock, they need to drive cars to a few kilometers away to carry drink water. Some of them spend tens of thousands of dollars to buy water-pumping vehicles, and pull water to drink livestock every day. The time and cost are huge. If the animals are housed, the problem of drinking water will become more prominent.
For pest control, the herders said that although they are being treated every year, the pests of rats still occur year after year, which has aggravated grassland degradation to some extent. In 2017,
29 grassland rodents in Qinghai Province harmed 8.23 million hectares of grassland, and the incidence of rodent pests accounted for 28.9% of the country. It is the most serious area of rodent damage in all grassland provinces in China. Because the management of rodent pests has certain public affairs characteristics, the overall effect of small-area area governance is not ideal. The herders require a large range of pests to control the pests.
In short, by interviewing and talking to herders, local community leaders, township leaders, technical staff and managers of Qilian county, we found that ethnic minority herders, scientific and technological personnel, villages and local governments at all levels believe that intervention projects are beneficial. However, because the proposed project is much different from the government-driven project, the civil society in the project implementation areas may have some deviations in the understanding of the project among these stakeholders, especially the minority herders. For example, the household will get some money depend on the ecological effects of the grassland, which is different from the previous reward or compensation. They are worried that they will not receive sufficient compensation after they have done so.
6. Social Impact Assessment
The main activities to be carried out by the project include grassland improvement, pest control, spring grazing rest, artificial grassland construction and management, as well as the legal and institutional framework compatible with the local ethnic minorities. In these activities, the artificial grassland is built to plant namely winter nest inside the planting of wheatgrass as early as many years ago was widely adopted by herders; Although pest control is influenced by religious beliefs such as Tibetan herders not killing animals, this public service led by the government in the past years has been generally recognized and accepted by herders of all ethnic groups. In recent years, grassland improvement and spring rest grazing have been piloted in a few herders, and are deeply loved by herders.
Social impact assessment is the process of identifying and reviewing the social impact of current or proposed projects and other development interventions. Social impact assessments include the analysis, monitoring and management of planned interventions and the expected and unintended social consequences of any social change process.
As mentioned above, the project will involve five ethnic minorities, including Mongolian and Tibetans, whose populations are mixed together and some are even the same family. They are basically speaking Tibetan. The animal husbandry production in the project area: each household in the winter and spring grassland uses it internally, and generally pulls the net fence; the summer and autumn grassland is used jointly by the community or jointly used by the village. A very small number of communities have separated the autumn grass field from the summer grass field, and the autumn grass field has also been distributed to various households. These pastures are the main natural resources for the various ethnic groups in the project area to survive. They usually graze in their winter and spring pastures for about 9 months, and then they will transfer to the summer and autumn grasslands for a total of several months. Repeatedly. The government determines the location and area of the control based on the monitoring of the pests every year. Herders' located in the control area will be notified in advance to avoid grazing during the prevention period.
30 Specifically, the possible impact of the implementation of the project on ethnic minorities in the project area is:
6.1 The positive impact of the project on ethnic minorities
If the project can be carried out as expected, it will have positive effects on the following three aspects for minority project households, project areas and surrounding minority areas:
1) Change the traditional grazing habits of ethnic herders to make grass and animal husbandry more intensive and efficient. The implementation of the project will help change the habits of herders grazing on natural grass all year round. Natural grassland management activities such as spring grazing, captive supplement feeding and artificial grassland establishment can not only enable grassland to recuperate during key periods such as pasture germination and seed maturity, but also reduce livestock mites to a certain extent; optimized feeding the forage combination also helps to adjust the nutritional structure of the livestock, making the animal husbandry more intensive and efficient.
2) Change the concept of ecological supplements for ethnic herders and encourage them to voluntarily protect grassland resources. The existing ecological subsidy policy in the project area is distributed to each herder according to the grassland area contracted by the herders' households according to the standards of the grazing prohibition and grassland balance subsidy. The evidence-based grassland ecological compensation policy implemented by the project will implement the ecological supplement policy in strict accordance with the approved stocking standards, that is, the participating households will compensate for the losses caused by reducing livestock, and bring protection to the grassland. The supply of ecological products is rewarded. Through the implementation of the project for many years and its demonstration effect, the herders' concept of awards will be improved, so that the herders can voluntarily protect grassland resources under the new ecological reward mechanism.
3) Enhance the ability of a small number of herders to accept new technologies and improve their livelihoods. During the implementation and demonstration, the project will provide consultation and guidance on animal husbandry technology, and use the agricultural technology promotion platform and the Agricultural Broadcasting School to train new types of professional farmers and herders, improve the technical acceptance of herders, enhance their human capital, and broaden their livelihoods strategies to improve the sustainable livelihoods of herders. The adoption of new technologies by the project participants and the improvement of their livelihood level can also promote the technical adoption and livelihood improvement of the pastoral households in the whole project area, and promote the sound and rapid development of pastoral areas.
6.2 Potential negative effects of the project on the development of ethnic minorities
1) It may affect the harmonious relationship between non-project households, project teams and project villages. As the project will be based on 116 herders' groups of 27 communities in 6 villages across the town, on a transparent, open and voluntary basis, 58 randomly selected as project teams, and randomly selected 3-5 households from each project team. As it may result in different participation of 6 villages and their 27 communities and groups of herders in the project,
31 this will inevitably affect the allocation of resources between villages, different communities in the same village and different pastoral groups in the same community. Moreover, for a project team with an average of 15 herders, random selection of 3-5 households as project households may have adverse effects on other herders in the same project group. Compared with the pastoral groups of other mutual aid groups, the same group of Herders have closer settlement distances, and there are more activities for mutual aid in daily animal husbandry production, such as shearing wool and sheep dung. If the project participants benefit more from the project, it may enlarge the distance between the project and the non-project, thus affecting the implementation and demonstration of the project.
2) The implementation of the project requires minority herders to change their traditional livestock habits. The housing and feeding in the project activities is not consistent with the habits of the ethnic minorities in the project area to stock livestock. The activities of the project must be carried out smoothly, and the minority herders need to change their traditional grazing habits. The grazing method puts forward new requirements. In addition, after a short period of captivity, it is difficult for livestock to adapt to the bad weather outside, especially in winter. Therefore, it is necessary to improve livestock breeds to ensure the smooth development of the project.
3) The housing and feeding in the project activities will bring higher costs to the minority herders. Compared to seasonal stocking, livestock feeding requires more manual care and more artificial forage. The self-sufficiency of forage materials in the project area is difficult, and the cost of transporting purchased forage materials is high. In addition, it is also difficult to feed livestock and drink water. Therefore, housing and feeding will bring additional livestock raising costs to ethnic herders.
4) The difference between the ecological reward method and the existing practices may make it difficult for the project minority herders to accept. The project is based on the empirical ecological reward method and the long-term and still in progress, which does not require the evaluation of the number of livestock and grassland utilization to directly distribute the compensation to the herders. The herders must bear the project cost first. It will affect the livelihood of ethnic minorities and may make it difficult for minority herders to adapt. If they can't strictly abide by the requirements of the project and meet the requirements of the project, the grassland ecological prizes of the previous GSP will not be issued. In the short term, the livelihood of minority herders involved in the project will not reach the expected level.
5) Grass and livestock balance and livestock pressure are large, which may reduce the income of herders to a large extent. According to the 2017 National Grassland Monitoring Report, the overload rate of livestock in Qinghai Province in 2017 is about 10%. The livestock overload of the minority herders in the project villages is also roughly similar. In order to achieve the evidence-based ecological awards, the project will strictly require the project households to raise the specified number of livestock according to the carrying capacity of their own pastures. In the current situation where the ethnic minority herders are generally overloaded, lowering the number of livestock is likely to lead to a greater reduction in the income of the herders', which will affect the livelihood of the minority farmers in the project in the short term.
6) During the implementation of the project, the herders will not reduce the number of livestock, and will shorten the time spent using natural pastures, thereby increasing the time of
32 captivity, which will increase the livelihood costs of herders. In addition, some herders have rented other pastures. In order to meet the project requirements, the animals will be stocked on the leased pastures, which will increase the pressure on the pasture.
6.3 Mitigation measures for the adverse effects of the project on ethnic minorities
Based on the analysis of the vulnerability and diversity of ethnic minorities in the project area, and the potential positive and negative impacts of the project on ethnic minorities, it is necessary to have activities acceptable to ethnic minorities such as Tibetans and Mongolians during the preparation, implementation and operation of the project. Carry out project activities in a manner acceptable to ethnic minorities such as Tibetans and Mongolians, respecting their customs, religious beliefs and living habits, etc., in order to enhance and realize the positive impacts that the project may bring, and mitigate or eliminate potential disadvantages of the project. Equal participation of herdsmen of different ethnic groups in projects should be ensured, publicity should be strengthened, the right to know of ethnic minorities living in remote areas should be ensured, various training activities should be carried out, the capacity building of ethnic minorities should be strengthened. It should pay more attention to the vulnerable groups, including women and older herders. In doing so, a certain proportion of women and older herders should be guaranteed to participate in projects, so as to promote the sustainable development of ethnic minority areas and different gender and ethnic groups. Specific measures can be taken as follows:
1) Let the herdsmen/mutual support groups/societies apply for participation in the project under transparent, open and voluntary conditions, in order to avoid to break the harmonious relationship between non-project households, project teams and project villages that may be brought about by project implementation;
2) Reducing the dependence of minority herdsmen on four seasons of grazing livestock through technology substitution and community co-management; and the high cost that may be brought to minority herdsmen by house feeding and captivity;
3) Strengthen supervision of overloaded pastoralism through publicity, formal and community informality;
4) Increasing the non-grazing income of minority herdsmen by establishing animal product brands, opening up markets, and looking for alternatives to livelihoods;
5) Prevent project households from passing the grazing pressure to the rented pastures, thus adversely affecting the ecological environment of the entire region.
7. Action Plan 7.1 Implementing agency
The project is funded by GEF funds. The World Bank will be manager of the project, and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs is responsible for the implementation. The Project Management Office (PMO) is established and a chief technical consultant is appointed to provide technical support to PMO. For the management and implementation of the project, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs organizes and negotiates various stakeholders, and establishes provincial and county project leader groups and project management offices, as well as national
33 and provincial project expert groups. According to the management needs and characteristics of the project, the implementation organization of the project is set up according to project leadership, project execution, and project technical support system. The project leadership system is led by the leading groups at all ranks and the leaders of the relevant business departments; the project implementation agencies are located at the project management centers at all levels, specifically responsible for project management and implementation; the project support system is provided by relevant departments at the provincial, city, county and town. It is composed of technical personnel from research institutes and related business departments. Besides, the county should set up a project work leader group and management office, which should be equipped with full-time management personnel and responsible for project coordination and specific work, so as to improve the organization and implementing of the project.
The national level:： NPSC NPMO
The provincial level:： PPSC PPMO
The county level: QPLG CPMO
Note: please refer to the PAD instruction manual for specific agency codes Figure 7-1 Organization Chart
In order to promote the smooth implementation of the project, it is necessary to enhance the capacity building of the project implementation agency. It requires the key personnel of each project office participate in various related trainings organized by the World Bank. At the same time，it necessary to strengthen communications among different agencies, including those at different levels and at the same level. At community level, herders and community or village representatives can learn each other to enhance their capacity through formal cooperative way (e.g. be promoted by formal cooperatives), and through informal cooperation like the existing reciprocal ways in wool cutting, etc.
The specific organizational structure is shown in Figure 7-1 (CPNO is specifically responsible for implementation).
34 7.2 Implementation plan
The implementation plan for the development of ethnic minorities of the project shall be roughly formulated according to the preparation period, implementation period and half a year after the end of the implementation period in the main work stages of the project:
1) Project preparation period: Through the meeting, WeChat and other media announcements, project notifications, investigate the impact of the project on ethnic minorities, know more about the attitudes and suggestions of ethnic minorities on the project, prepare ethnic minority development plans and seek opinions of ethnic minorities. Distribute information plans for ethnic minority plans, etc.;
2) Project implementation period: All relevant institutions shall assist the implementing agencies to carry out various ethnic minority development activities, and ensure the participation of minority projects, so as to promote the development of project activities smoothly, and expand the project results. Internal and external monitoring of the implementation of the project. The internal monitoring is handled by the project office. The first phase of the internal monitoring report is submitted to the World Bank every six months; the external monitoring is assessed by employing a third-party independent agency. Before the project is implemented, the work outline, the survey outline and the form are prepared, and the monitoring system is established. Select monitoring points, take participatory social evaluation methods for baseline and follow-up surveys, and submit a report to the World Bank annually during the project implementation period;
3) Within six months after the end of the implementation period, submit a summary evaluation report on the development of ethnic minorities to the World Bank.
7.3 Program budget and source of funding
The funds needed for the implementation of the minority development plan of this project mainly come from the GEF grant and the financial matching funds from governments at all levels. An overview of the measures and their costs is shown in table 7-1.
Table 7-1 Project cost estimate
Active content Cost estimate and basis
GEF Capital budget Supporting government funds
Improvement of $225,000 Supported by financial subsidies: $600,000 natural grassland by no-tillage and reseeding Spring grazing fence $400,000: Mainly used Spring grazing rest: fiscal subsidies and herders closure for farmers and herdsmen raised a total of about 2.9 million dollars to cover
performance subsidies the production and supplementary feeding costs
and incentives of spring grazing rest activities.
35 Fence reinforcement: 1.5 million dollars from the
government shall be used to repair and reinforce
the fences, sheds and other infrastructure of
herders.
Rat and pest control 0 10.32 million yuan (1.5 million dollars) from
financial subsidy
Plant grass in the pens The annual project About $600,000 was raised by subsidies and
subsidy for forage seed is farmers themselves
$20,000, and the total
amount for 5 years is
$100,000
Livestock GEF has a budget of Government supporting funds:$4 million (27.52 management $150,000 million yuan); Promotion of efficient Tibetan
sheep breeding technology: 13.52 million yuan;
Promotion of efficient yak breeding technology:
13.5 million yuan; Project support fee usage
plan: 500,000 yuan
Cost of regular Project independent monitors are hired to work 50 days per year at $400 per
monitoring by day for a total of $100,000 over five years
independent monitors
7.4 Grievance mechanism
In the process of formulating and implementation of ethnic minority plans, we must always pay attention to the participation of ethnic minority groups. Establish a grievance mechanism, and provide channels for complaints of minority groups in the implementation of ethnic minority plans. The grievance mechanism complies with the 5.4 appeal procedure. However, considering the particularity of the culture and religious practices of ethnic minority groups, it is also necessary to set up a special person in the village committee as the complaint acceptor and to publicize the liaison method of the respondent to each ethnic group. Comprehensible texts and easy-to-reach places to publish relevant information to ensure the right to know of each nation. In addition, complaints and grievances from minority groups will be accepted free of charge, and the reasonable costs incurred will be paid out from the unforeseen expenses of the project.
36 8. Impact monitoring and evaluation
In order to ensure the implementation of the Ethnic Minority Development Plan during the implementation of the project smoothly, an effective monitoring agency is needed to continuously monitor and evaluate the livestock production and livelihood status of the affected minority herders.
8.1 Monitoring content
The monitoring content mainly includes:
1) Livestock livelihood status, including: animal husbandry production inputs - fixed inputs such as wells, fences, sheds, etc., and inputs such as labor, forage, veterinary veterinary drugs and machinery; animal husbandry output - livestock products Out, price and sales;
2) Grassland and its circulation;
3) Grassland ecological reward/incentive policy and its implementation status;
4) The demand for animal husbandry technology and the acceptance of social services;
5) The livelihood status of women, the elderly and ethnic minorities;
6) Knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of pastoral grassland management;
7) Project implementation: improvement and issues.
8.2 Evaluation content
The evaluation is mainly carried out from the following aspects:
1) Relevance of project implementation: the number of herders who participate in the project and benefit from the project, which pastor benefits, and how to benefit;
2) Effectiveness of project implementation: changes in input and output of pastoral production both before and after the participation of the herders, and changes in production inputs and outputs of the participating households; or changes in livelihoods, including evaluating adverse impacts on both project participating herders and non-participating herders’ livelihoods. Some quantitative method and qualitative method should be used, including participatory approach; animal husbandry production behavior or grazing methods. Such as the number of livestock, structure, stocking / captivity ratio, slaughter cycle, cooperative grazing, lease grassland, animal husbandry, etc.;
3) Project implementation efficiency: allocation of project resources; number of herders covered by the project; project input-output ratio;
4) Sustainability of project implementation: Which activity of the project is sustainable; which activity is less sustainable? What is the reason? Whether the grassland of the herders management capacity has improved; how their knowledge, attitudes and behavior have changed;
5) Reproducibility of project activities: Is there any activity of the project that is emulated by the project area? Is it through what path or mechanism is imitated?
37 6) Innovation of the project: Which activity is innovative? What is the extent? What is the innovation mechanism?
How to mobilize the enthusiasm of herders to participate in monitoring and evaluation
8.3 Effectiveness of monitoring and evaluation
In the operation of the project monitoring and evaluation system, it is necessary to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the herders to participate:
- Establish an information file for the pastoral participation in the project;
- Design corresponding forms, and the trained herders need to fill in relevant information in time after completing each activity;
- Village cadres can help less educated herders to complete relevant information;
- Village cadres collect and preserve relevant written materials in a timely manner;
— The county project office officials promptly urged the herders to record information related to the activities and conduct a summary analysis.
The county project office shall set up a full-time project monitoring and evaluation officer. The monitoring time of the project is formed twice a year, that is, after each activity is completed, a project monitoring report shall be formed. Project evaluation should be carried out in the middle of the project implementation and at the end of the project to form a project evaluation report.
8.4 Budget of monitoring and evaluation
The appointed independent monitor should submit the monitoring and evaluation repot twice a year, working at least 50 days per year, with an allowance of 2480 yuan or 400 USD per day. In total, the budget for this purpose is about 0.62 million yuan in RMB or 0.01 million dollar in USD.
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