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Home , Photoelectric effect, Plasmonic solar cell

eng T Arthur , Ndukaife C. Justus

Plasmonic Photovoltaic

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year one in globally used the than hour one in energy solar more receives

Earth The . TW 13 – 12 around is energy electric of consumption world Current

Solar Power Solar

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. . free become and band conduction the

from energy absorb they when vacuum to jump excited, being and, energy light

into gases or liquids , from emitted absorb band valence the in present

are , effect photoelectric the In Electrons , effect photovoltaic the In

) 1921 in Prize Nobel ( 1905 Einstein, Albert 1839 Becquerel, E. A.

Photovoltaic effect Photovoltaic

Photoelectric

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• . circuit external an to carriers those of Collection

. recombines it before length diffusion the to equal average on

• distance a travel can and junction the from away diffuse to continue will It

potential junction

• to due junction at types opposite of carriers charge of separation The

• region active in pairs hole - generating light, of absorption The

operation The photovoltaic a of requires cell (PV) attributes basic four :

Photovoltaic Fundamentals Cell Solar Photovoltaic

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Cells PV Junction PN of Characteristics V - I

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 sunlight unconcentrated with Illumination

 – electron the of relaxation Thermal hole pair energy in excess of the band the of excess in energy pair hole

 hole pair excited per incoming incoming per excited pair hole – electron One

 junction - n – p single A

: limit Queisser – Shockley for Assumptions

519. - 510 pp. 1961, 32(3),

bandgap, 1.1eV Si can achieve 29% achieve can Si 1.1eV bandgap,

J. of Appl. Phys., Phys., Appl. of J. Cells,” Solar Junction n - p of Efficiency of

limit 33% at 1.34eV 1.34eV at 33% limit Queisser – Shockley

, “Detailed Balance Limit Limit Balance “Detailed , Queisser J. H. and W. Shockley, 1W.

Shockley Queisser – limit

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2011 NCN PV, Film - Thin about Different is What , Dongaonkar S. and Alam A. M.

PV materials PV

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Photovoltaics of Development

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2010 MARCH 9 VOL Materials, Nature , Polman Albert and Atwater A. Harry

– 2 of factor a by reduced be to needs cost the technologies, 5.”

“To make power from competitive with fossil with competitive photovoltaics from power make “To fuel fuel -

Low Cost AND High Efficiency? Efficiency? High AND Cost Low

concentration)

Light Concentrator (high efficiency cells with optical optical with cells efficiency (high Concentrator Light 3.

crystalline materials, tandem solar cells) solar tandem materials, crystalline

- high but , efficiency - High 2. cost solar cells (high cells solar cost quality quality -

amorphous/polycrystalline materials, organic solar cells) solar organic materials, amorphous/polycrystalline

Acceptable efficiency, but very low costs (thin costs low very but efficiency, Acceptable 1. film, film, -

Development strategy for future photovoltaics photovoltaics future for strategy Development

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell Source:

• buildings to integrated Easily

• production roll” - to - “roll industrial for Suitable

Te and In as such materials scarce of use

• scale - large the allow also would thickness cell - solar film - thin in reduction Significant

• organic and Si amorphous : like materials PV of usage Enable

• costs material Save

: Advantages

. substrate a on material photovoltaic of

film) (thin layers thin more

or one depositing by made is that cell

solar a is (TFSC), cell solar film - thin A

Cell Solar Film Thin

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1998 al, et Zhao, – UNSW Group Green Martin

• Yablonovitch Eli - rule 2 n 4

2011 NCN PV, Film - Thin about Different

texturing

, What is is What , Dongaonkar S. and Alam A. M.

surface pyramidal sized - micron a using

• achieved typically is trapping light Si, bulk In

light absorb to order in used is

• Si crystalline bulk cells, solar Si Conventional

• cell solar Si Thick

Light Trapping in thick Si Si thick in Trapping Light Si film thin vs

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recombination surface increases

• films thins of surface Texturing

law Lambert – Beer methods

alterative requires trapping light

• thick), um few (only Si film thin In

efficiently

• light red absorb cannot film Thin

absorbed being

before length propagation longer

requires hence wavelength long

• for smaller is coefficient Absorption

Light Trapping in thick Si Si thick in Trapping Light Si film thin vs

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plasmonic Structures plasmonic - Nano with Trapping Light

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lines) (dashed Au and lines) (

Ag of particles hemispherical diameter nm 100 for section,

Springer. p70 Springer.

APPLICATIONS. AND FUNDAMENTALS cross geometrical to normalized all lines), (blue section - cross

PLASMONICS: PLASMONICS: (2007). A. S. MAIER, absorption and lines), (red substrate the into scattered light

for section - cross lines), (black section cross scattering Total

2008 191113, 93, . Lett Phys. Appl. Polman A. and Catchpole R. K.

 Method 1: 1: Method Cell Solar Plasmonic

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2008 191113, 93, . Lett Phys. Appl. Polman A. and Catchpole R. K.

sphere. diameter nm 150 a and sphere; diameter nm 100 a hemisphere; diameter

d=100 nm and height h=50 nm; a 100 nm nm 100 a nm; h=50 height and nm d=100 diameter with cylinder a Si: on underlayer

Fraction of light scattered into the substrate the into scattered light of Fraction Ag particles on a 10 nm thick SiO2 SiO2 thick nm 10 a on particles Ag for ,

- Anti Plasmonic Reflection Coating Reflection

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EXPRESS / S5 No. 20, Vol. / 2012 , Polman A. and Spinelli P.

Si! amorphous or crystalline Springer. p70 Springer. APPLICATIONS. AND

PLASMONICS: FUNDAMENTALS FUNDAMENTALS PLASMONICS: (2007). A. S. MAIER, for not but cells organic for well

works ) (Ag method This

antennas! optical like works

NP . section - cross scattering than larger much becomes

section - cross absorption since particles diameters)

nm 50 (below small for well particularly works This

 Method 2: Light concentration using particle particle using concentration Light 2: Method

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4397 - 4391 12 No. 8, Vol. 2008 LETTERS

, and Harry A. Atwater, NANO NANO Atwater, A. Harry and , Pacifici Domenico , Sweatlock A. Luke Ferry, E. Vivian

 Method 3: Light trapping using SPPs using trapping Light 3: Method

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Improving efficiency beyond the SQ limit SQ the beyond efficiency Improving

Cells: Solar Efficiency High for Management Photon

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target reduction Cost

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2012 materials, Nature - Atwater HA , Polman A

0mV 6

100mV (defects):

7% - 5 losses

Loss of of Loss recombination

thermodynamic thermodynamic 315mV by

trapping: light exciton

Fundamental Fundamental Voc Reduce

Incomplete Incomplete

Nonradiative

Can we increase the efficiency above this limit? this above efficiency the increase we Can •

solar cell is 33% is cell solar

limit: ultimate efficiency for single for efficiency ultimate limit: Quisser - Shockely • junction junction -

High Efficiency Solar Cells Solar Efficiency High - Ultra

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(2011) 151113 99, . Lett Phys. . Appl et.al, Atwater

Parabolic Light Directors Light Parabolic

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• factor concentration - light same the to subject is subcell Each

• required is subcells the among matching - Current

• Complex and expensive epitaxial growth growth epitaxial expensive and Complex

Conventional series tandem cell: tandem series Conventional

Tandem Cells Tandem

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2012 materials, Nature - Atwater HA , Polman A

semiconductor. each

structures can be separately optimized for for optimized separately be can structures

structures, to reduce entropy losses and these these and losses entropy reduce to structures,

with parabolic reflectors, light trapping trapping light reflectors, parabolic with

• Each semiconductor layer can be combined combined be can layer semiconductor Each

layer. splitting spectrum nanophotonic

layers, followed by printing of a micro a of printing by followed layers, or or -

printing techniques of the semiconductor semiconductor the of techniques printing

• Can be realized using epitaxial liftoff and and liftoff epitaxial using realized be Can

thermalization reduce to spectrum losses.

convert different portions of the solar solar the of portions different convert

• Semiconductors with different different with Semiconductors bandgaps

Spectrum Splitting Spectrum

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2012 materials, Nature - Atwater HA , Polman A

Thermodynamic Losses and Solution and Losses Thermodynamic

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81 - 8 - 276X - doi:10.1186/1556 81. (1), 8 , letters research Nanoscale cells. solar in

Upconversion (2013). E. R. , Schropp & A., , Meijerink K., J. , Rath J., Wild, de G., W. , Sark Van

Aim: to increase efficiency by absorbing below absorbing by efficiency increase to Aim: bandgap -

conversion - Up

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024008 (2012) 14 Opt. . ,J 1 Dionne A Jennifer and , Alaeian H. , Etxarri A. , Atre A.

nanocrescent

Upconversion Enhanced Plasmonic

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www.nrel.gov/pv/performance_reliability/pdfs/failure_references.pdf - Source

2011 NCN PV, Film - Thin about Different is What , Dongaonkar S. and Alam A. M.

important! very

Reliability is also also is Reliability

Is Photovoltaics the answer? the Photovoltaics film Thin Is

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 Thin film cells reliability issues reliability cells film Thin

 Upconversion enhanced Plasmonic

 Management Photon

 Plasmonic enhanced light trapping light enhanced Plasmonic

 Thin film solar cell solar film Thin

 PN junction solar cell fundamentals cell solar junction PN

Summary

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