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Re-Thinking the 'Migrant Community'

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Re-Thinking the 'Migrant Community' Re-Thinking the'Migrant Community' A Study of Latin American Migrants and Refugees in Adelaide Erez Cohen A thesis submitted for the award of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology Adelaide University 7 November 2001 TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION............. ..............[ LIST OF FIGURES ......................v ABSTRACT .............vI ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................. ............ vII LATIN AMERICANS IN ADELAIDE TIJE LATINOSCAPES..,I CHAPTER 1: -LOCATING Is rHERE A 'SpANISH SPEAKING COMMI-INITY' lN ADELAIDE?................... ...........'.'....... 13 Mlpplrlc rHE ErHNocRApHtc SIT8S............ .."............'..'.... 19 yOUn IS IT ABOUT ALL AN INFORMANT QUESTTON: 'IS STUDY ONLY ABOUT US THE s¡,LV¡.OOR¡NS OR THE LATrNos?' ........... .............."......31 .LATINOS' DOING FI¡,T-DWORK AMONGST THE ............. 40 Ts¡, SrRucruRE oF tH¡, THEsls ....."...............45 OF IDENTITY....................48 CHAPTER 2: STATE MULTICULTURALISM - A QIIESTION THE CoNSTRUCTIoN or R MuI-rtcuLrun¡L N¡.TIoN............. ..'............'..'49 MULTICULTURALISM : Tg¡, LOCIC OP DITPERBNCE......... MuLTICULTURALISM vERSUS tHe MultlcuLTURAL CoNurlon... ........".61 .OTHER' ...',,'.''64 MULTICULTURALISM - A DESINE FOR THE 'Covrrr¡uttrv', PERFORMANCES AND MlcReronv FORMS oF BELONGING .............'..........'.'.'...........70 DIASIoRA PLACE, CULTURE, InENlrv ........ 75 - CHAPTER 3: HERE / THERT, PERFORMANCES AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF A LATINO LOCALITY AT THE -COMMUNAL FIESTAS ..."................83 EN CHrr-s N¡.crDo ............ ......'...83 BoRN rN Csr1e.......... ....'....'......' 83 .... Tu¡, Mrcn¡.NT IN-BETwEEN CoNDITIoN .. ' ' 90 97 THE, CovuullI- FIESTAS - Errn¡ocR¡.pgtc Serrtuc W¡,vs on RE-MEMBERINc ORGANISINC FIESTAS .......... .100 - Ft¡,srRs 'CovtvUNITY' AND OUISIOERS... 106 - THE FIESTAS SpeCE AND PERFORMANCE ,.......... 107 - THE FIESTAS AND THE HENB / THERE AMBIGUITY .......... 112 .DANCING OR THE MIGRANT, 121 PERFORMANCES AND MULTICULTURALISM - THE LATIN Bootr¿ RNo rHeN¡,w Colr¡uenct¡,t- FIESIAS t29 CoNcr-usroN... ........................ t3 I CHAPTER 4: VOICES OF OUR LAND .ETHNIC RADIO' AND THE COMPLEXITY OF, DIASPORTC PRACTIC8S..................- ..........132 .ETHNIC Meom.' ¡.Io DI¡.SpozuC PRACTICES ..133 .ETHNIC ETHNIC RADIO, MuITIcUITuRALISM AND THE COIr¿Ir¡UNNY, .... .. 138 V)CES DE NUESrq,I,TrcnnI: AN ELECTRONIc Hour,AwAY FROM HOIT,I¡,. ..t41 THE SALVADORAN PROGRAM..............,, ..158 CoNcl-uslon ..170 CHAPTER 5: EXHIBITING CULTURE REPRESENTATIONS OF THE .LATIN AMERICAN COMMUNITY' IN THE MULTICULTURAL- R84LM........................................T73 ON BECoMTNG VrsrBLE: THE CoNSTRUCTTON oF THE'ETHNIC Covtuuqtrv' .................................. 175 .AN .W¡,'N¡ EXPRESSIONS o¡ L¡,TIN AMERICA INSPIRING AND BEAUTIFUL REPRESENTATION. LUCKY TO HAVE SUCH RICHNESS HERE, - 178 THE GAZE oF THE TOURIST ,.,.,. 187 INDIGENEITY AND THE EXHIBITIONS Spncg ...,... THE CoLouRFur- OrsgR '...'.'.'.'.'..'.'..,',, |92 ENRICHING CUITUR¡s AND MULTICULTURALISM t94 TH¡, ExHrsrrroN FROM THE 'MTGRANTS PorNT oF VrEw' ......... 195 .EARTH, WIND AND FIRE' 203 CoNCLUSIoN 208 CHAPTER 6: I AM MY OWN CULTURE: INDIVIDUAL MIGRANTS AND THEIR EXPERIENCE OF THE'MIGRANT COMMUNITY' 209 'I AM MY OwN CuLruR¡' 215 PAULLNA.,.... ............2 I 8 RoDNGo..... ............231 RAUL........... ...239 CoNcr-usroN ...248 IV Lrsr on Frcunns Figure 1:'Joyas Del Ceren' Salvadoran folkloric dance group performing at Festival Latino 2000. """ ix Figure 2: chileans performing the cueca at Festival Latino 2000. .....-.....' 99 Figure 3: BrazzaBand, a local Latin band performing at the Adelaide Fringe Festival 2000.......... ...... 109 Figure 4: Invitation for the Fiesta of the Salvadoran Radio Program' The Map of El SJvador placed alongside the map of Australia. '....'.......'. "" 118 Figure 5: An invitation for a commercial fiesta. The images and the names of the bands evoked the exotic image of Cuban music. """""""""' 130 Figure 6: 'Hilados de un Tejido Cultural' as it was presented at the State Library (Expressions of Latin America'. ............... """179 BxtriUition - 'þ¡plsssions of Figure 7: Musical instruments at the State Library Exhibition - Latin America'. ......... """' 184 Figure 8: The exhibition space at the State Library """""""" 186 Figure 9: Chilean refugees protesting on the steps of the South Australian Parliament House after the arrest olPinochet in London 1998. .'...... """227 V Ansrn¡.cr What does it mean to be a Latin American in Adelaide? In what sense can we speak about Latin American migrants and refugees in Adelaide as members of an 'ethnic/migrant community?' These are the two fundamental questions that this ethnographic study attempts to answer and challenge in relation to the official multiculturalism discourse and popular representations of 'migrants' in Australia. This thesis is based on 18-months of fieldwork conducted from 1997 to 1999 in various organisations, social clubs and radio programs that were constructed by participants and 'outsiders' as an expression of a local migrant community. The subjects of this dissertation are migrants and refugees from Latin America currently living in Adelaide. This ethnographic study of the 'Latin American community' challenges the official view and representations of these migrants as 'people of culture' and as members of a homogenised 'ethnic community'. The study looks at the different ways in which various social groups and individual migrants construct their localities and their particular identifications. Such processes are explained in relation to multicultural imageries and the ongoing relations with their homelands and the Latino diaspora. Each chapter explores particular sites of communal performances and expressions that are central to the interpretation and experience of the local 'community'. The analysis of such sites questions the ofhcial definitions of Latin Americans as members of a singular 'ethnic/migrant community' and looks at the ways in which such definitions are interpreted, negotiated and lived by these migrants. The notion of a 'Latin American community' and its cultural representations is not about maintaining 'culture'. Rather it is about 'culture' and'identity'being constructed as parl of a migratory feeling of 'being out of place'. What are often interpreted as nostalgic attempts by migrants to 'stay the same' need to be understood as part of the ongoing relations with the places of origin, reactions to multicultural images and policies, and the migratory desires for a 'place' and feeling of 'home' in the new context. vl AcxNOWLEDGMENTS I thank all the Latin American migrants and refugees who allowed me to become part of their lives, and accepted me in a truly warln and loving way considering the circumstances of my inquisitive presence. I hope that what I have written neither offends nor undermines the respect and cariño that I have for them. Their friendships and contribution is acknowledged in general rather than in particular terms. I promised each of them I would try to defend their identities, and do not wish to publicly identify any particular individual with this work. I take full responsibility for any mistakes and misrepresentations that may form part of the text. What I wrote is based on my own personal understandings (and misunderstandings) of the different individuals and social groups that I met during this research, I make no claim to speak for, or on behalf of Latin Americans in Adelaide. I thank the State Library for the access I was given to the exhibition Expressions of Latin America, clearly what I wrote about the exhibition is based on my personal interpretations and observations and does not represent in any form the State Library of South Australia. There are many other individuals who I need to thank fol being there and helping me to go through this long and difficult process. My supervisors Dr. David Murray and Dr. Charmaine McEachern who spent long hours discussing and reading my endless rewrites. In particular I need to thank Dr, David Murray for his hard work and enonnous help during the last phases of the writing that made it possible for me to reach this final stage. I also thank Dr. Avraham Cordova from Tel Aviv University, a scholar and a friend who, as the wonderful teacher that he is, encouraged me to take this strange and challenging route in my life. I thank my fellow postgraduate students for their help, comments and support. Arthur Saniotis, who was always happy to answer my annoying questions. Amy Leow, Debbi Long, Megan Warin and Tony Whiting who listened and gave me useful suggestions, and Simone Dennis who gave me a hug when I really needed one. vll There are many others who supported and helped me along the way. Mark Israel and Debra Hersh who gave me strong moral support and were always ready to listen to my anxieties. Gerry and Mark Bloustien who invited us to celebrate with them many Jewish holidays and who, despite their busy and demanding life style, were always close friends and good neighbours. Di Cocks who scanned many a photo for me and provided technical advice. I also need to thank my family members in Israel and in Australia who encouraged me to keep going and supported me in many different ways. In particular I thank my parents-in-law, Martin Chatfield who with every upgrade of his office provided me with his 'obsolete' equipment, and Agnes Chatfreld who was always ready to come from Melbourne to provide us with unending help. My greatest gratitude must go to John Carroll, my brother-in-1aw, who worked days
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