Final Report
L060107 Monitoring and Conservation of Tibetan Antelopes and Other
Mid-large Sized Mammals Along Qinghai-Tibet Railway and Highway
Host Country：China
Site Location: Hoh-xil National Nature Reserve, Qinghai Province, China
Dates in the field: 1st May, 2007 - 1stMarch, 2010
Institutions: Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing
Management Office of Hoh-xil National Nature Reserve, Qinghai
Authors：Lin Xia, Qian Zhang, Yonghua Wu, Yongjie Wu, Lei Zhu, Long Zhu, Ge Lai，Yongbo Li
Contact address: 1 Beichen West Road, Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.ioz.ac.cn
30th September, 2010
Table of Contents
Section 1 ...... 5
1.1 Summary ...... 5
1.2 Introduction ...... 5
1.3 Project members...... 8
Section 2:...... 11
2.1 Aim and objectives...... 11
2.1.1Main Aim ...... 11
2.1.2 Objectives: ...... 11
2. 2 Methodology ...... 12
2.2.1 Training...... 12
2.2.2 Field Monitoring ...... 12
2.2.2.1 Occurrences of chiru and other mid-large mammals along the rail line...... 12
2.2.2.2 Impact of the railway and highway on chiru migration ...... 12
2.2.2.3 Efficiency of rail crossing structures...... 13
2.3 Outputs and Results...... 14
2.3.1Ecological Output ...... 14
2.3.1.1 Disturbances caused by the transportation facility are identified...... 14
2.3.1.2 The efficiency of wildlife corridors is evaluated...... 16
2.3.1.3: The monitoring of migration of Tibetan Antelopes is continued and improved...... 18
2.3.2 Social science output...... 19
2.4 Achievements and Impacts...... 21
Section 3:...... 22
3.1 Conclusion...... 22
3.2 Problems encountered and lessons learnt...... 23
3.3 In the future...... 24
2 Section 4:...... 26
4.1 Appendices...... 26
4.1.1A full account of income and expenditure...... 26
4.1.2Raw field data: ...... 28
4.1.3Copies of any newspaper/magazine articles relating to the project...... 31
4.1.4 Papers published or manuscripts proposed based on project data...... 33
4.2 Bibliography...... 34
4. 3 Address list and web links...... 47
4. 4 Distribution list...... 49
4.5 Copies of any media articles relating to the project ...... 50
3
Acknowledgements
I would first and foremost like to thank Qisen Yang, advisor of this project, he gave us fully support and worked with us from the beginning to the end. His abundant field experience on Plateau helped us solve many problems in monitoring and improve our project.
I would also like to thank Mr. Gama Chaidan, Wenga ,Long Zhu , Suoang Gelai and Wenxiu, their conservation station is “our home” in Hoh-xil. And we worked and lived like a family.
Mr. Li Yongbo, staff of Bureau of Forestry of Qinghai Province, without his help in communication we could not work smoothly in the Reserve.
Mr. Da zhihua, staff of Ministry of Railway (MOR), helping in communication with Department of the Railway, setting the working sites, providing us with basic working conditions.
All of these individuals made this research possible and I am indebted to them.
Finally, thanks to our “old friend” Robyn Dalzen, Lynn Duda, Stuart Paterson, Kiragu Mwangi, Julie Jackson and the whole CLP family, without you without this project, and in the past 5 years the CLP gaved us much more than “money”, this project led us to the conservation world and helped us standing on the starting point of our conservation career.
4 Section 1
1.1 Summary
The Qinghai-Tibet Railway and the accompanied Golmud-Lhasa highway went through three national nature reserves and cut cross the migration route of the Tibetan Antelopes. This project aims to reduce the disturbance to migration of Tibetan Antelopes and movements of some large mammals along railway and highway by assessing the impact of traffic. The field monitoring has continued for 3 years after the railway being put into operation in 2006 on to the present. Monitoring results show that the disturbance to movements of animals included barrier effect of the line structure, human activities, road traffic and so on. Animals were much disturbed in the rail construction period, but they readily adapted to the crossing structures after the railway being put into operation, the efficiency of wildlife passages have greatly improved in chiru migration from 56.06% to 100%. The Effectiveness of crossing structures was influenced by its location, structural parameters of passages, approaches to the structures, and human activities. Rail operation have little impact on wildlife movement but chiru migration was greatly affected by the busy traffic and the human activities brought by highway, the successful chiru passes have a negative correlation with the traffic volume on the highway. Field monitoring results were analysied combined with the data we collected in rail construction period during 2004-2006 , a detail final report and conservation recommendations were submitted to the local government and transportation department for making further conservation plan.
1.2 Introduction
Linear infrastructures such as roadways and railroads, affect populations in numerous ways from habitat loss and fragmentation to constituting physical barriers to movements and dispersion of terrestrial vertebrates (Oxley et al., 1974; Beckmann et.al, 2010; Walker et al., 2003). With the continuing expanding road and rail system in western China, the conflicts between transportation and wildlife conservation become more and more acute. In July 2006, the newly built Qinghai-Tibet railway was put into use，accompanied with the existing Gumold-Lasha highway.
5 The highway and the rail road went through Hoh-xil, Sanjiangyuan, Qiangtang and Selincuo four national nature reserves, which are the main habitats for tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii), tibetan wild ass (Equus kiang), wild yaks(Bos grunniens), tibetan gazelle (Procapra picticaudata) , and etc, most of them are endemic to the Qinghai-Tibet Plaetau and under protection of Chinese government. The Tibetan Antelope is listed as Endangered by the IUCN Red List, and the wild ass is listed as Vulnerable ( VU). The railroad and highway bisected the migration corridor of one main chiru migratory population at the boundary of Hoh-xil and Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve and also affected the movements of other mid-large mammals.
Long-distance seasonal migration is one of the main characteristics of chiru ecology and reproduction. Recent research indicated that chiru migration played an important role in maintaining the gene flow between current isolated geographic populations (Ruan et al, 2005 ) and also might be a life-history adaptation to increase calf survival(Douglas et al.,2008), the maintenance of portions of migratory routes would clearly be essential to conserve migrations (Douglas et al., 2008). The female population discussed here migrates about 300km between the wintering ground in Sanjiangyuan and the summer calving ground in Zhuonai Lake. It is the smallest migratory herd of the four main migratory populations in China, and has been mostly disturbed by human activities in the past 100 years.
To offset the barrier effect produced on local fauna, 33 wildlife passages have been built beneath the railway, among which 2 were designed specially for chiru migration. Wildlife crossing structures and other rail bridges can provide linkages for wildlife movements, but still no crossing structures has been built across the highway. From 2004, we have got the continuous support from CLP （First year, Follow up and Conservation Leadership）to conduct a conservation project on evaluation of the wildlife passages and the impact of traffic to chiru migration and wildlife movement. Fieldwork was undertaken along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway and highway, from Golmud to Lasha, with the total length of 1100km. The study area has an average altitude of 4500m, topography consists of rolling hills and shallow gullies, and the habitat is high altitude steppe, alpine meadow and gravel-filled gullies, entirely without trees or shrubs. The field monitoring on wildlife movements and passage use lasted for 5 years from the rail
6 construction period to rail operation, and conservation actions were taken cooperated with the management office and the 4 conservation stations of the Hoh-xil National Nature Reserve.
Fig 1. Study area
7 1.3 Project members
Lin Xia (Team Leader)
PhD, Associate Professor in Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Vice-secretary general of Beijing Society of Zoology. Graduated from Beijing Forestry University in 1996. Experienced in field survey and conservation biology. Take part in various research projects covering animal resource, biodiversity and conservation of mammals in Xinjiang, Qinghai and other regions in northwest China, and also attended in the designing of the animal crossing structure of Qinghai-Tibet railway. Working currently on musk deers and wildlife conservation of Qinghai-Tibetan Plaetau. Project leader of the First year and follow-up award of BPCP. Several research papers in related field have been published.
Project management, monitoring, training and public education.
Suoang Gelai
Staff of Management Office of Hoh-xil National Nature Reserve, local resident, leader of the Wudaoliang conservation station. Expert in field survey and biodiversity conservation.
Field work, local communication, conservation actions.
Qian Zhang
PhD candidate, full-time student on mammal conservation, Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Field monitoring , data analysis and training.
Yonghua Wu
PhD. Graduated in 2009. Now in US.
Field monitoring
Yongjie Wu
8 MS candidate, full-time student of Institute of Zoology. Experienced in fieldwork. Working currently on small mammals of Qinghai-Tibetan Plaetau and Hengduan Mountains.
Field monitoring and data analysis,
Lei Zhu
PhD candidate, full-time student on conservation biology. Graduated from Jilin Agricultural University, experienced in field monitoring.
Field work and public education.
Yongbo Li
MS, staff of Bureau of Forestry, responsible for management of Reserve in Qinghai Province (including our working sites). Expert in field survey and biodiversity conservation.
Local communication and public education.
Longzhu
Staff of Wudaoliang conservation station.
Field monitoring and communication.
Gama Chaidan
MS, staff of Administrative Bureau of the Hoh-Xil Nature Reserve, a local resident, leader of Budongquan Conservation Station. Experienced in wildlife conservation, management and communication.
Field monitoring and communication.
Wenga
Leader of Suonandajie Conservation Station in Hoh-xil National Nature Reserve. Experienced in field work and conservation. Local resident .
Field monitoring and communication.
9 Wenxiu
Leader of Tuotuo River Conservation Station in Hoh-xil National Nature Reserve. Experienced in field work and conservation. Local resident .
Field monitoring and communication.
Age Group:
20-25: 2 ; 25-30: 5 ; 30-35: 4
10 Section 2:
2.1 Aim and objectives
2.1.1Main Aim
This project aims to mitigate the impact of traffic on movement and migration of Tibetan Antelopes and other mid-large sized mammals along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway and Highway, by assessing traffic disturbances and evaluating the efficiency of wildlife corridors over the railway. Results from this study may diagnose any potential problems with transportation development at an early stage and provide solutions to reduce conflict between transportation development and conservation.
2.1.2 Objectives: z Disturbances caused by the transportation facilities are identified. z The efficiency of wildlife corridors is evaluated. z The monitoring of migration of Tibetan Antelopes is continued and improved. z A reasonable conservation plan is generated for mid-large sized mammals along the railway and highway z Mornitoring techniques and field skills of the local students and residents are improved. z A field station will be built for continous monitoring ,conservation and public education. z The management and conservation of the chiru and their habitat are advanced. z The links with the local staff of the Department of Forest, transportation agency and NGOs are strengthened or created. z Public awareness of species and the protected area is improved.
11 2. 2 Methodology
2.2.1 Training
Training courses were conducted twice a year on field monitoring teniques for the local staff from Hoh-xil National Nature Reserve and Transportation Angency, local students and volunteers from NGOs .
2.2.2 Field Monitoring
Field work was undertaken from May 2007 to March 2010 along the whole line of Qinghai-Tibet railway and Golmud-Lasa Highway. Due to the animal distribution recorded by the management office of Hoh-xil Reserve in the past 10 years and our field investigation on wildlife occurrence along the railway during 2004-2006, the main monitoring area centred between Kunlunshankou to Tuotuo River (Fig 1).
2.2.2.1 Occurrences of chiru and other mid-large mammals along the rail line.
The survey on animal occurrence was conducted weekly in March, June, September and December, covered different seasons. An off-road vehicle containing 4 observers drove at the speed of 35km/hr on the highway, parallel to the rail line. The number of wildlife occurrences within 2km from the rail line on both sides was directly counted with 15-45* telescope and recorded by video cameras or digital cameras. The position of the occurrence was marked with the correspondent rail/road milestones.
We divided the census line into 110 zones of equal distance of 10km from Kunlunshankou to the end point in Lasa, using the miles stones of the railway as breakpoints ( i.e. zone 977, from the milestone 977+001 to 987+000). We used a Wilcoxon signed-rank test to compare differences in chiru occurrences between both sides of the railroad in each zone. Percentage of wildlife occurrence in different zones to total occurrence in research area was calculated.
2.2.2.2 Impact of the railway and highway on chiru migration In chiru migration season from Mid May to Late August, continuous monitoring was carried out in the main migration corridor (30km in width) from Chumaer River to Wudaoliang. The group size, and composition of migrating herd were directly counted and observed by at least three
12 team members , with 15-45* telescope in the daytime. When migrating herd was large, the video camera can help to recount the chiru numbers. A group of chiru was defined as all individuals within 50m of each other.Yearlings and adults were not easy to be distinguished at a distance, and only composition of those herds judged to be reliable were included in subsequent analysis of herd composition.
To access traffic disturbance to chiru migration, all road and rail passes of chiru and the day traffic flow (6am-10pm)of both the railroad and highway were recorded.
2.2.2.3 Efficiency of rail crossing structures
All crossing structures in main monitoring area were monitored . Video cameras and footprint monitoring were used. During October to the next April, the study area was covered with snow, which can be used as tracking ground. Footprint monitoring lasted in each wildlife passage until 10 valid control-days were obtained, as those days in which weather conditions did not allow correct footprinting were not taken into account. The four conservation station helped to check the footprint every day .
Efficiency of crossing structrures in chiru migration was calculated as the number of successful passes divided by the total number of individuals. The factors such as weather conditions, human activities, predators near crossing structures were recorded and used in the analysis of disturbance to passage use.
13 2.3 Outputs and Results
2.3.1Ecological Output
2.3.1.1 Disturbances caused by the transportation facility are identified. (1) The busy traffic of the Golmud-Lasa Highway affected the successful chiru passes in their migration, which showed a negative correlation with the average traffic volume of the highway. Percentage of Safe Chiru Percentage 40 95% 35 85% Passages 30 75% 65% 25 55% 20 45% 15 35% 10 25% Avg . Traffic Volume /30min Volume . Traffic Avg 2002 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year Rate of Safe Crossings Avg. Traffic Volume/30min
Fig .2 Average day traffic volume of Qinghai-Tibet Highway, 2002 and 2004-2008, plotted with percentage of chiru safe passages. Data of 2002 from (Qiu and Feng, 2005)
(2) There was a high frequency of crossings by chiru during 11:00-13:00, when the traffic flow was low. The low traffic flow occurred at noon, because most drivers had lunch at that time.
700 45 700 45 40 600 40
600 Avg.TrafficVolume/30min Avg.TrafficVolume/30min 35 35 500 500 30 30
400 25 400 25
300 20 300 20
Chiru Crossings 15 15 200 200 Chiru Crossings 10 10 100 100 5 5
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 :00 :00 :00 :0 :00 :0 :00 :00 0 :00 7:00 8:00 9:00 0:00 7:00 7 8 9 7: 1 11:00 12:00 13:0 14 15 16 1 18:00 19:00 20:0 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14 15:00 16 1 18:00 19 20:00 Time of Day Time of Day
Road crossings Rail crossings Traffic Volume Road rossings Rail crossings Traffic Volume
2004 2005
14 1400 45 450 70 40 400 1200 60 35 350 Avg.TrafficVolume/30mi 50 1000 Avg.TrafficVolume 30 300 40 800 25 250 200 600 20 30 150 15 Crossings Chiru Chiru Crossings 400 20 10 100 10 200 n 50 5 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 00 30 30 00 00 00 3 0 30 0 :30 : :00 3: 7: 7: 8: 7 8:30 10: 11:30 1 14: 16: 1 19: 20 10:00 11:30 13:00 14: 16 17:30 19:00 20:30 Time of Day Time of Day Road crossing Rail rossings Traffic Volume Road crossings Rail crossings Traffic Volume
2006 2007
1000 35 900 30 800 Avg.TrafficVolume/30mi 700 25 600 20 500 400 15 300 Chiru Crossings Chiru 10 200
5 n 100 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 00 00 :0 :0 :0 0 0 0 7:00 8: 9: 10 11:00 12:00 13 14 15: 16:00 17:00 18: 19: 20:00 Time of Day
Road crossing Rail rossings Traffic Volume
2008
Fig 3. Average half-hourly traffic volume, plotted with the number of rail and road crossings in different time periods of a day, recorded in migration from calving ground, 2004-2008.
(3) The peak of rail crossings appeared during 11:00-15:00. Trail operations began on July 1st, 2006, 6-8 trains shuttled between Golmud and Lhasa every day. They went through the study area during 6:00-10:00am, and 19:00-24:00pm. The peak of chiru crossings was out of this range. The impact of rail operation on chiru migration was not significant.
15 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00
Fig.4a Percentage of chiru passes in different time periods in migration to calving ground.
70 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00
Fig. 4b Percentage of chiru passes in different time periods in migration from calving ground.
2.3.1.2 The efficiency of wildlife corridors is evaluated.
(1) Wildlife occurrence along the rail line and distribution of crossing structures.
140
120
100
80
60
40 Wildlife occurrence
(Individuals/Investigation) 20
0
4 4 4 4 04 14 24 34 44 54 64 54 64 74 84 94 04 14 24 34 44 54 64 74 4 96 97 98 99 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 73 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1074 1084 1094 1104 1114 1124 1134 1144 11 11 11 11 11 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1284 1294 1304 1314 -1 324 Mile stones 1 Procapra picticaudata Pantholops hodgsonii Equus kiang Bos grunniens Ovis ammon Vulpes ferrilata Canis lupus
Fig 5a. Wildlife occurrence along the Qinghai-Tibetan railway and highway, 2007, Summer.
16 180
160
140
120
100
80
60 Wildlife occurrence Wildlife
(Individuals/Investigation) 40
20
0
64 84 4 4 4 4 4 9 9 004 02 06 10 144 164 184 204 224 24 264 28 1 1 1044 1 1084 1 1124 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1304 4-1734 2 13 Mile stones
Procapra picticaudata Pantholops hodgsonii Equus kiang Bos grunniens Ovis ammon Vulpes ferrilata Canis lupus Fig 5b. Wildlife occurrence along the Qinghai-Tibetan railway and highway, 2007-2008, Winter.
300
250
200
150
100 Wildlife occurrence Wildlife
(Individuals/Investigation) 50
0 964 974 984 994 1004 1014 1024 1034 1044 1054 1064 1074 1084 1094 1104 1114 1124 1134 1144 1154 1164 1174 1184 1194 1204 1214 1224 12 34- Mile stones
Procapra picticaudata Pantholops hodgsonii Equus kiang Bos grunniens Ovis ammon Vulpes ferrilata Canis lupus Fig 5c. Wildlife occurrence along the Qinghai-Tibetan railway and highway, 2008, Summer.
180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 96 98 0 2 4 6 8 04 24 44 8 0 2 4 6 8 04 24 44 64 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 1164 1184 1204 1224 1244 1264 12 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 1484 1624 1644
Procapra picticaudata Pantholops hodgsonii Equus kiang Bos grunniens Ovis ammon Vulpes ferrilata Canis lupus
Fig 5d. Wildlife occurrence along the Qinghai-Tibetan railway and highway, 2008-2009, Winter.
17 (2) The utility of rail crossing structures in chiru migration
In migration season during 2004-2009, chiru crossings were recorded at 7 underpasses (Table 1), including 6 large bridges (over 100m), and a 16m small bridge, no culverts were used. The efficiency greatly increased after the construction completed in 2005 (Table1).
Table 1 Percentage of chiru using the various crossing structures along Qinghai-Tibet Railway during the migration season, 2004-2008 Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
To From From To From To From From From Structure Name To CA* To CA* To CA* CA* CA CA CA* CA CA* CA CA CA
Hoh-xil Wildlife Passage 100 54.19 100 88.50 84.64 82.22 96.88 98.77 96.49 97.71 100 100 Chumer Wildlife Passage 0 1.78 0 0 0 0 0.18 1.23 0 2.05 0 0 Budongquan Wildlife Passage 0 0 0 0 4.71 0.24 0 0 3.51 0.24 0 0 85 Wildlife Passage 0 0 0 0 4.95 11.83 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wudaoliang Railroad Bridge 0 0 0 0 1.89 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kunlunshan Bridge 0 0 0 0 2.21 3.89 2.94 0 0 0 0 0 Small Bridge 0 0.09 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Over pass the Rail bed 0 43.94 0 11.5 1.60 1.82 0 0 0 0 0 0 * CA: Calving Ground. (3) The factors that affected passage use
The effectiveness of crossing structures can be influenced by its location, structural parameters of passages, and approaches to the structures, such as surrounding habitat and landscape characteristics and human activities (Clevenger and Waltho 2000).
2.3.1.3 The monitoring of migration of Tibetan Antelopes is continued and improved. (1)The size and composition of the migratory population was stable (Table 2)
Table 2. Size and composition of the chiru migratory population.
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Year
Direction To CA From CA To CA From CA To CA From CA To CA From CA To CA From CA From CA To CA
Size 1660 2303 1509 2182 2122 2959 1698 2512 1994 2885 2519 3274
Proportion of 0 34.73 0 35.24 0 32.12 0 31.03 0 33.45 0 33.43 Offsprings %
(2) Chiru adapted to the railway and the crossing structures in migration z Time spending on crossing decreased
18 The average time spending/group showed a tendency of decreasing from 38.00 min in 2004 to 12.76 min in 2008. Table 3. Time spending on crossing the Qinghai-Tibet Railway through Hoh-xil Wildlife Passage in migration from calving ground, 2004-2008. Year Average Group Size (individuals) Time/Group(min) 2004 95.80 38.00 2005 106.93 14.73 2006 100.67 14.75 2007 116.86 17.20 2008 175.07 12.76 z Average time spending between the highway and the railway decreased The average time spending/group showed a tendency of decreasing from 181.06 min in 2004 to 78.75 min in 2008. Table 4.Average time spending between the highway and the railway Year Group numbers Average Time /group (min) 2004 17 181.06 2005 13 116.00 2006 19 80.47 2007 14 79.64 2008 16 78.75
2.3.2 Social science output z Mornitoring techniques and field skills of the local students and residents are improved through field work and training courses.
Fig 6. The field station and the local staff. Fig 7. Conservation actions on the Qinghai-tibet highway
19
Fig 8. Training workshop in the field z A field station “Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Wildlife Research Station” was built in 2008, near the main migration corridor and by the roadside. It can provide basic equipments and living conditions for field work.
Fig 9. Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Wildlife Research Station
20
2.4 Achievements and Impacts
• Scientific papers ( Oryx , Nature Correspondence, ), articles in journals of popular science and newspapers have been published, along with the presentations in universities, schools, international conference, catching the eyeballs from scientists, conservation community, and general public and local schools. The number of published articles is increasing including significant national and international profile.
• The migration of chiru and its habitat are still lack of research. Our monitoring results on the behaviour adaptation of chiru to the wildlife crossing structures provide valuable information to the conservation and research of the species.
• In 2007, our work on wildlife conservation along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway has got the first place of the “China Railway Society of Science and Technology Award”.
• In 2008, we have got the “Special grade award of National Science and Technology Progress”, which is conferred on individuals or organizations by the State Council in recognition of their major contributions to application and popularization of advanced scientific and technological achievements, or to the accomplishment of major scientific and technological projects, programs, and plans.
• The report on assessment of the impact of traffic Tibetan Antelopes and other mammals along the railway and highway will help the transportation department take some efficient action on conservation of this animal and related species in their future designing and construction of transportation facilities. The lessons learned from this project will be valuable to diagnose a potential problem in an early stage for the future on infrastructure development, improve the conservation of Tibetan Antelopes and other species in China, even in global stage.
21 Section 3:
3.1 Conclusion z The main disturbances to chiru migration and movements of other mid-large sized mammals along the Qinghai-Tibet highway and railway included barrier effect of the line structure, human activities and road traffic. z Chiru migration was much disturbed during the rail construction period, but they readily adapted to the rail structure and finished migration successfully by using rail crossing structures. z The effectiveness of crossing structures much improved in chiru migration after 2005, and was influenced by the location, structural parameters of passages, approaches to the structures, and human activities. z Chiru migration was greatly affected by the busy traffic and the human activities brought by highway. z Multiple road crossing structures should be built to facilitate wildlife movement and mitigate the risk of wildlife deaths. z Rail operation had little disturbance to chiru migration. z Long term effect of rail operation was not clear till now, to continue monitoring of the wildlife along the railway is necessary. z The conservation of chiru and other mid-large mammals along the Qinghai-Tibet railway and highway should stress on management of the road traffic and wildlife habitat along the
highway and railway. z Public education is quite powerful in improving the conservation awareness.
22 3.2 Problems encountered and lessons learnt
z The fieldwork and public education went quite frequently, that based on following elements:
1) Most of our team members were full of field experience and scientific background.
2) The good relationship with the local government and transportation company.
3) The support from the conservation stations of the the Hoh-xil National Reserve did great help in project running.
4) Both of the target species and the study area are hot spots in conservation, the “story”of chiru and Qinghai-Tibet Railway is attractive not only to scientists and conservationist but also to the social public.
z The methodologies used in this project is simple but effective. Our monitoring area is a narrow zone along the railway and highway, the migration route of our monitored chiru population is clear and the railway compressed their migration corridor to several crossing structures, so it is possible to observe the animals directly using telescopes. We tried some advanced monitoring skill such as automatic cameras and photo triggers, but in the study area, extreme weather events such as rainstorm, hailstorm, snowstorm, fog and sandstorm occurred frequently, which all affected the video recording. Sometimes the chiru migrating herd was large and moved fast, the dust raised by the chiru also affected the image quality and made it difficult to identify the chiru individuals. In such situations, direct observation by team members might be the only method.
z To creat the links with the local government , transportation agency and NGOs is easy, but to keep and strengthen the relationships is quite difficult . Conflicts have existed for a long time between conservation and developmont and will never end. The local government, the transportation agencies and the NGOs have different profits, and the lack of trust is the biggest killer in their relationship. The local government does not believe that the NGOs have enough ability, and the conservation actions sometimes may hurt the profits of the transportation agency. The best way to overcome this is to bring them together, to do something together, such as workshop, give them opputunities to communicate with each
23 other. We acted as the bridge over the NGOs and the local government, to reduce the conflicts between them. We have both scientific and conservation background, and good relationship with government, NGOs, also the transportation agencies.
z The media is a powerful tool but may also cause misunderstanding and conflicts. To make the story interesting and new, media sometimes exaggerate the facts, or made a new story for their own purpose, which may hurt the relationship or break the linkage we have built with the NGOs, local government and transportation agencies. So it is quite important to choose reliable media and speak very carefully.
3.3 In the future
z Future activities will focus on how to maintain the long-term effect of the project, and seeking continuous financial support for field station.
z More papers based on 5 years of monitoring results of this project will be submitted to conservation journals.
z The Qinghai-Tibet highway will be upgraded in the next few years; we will make a detail conservation plan with suggestions on building wildlife crossing structures to the Ministry of Transportation of the People's Republic of China. The conservation plan will be generated under the cooperation of Institute of Zoology, local government and Management Office of Hoh-xil National Nature Reserve.
z 2011 is the 5th Anniversary of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway; we plan to tell the whole story about the chiru and the railway to the public, through newspapers, popular journals and TV. We aim to improve the public awareness on both of the wildlife and the conservation problems in transportation development.
z In the past 5 years, no other wildlife crossing structures have been built in other transportation project, but conflicts between transportation development and conservation still exist. We hope our project is a starting point but not the end of the conservation stories. People like new and interesting stories, to improve the attention of
24 the government we need the support from public, and to increase the public interests in conservation and wildlife passages is the first step.
25 Section 4:
4.1 Appendices
4.1.1A full account of income and expenditure.
Total Total CLP CLP Itemized expenses requested used (USD) (USD) PHASE I - PROJECT PREPARATION 10530.00 10410.63 Administration 2250.00 3327.32 Communications (telephone/internet/postage) 150.00 203.46 Books and printing journal articles/materials 100.00 116.35 Visas and permits 0.00 0.00 Team training (Please detail: 2 training courses /year in Wudaoliang conservation station in Hoh-xil National Nature Reserve, organized by Institute of Zoology and 2000.00 3007.51 Management office of the Reserve, 500USD/course*6, including accommodation ,food, materials, posters) Reconnaissance 300.00 242.55 Medical supplies/first aid 300.00 242.55 Equipment 7980 6840.76 Scientific/field equipments and supplies (Please detail: GPS, night vision device, 0.00 0.00 provided by the Qinghai-tibet rail company for free) Photographic equipment (Please detail: Video cameras, Digital cameras, Hard 7850.00 6664.00 disk, Batteries) Camping equipments (Please detail main items: provided by the Hoh-xil National 0.00 0.00 Nature Reserve for free) Field guides 0.00 0.00 Maps 30 15.26 Boat/engine/truck 0.00 0.00 Fuel 0.00 0.00 Other (Please detail: packing) 100.00 0.00 u-disk,dvd 0.00 161.50 PHASE II - IMPLEMENTATION EXPENSES 38692.00 42471.41 Administration 800.00 930.44 Insurance 800.00 930.44 Transportation 37192.00 40383.08 Fuel( some of the fuel cost are included in the vehicle hire expense) 7692.00 4511.27 Trip to Brasília to present Protected Area proposal for government authorities
Field vehicle maintenance 1375.94
26 Accommodation for team members and local guides (Please detail: During transportation ($50per day for 5 people * 16 days in the cities/year*3years) 2400.00 In the field ($80per week for 5 people *17 weeks/year*3year)2550.00 4080.00 Food for team members and local guides (Please detail: Food in field ($425 per week for 8people * 17 weeks/year*3year) 26500.00 21675 Vehicle hire (Included some of the fuel costs and it is difficult to separated in 3000.00 6340.87 calculation) Customs and port duties 0.00 0.00 Workshops 700.00 1157.89 Outreach/education activities and materials (brochures, posters, video, t-shirts, etc.) (Please detail: Posters (20items) 20.00*20=400 400.00 t-shirts (50 items) 100 ) Other (Please detail: hand book on identification of mammals in the field, 757.89 25.26*30=757.89 ) PHASE III - POST-PROJECT EXPENSES 950.00 45.00 Administration 950.00 45.00 Report production and results dissemination 550.00 45.00 Other (Please detail: ) 400.00 0.00 Total 50172.00 52927.04
27 4.1.2Raw field data:
Fig 10. Chiru crossing the Qinghai-tibet highway Fig11. Chiru crossing through the Hoh-xil Passage
Fig 12 Chiru at Hoh-xil Passage Fig 13 Male chiru on the roadside.
Fig14. A chiru family on the roadside in winter Fig15. A chiru family on the roadside in winter
28 Fig16. Tibetan wild ass at Chumer Passage
Fig17. Tibetan wild ass at Qingshuihe Passage
Fig 18.Tibetan gazelle out of the fence of the Qinghai-tibet Railway
29
Fig 19 Wild Yak Fig 20 Wolf on the roadside
Fig 21.Bar-headed Goose under the rail bed Fig 22.Argali sheep
Fig 23. Chiru in migration.
30 4.1.3Copies of any newspaper/magazine articles relating to the project.
31 32
4.1.4 Papers published or manuscripts proposed based on project data
z Lin X, Qisen Y, Zengchao L, Yonghua W and Zuojian F (2007) The effect of the Qinghai-Tibet railway on the migration of Tibetan antelopes (Pantholops hodgsoni) in Hoh-xil National Nature Reserve, China. Oryx 41,352-357.
z Qisen Y, Lin X. (2008) Tibetan wildlife is getting used to the railway (Correspondence). Nature 452, 810.
z Qisen Y, Lin X (2007) Case study on designing wildlife passages., 67-72. China Environmental Science Press,Beijing , China.
z Lin X, Qian Z, Yonghua W, Yongjie W and Qisen Y. Use of crossing structures of the Qinghai-tibet railway in the migration of Tibetan Antelopes ( In preparation, will be submitted to “Conservation Biology”)
z Lin X, Qian Z, Yonghua W, Yongjie W and Qisen Y. Impact of the Qinghai-tibet Railway and highway on migration of Tibetan Antelopes in Hoh-xil National Nature Reserve. ( In preparation, will be submitted to “Biological Conservation”)
z Lin X, Qian Z, Yonghua W, Yongjie W and Qisen Y. Wildlife Crossing structures and wildlife conservation along the Qinghai-tibet Railway.( In preparation).
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46 4. 3 Address list and web links z Birdlife International. www.birdlife.org z Conservation International. www.conservation.org z Conservation Leadership Programme.www.conservationleadershipprogramme.org z Conservation on Migratory Species. www.cms.int z Conservation on international trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.
www.cites.org z Conservation Biology. http://www.springer.com/life+sciences/ecology/book/978-1-4020-6890-4 z Forest Bureau of Qinghai Province. 25, Xichuannan Road. Xining, China. www.qhlyj.gov.cn z Forest Bureau of Xizang Autonomous Region 25, Linkuobei Road, Lhasa, China. z Fauna and Flora International. www.fauna-flora.org z Friends of Nature, 5, Qingnianhuxili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100010, China. www.fon.org.cn z Hoh-xil National Nature Reserve 88 Tongning Road, Golmud, Qinghai, China. kkxl.enorth.com.cn/ z Institute of zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, 100101, Beijing, China. www.ioz.ac.cn z IUCN, the International Union for Conservation of Nature.www.iucn.org z Ministry of Railways of the People’s Republic of China www.china-mor.gov.cn. 10 Fuxing Road, Beijing, China. z National Geography. www.nationalgeographic.com z Oryx . http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=ORX
47 z Qinghai-tibet Railway Company 191 Jianguan Road, Xining, China. www.qh.xinhuanet.com z Rufford small grant Foundation. www.ruffordsmallgrants.org z State Forestry Administration, P.R.China. 18 Hepingli East Road, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100714, China. www.forestry.gov.cn z Society of Conservation Biology. www.conbio.org z US Fish & Wildlife Service. www.fws.gov z Worldwide Fund. www.worldwildlife.org z Wildlife Conservation Society. www.wcs.org
48 4. 4 Distribution list z Management Office of Hoh-xil National Nature Reserve z Budongquan Conservation Station , Hoh-xil National Nature Reserve z Suonandajie Conservation Station, Hoh-xil National Nature Reserve z Wudaoliang Conservation Station, Hoh-xil National Nature Reserve z Tuotuohe Conservation Station, Hoh-xil National Nature Reserve z Forest Bureau of Qinghai Province z Forest Bureau of Xizang Autonomous Region z Qinghai-Tibet Railway Company z Ministry of Railways of the People's Republic of China
49 4.5 Copies of any media articles relating to the project
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