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The World Factbook Central America and Caribbean :: Nicaragua

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The World Factbook Central America and Caribbean :: Nicaragua The World Factbook Central America and Caribbean :: Nicaragua Introduction :: Nicaragua Background: The Pacific coast of Nicaragua was settled as a Spanish colony from Panama in the early 16th century. Independence from Spain was declared in 1821 and the country became an independent republic in 1838. Britain occupied the Caribbean Coast in the first half of the 19th century, but gradually ceded control of the region in subsequent decades. Violent opposition to governmental manipulation and corruption spread to all classes by 1978 and resulted in a short-lived civil war that brought the Marxist Sandinista guerrillas to power in 1979. Nicaraguan aid to leftist rebels in El Salvador caused the US to sponsor anti-Sandinista contra guerrillas through much of the 1980s. After losing free and fair elections in 1990, 1996, and 2001, former Sandinista President Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra was elected president in 2006 and reelected in 2011. The 2008 municipal elections, 2010 regional elections, November 2011 presidential elections, and 2012 municipal elections were marred by widespread irregularities. Nicaragua's infrastructure and economy - hard hit by the earlier civil war and by Hurricane Mitch in 1998 - are slowly being rebuilt, but democratic institutions have been weakened under the ORTEGA administration. Geography :: Nicaragua Location: Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean, between Costa Rica and Honduras Geographic coordinates: 13 00 N, 85 00 W Map references: Central America and the Caribbean Area: total: 130,370 sq km country comparison to the world: 98 land: 119,990 sq km water: 10,380 sq km Area - comparative: slightly larger than Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than New York state Land boundaries: total: 1,231 km border countries: Costa Rica 309 km, Honduras 922 km Coastline: 910 km Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: natural prolongation Climate: tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands Terrain: extensive Atlantic coastal plains rising to central interior mountains; narrow Pacific coastal plain interrupted by volcanoes Elevation extremes: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: Mogoton 2,438 m Natural resources: gold, silver, copper, tungsten, lead, zinc, timber, fish Land use: arable land: 14.57% permanent crops: 1.76% other: 83.66% (2011) Irrigated land: 942.4 sq km (2003) Total renewable water resources: 196.6 cu km (2011) Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural): total: 1.39 cu km/yr (23%/4%/73%) per capita: 265.9 cu m/yr (2008) Natural hazards: destructive earthquakes; volcanoes; landslides; extremely susceptible to hurricanes volcanism: significant volcanic activity; Cerro Negro (elev. 728 m), which last erupted in 1999, is one of Nicaragua's most active volcanoes; its lava flows and ash have been known to cause significant damage to farmland and buildings; other historically active volcanoes include Concepcion, Cosiguina, Las Pilas, Masaya, Momotombo, San Cristobal, and Telica Environment - current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements Geography - note: largest country in Central America; contains the largest freshwater body in Central America, Lago de Nicaragua People and Society :: Nicaragua Nationality: noun: Nicaraguan(s) adjective: Nicaraguan Ethnic groups: mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 69%, white 17%, black 9%, Amerindian 5% Languages: Spanish (official) 95.3%, Miskito 2.2%, Mestizo of the Caribbean coast 2%, other 0.5% note: English and indigenous languages found on the Caribbean coast (2005 est.) Religions: Roman Catholic 58.5%, Protestant 23.2% (Evangelical 21.6%, Moravian 1.6%), Jehovah's Witnesses 0.9%, other 1.6%, none 15.7% (2005 est.) Demographic profile: Despite being one of the poorest countries in Latin America, Nicaragua has improved its access to potable water and sanitation and has ameliorated its life expectancy, infant and child mortality, and immunization rates. However, income distribution is very uneven, and the poor, agriculturalists, and indigenous people continue to have less access to healthcare services. Nicaragua's total fertility rate has fallen from around 6 children per woman in 1980 to just above replacement level today, but the high birth rate among adolescents perpetuates a cycle of poverty and low educational attainment. Nicaraguans emigrate primarily to Costa Rica and to a lesser extent the United States. Nicaraguan men have been migrating seasonally to Costa Rica to harvest bananas and coffee since the early 20th century. Political turmoil, civil war, and natural disasters from the 1970s through the 1990s dramatically increased the flow of refugees and permanent migrants seeking jobs, higher wages, and better social and healthcare benefits. Since 2000, Nicaraguan emigration to Costa Rica has slowed and stabilized. Today roughly 300,000 Nicaraguans are permanent residents of Costa Rica - about 75% of the foreign population - and thousands more migrate seasonally for work, many illegally. Population: 5,848,641 (July 2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 111 Age structure: 0-14 years: 29.3% (male 873,545/female 839,853) 15-24 years: 22.4% (male 657,076/female 652,856) 25-54 years: 38% (male 1,051,656/female 1,173,084) 55-64 years: 4.8% (male 147,405/female 169,618) 65 years and over: 4.7% (male 127,699/female 155,849) (2014 est.) Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 59.9 % youth dependency ratio: 52.5 % elderly dependency ratio: 7.4 % potential support ratio: 13.5 (2013) Median age: total: 24.2 years male: 23.3 years female: 25.1 years (2014 est.) Population growth rate: 1.02% (2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 118 Birth rate: 18.41 births/1,000 population (2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 103 Death rate: 5.07 deaths/1,000 population (2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 185 Net migration rate: -3.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 179 Urbanization: urban population: 57% of total population (2010) rate of urbanization: 2% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.) Major urban areas - population: MANAGUA (capital) 934,000 (2009) Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 0.9 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.83 male(s)/female total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2014 est.) Mother's mean age at first birth: 19.7 note: median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2007 est.) Maternal mortality rate: 95 deaths/100,000 live births (2010) country comparison to the world: 76 Infant mortality rate: total: 20.36 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 88 male: 23.36 deaths/1,000 live births female: 17.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2014 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 72.72 years country comparison to the world: 130 male: 70.57 years female: 74.98 years (2014 est.) Total fertility rate: 1.99 children born/woman (2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 128 Contraceptive prevalence rate: 72.4% (2006/07) Health expenditures: 10.1% of GDP (2009) country comparison to the world: 26 Physicians density: 0.37 physicians/1,000 population (2003) Hospital bed density: 1.1 beds/1,000 population (2011) Drinking water source: improved: urban: 97.6% of population rural: 67.8% of population total: 85% of population unimproved: urban: 2.4% of population rural: 32.2% of population total: 15% of population (2011 est.) Sanitation facility access: improved: urban: 63.2% of population rural: 37% of population total: 52.1% of population unimproved: urban: 36.8% of population rural: 63% of population total: 47.9% of population (2011 est.) HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.3% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 100 HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 9,600 (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 106 HIV/AIDS - deaths: 100 (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 137 Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne disease: dengue fever and malaria (2013) Obesity - adult prevalence rate: 22.2% (2008) country comparison to the world: 81 Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 5.7% (2007) country comparison to the world: 85 Education expenditures: 4.6% of GDP (2010) country comparison to the world: 88 Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 78% male: 78.1% female: 77.9% (2005 est.) School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 11 years male: 10 years female: 11 years (2002) Child labor - children ages 5-14: total number: 223,992 percentage: 14 % note: data represents children ages 5-17 (2005 est.) Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 8.6% country comparison to the world: 118 male: 8.1% female: 9.7% (2006) Government :: Nicaragua Country name: conventional long form: Republic of Nicaragua conventional short form: Nicaragua local long form: Republica de Nicaragua local short form: Nicaragua Government type: republic Capital: name: Managua geographic coordinates: 12 08 N, 86 15 W time difference: UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC during Standard Time) Administrative divisions:
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