THE SFLEND.O,UR THAT WAS 'IND ByK;.. T~ S~H
Some Opinions' on the. Author'.s English Works.
TA. Calcutta: Bftil1D: "A aew book by Prof. Shah is always welcome, his name It8~lJ. beipg. sld6¢el).t.g11QlaD~ell; Jor. tlJ~ .,qulJUty .Bnd quantity of informatiou.."
Th. -ilftalio RM,. (London): "Prof. Shah.is a,voluminous.writer,. 8~d -his_.wP.J:~~ have eQjoyed a _great reputation even outsid~ India.~'
Th" ,Ti.flJu,. L¥er.o,,~!I,.8~Rl~'ft.; " •••••. Thouabt£td Bn" eJ:bBustive...~'
The HifldtUtaft R,vi6W: II Prof•. K. T,.. Shah is one of our voluminous writers, having_ al~c;tldy 'p~~.e4.to.bi~,SJ;'~~t Dq)e¥. tharj' eight loUd B~~ autb:or_i~~~ve wor~.~·
TA. MaAf'Gtta: U The works of Prof. Shah, the .diJt_inguisbeeJ ~omjs~.of ~~l' have become almost CIBls.ical. He bas already made his name ,88 an authoritative and • , ., .f .• _... • '. .' •. , .' _ , , • 8niduoul writer 00 Iodian probleJ;DB." .. : . . .. TA. O,ylon Daily It'm,: ,.. Very interesting and comprebeDBive."
Th. Modem ReotOUl.' .. Prof. Shah is a well~known writer on Indian Economics. Ilia. • I . _ ~ • ". ~ Btyle is delightfully trenchant. n
Th, 8tatuman: ~I Prof. Shah's books eODstitnte interesting and thought-provoking contributions to the most" important topics of India. n
Th. 8SNant 0/ India: U In the list of Economists in India the name of Prof. Shah. Etande very high, and hiB new work. serve only to enhance an established reputation. A high order~of scholarship and a becoming restraint charaeteri&eI all hiB works. Onlt find~}n his tr~atment ~ his su~jects al~ th,t ~8 a~~ell\"ble a~.d pr~isewor.thy":n
Th. Strait. TirM.: II Prof. Shah, who haa written ex.tensively on Indian questioDl,. il • writer of much clari~y .In the .m~thod.. employed in ,ex-plaini~g _the .. intrica~iea~ of the- . problema which he tackles."
TA. Hindu: .. Prof. Shah reveals a lucidity of style and facility of expre~ioD which make his expositions easily understood by the layman." Th',Tim.. o/lndia:. "Prof•• Sbah,ha.,a hl!.PPY k98cl:t ..of publl,shing,.mlJ,terials or topical interest...... The Analyticallide of his ","orb Is distinctly good." TA. Englillama,.: "Prof. Shah's weighty contributioDs on Indian problems have already earned fo;' him a reputatio~ fo; 'painstaking re.earcb, cueful and accurate GnalYll •. of the data and a constructive .indication for ~t~.~~ :p~o~~ea~Stt A:.wor.k.!r~~:!. the pen of 80 accomplished a writer Ql'ouse& higb expectations.~n
Th. Bombay Clat'onicl,.. U An excellent scientific treatment of difficult iubjects, the lucidity of upresaion and wenlth of information given in Prof. Shah'. wor~: will doubtles~1 .~ntitle ~hem to on abiding-place in Indian Economie aD~.'~~ti~~~ ~it~~a~~~~.;' III T .. "._~: .. Prof. Sbah', them", .... III .bidi •• i.' .. ..t, _ klo ''''''' __t h .. • 1.. ys Wea: di!Jpulionate and ",halar',.··
T"" E.."i.A_: .. To .u _ ..Intad with tb. "/Ii", y .... of I.."... ,_." aod hia .ubJe.qttenl __ k.~. Prof. Sb.h it knowtl ., • ~Iear thinker. an .bIe writM' ...... ,.inatak.in~ rt"8Carcher.··
TA6 BMrcAJi,1al: "The )ueidil, 01 npr.noe, the w.if!fttific ..t'thw.i .nd the 'n· tcreminl' manner In wbkb be dt~ the ..riOUI .pecta of the prable.... be.,," It... enable the readel' to h ....e a dear g ....p aad undeJ'8blUdin. of the POiUUfWII of the ."te.. . from ODe st.ge to another:"
PIOpI,~ o'ln compreben.lvenell of 10'''., Prof. ShAh lflllNi DGthin .. t. be del'red. Hil work•• re a veritAble mine of inrorlDlllioa:'
T"" Cioil aad Hi/itarll (/a ../lo: .. P.of. S .... h bu ~ompllad ~., _f.. 1 worlD boJed on genuine telteer("b. He preeenta biB .'l{Qmenti witb mooeratinn .nd good IIOnte. Hil striking eritldlm firmly founded On knoW'ledge .1 ....,... is ... slued:"
TIN MadrM Mail: Prof. Shaho, works .re worth, 01 the aUeotioo 01 the publle ID~. 00 leas than of the E("onoml("tI Students.·'
TIN buJiG,. &Iti,,,,: "In Prol. Shah-. W'01kl ••&!t array or tneful Inlormali_ I, offered to _ which impJiee patient ••d exteo!i,e inye,U,.tion. ,.
TAl Tirn41 o/l"diG: .. Prof. Shab-, boob contAin many W'eU.coosldered conchllion. and mucb praiseworthy work:'
WORKOS OF PRO F. K. T. SHAH
1. Biz', Ylar. ollndiaff l-'ifl4I1e" Ind Edition P.ko, n.. to,- 2. TraM. Tarijf. and TmMpo71 i1l lrtdi« .. 10/- S. Woollh a"d Tnzabl.• Capacity of IMia, {in ~oUober.Uoo wilh M•• K, I. Kbambotlo) .. .. 10/- 4. Cm",ittdiOfJ. F"JlcHon, "nd Finan" (JII Indiml Mv,udpalili,.. (In collabc:watioa with Mi .. G. J, B.h.du.ji) .. 10/· S. G_IIa.e. of India (ind Editioa), (In ,·ollabo•• lloo wltb Ms G. I. Bahadurji) ., fJI- 6. Indian C.rr,,.~y, Ezchanll' fJnd Bankin, .. ...,'~ .. .. f/- 8. Po#I- War G 1>. Ftdorm 1-·i.'8,. ... 1,,-1..., (19~) 6'- IV PLATE XXIV fjl A KASHMIR GIRL PLATE XXV b1l A G01\D WOMAN ( Paillting by Hew Baliad"r M. I' . Dh lI,.an K. T. SHAH1 B~A., B.SC. (LOND.) Barri.tor.... t·Law • . ~r~"'HOr o( ECOD.mi~ •• UDivenity of Bomb.i. F()REWORD BY THE MARQUESS 9F ZETLAND. C.C.S.I.,O.C.I.E. (formerly Earl of RODaldsb~y) Author of "The Heart o~ Aryavuta," "The Life of Lord CurZOD," EtC'.: . ' . . W.J..tlJ, .( I lI.UUlt(l.tlOUS lp' ColoW'. 3~9 HI1r.:toD~·JllUOlratipn" .';a ~ -Map",' --.- BOMBAY: . D. B. T ARAPOREV ALA SONS & Co. .. Kitab Mahal": Hornby Road J 9300' Plu' ••• 11, .... 19S. COPYRIGHT 1930 BY n. B. TARAPOREVALA SONS & Co. BOMBAY PLATE XXVIII 77 A VILLAGE BEAUTY (JI't'om },". C. .McJ~ta'8 book ;'St'Ucl;ies in Indian 1'"aint{no"j It. <15 ••• ~. RESVRGAM ~ifqmiJ~if I fP if It may well be thought that in undertaking to give, within the compass of a single volum~. & picture of India through the ages-for that in eWect is what he here sets out to ,do-Professor Shah i~ embarking upon a task of no ordinary di8iculty. The canvas is so vast, the span of time so great, the material under view so varied, that a mind of unusual grasp is required to wield the brush, whic~ shall prove capable of painting a picture in true perspective without at the same time unduly sacl1ficing detail. It seems to me that Professor Shah has faced this difficulty courageously and with: success. He has realised the fact that a survey within these limits must be descriptive rather than disputatious; popular rather than learned-learned, that is to say, in the more technical meaning of that word, for of the learning and scholarship of the author there is ample evidence on almost every page. And since it is with the permanent rather than with the ~phemeral in the life story of tbe Continent that the author is concerned, he bas brought his tale to a close with the decline ami fall of the M ughal Empire, two centuries and more ago. Hence it is that the political controversies which hum so persistently and so jarringly round modern India are very properly. ignored. ,_ In his opening chapters Professor Shah sets the scene, so to speak, amid which the story of lndia bas been enacted. With a few rapid strokes of the brush he paints in tbe physical cbaracter sties of the land; and from the handiwork of Nature he passes on ~o the craftsmanship of man. We see great cities rising before our eyes-Ayodbya, tbe Capital of the Raghus; Patoliputra, the seat of Government of the famous Mauryan line; and-speeding down the centuries_Vijayanagar, a Hindu capital .:whose beauty was such as to surprise Abdur Razaak the Persian into dec1aring, that neither the pupil of the eye had evel' seen a place like it, nor the ear of intelligence-been informed that there existed anything to equal it in the world. And in a later chapJer devoted ~ architecture, he examines in greater detail the claims of the Indian peoples to distinction in this particular field of human achievement. Here the relationsh;ip bebveen Hindu and Indo-Muhammadan architecture is traced, and the characteristic features of each discussed. Outstanding examples of ditFerent types of building_temples and palaces, tombs and mosques-.are depicted for purposes of illustration. And better still, the reader is provided witb data, which enable him to grasp not merely the outward appearance of a building, but the origin and significance of its component parts. Whence, for example, comes what Professor Shah speaks of as Ie the most peculiar feature of temple architecture throughout India." namely, the Shikhara or curvilinear spire? To this. as to many similar questions. he provides the answer: II The spire or Shikhara was, in its earliest form • •. a kind of cbimney over the temporary tabernacle of the Vedic cult, to permit tbe smoke from the sacred fire to escape." It is scarcely necessary to point out that the religious buildings of India, striking as they undoubtedly are even to the uninstructed gaze, .acquire in the eyes of the visitor, furnished with information on points such as t.hese, 4 new interest and a more impressive beauty. And what of the people. to wbose aptitudes and' genius has been ,due the Splendour that wa Rind? From its earliest dars India has been a land of Saints and Heroes, and from the capacious V wallet .t hi. dis_I. the .uthor Kiccli .. ith • nice di~erlml ...tloa 'p_ f ...... the Ion, .,...... 10108 of God ••ad demi-Godl which p&II Impoalnal, • .,...,.. the epic literature of the Coalinnt. Yd tt mOlt not be luppoled that modera reoean:h, hal, not fumi.hed materi.1 for .""""all __I, 1_ pielu_que. perhaps ••nd certalnl, more a ....rate than thOle contained In folk tal ...nd the epi ..; .nd from ItOry we pa.. to hislory. f ...... Diviniti"" .nd Super-mea to Kinll..... t. ladeed. Judrd by ,II human standardl. hut lacking the .ura of mJlte" which ""'nrDl the half-mrthl.. 1 heroeo of tradition. Profeloor Shah Iaya Itrul on the curionll, regular rhythm with ..hich tbe ....tn ... of India,al,an E"1pin; hal ebhe!i.and, a,,-.ed. Fro",- tbe, decline of tbe, Mlury.. , w, hue to ..alt. hl'n!i1~ and,fiftY,)'ea~. fo~ Kanlshka ,hefore)ndia ril~once. more on, ...... e of Jmperlal ....l1le ..; .1'd..r~0,,! tbe. d~th of K,.!'ishka •. further two ce!'turi~, hefore. tb~ coming of tbe, Gupt•• ulhered ' in, ••. g:>ldel) a'~..In"th~,stQry ,of.ln~ia~ lta~craft. ntera'ure .nd ,.rt. And 19, tbe tale "afoldl la. 8!~!'J;la!ln" peri,od~ .of IIq,"',~rinjl an!! d,el"'f. uatll • new:.tu~n II glvea, to IDdlaa biltor,:witb, tbe, 1?,V~l't. 1.00" y~.~ .after Cb,lst. of,tbe milita~t, vanguard of lola",. It I',to tbe luthor'. eredlt that. he.~y~.zr!,e!"1ua,tribute to Ihe.contribulloDl made.la mall'. direction. b"lbele lav.de~ to tbe. ~Iendonr that was Hind. . f" • B~t .tile. gr~~nes, ,of .India .il, not to.. be fonnd, "'Ilely_nor eve!> malnly.,...la tbe .chlnemenll cf ,hF~ .wa~riors.and, k!ngs. Tbe genlus,of .the India", ,peoplel h.. found III blpple.,•• nd ,perblps, its,hig~e.t. e~pre~sion In literature, philosophy.and art; and In p,.,fealor Shab'.... ,e,. tbe._det ... \11 fi"d spread, befOre him the. gradua! evolu~ion, o~ Indiau culture. f!;Om, it•. earlie~, .lcerlllne4. beginningrin. tbe a~h~ic S.~skrit of ,tb!! Ve~i'1 hy",ns,I,:, .• , .bapte~ .de~ote~ to poe,ry, .nd tb. drama the relationsbip i. traced bet,.cen tbe epics In tbelr earlieat form. '\lng In tbe vernacular f· ...,:, '~( ., •. - , • - • b1.villa~'lba~d •• and t~e; polisbed Sal'~l!rit. poetry of .K,.lidas~; ... bile. tbe place of tbe. drama, In India!, Iite~~tl1re.'prqvide ••tb~.au~b9rw!tb, a ""bject, forl~lIe.tive and In5tructlye di ...... ion. To "'l'!De~ .fa~i1iar ,to, all who. clai,m an)" acquainlln!"'. wltb. the better know'll masterpiece, o( Indian, Iit~rat1/re,• ar~:,..,. added many, otbel'1\_. les.0' generally known.. but witb,. equal claim.. to fame. In one ,or o!h~rof tbe, di1r~rent bl'1\ncbe. ,of tbe .Indian literary tree. Ffom Pgetry and Dr.maProfessor Shah passea ontq Philosaphy and Ilell,l!anj and bere,tbe. , difficulty, of ,compres~ion must bave been great . Indeed. So many Rnd "'1 fine-.pon .re tbe webl woven01 by tbe' 0"speculative mind. of Jndia round •the great central doctrine of tbe Hindu people._ t~atof J{!,rma.a"d R~birtb_tbat Bless skilflll writer might well have lost the thread o( hi •. 01l'n narrative in a mRze of intricate and bewildering detail. That he bas not done 10, II greatly to bia • ,'. .' 0 " • • • credit. The pla~e of .Buddbism and Jainism in Indian melapbysics I. deftly .bown. and • brief , . ..' . , ske!ch. is tilen given of tbe .~in tenets of tbe six, ortbodox systemst proper but not ondue .•tre •• b~ing ,laid, on tbe ideali~tic monism of tbe. Vedanta as expounded, by tbe mOlt famoo. o( tbe <1>"'!Denlatora .SbanKaracbarya, and tbe dualis~ic realism of tbe Sankhy. ar.~em a"oclated. ,,!.tb, tbe. DllDe. of Kapila. But ."'1ngenial tbouib speculation In tbe ~pbe~e of melaphysi Tbil work bas developed out of a series of Lectures on tbe OullillU of ladin .. Civiluali.... planned for tbe secoud tena of 1927-8. and delivered in the first term of 1928-29. at St. Xavier's College. Bombay. Tbe scope of tbe work bas been considerably increased since tbe first plan ..as made; but even so. it is necessarily a bare survey only of tbe several directions in ..bicb tbe spirit of tbe Indian Civilisation manifests itself. Tbe model ultimately kept before my mind was Mr. J. C. Stoddart on tbe GWrIl ThaI Wu Gr.. c •• and tbe Grmukllr Thai Wu Rome. But to anyone familiar witb the relative si... either of Greece. or of Bome in the Republican times on the one hand, and of India on the other; to any one bearing in mind the more extensive scope in time . adopted In this work. it will not at all be sarprising tbat the sketeh here attempted to be made of tbe Sp/end""r Thai Wu 'lad giveB only glimpses of tbe arts and graces. tbe beauty and culture. of .the several' races and provinces tbat make ap the India of history. Each of the great natural divisions of India baa enough in tbe story of its civilisation to· provide material for a work similar to tbis; eacb of tbe epocbs into wbicb oar bistory naturally dividea itself coald furnish substance enougb for sucb a purpose; eacb of tbe topics bere considered bas already inspired more tban one remarkable monograpb. and further researcbes may alford still more material for similar enrichment. Naturally. tben. tbe present work is in tbe fona of a mere outline. a kind of generallntroduc tion to tbe manif"ld beauties and glories of AnCient. Medieval. and Mubammadan India. In the models on Greece and Bome already named. tbe treatment is more delnitely chronological tban It scemed suitable to the present writer to adopt for purposea of tbil w\lrk. A purely historical treatment for Buch a vast and complex entity as India through the agea is all but imposaible. if one desires to bave anytbing like a complete outline of the pictore under each head. BeSides. a chronologiesl account may give the position without showing clearly the importsnce of a given topic, especially on luch a canvas. °fhe plan has, therefore, been followed in this work, as in the Lectures on wbich it is based. of viewing the progress of tbe several subjects herein aelected a. evidencing Th. Sp/.erulqNr Thill Wu ·Iad. each in Its own setting. through saccessive centaries. until we come to the decline of the last great Empire on tbe Indian loil. The sarvey stopo. In most chapten. witb the end of the Great Maghals. (1707 A.C.); contemporary history being aVOided. not only as likely to crowd the pictare unduly. but also as not unlikely to introdnce a discordant note in the general barmony of tbe tbeme. The work being. tbus. only an attempt to popalari5e the knowledge about many an unseen beauty and Bplendour of India. it would be out of place in this Series of University Extension Lectures to look for any original researeb. or special contribution to tbe sam total of our knowledge about India. Marks of scholarship h ..e. therefore. been studiously avoided,-even luch as the careful transliteration in Boman cbaracters of Sanskrit or other Indian words. Namea of placea and persons already standardised in their Englisb garb (like Delhi for DMl.); and word. of Indian origin already assimilated in the Angl... lndian glossary. bave been nsed in the familiar form. without the scholarly index of a dash or a stress or a point on any particular letter. Besides. the Icholarly writers do not seem tbemselves to be quite agreed upon tbe conons of transliteration; and IX PLATE XXXVIII ~ ( ~ \ ..}- f '~ ,I // I / J , ....-- / 1 ) / ( I I / ( I / ... / lOS APSARA DANCING ..., II a. metlcoloo. reader dl_Yen the ..me word .pelt dll"erent17 In the ..me aecUon,-e. ,. Sanehi opelt alao Snaci by certain of the more modern wrlten, he will la, tbe blame, It .. to be hoped, at tbe door of tbe right part,. The Ityle and lCOpe of thia work, Jult .. maeh .. 01, purpose, also forbade any needles. display of borrowed ocholanhlp or lpeeial reoeareh; thoullh the Ingrained vanity of a writer cannot but be tickled, If 80me palnataklna _der Batten biOI by the discovery of any original contribution to the lore about India la tbe followln, palft. Ena tb. Bibliograpby ia seleet, rather than Infticient, or e"baullive. It II for tbe reader to Judge bow ear the attempt baa succeeded. A Preface II not the place for iDlertlng a .peelsl pleader for tbe IUeeell of tbe work. But it may well be taken Bdvantage of to mention my debt of gratitude to tbOle wbo have helped me In the work. Special mention and acknowledgment haYe been made In each Inltance, . tbrougbOllt tbe body of tbe work, of each atandard autbor and hia work, wbereYer tbe lime h.1 been ftU'" upon, or borrowed from, for ltatementa made In' tbe text. In eonaonance with tb. Id ..l b"ld In view througbout tbe work of making it popul.r rather than learned, quotatlonl from .acb writen have been kept within a reasonable margin; while refereneel to them baYe been mlnlml... d to the utmost possible. That doetl not mean, however, th.t I .01 Dnaw.re of my debt to other worken In this vast field, or unwilling to make ample .cknowledgment of the Mme. A Ihort, but, It II hoped, a select Bibliography Bppended will Indicate the nature .nd extent of my obligation In thia behalf. Of more direct persona! assistance, four or five casea.t lealt mu.t be lpeclficall, menttoned. Tbe Rev. Fr. Hens, S. J., Professor of History, St. Xavier'. College, Bombay, I. too devot'" • worker in the field of IndiBn historical research to demand a apeelal expreallon of gratitude (or himself. I, however, canDOt, for that realon, pas. In ailence over the Invaluable ...latance recely'" from tbis passionate student of Indian history, not only In organllln, the Lectur... on wbleh the work II based, but Blso In discussing many pointa dealt with In the.e pagel, In .upplylnll rare or little known sources of Information Bnd In provldln, Illustratlona for tbe Lectur.. which aeCDunted in no small degree for tbel, succesl. Tbe Rev. Fr. Zimmermann, S. J., Profellor 0' Sanskrit in tbe same College, is Bnotber friend, whose willln, consent to read over parts of tbla work, - particularly those concerning the Literature Bnd Philosophy o( thla country ,-h•• been o( immense help to me, as also the almllar contribution of Prof. Badhakrl.hftln o( Caleutla. Captain Gladstone Solomon, Principal of the Bombay School o( Art, wa. kind eDOugh, .t the instance of Bnotber friend, to look over and make nleful suggestions regardln, tbe Section on Painting lu India. He haa also glanced tbrougb tbe Sectlona dealln, with tbe Sculpture .nd Arcbitecture in India. Dr. Gburye, my colleague In the University Scbool o( Economl ....nd Sociology, baa belped very considerably to make the Cbapter dealin, wltb Indl.'. Sodal Sy.tena •• exact .. was possible under tbe circumstances. 'Sir T. W. Arnold w.. obliging enough to read tbrough the entire MS., .nd make many detailed .. well .s general suggeltioDl, for the fall benefit o( wblcb J cannot but be ImmC1loely rrateful to that old friend and kindly scbolar. In fact, hi. ".rm .ppreclatlon of tbe work I. MS., went • Ion&" way in r ... torin, confidenee, ..bieh .t int .... lOIDewhat .haken beeauae or the comparative unfamiliarity witb tbe field to be .urveyed; and heuee tbe obligation to Sir Thoma... doubly due. X PLATE XLI 113 A JAIN NUN (PUi.lltil~f1 bV Hao Bahadl£T .Y. V. DlmTltndhar) Tbe appreciation of the Marquess of ZetIand, implicit in tbe Foreword, demands anotber expression of gratitude, wbicb I am deterred fnnn a more ample recognition by a fear lest t,be reader Bbould SUBpect uB,-tbe writer of tbe Foreword and of tbe work proper,-of baving formed a Mutual Admiration Society. Otber friends, too numerOUB to be particnlarised, have also contributed to tbe enricbment of this work by"discusslon or snggestlon, to all of wbom I am grateful. I am indebted to my son Sbaratcbandra for belping to compile the Index and tbe Bibliograpby. Messrs. D. B. Taraporevala Sonl & Co.; the Publisbers of this work are really tbe originators of the idea embodied in this work. They have spared no pains in securing appropriate illustrations wberever suggested by me and in ensuring a fitting get-up for tbe work. If tbe work meets witb tbe success hoped for, it will in no slight degree be due to tbem. There is one friend and helper,· however, whose contribution is so considerable to this work, tbat a separate, specific, mention i. impossible to avoid. Miss G. J. Bahadurji, M. A., L. T., C. L., Principal, Alexandra High School for Girls, bas, from the very inception of tbis project, helped materially. in every part of it, and through every phase of it. She has carefully read through every line of the work, and made in almost every instance the most invaluable suggestions for improve .. ment, which I must gratefully acknowledge. The Chapters and Sections relating to the Fine Arts in~ India are virtually her creations. Herself a painter of Dote, her criticism and suggestion in connection with that portion of the work were reinforced by the opinion of Capt. VI'. E. Gladstone Solomon, obtained at her instance. A master of the technique and theory of M usie, her advice and comment In tbat Section have also proved most materially nseful. Eve.n if I were to regard it as a contribution, the debt of gratitude would be unspeakable. As a matter of fact, however, the . work is practically as much hers as mine and only an inveterate sense of native modesty has prohibited the addition of her name as a joint author. Under the circuUlstances, it would be meaningless to express my debt of gratitude in mere words to such a selfless collaborator. K. T. SHAH. School of EcoDomiCi and SocioloD. Bombay. lit October, 19H. XI PUBLISHERS' NOTE With the increa.ing interest in India, so widely felt at the present time, there is a distinct Reed for illustrated works to provide a vivid_ presentment of India's glorious achievements in Art, Architecture, History, Science, Literature, Philosophy, Religion. etc. Several very finely illustrated works, OD one or more of these subjects, are no,,, available; but their high prices place them out of the reach of the majority of the readers. The publishers bave, therefore, felt that there is room for such a work as the present ODe, of moderate price, and so accessible to the majority of readers. They have been fortunate in securing the pen of Prof. K. J'. Shah whose qualifications for this comprehensive presentment of India's manifold achievements may best be expressed in the words of Sir T. W. Arnold, who was kind enough to go through the whole of the typescript. Says he:- It I can unhesitatingly recommend you to undertake the publication of tbis finely conceived and admirably carried out volume. The comprehensiveness of the subject-matter leaves out DO aspect of the subject-matter deserving of mentioD and its pages contain something to appeal to every class of reader. It would be impertinent on my part to praise the learning and scholarship of Professor Shah and (so tar as my knowledge of the history and literature of India extends) his tc~t appears to me.to be historically correct. The enthusiasm of the author for his subject reveals itself in the elevation of style and the choice of his diction; the interest of the reader is sustained throughout, and the arrangement of the text is clear and lo~cal. It As regards the illustrations reproduced in this work, the puhlishers bave been advised by the anthor of the work; but they alone are responsible for the actual selection for reproduction. They are Featly indebted to all those wbo bave supplied tbem ",itb photographs and paintings. They . have also selected several illustrations from various publications. Every care has been taken to make ,appropriate acknowledgment to the owners of all copyrighted pietures; but if any necessary acknowledgments have been omitted, tbe publishers trust tbat the copyright-holders will accept thi., their acknowledjlment and apologies. XII! CONTENTS Pag" Foreword :V-VII Preface IX-Xl Publishers' Note XIII Bibliography . XVII-XXIV List of l\lustrations XXV-XXXV Maps XXXV Chapter I. ludia: A Panoramfc View. 1- 16 Chapter II. The Pageant of a People. 17- 81 Chapter Ill. Heroes and Saints 82-54 Chapter IV. Makers of History and Builders of Empire 55- 72 Chapter V. Poetry _and Drama 78- 95 Chapter VI. Religion and Philosophy 96-111 Chapter VII. Music and Dancing: Painting and Sculpture Chapter VIII. Temples and Tomhs: Palaces and Pleasances l4.7-178 Chapter IX. Industry and Commerce 1741-195 Chapter X. The Social System 194-119 Epilogue Index UB-IS6 xv BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. GEOGRAPHICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE Cambridge Historg of India Vols. I and III. Records of Geological Survey of India, (Vol. XXIX),Alleient Geography of Gond'rlJaTla Land, by W. S. Blanford. • Murray's Handbook for India, Burma and Ceylon. HOLDICH, SIR T. H. India, (Regions of the World Serie" Ed. Mackinder). M ACKINDER, H. J. Eight Lectur.. on India. FORREST, G. W. Citi .. of India, PlUt and Pre.ent. CUNNINGHAM, A. The Ancient Geography of India, Buddhist Period. ABBOT, G. F. Through India wit/. the Prince. MENPES AND STEEL India. WHISTLER, HUGH In the High Himalayas. THURSTON, E. Madr(J$. DO VIE, SIR J. The Prmjab. O'MALLEY, L. S. S. Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and SiH·im. VILLIERS STEWART, C.M. Gardena of the Great Mughald. MOLYNEUX AND YOUNG- . HUSBAND Kashmir. FANSHAW Delhi_Past and Present. MOIN-UD-DIN AHMED The Taj and its Enviro~1Rent8. HUNTER, W. W. Indian Empire. .. Imperial Ga~ett ..r. (26 Vols. and 27th of Atlas) . II. ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND DEMOGRAPHICAL Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India. Journala of the Royal Aria(ic Sociely. Cambridge Historg of India. Conaus Reporl. (1871-1921). Epigraphia Indica. CODRINGTON, K. de B. Ancient India. LASSEN ["disc/,e Alterthllfnsltrmde. DUTT, R. C. HistoTY oj Civilisation in Ancient India. STEEL, F. A. India Through ti,. Age•• BARNETT, L. D. Antiquities of I"dia. RAPSON E. J. Ancient India. • ANDERSON, J. D. Tilt Peopl .. of India. HOLDERNESS, T. W. Peopks and Problema of India. RISLEY, H. H. Th. Peopk. o/India (2nd Ed.) GRIERSON, O. A. Th. Linguistic Survey o/India. BEAL, S. Buddhist Recorda 0/ the Western World. TILAK, B. G. Vedic Chronology and Vedanga Jyoti.ha. CHILDE, V. G. The Aryans. XVII BIBLIOGRAPHY Ill. and IV. HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL DUTI', R. C. &mall_ ..d MsluJI""rau. SMITH, V. A. Esrlll Hislo,." of lrulis. '0 " Camhridp HislO'1/ oJ IrtdUI YOU. I""" 1II. " " A ...... Akbar, 1M Gr.." Mop. .... TM OrJord HUto,." oJ lrul;". ELPHJNSTONE, M. HislO'1/ oJ Ifill;". ELLI011' HislOTII oJ IfIllia ... ToM 6, ii, .... Hilloru..,. SARKAR, J. N. India oj Aurag".6...... Hislorll oj AUTlIIIg ••b 6 You. " "" AMCdotu of Aura •••th. " n" MU6iuJl .4dmilliltriUiOfl. " ,." Skivaji. RANADE, M. G. TM Rile oj 1M Maratha PI1fIHT. GRANT DUFF, J. C. A Hillor, oj 1M MaraIA",. SEWELL, R. A Forllollm Empire: (YijalltJll8fl8ra). IRVINE, W. TM Laler MUllha". TOD A",.,," oj Raj... I"" •• MONRO, W. D. Sioriu oj IfIllu.. Goh /Ifill Heroe,. MANNUCCI Sioria di MOIIOT 4. YOU., SACHAU, E. C. Albertmi', India. BERNIER, F. Tr/lu." i" India oj EurOfJ«JfJ TrIWtlltTO. DOWSON, J. Hi.du Cluneal Dielio,."rll. NI,VEDITA (SISTER) AND COOMARASWAMY, A. K. MiliA. oj 1M Hindu. and Buddhisl •• MUKERJI, R. Shri HaTOha (Rulers of India Series). BAN A-BHATT HaTlha-Charita. KALHAN (ED. A. M. STEIN) RajataraJJgi"i. KINCAID, C. A. Folklale. of Sindh and Gujeral. MC. CRINDLE, J. W. Ancimt India ", describtd bll MtIl",IM.... and Arrian. ABUL FAZL Ain-i-Akbari, or Institute. of Akbar Blocbmano'. • • ..ell •• Gladwio'. Translations. IRVINE, W. TAt Arm, oj 1M India .. Mughal•• V. LITERARY (N. B. Works on Indian claaaicaJ and Vernacular Literature named in tbelest ore oeparolel, Iltted). MAX-MULLER, F. HiatOTII oj AneietJt SaOlkril Lileralure. FRAZER, R. W. Lil.rarll HiatOT, oj India. MACDONELL, A. A. Sa1JlkriJ Lileratur•• " "" India'. Put. KEITH, A. B. A HislOT, oj Sa ...kril Li!tTature...... SarllkriJ Dra1lUJ • CALDWELL, R. A Cmnparaliut Gr"71I1oor oj 1M Dra.idins Laslluall'" P. GRIFFITHS, R.T. H. TAt H,,,,,,, oj lhe Rill y.da. PADHYE, K. A. B.aulie, Jrom Kalidal. POPE Hill or, oj Maniklta Yaehngar (allo Naladi,ar). SUNDARAM PILLAI, P. Somt Milulont in Iht RislO'1/ oj Tamil Lilerat",.•• XVIII BIBLIOGRAPHY VI. SCIENTIFIC WORKS (Indian Classical Works in this Section listed separately). BARTH, A. Th. ReligioM of India. SHAMASHASTRY, R. Kaulilya'o Artwwtra. DEUSSEN, P. The System of Vedanta. OLDENBERG, H. The Life of Buddha. ARNOLD, E. T'", Light of Asia. DASGUPTA, S. Yoga ao PhilosopkU and Religion. MAX-MULLER, F. The, S" Sy.te>n8 of Indian Philo.ophll. RADHAKRISHNAN, S. Indian PhilOlophy, 2 V.Is. .. Hindu Vie'lll of Life. BOULTING Four Pilgrimo. WOODROFFF" SIR J, The Serpent PO'lller, RONALDSHAY,EARLOF. The Hearl of Aryavarta. COWELL AND -GOUGH Saroa-Darshana-Sangraha. VII. FINE ARTS SMITH, V, A, History of Fine Art in India and Celllon. FOUCHER, A. The Beginnillg. of Buddhist Art. (Ed, L. A. and F. W. Thomas), CLEMENTS, E. Introduction to the Stlmy of Indian Music. FOX-STRANGWAYS, A. H, The Music of Hindlutar.. MARSHALL, J. A. Guide to Sanchi. COOMARASWAMY, A. K. Historll of Indian and Indonesian Art, " " " Mirror oJ Gesture. n " ., Dance 0/ Siva. JI " " RajI'm Painting. " " II Portfolio of [1ldian Art. MEHTA, N. C. Stud;" in Indian Paillting. GRIFFITHS Paintingo in lhe Buddhisl eave. al Ajunta, SOLOMON, GLADSTONE, W. E. Th. Women of the Ajrmta. BROWN, PERCY India,. Painting under the Mughat.. KUHNEL AND GOETZ Indian Book Painting. HURLIMANN, M. Pictllr.. que India, BHATTACHARYA, B,C. India" Imagel, HA VELL, E. B. Th. Ideat. of Indian Art. .. .. Indian Architecture . .. " A Hand-book of Indian Art, " " Indian Sculptflre and Painting. " " The HimalaYa8 in Indian Ar", " " Artistic and Ind... trial Reoi.al in India. KRISHNA SHASTRY, H. South Indian Imlll{e8 of Gode and Godde ...., JAGADISHA IYER, P. V, SOIdh India" Shri,.... BINYON, L, eavrt Painlero of Ih. Greal Mughal•• · DEY, M.C, Mil Pilgrimage 10 Ajunta and Bagh. BOULTING Four Pilgrim., Dancing Ancienl and Modern. Iudian Art al the Brilish Empir. Exhibition. &a.. pk. of Indian Sculptur. at the British Mil ...... XIX BIBLIOGRAPHY VIII. ARCHITECTURAL AND MONUMENTAL FERGUSSON, J. l.dituJ au Lut~r. Ardil""""'~, I Pol•• HAVELL, E. B. luia. AreAil""'.",,. ,. " Cnmbridp Hillar, of lrodia. GuiU 10 Ellor •••d Ajala. " n IX. INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL SMITH, V. A. Akbar, 1M GrMl Mogol. MORELAND, W. H. I.dia ,,' 'A~ INnt" oj Akbar. From Akbar 10 A"ranll•• b. " n KENNEDY, J. TM EorlV Com~r •• oj Bab!llnu ",ilil I.di" (1808) (Journ.l of Ihe Royal ABiatic Society). RHYS DAVIDS, T. W. BI/ddhi" I ntlia. RHYS, DAVIDS, T. W. Economk Condition i. AIICk., I.din (Eronomlc J"urMl). McCRINDLE, J. W. Anci •• , India lU .n... ribrd b.v M./(o.,h .... a.d Arria•• SACHAU, E. C. Alb.",.i'. India. SEWELL, R. A Forll0lt .. Empirt. MUKERJI, R. K. A Hutorv oj I.dia. Shippi./(. ABUL FAZL Ain-i-Akbar;. X. SOCIAL-MANNERS AND CUSTOMS BUHLER Dill'" oj Hindu LaTl!. JOLLY La", and Crulom i. India. G. D. BANNERJI Hindu Lam oj Marrinlle and Slridha •• B. K.SARKAR Ponti.e &ckgrmmd oj Hi.d" SocioloR.V. P. N. BANNERJI Public Adminutration i. A ••i .. , Indu.. ABUL FAZL Ai.-i-Akbar;. NIVEDITA, SISTER Web oj I.dia. liJ•. DE LAET TM Empire oj 1M Gr.al MOIl.I. Translated by J. S. Ho)land, Ed. by S. N. Banner,ee, 1928. LANMAN Jatakma/4 (Harvard Ori,,'al Serre. (1'01. I). Imperial Gantte.,. oj I.dia. A.;'I/ol R.porl. of Moral and Material Prollr .... Ce7uru Report., 1871-1921. xx LIST OF CLASSIC SANSKRIT, PRAKRIT, OR INDIAN VERNACULAR WORKS AND AUTHORS MENTIONED IN THE TEXT AUTHOR WORK Rig-Veda, Sarna Veda, Yajnr Veda, Atharva Veda TISSA Katha-Vattu (Prakrit) KASHYAPA Abhidhamma-Pitaka (Buddhist Metaphysics) UPALl Vinaya-Pitaka (" Rule of Ecclesiastical Life) ANANDA Sutta-Pitaka (" Aphorisms 'or Parables of Bltddha) Questions of King Milinda (System of Dogmatism) BUDDHA-GHOSHA Visuddhimagga (Compendium of the Hi.",gnna ideal of Arhat) Atthashalini (being commentary on Dhammasamghani) " Chronicles !_Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa VALMIKI Ramal'ana (Sanskrit Epic) VYAS Maha'bharata u " ASHWAGHOSHA Buddha-Charitra (Sanskrit Epic of Buddha's Life) " Sundarananda (Sanskrit Poem) " Gandistotra (Sanskrit Lyric) . " Sari-Putra-Prakarna (Sanskrit Drama_Life of Sari-Putra) KALIDASA Kumrara-Sambhava (Sanskrit Epic on the Birth of the War God) " Raghu-Vamsa (Chronicles of'the House of Raghu-S. Epic) " Megha-Duta (Sanskrit Lyric-Cloud Messenger) " Ritu-Sambara (" ,,-The Seasons) " Abhignana-Shakuntalam (Sanskrit Drama) " Malavika-Agnimitram ( " ) Vikramorvashiyam ( " ) VATSA·BHATTI" Prashasti (Panegyric of Sun in the Temple at Mandasor) BHARAVI Kiratarjuniyam (Sanskrit Epic-Fight of Arjuna with ShiVS) " Bhattikavyam (Sanskrit Epic) BHARTRIHARI Niti-Shataka'n (Ethical Centaine) " Shringara-Shatakam (Erotic Centaine) " Vairagya .. Sbatakam (Renunciation Centaine) MAGHA Shishupala-Vadha (Sanskrit Epic) KUMARADAS Janaki-Harana (Sanskrit Epic) KAVIRAJA Raghava-Pandaviyam (Sanskrit Epic) Nalodaya (Sanskrit -I'oem on a Mahabbarata Episode) AMARU Amaru-Sbatakam (Sanskrit Lyric Erotic) JAYADEVA Gita.. Govindam (" " ,,) SHUDRAKA Mrichha-Katikam (Sanskrit Drama_The Little Clay-Cart) BHASHA PlayS (Sanskrit Drama) . BHAVABHUTI Uttara-RalDacharitram (Sanskrit Drama-Later Phase ofRama 's Life) " Malati Madhava (" ..) SHRI HARSHA Ratnavali (Sanskrit Drama) " Priya-Darshika (Sanskrit Drama) .. Nagananda (Sanskrit Drama) VISHAKHADAT'fA Mudra-Rakshasa (Sanskrit DramA) BHATTA-NARAYANA Veni-Samha .. (Sanskrit Drama-Bindin!! of the Braid) XXI BIBLIOGRAPHY AUTHOR WORK RAJA-SEKHARA B.l-Bamay.... (Sanakrlt D ... ma lOr JOYeoil.,.) .. Bal-Bh.... ta (Sanskrit Drama lOr JOYenil ..) .. Karpora-M.njari (Prakrit Poem) KRISHN A-MISHRA Prabodha-Chandroda,.a (Sanskrit D ... ma) DANDIN Daaha-Kumara-Charitra (Sanskrit ROInance-Prose-Slory "( 10 l'rlnrr.) .. Kavyadarsha (Sanskrit Treatile on Poetl.. ) SUBANDHU Va ..vadatta (Sanskrit Romanee-Prooe) BANA BHATIA Kadambari (...... ) . Harsba-Charita (Sanskrit Blograpby-Prose) DHANAPALA" " Tilaka-Manjari (Sanskrit Romanee) KSHEMENDRA Brlbat-Katba (Sanskrit Storlel) SOMADEVA .. .. (Origi ...l hy Gonadbya in Pr.krit-Pailhachl) .. Yasastilaka JAIN MONKS Naladiyar (Tamil Poem) TIRUV ALLUV AR Knrral (.. ..) MANIKKA-VACHAGAR Tamil Poems TIRU-GNANA-SAMBANDHA TULSIDAS Rsmnyana" " (Hindi Epic Poem) SUR DAS Sur-Sagar (Hindi Poem) CHANDA Pritbwi-Rsj Rs .. (Hindi F.pic) KABIR Hindi Poems-Shabdavali; Sokha-Nidhan NARSIMHA MEHTA Gujarati Poems MIRABAl Gujarati (Hindi) Porml RAMANANDA Hindi Poems CHANDIDAS Bengali Poems BIDYAPATI THAKUR Bibari (Hindi) Poems TUKA-RAM Maratbi Abbangs (Poems) Gbata-Karpana Chaura-PaDchasbika Pancba-Tantra (Sanskrit Prole (I)-Collection 0' Fables) Katha-Sarit-Sagara (Collection of Storlel-Prose) XXII LIST OF P~ILOSOPHIC OR SCIENTIFIC WORKS, MENTIONED IN THE TEXT, FROM CLASSIC SANSKRIT OR PRAKRIT AUTHOR WORK: HINDU CANONICS The Vedas and Commentaries tbereon Brabmanas Aran,.akas-Forest Treatises U.-nisbads JAIN CANONICS Sutras, Anps, U.-ngas, Mul Sutras, Cbbeda Grantbas BUDDHIST CANONICS The Three Pitakas MADHAVACHARYA Sana-Darshana-Samgraba (Compendium of Indian Pbilosopby) SHANKARACHARYA Commentaries on the U.-msbads .. Moba-Mudgara JAllflNI Po.. a-lfimamsa-Sutra (Commentators: Sbabara, Komaril, Madb... ) BADARAYAN Vedanta-Sotra (Commentator-Sbankaracbarya) ISHWAR-KRISHSA SaDkbya-Karika (Treatise on SaDkbya, system of Kapila) KRISHNA (?) Bbagoad-Gita (Commentator Sbankaraebarya) PATANJALI Yoga-Sotra GAUTAMA Nyaya-Sotra (Indian Logic) YASU Nirukta (Grammatieal Work on Vedic Sanskrit) PANINI Sbabdanosbasana (Standard Sanskrit Grammar) KATYAYANA AND PATANJALI Sanskrit Grammarians VAMANA AND JAYADITYA Kasbika-Vritti (Sanskrit Grammatical Treatise) BHATTOJI DlKSHIT Siddbanta-Kaumudi (Sanskrit Grammati.. l Treatile) HEMACHANDRA-ACHARYA Works on Grammar and Pbilology (Jain) VARARUCHI GrammarofPrakritLa~ges AMAR SINH Amar-Kosba (Sanskrit LexicoIII"pby) HALAYUDHA, YADAV PRAKASH A Lexicograpbers (Sanskrit) DHANANJAYA AND HEM A CHANDRA-ACHARYA Lexicograpbers_Jain A.-stambiya-Dbarmasbastra (Sociologic Treatise) MANU Manan.-Dharma-Shastra (Sanskrit Sociologic Treati.. ) YAGNAVALKY A SmPiti (Sanskrit Sociologic Treatise) VIGNANESHWARA Mitakshara-Commentarr on Yagnavalkya's Treatise JlMUTAVAH.4.NA Dayabbap-Commen!ary on the Hindo La .. of Inheritance KAUTILYA Artbashastra (Compendium of Economies, and Polities) VATSAYANA Kamasotra (Trestise on the Seience of Love) VARAHA-MIHIRA Pancba-Siddhantika (Treatise on Astronomy) A RY ABHA'IT A Astronomer anterior to Varaha-mihira, holdinlr Heliocentric Theory BRAHMA-GUPTA Astronomer ofthe VII Century A.C. BHASKARA-ACHARYA .... XII .. .. BHASKARA-ACHARYA Lila~i (Treatise on Arithmetic) .. Bija-Ganita (Treatise on Algebra) BHARATA Natyashastra (Scienee of DramaturllY) SHt:SHRlI"TAANDCHARAKA Indian Medicine and Surgery XXIII BIBLIOGRAPHY AUTHOR WORE Abhioaya-DarpaDII-Mlrror 01 Oeotu~ Sangita-RatDllura-T..... tlse on MUII~ Vi.hnudh.rmotta.... -T_tiwoD Indian Palntln•• nd I...... makln. Jyotl.b-V.danp t Oarp·Samhlta Wor'" on Alt... l .. .,. or Altronomy Surya·I'annati I Surya-Slddhanta J Shilpa-Sha.tral-~I.n~ 01 Mr... untion Manasara-Compendlum 01 ...... urrmrnt lor A... hlt..... h, pi .... XXIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Hail, Usbas! Virgin Goddess 01' tbe Dawn (reproduced in colour) . . . • FTOfItispiece. CHAPTER I. INDIA: A PANORAMIC VIEW PLATE I. 1. Tbe Gateway of India, Bombay Facing Page Il 2. Entrance to Prince's Dock, Bombay .. .. ! II. 8. Ballard Pier from the Harbour, Bombay .. " 8 4. A Panoramic View of Mt. Abu .. .. 8 111. 5. Udaipur: Palace in the Lake .. .. 40 6. Maharao& of Udaipur .. .. 40 7. Khyber Pass-(Aerial View) . .. .. 40 (Photo: Royal Air Force) 8. Train in Khyber Pass (Aerial View) .. .. (Photo, Royal Air Force) IV.. 9. Kohat City and Fort-(N. W. F. P. Aerial View) • .. .. 5 (Photo: Royal Air Forc6). JO. Aerial Vie,,, of Frontier Lines ,. 5 (Photo, Royal Air Force). " II. Mahenjo Daro Excavations-"Tank Buildings" and sur roundings ... .. 5 (Photo: Archaeological Survey of India) V. 12-20. Mahenjo Daro n)scoveries (~ Painted Vase. (6) Silver Vase containing Jewellery. (0) Terra-cotta Bull. (d) Copper statnette of Dancing girl. (,) Stone head. (I) Stone statue, stucco finished and painted. (g, h, .,) Polychromatic vases and uro. (Archaeological Survey of India Photographs) .. .. 6 VI. 21. Mountain Scenery in Kashmir .. .. 7 22. The Jehlum at Shrinagar, Kashmir .. .. 7 VlI. 28. Tbe Jeblum at Pandrethan .. .. 8 24. Tbe Canal Leading into the Dal Lake .. .. 8 VIII. 25. Tbe Sutiej in its Himalayan Home .. .. 8 26. Bridge on tbe Cbenab in Kishtwar, Frontier of Kashmir .. .. 8 IX. 27. A General View of Simla .. .. 8 28. Tbe City of Muttra, on tbe Jumna 8 " .. X. 29. Tara Devi Hills, Simla 9 " .. 80. Bathing Ghat, Muttra .. .. 9 (Photo t Indian State Railways) 81. GangeB Canal, Cawnpore .. .. 9 (Photo, Indian State Railways) XI. 8i. Krishna and Radha (reproduced in colour) .. .. 10 (From N. C. Mebta'. book "Stndies in Indian Painting") XII. 88. Tbe Amar Singh Gate, Agra Fort, on the Jumna. .. .. III 84. Taj Mahal on the Jumna .. .. 12 85. View of GRnges at Dangully .. .. 12 XIII. 86. The Ganges at Derali .. " 18 87. Benares: Temples. .. .. IS 88. General View of Benares .. .. 18 XXV PLATB XIV. 89. Dalhou.l~ Square, Coolcutta Fsc",- p .... I. ~. Kalighat Coonal, (;alcutta .. .. I • XV. .1. Wal, Near the Source of the Krishna .. .. 14 U. The Kaverl near Serlnp""tam .. " I • .s. Ganop"" Falls, Sharavatl .. .. 14 ('_ Photo. Tho Palaco Studio, Myoore) XVI. The Godaverl at Naslk I • ••• (Photo. ladlaa Stat. Railways) .. .. '5. River Scene (Kaverl), Tanjore .. .. I • XVII. '6. The Rock, Trichlnopoly • .. .. 15 47. "The Marhle Rocks of the Narbada .. .. 1.\ CHAPTER II. THE PAGEANT OF A PEOPLE XVIII. '8. Munda Female .. .. 18 '9. Oraon Cole (Chhota Nagpur) .. .. 18 50. Hill Naga (Cachar) .. .. I" 51. Sonthal • .. .. 18 (4S-69, From Wabon BDd Kaye'. book "The People of Indls") XIX. 52. Group of Nagaa .. .. IP (Cach .... ) 58. Cole National Dance .. .. III 5 •. Rengam Nag. .. .. IP XX. 55. Brahmin .. .. !lU 56. Rajpoot .. .. ~tI (Indo Scythisn Type) 57. Kashmiri Pundits .. .. !to 58. Bujgotees .. .. !to (Rajpuu of Oudh) Pur. Typ .. of Aryaoa. Brahmins and Kshtri181 in Groupl!ll XXI. 59. Bhali Sooltans .. .. !II (Ondh) 60. Pathaos • .. .. VI (U. P.) 61. Mobamedan Lady .. .. VI (AlIahbad) 62. Gurkhas Kbaa Tribe .. .. !II (Mind Type) XXII. 6S. Frontier Trlhesmen .. .. !tl! 640. Kashmir! Girl .. .. ~~ 65. Akbar In Old Age • .. .. It XXlII. 66. A Toda Girl (reproduced in eolour) .. .. n (Painting by Rao Bahador M. V. Dhuraodhar) XXIV. 67. A Kashmir Girl (reprodueed in eolour) • .. .. !to (Paintiag by Rao Bahador M. V. Dburandhar) XXV. 68. A Gond Woman (reproduced in eolour) • .. .. 118 (Painting by Rao Bahador M. V. Dhurandhar) CHAPTER III. HEROES AND SAINTS XXVI. 69. Brahmanam Isham Kamalasanastbam .. .. U (The Prince of Wales MuseolU, Bombay) XXVI PLATE 70. Krishna Facing Page (Hidlog 00 a tree with the Clothes or the Gopi.) 71. Vishnu (00 Garoda with Shri nevi aod Bhu nevi) " " 72. Parvati 840 (Wife of Shiva) " " 78. Krishna (Dancing on the Kaliya Serpant) " " 840 7'io. Surya (On Chariot) " 84 XXVII. 75. Hanumana. " 88 (The Government Museum, Madras) " " 76. Rama's Departure 88 (From N. C. Mehta's book "Studies in Indiau Painting") " " XXVIII. 77. A Village Deauty (reproduced in colour) (From N. C. Mehta's book UStudies in Indian Paintingtt) " " XXVlII-A.77A.Krishna with Gopis ' . 46 (From N. C. Mehta's book "Studies in IndiaD Painting") " " XXIX. 78. Siege of Lanka 50 (From Coomaraswamy's "Rajput Painting") " " 79. Ariun. begging Krishna's help in the Great War 50 (The Prince of Wales Museum, Bombay) " " 80. Vyas Muni (Author of the "Mahabharata") 50 81. Rai Pithora (Prithwi Raj, Last Hindu King of Delhi) " " 50 " " XXX. U. Maharana Pratap 51 88. Mahmud of Ghazni " " 51 84. Empress Razia " " 51 85. Chand Sultana of AhmedDagar " " 51 (Prince of Wales Museum, Bombay) " " XXXI. 86. HumayuD'. Accession Durbar 540 " " 87. N urjehan Eutertaining the Emperor Jehangir and his SOD 640 (86-87: Victoria and Albert Museum, Londoo) " " CHAPTER, IV. MAKERS OF HISTORY AND BUILDERS OF EMPIRE XXXII. 88. Coins of India 55 1. Round Punch~marked coin. t. Rectangular Punch-marked " " coin. S. Mathur.: Rajuvala, Sophytes (Saubhuti). 6. Menander. 6 Western Kshatrapa : Damas6Dd. 1. Gondophunel. 8. Kanlsbka. 9. Kanisbka. 10. Kaoisbka. 11. Samudragupta Standard type. It. Samudragupta. Lyrist type. IS. Samudra gupta: Ch ... odragupta I. type. 140. Silmudragupta: Asvamedba type. 16. Cha.dragupta 11. Arher type. 16. Cha.dragopta II. HoraemllD type. 17. Siladitya (Harshavardhanal of Tbanesar. 18. Mibiragula.19. Delhi and Ajmerl Pr:thvi Raja to. Padma ta.ka. 91, Pa.dya. til. !!oatern Chalukya : najaraja. !S. Chola. ". Pallava or Cbalukya (P). Wi. Vijayanagar! Kriahu Deva Raya. '6. Vljayanagar: Harihara II. XXXIII. 89, Inscribed Pillar of Samudra Gupta of Bhitari (Photo: ArchaeologiC'al Survey of India) " " 90. Pulakesin II receiving the Persian Ambassador (Ajunta 62 Frescoes) " " 91. Babur " " 62 " " XXVII PLATE 112. Hamayun IIf (91-9111 B.hadur SlnghJI CoIlectl .... Calcutta) XXXIV. liS. Akbar It .. III 11+. Akbar'. lIIotber, Hamid Bano Be,Dm • .. .. III 95. JebaDgir .. .. 11ft 96. Nor Jeban • .. .. 6ft (98 and 9S. Bahadur Singbjl CoUec:tlno. Caleulta) XXXV. 97. Sbab Jehan .. .. 116 98. Mamtaa Mahal .. .. 6e1 99. Aarangzeb .. .. 66 (91 and 99. Dabadur Slngbjl Collection. Calcutta) 100. Shi>;aji .. 66 (Prince of Wal.. Museum. Bombey) .. XXXVI. 101. Coins of India .. .. 67 1. Altamsh. I. Ra,lya. S. Gblyillu-d-dln Balben. +•• Aliu-d-dTn Mubemmad. DeIhl. S. Muhammad hln Tughlaq. Deihl. 8. Muhammad hln Tughloq. Forced Currency. Tugblaqpor. T. FIrM SbAb. Deihl. 8. Bablol LodI. Deihl. 9. Bahmanl. 'Allu-d-dln A~mad II. 10. Miilwl. g~iylift SbAh. II. Gujarll. Ma~mod Shih III. II. Babur. Lahor. 18. BijApIlr, A'dll Shih. Urln. 1+. HumiyOn. IS. Shor Shih. Agra. 18. Akber. Agra. 11. Jahiingir. 18. Jahlnglr: with NOr Jahln. Sorat. 19. Shah Jahin I. !l0. Aurangaeb. CHAPTER V. POETRY AND DRAMA XXXVII. 102. Inscription of Ashoka on the Grinar Rock • ,; .. 80 108. Coins of India-Ancient Indian Scripts .. .. 80 (I. Brahmlnl II. Kharoshtl S. Gnpta +. Nagarl.) 10+. Denudation of Draupedi .. .. 80 (Painting hy S. L. Haldankar) XXXVlII. 105. Apsara Dancing (reproduced in coloor) .. .. 88 (From N. C. Mehta'. book "Stndl.. In Indian Painting") XXXIX. 106. Kabir . .. .. (From Coomarsswamy'l '"Rajput Painting") 107. Guru Nanak .. .. 108. Baj Bahadur and Rupmati • .. .. CHAPTER VI. RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY XL. 1011. Sbiva (Ceylou) .. .. 95 110. Buddba Statue from Tax,i11a .. .. 05 U (From M. HurlimaoD'. "Picturesque India ) 111. Ruins of Ancient University of Taxil\a .. .. o.~ 112. Paraowanatb, XXII Jain Saint or Tiralkakar (Mathura) .. .. O.~ XLI. 118. A Jain Nun (reproduced in colour) .. .. 118 (Painting hy Rao Bahadur M. V. Dhurandhar) XLII. 11+. Abu: Side Chapel in tbe Nemnatb Temple. .. .. 102 115. Ceiling Painting in Jain Temple (Conjeevram) .. .. 10'l 116. Dilwara Temple: Adinatb Temple Hall .. .. 10'l 117. Buddha Statue (Sanchi) .. .. 102 XLIII. 118. Temptation of Buddba .. .. 103 (Photo. Archaeological Survey, Hyderabed) XXVIlI PLATH 119. Siddharta. FacinIC Pag. 108 (Boston Museum) 120. Buddha'8 Parnirvana . .. .. lOS (Boston Museum) 1~ J. Di vision of Buddha's Bones .. .. 108 (Government Museum, Madras) XLIV. 122. Buddha-Gaya, Navagraha Temple, Orissa .. .. 106 12S. Khajurao-Shrine of the Surya Temple .. .. 106 124. Aihole Temple, Bijapur, Early Chalukyan Style, Bija pur District .. .. 106 (Photo: Arcbaelogical Survey of India) 125. Konai-ak.-Wheel of the Sun Chariot .. .. 106 XLV. 126. Jai Sing's Astronomical Observatory, Delhi .. .. 107 127. Jaipur-Instruments in Jay Singh's Astronomical Observatory .. .. 107 128. General View of Ajunta-Ancient University .. .. 107 (Photo, Indian State Railways) 129. General view of Ellc:Jra-Ancient University .. .. 107 XLVI. Scenes from Nalanda-An Ancient University .. .. 110 1 SO. Various Carvings .. .. 110 lSI. Monolith and Buddha Scriptures .. .. 110 XLVI. A. ISlA. Lady Musician .. .. 110 (From H. I. Parekh's C.ollection, Bombay) ISIB. Hindu Ascetics .. .. 110 XLVI. B. ISIC. Portrait of Jehangir .. .. 111 Mughal line drawing (From N. C. Mehta's Book UStudies in Indian Painting") CHAPTER VII. ,MUSIC AND DANCING; PAINTING AND SCULPTURE XLVII. IS2. Dance of Shiva .. .. 112 I8S. Music Party .. .. 112 (PriDce of Wales Museum. Bombay) XLVIII. IS4. A Music Party (Bagh Frescoes) .. .. 118 (From N. C. Mehta's book "Studies in Indian Painting") XLIX. 185. Todi Ragini .. .. 114 186. Hindol Rag .. .. 114 187. Megh Rag .. .. IH• IS8. Sorath Rag .. .. 114 (lSS-ISS Prince of Wales Museum, Bombay. Photo: J. S~ Taraporenta) L. 189. Vasant Ragini " .. 115 (Prince of Wales Museum, Bombay) all. Flying Gandbarvas and Apsar•• (Ajunta Cavc) .. .. 115 (l'G-UI Photo, Archaeological Dept., Hyderahad Dn.) 141. Shiv.'. Tandava Dance (Ellora Cave). .. .. 115 142. Shivs Dancing as. Nataraj • .. .. 115 (GoverDment Museum, Madras) LI. 148-144. Dancing to-day: Illustrative of Gestures .. .. 116 LII. SOME INDIAN INSTRUMENTS 145. A Professional Sitar Player .. .. 117 146. Music Lesson .. .. 117 XXIX PLATII 14.7. Hlnda Malic F"ci_. p".. 117 LIII. 148. Padma Panl .. .. II~ )4,9. Shin, The Prince of Dancen .. .. III (GMernment Museum, M"dru) 150. Mother and Child .. .. III (Frescoes; Photo I Areh.eologleal Dept .. Hyderabad 0..) UV. 151. Rasa-Mandala .. .. 110 (From N. C. Mehta', book "Rtudl.. ln Indian Palntlnl", LV. PAINTINGS IN AJUNTA FRESCOES 152-156. Panel Decorations .. .. I~O 157. Brahmana Begging .. .. I~ll 158. Chbaddanla Jalak .. .. 110 (16i-I~8 Photo. Archaeological Dept., Hyderabad Do.' LVI. PAINTINGS IN AJUN'fA FRESCOES 159. Queen'. Toilet .. .. III 160. A Love Scene . .. .. I~I (Prince of Wales Museum, Bombay) 161, Another Ajunta Painting, Cave XVII I~I (159 and 161 Photo. Archaeological Dept., Hyder.bad 0..' " " LVJI. PAINTINGS IN AJUNTA FRESCOES 162. Type of Female Beauty .. .. III 168. Women's Heads .. .. II. (Prince of Wales Muaeum, Bombay) 16~. A Princely Couple .. " lit (168-1" Photo, Archaeological Dept., Hyderabad 0..) LVIII. RAJPUT .PAINTINGS 165. Tbe Month of Margasblraha .. .. It~ (165-166 PrlDce of Wales M"..,um, Bombay) 166. A Rajput Lady .. .. III 167. Krishna and Radba .. .. III 168. Ladles Batbing .. .. 118 (From CoomAraswamy'. book "Rajput Paiutlag") LIX. MUGHAL PAINTINGS 169. Camels Fighting .. .. 124 (169-110 Prince of Walea Museum, Bombay) 170. A Black Buck and his Mate .. .. 124 171. A Himalayan Cheer Pheasant (By Uslad Mansur) .. .. 1t4 (Vidoria and Albert MWleum. London) LX. MUGHAL PAINTINGS 172. Akbar Hunting (from .. Akbarnama ") .. .. IU (Outline by Basawan, Painting by Dbarm Du) 178. Emperor Babur Dielating bis Memoir...... 125 (Painting by Hashim) LXI. MUGHAL PAINTINGS 174. Emperor Sbah Jehan .. .. It6 XXX PLATB 175. Empress Nur Jehan F((cing Page 126 (1T40 and 116 Prince of Wales Museum, Bombay) 176. Emperor Aumngzeb in Old Age " " 126 LXII. 177. Saraswatbi Playing on the Vina I' 127 (British Museum) " 178. Gautama Buddha (Sarnatb) " 127 179. Torso Representing Prince Siddhartha (From the Sanchi Tope) " 127 IBO. Besnagar Yakshi " " " " 127 LXIII. 181. Cauri·Bcarer 128 (Patna Museum) " " 182. Bimaran Casket " 128 18S. Piprawa Inscrihed Vase (containing relics of Buddha) " 128 184. Reliquary (',asket, Peshawar (containing Buddha's Ashes) " " " " 128 LXIV. 185. Lower Part of Asoka's Pillar (Lauriya Nandangarh) " " 1~9 186. Asoka's Pillar (Lauriya Nandangarh) .. 129 Seals from Mahenjo Daro " 187. " 129 188. Railings round the ~uddha Temple, Gaya " " " 129 LXV. 189. Buddha-Gaya 1112 Medallion from the Rail Pillars " " 190. Lion Capital (Sarnath Pillar) ,. IS2 " 191. Cathedml Cave, Karle .. 1S2 192. Geneml View, Sanchi Stupa " 182 (Photo: Indian State Railways) " " LXVI. 198. Interior of a Chanya Showing Stupa, (Ajanta) 188 (Photo: Archaeological Dept., Hyderabad Do.) " " 194. Carvings on North Gate, Sanchi Stupa ISS (Photo: Indian State Railways) " " LXVII. 195. San.hi Stupa, N~rth Gateway 186 196. Sanchi Stupa, East Gate " " 186 197. A Tree Nymph, Sanchi " " 186 198. Asoka's Pillar, Lumbini Grove (Birlhplace of Buddha) " " " " 186 LXVIII. 199. The Goddess Kali-Sculptures from Kailas (Ellora) " 187 (Photo ~ Archaeological Dept., Hyderabad Do.) " 200. Chaitya Slab, Amravati Stupa 187 (Government Museum, Madras) " " 201. Geometrical Patterns and Carvings, Sarnath IS7 202. ADlravati Stupa, Disc from a bar of the Outer nan " " IS7 (Government Museum, Madras) " " LXIX. 20S. Trimurti Elephanta 140 " " 20~. Inscribed Figure of Buddha, Monghir " " ao CHAPTER VIII. TEMPLES AND TOMBS: PALACES AND PLl<:ASANCES LXX. 205. Taj Mahal, Agra 148 (Photo, Indian Stste Railways) " " 206. General View of the Cave Temples, Ajanta a8 (Photo: Indian State Railways) " " 207. Ellora: Vishwa-Karma Cave Chailya Hall 148 (Photo: Archaeological Dept., Hyderabad Do.) " " 208. Samath Stupa " " 1'8 XXXI PLATE LXXI CHAITYA SPECIMENS 209. Chaltya Cave X. Horse shoe window, Ajanta F"ci., I'''P 1411 210. Chaitya Cave, Bed .. (Bombay) • .. .. "II 211. Chaity. Cave, Nulk • .. .. 1.9 212. Chaitya Cave, Karli .. .. 1.11 LXXII. 21S. Sculptures from the Exterior Screen at the Buddhl.t Cave at Karll .. .. UO 214. Daghoba at Cave XXVI Ajanta .. .. 150 LXXIII. 215. Cathedral Cave, Badami (Verandah oC Cave III fmm the West End) .. .. 151 216. Cathedral at Kanherl (Bombay) .. .. 151 (iI5-918 Photo. Archaeological SurY., of ludla) 217. Interior, Main Hall oC Vihara, Ajanta Cave. XIX .. .. 151 LXXIV. AJUNTA CAVES 218. Chaitya Facade .. .. Ibt 219. Ho",e Shoe Window .. .. IU (1I18-iI9 Photo, Archaeological Dept., H,dersbad Du.) LXXV. 220. The Great Temple, Buddha Gaya .. .. 158 221. Mukteshwar Temple, Bhubhaneshwar, Orll...... 158 21!1!. Kaila. Temple: Elephants supporting the Main Temple .. .. 153 :228. Kailas Temple, Gallery, South Side • .. .. 158 (Photo, Archaeological Dept., HyderahAd Dn.) LXXVI. ELLORA CAVES 2240. The Kaila. Temple, General View .. .. IU 225. Kailas Temple-Central Shrine and Lamp-post .. .. 15. LXXVII. 226. Ruins of Somnath Temple .. .. 165 227. Ceiling of Jain Temple, Abu .. .. 165 228. Mount Abu-Jain Temple (Interior Carvings) .. .. US 229. Dilwara Temple, Carved Pillars (Mount Abu) .. .. lOS LXXVIII. 280. General View oC Jain Temples, Palltana .. .. 166 281. Chitorgarh, ToweroCVictory (Details of Lower Portion) .. " 150 281!. Chitorgarh, View of Fort Walls and Palace .. .. 156 (From Martin HurUmaDD·. book "Picturesque India") LXXIX. 288. Udaipur: Royal I'alace and Lake .. n 157 2840. Udaipur: Marble Ghat, Rajnagar n n 157 285. Fort of Jhansl " n 157 286. Famou. F ortres. of Daulatabad .. .. 157 LXXX. 287. Fort of Gwa1ior .. " IDS 288. General View of Bharatpur .. " 158 LXXXI. 289. Fort of Bharatpur .. " 159 I!tO. Ruins of Council Hall at Vijayanagar .. .. 159 2401. The Arhai-din-ka-jhonpra, Ajmer .. .. 109 LXXXII. 24.2. Colonnade of Hindu Pilla", near Q'utb Minar, Deihl n .. 160 I!t8. The Pillar of A80ka, Firozabad, Delhi .. .. 160 XXXII , PLATE ~III. 244. A Street Scene in Jaipur (Showing the Palace of Wind. and the Great Square) -. Facing Page 161 245. Mosque in the Precincts of the Mausoleum of Shah Alam, Ahmedabad 161 " " LXXXIV. 246. Chitorgarh (Tower of Victory-, Chitor) .. .. 162 247. Q'utb Minar .. .. 162 248. Ibrahim Rauza, Bijapur .. .. 162 1149. Gol Gumbo., Bijapur ." " l6l! LXXXV. 250. Tomb of Sher Shah, Sasaram .. .. 168 251. Jumma Masjid, Ahmedabad .. " 168 252. Shah Alam'. Mausoleum, Ahmedabad .. 168 258. Hall of 800 Pillars, Ahmedabad " .. " 168 ~VI. 254. Perforated Stone. Window (Sidi Sayid Mosque, Ahmedabad) • • .. .. 164 255. Step-well, Ahmedabad .. .. 1640 (From. HaveD: l'lndian Arc:bitecture") 256. The Jumma Ma.jid; Delhi .. .. 164 (966-967 Photo. Indian Stat. Railwa)'8) 257. Shah Jehan'. Mosque, Agra Fort .. " 1640 LXXXVII: 258. Interior of Pearl Mosque, Agra .. .. 165 259. Tomb of Humayun, Delhi .. 165 260. Archway near Akbar's Tomb, Sikundra " " .. 165 261. Akbar'. Tomb, Sikundra " .. 165 LXXXVIII. 262. The Tomb of Emperor Jehangir, near Lahore .. .. 166 268. The Taj Mahal, Agra (The Tomb of Mumta. Mahal, Wife of the Emperor Shah Jehan) " " 166 LXXXIX. 264. Gateway of the Taj Mahal, Agra. A Magnificent Structure of red .andstone inlaid with marble " .. 167 265. Marble Screen in the Taj Mohal, Agra .. 167 (Photo. Indian Stat. Raih,a)'8) " XC. 266. Et-mud-daula'. Tomb, Agra .. 166 267. Buland Darwaaa, Fatehpur-Sikri (Gateway of Victory) " .. " 168 268. Panch Mahal, Fatehpur-Sikri .. .. 168 269. Carved Pillars in Panch Mahal, Fatehpur-Sikri .. .. 16! (9~68 Photo. Indian, Stat. Railwa)'8) XCI. 270. Lotus Shaped Throne Pillar, Fatehpur-Sikri .. " 169 271. Hiran Minar~Elephant- Tower, Fatehpur-Sikri .. .. 169 272. Old Palace, Datia .. .. 169 278. Carvings in Lokendranath Palace, Datia .. " 169 XCII. 274. The interior of DiUllJR-i-k1"J6 or Hall of Private Audience in the Fort, Delhi 170 275. The Lahore Gate of the Fort, Delhi " " .. " 170 XCIII. 276. Shah Jehan's Seraglio, Delhi .. " 171 277. Di"",n-i..... , Deihl .. .. 171 (Photo. Indian Stat. RaUwa)'8) 2i8. Shah Jehan's I'avilions, Ajmer . 171 " " XXXIII PLAn CHAPTER IX. INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE XCIV. 279. Silver and Copper Smlthl-Chul.... Glldlqand Polishing 178 280. Silver and Copper Smiths at work. Hammeri ... oat Shapes ,. .t li8 281. Wood Sewing In India .. .. 178 282. Carpet Weavers • " ,. 178 XCV. 288. Shawl Embroiderers . II .. 177 28.. ~tton Spinner II .. 177 286. Women Laying Warps for Native Cloth .. .. 177 286. Dyers II .. 177 XCVI. ~87. Iron Pillar. Delhi .. .. 180 288. Tinsel Workers . ., .., 180 289. Carpet Designers 180 II .. 290. Making and PoUshing Paper 180 .. II XCVII. 291. A Mughal means of Transport, Ballock Charlot by Abu Haaan. (reproduced In mlour) .. .. (From N. C. Mehta', book "Studies In Indian Pointing") XCVIII. 292. Persian EmballY at the Court of Shah Jehan .. .. 188 298. Ancient Transport .. .. 188 XCIX. 29.. Ambari-Lady'. Litter on Elepbant , .. .. 1811 295. Chandol-Road Conveyance of Zenana Ladies " .. 1811 296. Palald .. .. 1811 297. A Litter on Camel Back • II .. 1811 CHAPTER X. THE SOCIAL SYSTEM C. 298. TulBi Puja .. .. 191 299. Phallic Worship .. .. 191 800. Worshipping the Goddess of Wealth. .. .. 191 CI. 801. Marriage of Shiva and Parvati, Ellora Caves .. .. 198 (Photo. Archaeological Dept., Hyderobad Dn.) 802. Decorating the Door Steps II .. 188 CII. 808. Bathing Ghat, Benare. .. .. 196 8040. Pilgrims Batblng In the Godavari .. .. 198 805. Vishram Ghat, Mathara .. " 198 CIII. 806. The Burning Ghat. Benare. .. .. 1117 807. The "Jauhar" (Rajput Ladles' Self Immolation durlnlf the siege of Chitor Rajputana (1567-1568) from "Akbamama") .. .. 197 CIV. 808. Jehangir'. Palace, Agra " " 200 809. Jasmin Tower, Agra .. .. 200 810. Seman Barj, Agra 200 " " 811., Interior of Seman Burj .. .. 200 CV. 812. Mughal Zenana Ladies Playing Polo .. .. 101 (Prince of Wal.. Moseom, Bombay) 818. Damayanti'. Swayamwara .. .. 101 8140. Sports-An Elephant Fight and other mnteats-at Babur'. Darbar " " 101 CV. A. 81 •• A. Courtship of Krishna and Radba .. 20. (From N. C. Mehta's book .. Studi.. in Indian Painting) " XXXIV PLATE CVJ. 815. Akbar Hunting Game. with trained Leopards in a rocky country (From "AkbaInama") Facing Page 205 816. Elephant Fight. Shah Jehan's Durbar 205 " " 206 CVIl. 817. A Mahomedan Dancing Girl (reproduced in colour) " " eVIIl. 818. DifM .... i-kluu. Agra .. .. 208 208 819. DitDan .. i·am, Agra " .. 820. Zenana. the Fort. Agra .. .. 208 CJX. 821. Akbar. receiving Mansabdars in a Palace Garden Painting by Manohar.. • .. .. 209 (Victoria and Albert Museum, London) 822. The Throne. Delhi .. .. 209 (Photo, Indian Stat. Rail..... ys) 828. Shah Jehan in Court Costume .. .. 209 (Victoria and Albert Museum, London) ex. 82~. Aumngzeb returning from Hunting .. .. 825. Radha's Toilet .. .. 826. Fully armed Mogul Warrior .. .. (Prince of Wales Museum, Bombay) eXJ. 827. Sbab Jeban receiving a European Embassy .. .. (reproduced in colour) eXIl. 828. A Mughal Empress .. .. 216 (Daughter of Bibari Mal and wife of Empe)'or Akbar) 829. Jodhbai. wife of Emperor Jehangir .. .. 216 880. Mughal Noble in Court Dress .. .. 216 (Prince of Wales Museum, Bombay) 881. A Rajput C.valier (Kalian Rai Rabtore ready for Battle) .. .. 216 eXlIJ. 882. Persian Nobleman Drinking .. .. 217 (Photo: Archaeological Dept., Hyderabad Dn.) 888. Banquet of the Mughal days .. .. 217 8840. Portrait of a Lady with Sunlight eWect .. .. 217 By Govind Das (SSS-SM From Smith'. "Histo)'y of FiDe Art in India and Ceylon") MAPS Empires of Asoka and Kanishka .. .. 58 Gupta Empire .. .. 59 Mogul and Maratba Empires .. .. 70 xxxv THE SPLENDOUR THAT WAS 'IND This is true only of India proper. That which now makes up the politi('a1entity known as the British Empire of India contains units-both J(l'Ographic and ethnological, '-which are by no means one with the India ofcllL'i.~ic tradition or modern ambitions. The -frontiers of India have been well defined by Nature herself; And though her handiwork has more than once been sought to be improved upon by the ambition of man, the only unity of the Indian continent and the Indian people is to be found within the limits set by Nature herself. The foam-flecked waves of the Indian Ocean, dashing upon her age-old shores, define a boundary along a ('OO.~tline of 2000 miles on the' west and the east, which no ingenuity of man ('an set blWk. The steep escarpment of the 'Vestern Ghats coming sharply down almost to the thin white line of the sandy-shore only serves to throw in bold relief this natural boundary, giving at the same time a warning to the ambitious visitor from over the Seas that the home of the chosen people, walled in by mountains and girt round by oceans, is safe, at least on that side, from his designs. On the east, the rise ofthe land frcjni the coast westward is gentle -and gradual, but unmistakable. But even there the defence of the people is amply provided for, if not by an impenetrable wall of mountains, by the absence of any safe harbourage or steady anchorage on that long open coast. The broad, fair bosom onhe Daughter of the Creator-Brahma putra-marks, with her collateral, the Meghna, the natural frontier of India , on the East; and though the political boundary on the -East stretches far beyond Brahmaputra through dense forest and impenetrable jungle up to the confines of China, that region and its people have no greater affinity with India, proper than Burma and the Burmese. From the south-westward bend of the Brahmaputra to the turn of the Indus on the north, are the giant Himalayas, guarding eternally the home of the Aryans. Like sleepless sentinels they stand, armed in all their panoply of unpioneered forests, and unsealed summits, each with its dazzling helm of flashing snow, for a serried length of 1500 miles. Passage for the seasoned mountaineer and his hardy beast might be found at infrequent intervals through this stupendous wall of nature. But the cost in time and energy would be 80 immense, that no considerable wave of human invasion has ever worked its way to the fertile plains of the Gangetic Delta. _ 'The natural boundary of India' in this region almost coincides with the actual. On the north-west, however, the vicissitudes of history have moved the frontier back and forth, like the tide-line on an open coast. The Indus is the River of India par excellence. It gives the land its name and forms its natural boundary. And yet, fol' countless centuries, the ebb and flow of the might of India has traversed its mighty stream f~r. into the basin of its western tributaries, and l'eceded to the banks of the eastern and southernmost of its Punjab ~onfluents. The Land of the Seven -Rivers as known to- the ancient Aryan of the Vedic Age, or of the Five Rivers -as familiarised in the classi!,; style of the PerSian, l)unjab, has ever been held tcS be Indian soil. But the land beyond the Indus on the west had always been equally debatable ground. The mountains in this region are a limb of the sprawling giant Himalayas stretching from the confines of China to the borders of Iran and PI-ATE I THE GATEWAY OF INDIA, BOMBAY ENTRANCE TO ·PRINCE'S DOCX. ·BOMBAY INDEX A Alamgir, The Annexationist, SO; and music 1340; See Aurangseb. Ala-ud-Din Bahman, Emperor of Deccan, (Hassan Abdul' Rauak, PersiaD Traveller and Ambassador to Gango) 66. Vijayanagar, io; Quoted 181, 19t. " Ala-ud-Din Khiljt, General of. 29; and Padmini, 406-7; Abhidbamma Pitaka, Buddhist Metaphyaics. 11; See Emperor, 59; History of, 640; mosque es.tension by alao under Buddhisnl': 16'1. Abhignana-Shakuntalam, Master-piece of Kalidasa, Al Beroni, Quoted, 6i, on Horse-trade, 189. 85; See also under Shakuntala, and Kalidasa. It Sankhya, 104. Abhimanyu, SOD of ArjunB, Death of, 41. Alexander of Macedon. Conquests of, 1~7; Enemy of Abhiollya-Darpana. Treatise on Gestures, liO. 44; See also Chandragupta Maurya. Aboriginal, Tribes. 1. Algebra. Science of 108, - Aborjgines, most Bncient, 14.; Aryan Mixture with 93, 88. Ali ltfasjid, Fort of, 7. Abu. Temples 00, 99 (Sep Temples). Allahabad, Junction of the Ganges and JamnR, 11; Abul Fad. Friend of Akbar 5'; conception of Art, ISO; Akbar's buildings in. 167. cited on Dress, 190. Alluvial, Soil, 9; Plain. 11. " .. Camp, 911-18. Altamsh. Second Slave Emperor. 51; History of, 65. " " Salutation, 218. See also Ain"'-Akbari, Altar, Placing of. and Geometry. 108. or the Institutes of Akbar. Amalaka, In Temples,-Symbol of World-rule. 159 Actors and Acting. Art· of, 119 et seq. 161. Adlti. Lap of. 85. Amateur, In Indian Art, llt. Adwaitism, Doctrine of, UJi. Arnar Singh, Mewar Hero, 49; Lexi('ographer, 106. Afghans, Early MusB.lman Rulers, ~9. Amba, Princess ot Benares, 40-4.1; See Bhishma and AfghanistaD, land of 1. 8; Viceroy of; ~. Shikhandini. Africa, India connected with, 4-; Trade with, 190. Amir Khushrau, Tughluq poet, 9'. Agastya, Author of Rig Veda Hymns 8.5; penetrates Ambika, Princess of Benares, 89. into the Deccan, 89. Amusements. In India-i12-!18. Agni, V-edic God SO. See Marriage. Animals, Export of 11'9. See Trade. Agra. Capital of the Mughal Empire 10.-11. Carpet ADjana. Son of, 48. manufacture, 191; See also under Architecture; Apsaras. of Ajanta Frescoes 128. Pal8.("e; Taj. Apastambiya, Dharma Sutra, Legal Treatise 106. Agriculture, Wealth in, IS. Arab, Love of Natural Science, 109; Traders, '; 2'0; Ahlmsa, Doctrine of, 98; Slife also under Buddhism and See Trade; inscription in mosque, 1M. Pirates, IBB. Jalnism. Arabesque, carving. 160; 168. Ahmadabad, Buildings in, 16g..169; Silk industry of 191. Al'abia. export market of India 178. See Trade. Sugar "of 190. Aranyakas, Forest Treatises, Philosophic works, 96-7. Ahmadnagar, Siege of OS; 6'. See also under Chand Aravalli. Range of Mountains. 10, 15. Bibi. Arch, Foliated, 161. Ahmad Shah! Rulers of Guja.at 168. Aristocracy I of Birth, 90s. Ain-I-Akbari, Institutes of Akbar, quoted; 69; 181; 910, Arjumand Bano Begum. tomb of 169. t16; il1; !I8: Armour, Manufacture of, 1BO-181. Ajanta. meaning of, U5; Paintings,19' et Seq. Univer Army, Indian, 1; 15; of Akbar, 68. sityof, 110.-111; Dress In, tof. Cathedral Caves of, Arrian, Greek writer, t07. 150 et seq. Art and crafts, lOS; Remains of, It9; primary Ajit SIng, Infant Prince of Jodhpur 409. intention of, SO; See also under Painting, Sculpture, Akbar. Emperor, SO. Foea of. 408-9; History of, 61; Architecture. Music. ete. of Writing, Introduction Literature culture under. 99; 95. Treasure of. 68; of 76; Traditional, 119. Character, 69-70. Encouragement of Painting, ISi Arthasbastra. Treatise on EconomiCS, 105. See also ISS; BUildings of, 161 et seq. Abolishes Slavery under Kautilya. Chanakya: in War, 189; Horses of; 189. Remission of AryabhaUa, Arithmetic of, 108; Customs Duties. 19S. Government of, 90S-40. Dress Astronomy of. 109. of. t09·10. Camp Regulations of. 911. Mod .. of Aryan, Contribution of 19'. Social System of, 106; 199- Salutation Prescribed, 918. WOo 224 INDEX Aryu. Home of. II 17, t"OIItruted with Dr... tdl ..... JlaDklpur. Sit. of Patallp.t... H, q .... II, Orlglllll of. _I. Art of, 1'1. Literat..... 0'; 1'1. Ba.... Watered by. 6. Polity of, fOi.... See Wom... , Dr_. Caoto..... Banyan, pcrrea In Bibar. 11. Siano. Daramola, Outlet to. t. Aoc!etldom. Emphuioed In Yop. 106. Bardl~ literature. fR. Su Bpi .... Am.. M.hol. 166. Borellly. CIl, of. II. Aahwagh...... Saaabit Scholar. all, Court Poodit 0' Barth. Oploloo of. 10&. Emperor Kanllbka, 18; Pr.. ldeot of Nalaada, 71, Dutil. 10 CaI.utta. Ill. Epl~ aod DramaU. Wor'" of. B.ttle of th. Gatea. 60, of tho Brld.... 6h of Paalpat. Ashwamed be. Hone Sacrlfiee of Rama, ST; of Samudra M. 79 ISee Koruklbetrah aI Tallkola, I". Gupta. 60. B... rujataka. Dat. of. IU. Aoolca. HIator, aad Conqu.. t.o 0'. 98, 68, 57, 101.rlp' Beauty. cult aI. 13&. tloaa 0'. 110, Court ortllt.o 0'. ISR; ot aeq. B.U.. haped Capital. aI )'o.r,a pll..... liIII. appr.ot\~ ..blp of. 105. See abo und~r Buddhilm. Benares, Buddha'•• ermon at, 100, ('11, of. " II, AIIombl, ball 0' Akbar. 187. Se. Di ....u-I-Am and Invulon of, 6', Mihkshara I... In. 101, Diwao-I-Khu. 0' the Samgha. 150. UniYenilyof, 110. Priut'f!fI8eI of, sA. A.tadhyaya. IDltrnmentation in Indian S('ienee of Bengal. Bay of. 10, Buddhllm In. 100. c-Itn. trade MOIie. 116; 118. of, 181. Inheritanre Law-ln. 10'7. LaDlfuapnldl'nMi Astronomy, (8110 Astrology), Treatises OD, lOS. of, 17. Lite... t~re of, M. Prarinre of, ilLS. See Athaohallnl. 78. Empire. Atala Majid, at Janpur, 163. Berar, Invulon of, Jj,.. Atbar" Veda, Composition of. 76. Bernier, on Mu«hal ramp. iUS. Atbena" (or Athenian), conception of Beauty, 1940; Bc.wada, Ghau at, 1'. Sculpture, tendencies of, ISO; See Trade. Bhadrabaho, Jain pontiff, 9M. AtlO('k. Paoin! born in. lOoS. Bhagirathl. River. II. Atman, Doctrine of, 101. Bh'rat Gilo. Commeolary on. 103. Phil_ph, of. Audience Hall, of Shah JahaR. 111. See DiVKu.i·Am -88. Teaching of Yoga 10, UMo. See OUG. and Dilllan-i·KIuu. Bhoklt Marga. 10 Llt.ratur•• ut, Pr_blnl! of lOS, s •• Auateritiea of Mahavir., 98, 99. Pootry. Aurangseb. Descendants oft 91; SO. Poe of, 49. History Dharata, Treatise on Dramatur.,. of, 11"1 119. of, 11; and Art. 1M. - Dbarhut, Sculpture of, 1'1 et Seq.· Ayu, a metal, Aryans familiar wllh, 136; See Iron. Bhasa. SanBkrit Poot and Dramatist, 1,., 840. Aureole, Representation of, 181. Bhartrlhari, Sanskrit Poet, 99, S, Grammarian, Ie". Australasia, Tribes of, 11. Bbaskaracharya, Mathematleian, loR. Ayodbya. Capital of the Ragbuo. t4. Bhatla Narayana, Workl of, 81, Bhalti, fight with AUrflRg&eb's Guard., 60. Bbattojl DiakBhtt, Grammarian. ]06. B Dhava. In Indian paiotlng. liG. Bhavabhuti, SaDBkrlt DramaUsl, 86; See under DreM and Ornament; Home and Fornllur•• Dabur, Zahir-ud-din Muhammad, .talesman, SO; '1; Bhima, River 14, ODe of Panda" brothers, ". Founder of Mughal Empire. 88 et .eq; a cultured Bhima Siob aI Chilor. Story of. 46-67. Prince, 9.&; Dress of, 210. Drinking of, 918. Bhishma, story of, i6; "areer of. SQ-4i; chl".'r,. of, ... Badarayana, Author of Vedanta Sutra, lOS. BhoDBle, Maralb. leader. 19. Bagb Frescoes, earliest Indian paintings, 196. Rhooales, Satral of Peehwu, 19. Bahadnr, of Abmadnagar, 6'. Bhrigukachcba. Port of.... BabOOur Shah, of Gujarat, 6; See Humayun. Dhujjyu, Vedic atory, 118. Bahamanl Kingdoms, 1'. Founded, 88; See Zafar, Bidyapati Tbakur. Blharl poet. lIS. Bijapur, Vijayanagar. Bijapur, audience ball of, 1&8. Architectural mon .... Bahram Khan, Brother of Empress Russia, 5i. ments of, 18.-6; Jagirdar, 11. Balram Khan, Minister of Akbar. 6~. Bihar. Province of, II; (aee Magadha). Balbon, Gias-ud-Dio, History of. os. Bikauer, a desert city. 6. Balucbistan. Frontier in; Language in, 18; Pottery in, Biography, wor.lu on, 110. 19; people, 28. Bir Sing Deo, palace of 110. Balkans, Aryans originally from, 91; See Wiro•• Bisb.odas, Mughal period artlat, J39. Bamboo, Lines of. lD, 12, Buildings of US. Blondin, Indian. U. Bana Bbatta, Sanskrit author 69; Kadambari by, 88; Bombay, Gateway to India, S; Prlce-signalliq to, ., Haraha Charita by. 110. BOo-Tree, Sacred, 100. Bananas, In Bihar, 11. Bolan, P .. of, 1. INDEX 125 808 Primigenius, Figures of, 19 .. Catapults, Engines of War ... &0. Brahms, SODS of, 84, (See Narada) Source of Being, 91; Cave-paintings, Iii et seq. Evidence of §!lOT. and World, lOS. Central Asia, Routes to, 7; See Trade. Brahmagupta, astronomer, 108. Central Government, in Indian polity, 5109-8. Brahmanas - Philosophic Treaties, 96; 106. Central Provinces, Language evidence in, 11 ~ Brahmanas, Gupta protection of, iT: caste of. Ceylone, Pearls from, ISS. Brahmaputra, River, I, 11, It. Ceylonese, iO. Brahui, Dialect. 18. Chaitya; Cathedral Caves, U.S; 149 et seq. Brick. Dravidian buUdlngs of. 20. Chakravartin, Idea of, iT. See Emperor. Brlhad-Aranyaka-Upanlshad. 97. ChalukYR, Empire of. 64.; Architecture. 158-6. Brihaspati-Legist, 10'1' .. Chamundi, Hill, 15. Brihat Katha, Origin of Sanskrit story, 88. Chambal, watered by, 5, 10. British Empire of India, i; (see Empire.) Law in, 101. Chanakya, Helps Chandragupta Maurya, 92; Artha.. Broach, decaying port of, '; See Ports. shestra of, 101; cited 18 .... 9040. Buddha, Founder of world religion, '", Life of, 98-99; Chand Barot, Bard of Prithwi-Raja. '6. Previous lives in Ajunta, li8; See Cave-Temples; Chand Bibi, of Ahmadnagar, 58,'. Paintings; Art. Chandra-Gupta. Gupta Emperors, 60 et seq. See Buddha Gaya, Enlightenment at, 100; Temple of, 1411. under Art. Literature. Buddhism, Doctrine of, 71008; 98--100; Infiuence on Chandragupta, Maurya Emperor, i5; St; .w; History Art; 121 et seq. Holy cities at, It-IS; Summary of, of, 65, et seq. Conquests of, 51; Palace of.. ' ..... 5; 100-101. See also Ashoka, Kanishka, Harsha. and Buddhism. 101. Bureaucracy under, 10&, Buddhist, Literature, 71 et .eq. Scriptur... 99-100. Dress at tho time of, 901; Jaio canon compiled Painters, 199; toleration of, by the Gupta Emperors, 98; Hunt of, 5118. t1; See also under Temples, Sculpture, Painting. Chandel, end of the Dynssty of, 51. Bnddhist Nun, Query of, 200. Cbapter-House, Building of, 108. Bukka, Founder of Yijayanagar 65. Charak, Indian Medical Writer, 110. Bulund Darwasa, of Akbar's Mosque, 161. Charvaka. undor Guptas,11; PhilOlophy, 106. Bureaucracy, in India, i().6. Chaura-Panchashika, Sanskrit lyriC, 83. Burbanpm. Silk manufactUJ'e in. 16; 190. Chemistry, History of, 110. Burma, export market of India. 118. Affinity with Chenab. River, 9. India 2; Trade with, 178. Chhandogya Upanishad, 9T. China, Frontier of, 9; people of, 20; Trade with; see Trade, Silk and porcelain from ISS. Chinese Traveller. at Harsha's Court. 106. On NalaQda, c 110. See Hiuen-Tsang. Cblttagong, Port of, 19. Chilor, Citadel of, '6-47; 409; See alao; Mewar, Pratap; Cabinet. of Shivaji, 11. Towers -of Victory. Calcutta, City of, 1; 11; Port and situation of, It-IS. Chivalry, Laws of, 0; 96; '6; Model of. 41. Callcut, City of, '; Customs Duties at, 198. Cholas, Empire of, 180. Cambay, Port of, ,. Chota Nagpur, Languages in, 11. OGmbridg. Hidory ollnaw, cited, 91; Quoted, 25; 11', Christianity, '9) Caste in, 19'. 111, 179, 18'l--8S, 101. Christians, caste among, 194. Camp, of the Mughal Emperors, 69; described,216-1. City Building, Art of, I'. Akbar's RegulatioDB for, 216-11. Citizenship, Equal under Akbar, so. Cape Comorin, length of India from, IS, 11. Civil War, in Mahabharata, 400. CaravaDl, of traders, ISS. ClaDS. Defeat of the Ten, S2. CaravaDBerais, in tombs. 165. moud Mu,,,.g,.,.. LyriC of Kalidas. S; 81. See alao ea;pathians, Aryan home in, 21. Kalldas. Carpenters, Dravidian, to. Clovis, Title of, 99. Carthage, Naval Power of, 18. Coast-line, of India, 9; See" Trade. Cashmere, see Kashmir. Cocanada, City of. 14,. CasUes, DraVidian, 90; See Secular Architecture of Cochio, Port of, '; 16; See Trade. Aryan and Dravidian India, 158-9. Colonnades, in tombs, 166. Caste, Discarded by Buddha, 100. In Islam. 519, 19'; Commander, of the Faithful, 16; See military noblesse Function or, &6; 195; System 1940-6; and responsi of Akbar. bility 195; and Iaw-givers, 196; and the Indivi Commerce, Volume of. 191. See Trade. dual 19tH. " of Babylon, with India, 170. Cutes, Traders' ISS. n Dravidian 116. &7 INDEX Coojeeftram, Ramaaajua from, los. DlciDl'. Aryaa .1II __.t, t" See ...... Dl, tlt-& ConU, EuropeaD traveller, 188. Dip... , 1'1.... of Brah_atre, I', Coomanwamy. (&I Itumaruwamy). 01,...... Cbroa.iC'l. of. fl. Continent, India, ., I, 17. Dltau(r, Sea DlpllIf. Cotton, Belt of 1; Plant la, 19; Soli for, 14; Clothlag DI ... Daaa, Vadlc Warrl.. KIDIr, H, sa. from; 207; Trade la 118 et oeq. ladlJ1ltry of 1110 Dlwao-I-Am, "-alhll.. In, 10, D.nlptl... of. 110- et oeq. 111. Court, of tbe Mugbal Emp.r..... !IOS et oeq, Artlata Dlwan-l-kbu. of AIlllor. 1117. D.nlptloo of IT, Court of AIob. 193 et Seq. ISS et Hq. PIlat... of the 101\15, Mugh.... , 181, Dogru, Army .....,..,Itment from. ,. CourteaaD8, Daneen 129; Tax. OD 189, See DandD(l'. Dome, latroductlon of, 1~1. of tb. Muhammad, aad Mulc, Sbab'. tomb, 1116. of the Toj, I •• Courts, of Law, 209. Drama. lodlaa, History of, fS et seq., orlrt. of. 89, Cowherdeues, and Krilhna, 5; 10; SS, Iii. e.mpl.. of K et oeq. See ..... Actlnl, Credit, Importance 01, 1&. Draupadl. Choice of H ..lIood, 61, IS. Crescent, Triumph ot 19; Banne.. of, ". Druldlan, CoutrlbutiOD of, In lodlon' Art, 1M, I'" Cutch, Ran of, 6; Honea from, 189. See Trade. Cutlery, In ancient India, 180. DraYldl, of tbe South, II aborlllloal, 11, S_b of IR, eyrOl, of Peraia, Indian cooqueat 01, 4rO. Race contlaulty of. I', mlstar. wltb ArTaal, IS, Llteratare 110 et oeq. Coatrlbutlon to Art 1'1 et Hq..... lion. 175. See Trade, D Dr... , DraYldlao, 10; Klog'. 18T, Opportunity for 8Kpendlture, 190, N.dlrl-Ilh of Honour. toll, Dacc:>a, MUIUoa of, 16: See Trade. Hlltorr of tofI-tlf; of Womeo, till. of Akllor_ Dahir, Defeat of 60; Queen of, 61. tl0, Regalatlona of Jeblaglr til. Dancing. Aryan pleasure, 11; ClaSlic Art of. Hn at Drlnklog, Habit of, tlB, seq. DroDa, Teacher of Archery. 61& Pall at, 'I. Danyal, Mughal Prince, conqueror of Abmadnagar, M. Darhar, Presents, 189, See ('.(JUrt, Dt-.I-Khu. Darl Sbukob. Soa of Shab Jabaa, 91; 9'; Traallates Darga Daa. Ratbor Cblef, ~; ao, Upaaiahads, 9S; Patron of Art. 1M, nuryodhana, Kauraft KIDg. ". DariUl. PersiaD Conqueror, "5; Time of, 181. Dutch. ,. Darjeeling, in the Himalayas, 11. Dash ..aths. Kiog of Ayodhya. 88. Dasyu, aborigine, 196; Slaves, 901; War of Aryans E witb 99, ts. Daulalahad (or Deogiri), Fort of, 168-9. Deccan, Rivers 01, IS; Landscape 01 16; AryaoisatioD F..arly History of ladla, SIa, See Smltb, V. A. of, 88; Honea in, 189. Eartb GOOd_. Flgare of. at Laurlya. 188, Defence, of India, 6. Eastera Ghata. 1'; 16. Delhi, Ridge of, 6; 10; Gateway, 6; Soyereign ot, "; Eebataoa, Palace of, M. Palace of, 171 et leq. See also under Emperors. Ego, existence of, 101. " Emperors, 46 et seq. 01-18. Power of, 18d. Egypt. Nile la, SI; CIYlllaatlon of, 990, Trad. of, ITt. .. Minar, (Qutb.) 168. Egyptian. CrafiamaDlhlp. 184. oYldence on Trade 116. " Pillar, description of 180. Elephant. Chandragapta'. tr.. t, with Selen Erzbirge Range, Aryan home in, 21. G Eucaliptus, Plant at Nilgiris, 16. Euphrates Valley, Summerian finds in, 19. Europe, Art in, 186. Part of AryaD Family 1; Trade Gaekwal. Satrap of Peshwa. 12. with; 181. Gakkars, Revolt of, iiI. European influence, on Art, 138. Clothes of Akbar, Game, Big, Home !)f, Ii; Laws. 21t. See also under (See Dr.... 1107-11). Hunting. Exchange, begins, 116 et seq. See Commerce (114-- Gandak. River, 11. 198). Ganga, Wife of Shanta.Dtl, 89. Exports, Articles of 180, 188; 191. Invisible, ISS. Ganges, Holy River, 10; 11; Delta of, 9; 10; Con- fiuence with J amoa, ''''; Source of, SO. "Garden' of Allah", ,. Garden palaces of the Great Mughals, In-ITS. F Garga-8Gmh.,o, quoted, 109. Garo Hills, U. Gaumukh, 10. . Fa-Hien, Chinese Traveller, 95. Gautama, Autbor of Natya Sutra. q. v. 1M, 106. Famine, and Jain months, 90. Gh8lni, Sultan Mabmud, ,. Farid, Sher Shah, M. Geology, and India, 1; 1'1. Fathpur, Sikri-Paintings in the paJace of, 182; Geometry, origin of. 108. Buildings· of. 167. Gbata-karpana, Sanskrit LyriC, 83, Female Figures, 19; Convention in Art, 111; -Divinities Ghouri, Sbabb-ud-Dio, '6. in Mauryan Sculpture, 140; See Earth Goddess Giooonde, la, Painting ot, lSlii. Gita, Praise of Yoga, 1Of.. and Woman. Gita Govinda, Sanskrit lyriC of Jayadev, 48; 99. Fergusson.-on Indian architecture, quoted or cited, Glacier, 1. U6, 14.9; 100; 165; 166; 169; 179. Godavari, Foreats of, 12; Holy River, It-IS; Delta Ferishta, 'HistoriaD, 51, 160, quoted, 19!. of. 1.... Fine Arts, Gupta Appreciation of, 60; Mughal Goa, Painters from, 188. patronage, 180 et seq. Achievements of, 119-111; Gods, Vedic, ii et seq. 100; 102; Sacrifices to; 9'7, Decay of 18.5. 99. 108. 15 l86, 181. Flrdausi, Persian Poet, U. Golconda, Mines of. Gold. export of India 180. Veins of, 16; From Tibet, Five Rivers, Land of, 91; See Punjab. ISO. See Vijayaoagar, Sewell, Trade. Fleets. in Mughal Wflr8, 188. Golden Age, of Indian Culture, li8. Floods, 40 Brahmaputra, It. Gonds,.-Aborigine5, 14. Flute, Inventor of, U; See also Krishna. Grain, Prices of, 6; Export of, See Trade. Fluted Columns in Qutbuddio's Minar 162. Grammar, Science of, 1M et Beq. Food.-etutfs, Trade in, 189, 188. Cogra. A River, lI. Forests, Elephants in, I); 11, 19. Great Mugbals, Last of the, 15; Foe of, '9; Age of. u Produce, of India, 181. to; Architecture under; 166 et seq. Empire of, 66 n Treatises, See .Af'Gngaw. et seq. Trade under; ISS etseq. FioeArts under; Forgotten Empire, A, Quoted, t6. 199. ISO et leq. Splendour of Court and Camp; 908-220. Forts, of Chltor, Illi9; Dravidian, to; of Daulatabad. 168 Greece, Aryan branch In. i1; Vanished civilisation of of Delhi. 111. 220; slavery among, 201. Astronomical knowledge ft Agra 111. in, 109; Painting in, ISS. ft Kalanjar. Illi9. Greek-Ambassador, I'. (See Megasthenea) Artist, " Ranthambhor. 169. ideals of, 185; astronomy of, 109. Foucber, cited, IS7. Griffiths, on Ajanta Paintings, It6. Franks, Warring witb Teuton 9S. Gnhll(J 8u'nJI, Domestic Sciences, 9'1. Fruer, quoted or cited, '16; 86; 89; 9'_ Gujarat, Maritime Power, 188. Ports ott 4.; Rivers of, French, ,. 16; Muslim Kings of, '7; Jains in, 99; Architecture of; 168 et seq. Literature of, 90; Sculpture tn. Frescoes, of' Ajanta and Bagb, 12; 191 et seq. See Guptas, DYDaatyot, 940; i8; Emperors, 16, Empire, tT; Painting. 68, et seq. Successor8, Fine Arta under. See Music, Frontier, Natural and Historic, I; SCientific, S4 Sculpture and Architecture. Province, '71 Districta, people of, 93. Gupta Emperor8, government of 9040. Fryer. English traveller. 188. Gurkha•• Kingdom of. of Nepal 7. ll. 228 INDEX H .... In_loa of India. 10. H Hanpt'7. Plat._ of, '1. H.DtlOg. Royal amaoemeat, tlt_ H_b.... Temple at Buddba Gaya of. Ist_ Halr-Dr_log. F ..hiOlll of. 118, S.. Dr_ aDd Hyder""". Stale of, II. Ornament. Hyd ..... Eleclrle W.... b. In M,-.. 16, Halaflldha, Lexicograpber. 106. HymDO. Vedle. SS, 106, lSee Veda) Haldigbatt Battle of, 48. Hamlda BaDO Begum. Wife of HumafllD. 111_ Hamlr. Mewar bero, 48. HaUDman. Ally and Deoott.. of Rama. _. I Haramukba, Splendour of, I. Harbour, Datural, ". Harapp.. 01"""".,1.. In. 19. Id«Jlo .J lI.diaa Art. Qooted. Ill. See Ha.. 1. Harmika, Relic Cuket of Tazll&, ut. Ideology. of tb. Ved ... ..",.. rted. H •• Horoai Loop, Railway througb. 8. Idolatry. amoog th. Baddhllts. HO. Haraho. Emperor. 16, 98; (See Boddhlam. Drama. Art) Idola. Jalo ..onhlp of. l1li1 (S.. also .nder Ha.. I.) Untversltiea under, Ill. ImAge. PhoJII. 19, 10 Buddbllt Stu,.. HO See artlot. Haaan Bahmao Sbab. Emperor of Docalo. M. Imports. Articl.. of 180, 188, of aueieot ludl&, In. Havel. Quoted. Ill; 160, 1M, 181; 169, Hafldbooi oJ 181. India.. Arl, 1'1; us. Id«Jlo oJ Indian Arl Incantationa, use of, 100. quoted 91, 8; 189. IndtGn ~r6Ai'ltIh.r', U8; 166; lodia. Aryan Conqueat of. HI A"';"" by CodrlOI!tOll. India.. Soul" ••• and Pal"'i"" US. 19, RI ... 10, 8, Peoples of 11-31; Panorama 01 Hebrew, Words for Indian produce, 19; 116. 1-16, Emplre-Bullden of ....73, Llte.. taN of. Heir-Apparent, Allowance to, Maurya, Mugbal, 88; 1US, PbllOlOphy of 00-110. Arts of. 111-14111 See ABoka; Primogeniture. Archltedare of. 174-193, Trad. oud Ind.-try of. Heliograph, lodiao .,.., of. 8. III-US 1M-I1SI Sociai Syatem of. 104-990. Hemacbandr•• Jaio Scholar, 108; 109. Iodla·. Put, Macdonoel. Quoted. U, 18, 88, tn, lot. Hemu, Execution of, cSt. Indi.a, Architecture, Trauition of, U,s, Herodotus. bollef of. 176; evidence of. 179. Art. Doclloe of. 1114, Heroes of India, st.48. Artist Cooteptloo of or Id ..... 1"-1118, Himalayu, Giant mODDtaiDl, '; It; Moisture from 18. CiTillaatioo. edoptloo by MuaalmaDi. ", HiooyODO. School of Buddhism, 101. DonMog. 1n-1'6, Iq .... ) Hlodal. Brother of HOm&flIn. 87_ EpiCl, lP'eatDeli of, 78, Hindenbnrg, comparisoD with, 82'. Logie, lot. Hindu Kush, Mountaios, 1; 8; 1. .. Napolean". 49, Oceao. I, 18, MUlle. '.1-111, (q .... ) Hlodus. Sacred citl.. of. 10, IS; PhilOlOphy of. 91. Palotlol. 1ts-1CO, q. Y. Sculptor. HI-q... . Animal .("rifiees of. 98; aDd ("ute, 101; Gods, Theatr.,lle. Temples of, lOll; Laws of, 106. Influence on Mughal " MArinen, kaowledge of 116. Painters, lSI; Social system. 198-101. .. N•• lgaton. ftnt elrcumoavlgate the world. 171. Hindustan, Rivers of, 18, Redeeme.n, 16,· See Empire, Iodigo. used 10 Egypt. 116. and Emperora. IDd~AryaDl, Pound la, 13. Hippalus, Diacoverer of mODlOOD, 176. lodo-Afrlcao. Vaollhed Coatln.ot. 18. Hirauya.Kasipu, Figure of, If.5. Indo-Chlnele, race dlffereneel, Ie. History, Kingdoml of,10; Science of, 110. lodo-Gaogotle. PlaiD, I, 16, Delta. 10. HiueD Tung, Visit to India, 61; quoted, U()"I11. lodo-European. Family. 1. See aIIo Chinese Traveller; Sculpture; Chaitya; lodra. Aryao. Vedic Wor God. II, "; as. Vishar•• 10draDi. Wife of Iudr•• 114. Holbeio, Paiotiog of. ISS. lodraprutho. Aocleot Capital. 10. Holker, Satrap of Pesbwa, 79. 10Ma Shootl Fogore. at Bodb Gaya. 1S8. Holy Writ. On Ibrahim'. Ronu. 16.1. Indravati, River, I'. Home Provinces, Of Indian Empire, ... Iodulgouceo. For Buddhlat moob. 101. Hoogly, River, ll. InduS', River, I; e; 10, Valle, of, AJ"1.n coaftiet ID, Honea, Trade in, 189 et seq. 18; Paalnl, • oath'. of, 106. Hone-8hoe Window, in Buddhist chaitya, 160. Industry. 114-198; Ancleot. II, of Moghol ludla. IllS Horticulture, Art of, 96. ot seq •. State aid to 186. Householder. Respoosihilities of. 98. IDitrument, Muical, 118. Humayun, Emperor, 6; and Bairam Khan 61; Hillory Inter-prcmoclal Joaloualoa. 8. of, 87. lotum, on Money lou. 18+. INDEX !!9 Iran, Invasion from, 1; Borders of. 9; (See also Persia). K Iranian, branch of Aryan family, 91. Irrigation, Works of, 6; 6; 7; in Ganges, 11. Utility of. 11; Aryan engineering in, ". Kabir, Indian Poet, 99; lot. Iron goods, export of 179. Kabul, Valley of, 1; River, 7. Iron manutactlJre, development in ancient India. Kadambari. Btma's Romance, 88; Story, 98. 180. Kaikeyi, Queen of Dasheratha, 96. Irraw8di, BMin of, 19. Kailasa, Mountain of. S; It. Indian Paradise, 9 Islam, Beginnings at, 8. Temple of, ShivalaY8, 158-154. Itmad .. ud-Daula, Masoleum, 168. Kalabagh, PIRin of, 8. Ivory, export of 179. KalCl8ha. Symbolism of 161. See Lotus. Kalidu, Laureate of Sanskrit literature 3; 60; .. genius of, 91; Works of, 81 et seq. 88 et seq. Ideal of Beauty, 127; at the Court of J Vikramaditya, 106. Kalinga. Conquest of, 88. Kaliya,~ Dance, lit. Jagir, System of, iOS. Kamandaka, Author of Nitia8la, 101. Jahangir, The Aesthete SO; Buildings of, 168; Critic of Kamarupa, King of. ' Harsha's ally, '8. Painting. ~S9, ISS; Nadiri Dress invented by, Ill; Kama Shastra, Science of Enjoyment, 10.;..7. and Nur Jaban, 70. Drinking of, 91S. Kamsa, Krishna'. Uncle, 88. Jaimini, Autbor of Porn Mimamsa, lOS. Kanauj, Capital of Harsha, 98; See Jaychand. Jain, Toleration of, 97; Doctrine of, 98, et Kanishka. the Kushau Emperor,. 67-08; acceptable seq. Astronomy of. 109; Samgha. 98; Temples under Buddhism. 109; Monuments of, 14'; Statue 99. 166-168; origin of the oldest mosque, of,I". lSi. Kapila, Founder of Ssnkby., lOS. Jatnlsm, State ReUgion, 98. Kapilavastu, Buddha's birthplace, 99. Jalsalmer, Desert City. 6. Karaehi, Length from, 1; 6. See Ports: Jal 8imba, Maharaja, Astronomer, 109. Karakorum, Mountains, 9. JalRlpur. Rivers junction, 9. Karle, Cathedral Cave at. 189; 149. Jami Masjid, of Jaunpur. 168, 166. Karma, Doctrine of, 97; 101; and Buddha. 100; Jamna, River (also Jumna) 6; 10; II; 19, Delhi Palace Marga, 108; Relation with J nana, lOS. on, 170-171; Taj on, 168-9; Agra Fort Buildings on. Karna, Uterine Brother of Pandavas, '1; Career of.. 179. 4t. Maharana of Mewar, minor, defeats Qutb--ud.. Jamnotrt, Rise of Jamns. 10. Din, 67. Jamrud, Pass at, 7 Death of Jaswanuimh, 4rD. Karna Sinh, Mewar Prince, 49. Japan, Influence on. Ill; 119. Karnavatl, DOW Ahmedabad, 168. JasW8nt Sing, Maharaja of Jodhpur, 48-60. Kashmir, Vale of, 8, 9, 16; Aryans in, is; Shawl Jato.ku, Embodied in Architecture, 140; Tales of, 19; manufacture at 9; 191. Summer trip of Jahangir Quoted Dr cited 176; WI. to. tlS.- . Jata. Army recruitment from. 1; Ravages of, In Katautra, Grammar of. 106. Mugha) palac.. , 179. Katha-DCletu, Work of Tissa, 77. Jauhaf, Rite of, t6. Kathiaw8r. Peninsula of, S, Princes of. 99. Java, 4; See Trade. Katyayan8, Grammarian, lOS. Jaycha.d.Rathod, of Ka.auj, ""-'6. Kauravas, History of, S8-40. See Mahabharata. Jay.deva, SaDlkrlt Poet, 99. XautilY8. Indian Machiavelli, S6;,Writer on Economics, Jaymal, of Beduof. defends ChltorJ 18. etc. 10'1; See Chanakya, Chandragupta. J.ypur. City of, 6. Kavali. Style of Singing, lIS. Jimutavahana. Classic Juriat, 99; 107. Kavery, River. IS-U. Jtl(JnCl~MM'gQ, Path of knowledge, lot. Ka"1la. Sanskrit Poetry, origin and development of, Jodhpur. City of, 6; Maharaja of, +9-S0; fortress palace 79-81. of. 170. Keith, Prof. Quoted. 17+. Jove, The Tbunderer. tl, See Indra. Keunedy, Quoted. 175. Jumma Musjid, of Ahmadabad, 169; of belh~. Kbaddar, Manufacture of, 16. 165. Khan-t-khanan. See Bairam KhaD. Jurisprudence, Works on, 108. Khojak Pass, Railway In. 8. Justice, Courtl of. tot-S. Khyber PaIlS, Indian Frontier, '1. Jyotiah, VedRnga Treatise on, ,109. Kine, Rain Clouds, 91. 68 tlIO INDEX King, Vedic, 16; Dati. of 106; tot and SaO'i6es, Madb • ...,bary•• Pbil_b... 1._. 161. Purdlueo for. 186. M.d... Cit,. af. IS, 149. KiOlb, to lomba, 18fI. M.d..... City or. 184 Po ..... or, I... Kook.a, Moaotailll of. u. lI_pdha. Contr,. af. Ill, ScMo Empire, .....,... Koromaudel. Coast. Portl 00, 14. Guptu Nalanda. KOI'IIlDdm. Queen 01 Me..... , 61; 81. Magha Mala. 11. Krishna, RITer, 13. M.haballpor. Temple or. 1&1. Krllbna. PlaygrouOO or. 10, 1', Life or. 38, (See Gila. Mab.bbarala. Stor, af. _, Rplc or. '8, Sank by. Mah.bbarala, Gods; Dance. 1I0llc, Vlabnu.) Doctrlnoln. lOS, )1.n1llmrltlID. 101. Qooted. I". Kahatriya. Buddba ••• 99. M.bableabwr. S"".... of the Krlohna. U. Kumbba, Conquesb of. 48. Mah.r..... or Me..... DeKendaob or Rama. tel Kombhamela or Prayag. 61. SaDgs. 408, til, 69, Kombb.. 68, T_ or K ..ma .... llmb"" .... or Kalld... 86. Victory. IllS. Kumar De.,i, Gupta Emprt!lll, &8. Mahar.htr., Dialect In rlAillc drama, 81. Kum.raawamy. Qullted.- or cited liS, lI1; lI8, Mabanmsha, Cbronlcl. of, 'M. lfO.l; 1~; 188-8; 160, 169-'; 168, 196. Mahanra. I.lrHketcb of. 88; See J.ln' _00 1_lnlam. Karnarila BtJatt, Commentator, 103. Mab.nadl, Bealn or. IS. Kuoli, Mother of Paodavu, 49. M.bayana. Sect or Boddblam. 101. Kuru. Vedic Tribe. 88. Mabenjo Daro. DI ...... rl .. ln. 8, lU,IO, UTI eYiden .. Koruksbetra. Battlefield or. 16; See Mababb.rala. or 115. aDd PaDipat. )'ahmod. or Gbunl. III, 6!, lit; raid loot or lut, Koro Prln.... Cattle Stealing. 61; See MIIAII/I"",...,... Temple or Somnatb. 1M. Kusban, Kanlsbka, 91; Art uDdel', US. Makrao. Coast or. 8. Malabar. Coootr,. or. " 18. Mala.... TrIbes or. 11. L MalaOOevl. Of K.lanjar. 51. Malaria, In Tera'. It. Malatl M.db.y. S.nakrll Dram •• 88. Lahore, City of. 6, 16; Carpet manufaclue 191. Sugar M.lik Altonly•• Royolt or. 6t. Indoatry of. 19()..191. Malik Kafur. Plunder or. lut. Lakshman8. Brothe.r of Rama, 86. Malnka-Agnlmltr•• S.oakrlt Drama. Si. Lalla Rukb. Laod of. 9. M.h... country or. " Moolim Klnga or. 61. Land Rovenue. Of Sber Sbah. &t. Manasara, MelllD.rBtiou, 108. Landi Kotal. Poot of. 7. Manava--dharma ..butra, MaDu'a.l06. Language., Evidence of, 11; Science of, 1()s"6; See Mandora. lDouot. aymboli.ed 151. Prakrit, SaDskrit, Vernacular. Mandasor, loacriptioD of. 81. Lauriya N8dgarh, Burial Mounds in, 131. Manikka Vachapr, Tamil Poet, IJO. L .... or Piety. 61; See Buddba Asoka. Worka on. 106 M.D Singb. Rajput Gener.l. 68. et seq. M.naor. Mugbal Painter. lSI. Learning, Seats of, ancient, 11; See Universities. ManD, quoted 181, IN-. Legal Treatises, Indian, 106-1. .. Manuccl. cited 108. 116. Lemorian. Vanisbed Continent, 18. MaDot.cloren, uportl of ancient India, 178. LeoDardo da Vinci, Quoted, 14.5. Maori. tb01lgbb or. 10. Lexicograpbers, in golden age, 91; IndiaD, 106. Maratha, Porta, '-' Battle-grouDdI, U, peop1e, IS, Liebhavia. Princess of, 59; Coontry of, 98; GoveraanCt Confederacy or. n. or. fO'. M.rlcbl. Rakabaaa 8Oge. S8. Lilavati, Woman Mathematician, 108. Marriage ••od ...te 19', Anuloma and Pratiloma. 18e. Lotus. In Indian Art.-and Vase. symbol or. 188, Ary.n. 198; Cor.mODI ... 199. Emblem of the Trimartl. 1"8. Marsball. Sir Jobn. quoted 138 et aeq. Lucknow. City of. 11. Marut, Vedic god (WInd). st. Lubit, Absorption of, Ii. M.. arlan Lakea. Battl. or. SI. Lumbini Gardea, Buddha borD in, 99; Sculptore of, 191. Matbematlea. Muter or. 17, Sclenee or. 106. Mathura, MlI8euJD. I". MatterhorD, compared to, 8. M Manrya. Capital of. 140, Emperora. tel Emplr•• 17, mODomeDts of, 188 et eeq. Mauaol.om. or tb. Taj. 169. MaedoneU. qooted 109, See llIdi4', "..". Maya. Doc:trlne or. 17, 1040. Mace-beads, Discovery of, 1St. MoyadeYi. Mother or Buddha. 99, Dr_ of. 1400. INDEX 281 McCrindle, cited; 116. Murad, Prince, 6S. Medhatlth.l, Commentator, 99. Mural. Decoration, 1st; PaInting It"'; (See Frescoes) Medicine, Science of, no. Muaalman, invasion of, 5, 62; IndianisatioD of, 69; Mediterranean, Phoenician. in. 18-19. Architecture. Megastbenes, cited H; 178; 181; 18i; quoted, 208. Musalmans, caste in, 19"'_ Meghaduta, Kalidasa's poem, 81. Mushkaf, Valley of, 8. Meghavarna, King of Ceylone, 59. Music, Fathe. of, "; History of, 119; Science of, 116; Meghna, River, I; 11; 11. Art of, 119; Muslim influence on, 116; characteris.. Melons, ot Kabul, 61. tics of, 111; and Aurangseb. 1M; Systems of, Memoin, of Dabur, 61; See Jahangir. (See also Instruments, Raga, Tamen, Akbar). Mesopotamia, Remains in, 19. " of India, 118-120. Metal, industry in Mauryao. period, 119. !' Gallery, at Karle 100. Mewar, History of, 6648. Musk, ellPort of, 119. Mihrab, Symbol of Islam, 1.s. Muslim, Battle--ground of, 16; advent of, 98; (See Military, Noblesse of Akbar, 68; science of Kautilya, Islam, Musalman, Muhammadan). 107. Muslims, and Slavery, 209. Mimamsaa, Doctrine of, 102-9. Muttra, City of, 10. Minar., Qutb. 162; of Taj, 168. Mysore, Indian State, 1'-15. Miniature Painting, under Shah Jabaa, ISS. Mythology, Kingdoms of, 10; in Indian Architecture. Minstrel. in Vedic Times, 16. Hot;; Mira, Gujarati, Poetess, 408, Bbaktl poetry of, 9i. Mirrors, reflectlng,6. Mission, of Art, 1M. Mitra, Vedic God, SSe N Moha-Mudgara, Sanskrit poem, 91. Monarchy, Vedic institution, 909. Monastery, A University. 100; and Vihara, 150. Nair, Superior class of, 16. Money, coined. 182; in Maurya days/UMo. Naladiyar, Tamil Poem, 89. Mongol, Aryan mixtll1'e with, 18. Nalanda, University of, 110-111; Monastery of; 101. Monkeys. allies of Rama, 48. Nambudri, Brahmans, 16. Monka, and Nuns, Jain, 98; teachers in ancient Uni.. Nana Fadvanis, Maratha Confederacy of, 1t. varsities, no-111. See monastery. Nanak, Preaching of,IOl. MOD-Khmer, Language of. 11. Nanda, Cow-herd, 88. Monsoon, South-west, 11; 10; Discovery of, 116. Nandas, Kings of Magadha, ..so. Monuments, Homeland of, 16; of Mauryae 188; et seq. Nanga Parbat, Mountain in Kaehmir, 8; 9. of Guptas, 148 et seq. Narada, Epic Saint, 4.3; and Indian Music9 11'. Moon, Descendants of, 6. Narsapur, Town of, 14,. Moreland, quoted 186 et seq. 191 et seq. Narmada, River, 16. Mosque, Architecture, ]4.7; in Indio. 161 et seq. Nasik, City of, IS. Mother, Cult of, 19; Goddess, IS6. . Nasi .... Ud-Din, Emperor, 68. Motherhood, Honour to, 198. Narsimha Mehta, Gujarati Poet, 98. Moti Masjid, at Agra, 168. Nataraja, Dance of. Ul; Figure of, l4r1i. Mount Abu, height of, W; Temples of, 99; 106-1. See Natural Law, Superiority of, 100. temples in Sculptore, 1400. - Naturalism, of Indian SculptUl'e, 1400. Mriahha-Kat'ka, Sanskrit Dramll, 84. NatyaJ Dance, origin of drama9 85. 119 et seq. Mudra, of Buddha, 148-4. -Natya Shastra, Science of Dramaturgy, 86; 101; 11'; Mudra-Rabluua, Sanskrit Draina, 87. 120. Mneuin, Call of, 99. Naubat.Khana, 110. Mughal, Paintoro, 180; ot .oq. Nautch, Girls. lilS-B. Muhammad, Ibn Q'uasslm, 50-01; Ibn Bakhtiyar, Naval, regulations of the MaUl'yans, 1140. 61. NavsMlbitna, Court of Vikramaditya, 60. Muhammadan. period, Astronomy in, 109; Trade to. Nepo.l9 Maharaja of, 11. 11M. See Painting. Art, Architecture, DreBS, Neptune, Displacement of, 11. Travel. - Nieobarese, Tribes. 11. MuhammadaDB, Dress contribution of 208-t09. Nile, Compared to Indus,. 6. Mukerji. Ancient Indian Shipping, 181. Nilgiris, Highlands of, 16. Mumtaa Maho.l. Shah Jahan's Wife, 169. Nimb, Trees. 11. Munda, Language, 17; related to Dravid•• eo. Nirvana, liberation, 101. Munitions, Manufaetura of, 185. Nivedita. Web 01 Indi4n Li/_, .195. 281 INDEX Nlam. State of. I ... Patlala. Stat. 01. 10. Nobl •• of Delbl • .....,.t of. 69. P.tb_. Neljfh_... 6-T, A ..ln to, IS, Dumlsl.. 01 Nobl-. Military. of Air.... 18; Spl..... ""r of. _ &I, A..,bltectare of. 180 et Ieq. Nobility. of the Sword. 88, Pat... Capital of Bihar. 11. Nomada. People. '1. Patta, of Kelwa, Me.... b_ til. N_. widtb of. IS. P_Ir.. Thup!. Tamil -.I Is H.b.... tor. I'. Notatloa. SJltem of. tor IDdl.D M.-Ie. 116. 118. F ...... rlta of ladl.a PrI_. .... Injaa<1loa Not_, in MlUic, 116. _10It ..1111 .... 'It, Ksport of. 17', Trad. In. 1M. Nor labaD. Hillary of. 69-70,ltlmad-ud-Daulab by. 118. P.-Coclr. Throae. Deocrlbed. 17~lTl. Nyaya, IndlaD LogIe. 1~. Pearllin tho Throno of Don Raya. 14, Trad. In ...... , ProducttOD. of, 187. Pe.... n,.. Trlbatarl. of. 16. o Pen..... , RI .., .'- Peroepolltan. Capital of AIoba Pili.... 1811. Perlla. Bell.. haped eapltal trom. 138, K... m, from. I, Observatory. of Jay8llmb. 110. U. Rmbuoy trom. 101. See C';DI. and Darl .... Octroi, Dutiel, 185. Hon. from, 181. Ootaeamund. HIII-StatiOD. 18. Penia.n, Influence on India, 66. Opium, Trade In, 189. .. .. Mocha1 Painter 190. Orl.... PlaiD Dear Ralgarb. IS. " .. Indian Architecture, 131. K.... Oroamentatloo, In buildings, 168. buoy. 101, Poetry. N. Oroaments, of the Buddha StatUM, 1", lSi; PerlODAl, PerlplUl. evidence of 178. 178. 0. Trado. lilt. i07-811. PerlOW ReopoDilblUty. Doetrl.o of, 101. Ovid. Latin Poet. autbor of An Amatorla. 107. Puba.. r. City of. 8, Plaia aear. 8, P_ Dear. " ancient Capital Dear, 11. 8T •. PE.... RII. of. 7•• p Pboenlclan. Trader. 18, See UDder Tr.de .ad Wrltl.,. PbonetlCl, Works oa, 105. PhllOlopby. lodl.n.1I7-1l0, ofVedu 8'1, of Br.b.m._ Paddy. Homelaod ot. 18. .ad Upanllbadl. '8, of Sh.obr•• h.rya. lot, Padmlol. Story of. 68-7. of Jalallm. DII, of Buddhllm. Dll-l00, See SaDkhya. Painter, must be Ichotar, liT, 181; medium of, Yoga. Nyay•• earllelt 1119. Pictorial. Flrlt repr_atatlon.lH, See Art. P.lnU.,. Painting, Known to Dravidians, 90; ClauificatioD of, Pillara. of Aaob. 138. li6; History of. 12. et seq. See AjUDta. Mogbal. Pllbla. ValleY.8. Miniature, Palace. Pita...... Baddbllt C.nOD. 17, 101. Palace. of Patallputra. 26. ItT; Bulldlngo of. 108; of Plateaa. of Deecaa. I, 18. Agr. described, 112; Delhi, 110; Mugha1 garden Pllay. quotad. 178; 183. 172; Deeg; I1t. Royal, Picture gallertel In, 116, Plutarch. compariaoa witb. st. 91'. Furniture io, 114•• POGlIo, Science of, lot; 101. Palar, River, ••• Poetry. Moot .odoat. fll Hillary of. 711-9&. Palgbat. Gap of, 16. Poadlchorry. 83. Palm, Tree, 11. Pope. Dr.. Tranolator of Tamil Poet. lI0-II1. Panda-Tanlnl, Work of Fables, 88. Poreel.la. ladlaa ""port 17D, Trade la. 180. Pandavas, Story of, 88; 89; '1; 49. Portrait. Palatlag. Mughal. 1st. Panda, Pale Prince, 89; Sona of, 400. Portl. " 17& et oeq. Pandya, Empire of, &; 180. Portaga_. " Shl.. of. 187. Panioi, Fixes Sanskrit Laoguage, 78; 76; Grammarian, Porus. FlgbtaAlouDder. ", AUyof Cb.ndr.gapt.. 65. lOS. Pottery, Painted, 19, 190, craft koown to Drayldi.III, 90. PaDis, Vedic Reference to, 18. Powen 01 Nature, Wor.hlp 01, Ih 81. Panipat, Battle of, 66; 19; See Battle. Pragna-Parmita. Symboillm tor. llIII. Paper, uae of, lSi. See Trade. PrajapaU, Creator, 97. Parinirvana, State of, 101. Pralr.rlt. Hillary of. 78; See Grammar. Parshwa, Jain Saint, 98; 103. Prakrlti, Natare, Pint Callie, lOi. Pataliputra, Court at, 905. Historic Capital, 4-; Royal Pratap, KiDg of MewsJ'. 8; Life of, 48-d. Palace of. 11'; 1'7. See Naland.. Magadba. Precioal Stoa... In tbe Toj. 1811, See Trade. Univeraity, Megaathene8, Cbandragupta Maury•• Pre-Maghal. Veotig. la pictorial Art. ISO. Patanjali, Grammarian, 19; 105; 8utbOJ' of Yoga Prica, bing of, 186. Sutra, lot. Price-mallen, I>estraetiOD 01, to; See Pan... INDEX Priest, Aryan, M; Buddha discards. 100; Duties of, 106. Rama, Adventures of, 14-. Story of, 36; Epic hero. Primogeniture, Cnstom of, 26; Principle of. 202. 88; 43. Prithwi~Raj, Last Hindu King of Delhi. 28; 44-46. Ramananda, Agra Poet, 9t. Priyadushika. Harsha's play, 86. Ramanuja, Vedic Commentator, 102. Prophet. of Arabia, 99; 169. Rama Prasad Chanda, quoted, 18. Prose, SaDlkrit, 88. &11I(Iyana, Refers to Agastya, 95; EpiC, to et seq. 18. Ptolemy, Astronomy of, 109. Rampur, Plain of,9. Pnlakeshin, Foe of Harsha, 65. Ranga Mahal, of Shah Jahan, 111. Punjab, Country of, i; Rivera, 10; Plains of, 9; Rangoon, Port of, 18. Discoveries in. 19; Home of Aryans, is; Btu'" Sentiment in Painting. 126. Buddhism in, 100. Rationalism, Philosophy of, 100. Puranas, Sankhya in, 109; History in, 110. Ratft4roli, Harsha's Play. 86. Puri, Mouth of Godavari, IS. Ravana, King of Lanka, 96. Purua, Aryan Tribe. SSe Raaiyya, Empress, Life of,ol-2. Puruahni, Modern Ravi, 39. Realism, Philosophy of, lOS; in Mughal Painting, lSI. Pushkalavati. lee Peshawur. Red Sea. Linking up with Mediterranean, 4r. Pyrard, on Indian cotton exports, 191. Religion. Ancient seats of, 11; Difference. with Muslims, 28; Yoga in. 1040; and Philosophy. 102; (see Vedas, Buddhism, Jainism, also Hindu and Q Hinduism). Religious. Conception of Art, 129; Idealism of Mugha] painters, lSI. Quadratic Equation. 108. Reliquary, in Stupas, 100. QuaraD, copied by Nasir-ud-Din, 63; in carving, 165. Rhine, Frontier o£, S. Queen, Dress of, in Ajanta, 207. Rhinoceros, in India. 6. tt of Heaven on the Duties of Woman, 199. Rhys Davids, Quoted. 116 et seq. 18'. .. Regent of Ahmadnagar, 5'; Mewar 0l-tiS. Rice. Tamil word iu Hebrew. 19; Export of 182. QuestiODJ of King Milinda, 77. Rig Veda. Hymns of, 18; 99; 89; Tribes of. 95; Quetta. city of, 1; 8. Composition of, 14. Qntb Minar, p. 169. Risley, Sir H. cited, tS. Qutb-nd-Din, Slave Emperor, 51; History, 68; Mosque Ritual, Religious, lot; see sacrifice. of, 169. Ritualism, Supreme, 100. Bit'UlmnhMa. Kalidas's Poem, 82. Rivers, Punjab, 9. R Roman Empire, Wealth of, I. Romans', Demand for -essences, 181; Slavery among, 901_ Race. Affinity to India, 9; Aryan Mixture with. is; Rome, Civilisation of, 81; Import of gold from, 180. Differences of Muslims. 98. Royal Umbrella, 4.9; 199; 1"; 160; 111. Racing, Amusement, sns. Royalty, Rules of Descent, Aryan, 96; 2ot-T. Raga, Indian Musical Modes. 114--1. Rukmini, Winning, S8. Raghus, Cadet of.96; Home of, 11. Rukn-ud-Din. Slave Emperor, 52. RaglmMmda. Kalidas's poem. 81. Russia, of the Tsars. 3; 1. Rai Sinh, Mewar Hero, '9. Rhyme, in Sanskrit poetry. 81. Railway, Indian system of, '; 1. Rhythm. second fundament of Music, 111. Rain. Clouds, 6; see Monsoon, Indra, Kine. Rnjagriha, Mauryan Metropolis, 137; Council at, 101-108. s Rajamahal Hills, 11. Rajamundry, Town of, 1'. Sacerdotal Order, Opposition to, lOS. Rajput, beau ideal of. 4Ji; Code of War, (.6; aristocracy Sacred Wheel, In Sanchi SculptUl'C', 14.9. in. 208. Sacrifice, Presiding deity of. 88; Animal. abhorred by Rajputana, Hinterland of. 40; Range across, &; Sea in, 18. Buddhism. 100,9; lOS; Ritual of, 108; Vedas. 76. Rajputl. Land of, 6; Army reCl'uitment in.1; Chivalry. Sadiya, Territory near, 12. &; 46. Sailors, Dravid, 90; Indian, 116; 189-181. Rnjya-Shri. Sister of Harsha. 61-62. Sal, Found at, IS; see Trade. Forest. Rnjya~Vnrdhnna, Brother of Harsha, 61. Saints. of India. Sst et seq. Rakaposhi, Indus banks at, 9. Salaries, of Akbar's Officers, 68. Ram, Figures of. 19. " Salim, Son of Akbar, 10. 59 INDEX Salambar. DetcDdI Cbltor, 68. Slade. s.. 01 s... bIoaJi. ". SalnUoa, Flul. 106. Shai" 8.dl. Pent.. Poet. IS.. Sema Veda. CompooitiOll 01. 'I. Shal... T_pl... lat... Sambhaji. Deatb of. 30; 7•• Sbambara, N .....Arp. trl ..... 13, s.mgba. Jain, 18. Sbah_trallq. Te_pl. I. G.jord. IllS. " Baddbi8t, ISO. Shan ...... A.barJa. South ...... 11.....,.. ... _, AI_ph, Samgharama, Type of Mcmuter,., 1&0. of. '" C-_.tar, DB Vpalliahada, 11, los. Samudro-Guplo, Emperor. eo; lie. BAal.,.,. Sm' S. ('lted, ". Samyukta, Marriage or, .". Sbawll, Muafadur. of, Uti, 1ft Euh.tr. Sauchl. G.t.... J11 of. 1'«1 et oeq. SnIpture of. 1'«11 Sb_ Kban. HUBhead 01 N•• lah.n. '0. Stupa of. I"-S. Sber Shah. I, HIst..., of. At, 14, Tomb 01. I ... Sandalwood. E_purta of. 181. Sbetthili. Bank.... 1116- Sang.. of Me.. r, AI 48, .... Sbla. la tbe Deccaa, 30. & ..U'a.Ka,.; .... of Iabwar·Krlsboa. 106. Sblkh.ndla killo Bhlama, '«I. Sankbya, Sptem of, 109-3. SliUaN.Orlgln of, III, _ T_pl••. Sapta-Sindha, Home of Aryana, •• SbUpa Shutra. Scloace 01 M_arement. 1011, Sanekrit, Golden Age, tTc LlterataN In, '3-110; Shlpa. Indian. 10, InvIBlbi. X_port. IRII lIlT. Origin of Language. 73. Shlp-Bullden. Dr.vldlaa. 101 Indl.n. 181;lfIII. Saraswatl, Vanlsbed Rt'f'er, 8, Playing ViOl, I". He Sbl... God; '«II Tompl. of. laS, at leq. Godd .... of Learning. Shlnjl. Hill..., of. '" 711 leadership of. 1.1. Sara.yu, Rlftr, I'. Shl..... madr •• ". &ripulro.Pro...... Buddhist work. 1M. Shlft",a. Mod.1 of. 10M. (_ Kallao). Sarnath, Pillar a.t, 189 et .eq. Sh,....,. 1ltJI1'II/I. deal with S.crlft.... lIT. Sartbavaha, Leader of. C'ara'f'aD, IRS.. Shr.nk•• nd Shr.. lku. laiD 1.. 11,. '1. SaUej. River. 6. Shr.ftlthl. Buddh. Bor. 10. DtI. Satpara, MountaiDI, 1; 12; U. Shra.. nbelgola, Idol of. ". SatyaV8D, Husband ot Savitrl, 63. Shudhod.na. F.thor of Buddha, DtI. Savltrl, Story of. 69. Shonkracharya.quoted. 137,Guldo to Indlaa Sculpture. School of Art, of Akbar. 189; Bombay. liB. 137. Sciodia, Satrap of Pesbwa, 7i. Siberia. Stepp... llral home of Ar,.DB, '1. Science, Indian, 9&-111. Slddha-RaJ. of GDjar.l. till. Script, History of, 77. SI(\dhartha. Father of Mahulr. D8, O.uloma. DI, Scriptures. Patronised by Harsba, 89, Jain, 99; lmag.. of. us. Buddhist, 101; Hindu (I.. Veda). Siddba Sagar. Tank. IllS. Sculptore. Indian. 196-146; In Greece and Egypt. 166. SlkhB. Arm, recraltment la. 1, Doctrine of. 106. Scytbians, Midure of. 93. Silk. Export of. 11DI _ Trade. Seal, CylindriCal, 19; Evidence or, 11. Slmh_na. Lion Throne. 1M. Seistao, Pottery of. 19. Simla. Summer Capital ••• SeleuccUB. of Babylon. SS; Treaty with Chandragupta, S6. . Sindh. compared to EI!'1PI. " archaeolOlJ\cel dio Semitic, Culture, 19. ccrrerlea In, 19. IO'f'Uloa of, 60, people of, II. Senses, Gratification of, 101; Pereeption of, loe; Skaoda-Gupta. Emperor, defeated by HUDB. eo. Rostral.t of. 104. Silo, AdYentur.. of, 16, Choice of Huaba.d. 881 Epic! Seven Sages, Fint Seen, 86. herolae, 691 Story of. 36-811. SeveDfold, Oflices of Indiao Sculptor, 131. SIa.... DyoaBty. fODader of. I, Trod. la. 1811. Sewell, A Ftn'gott". B"."ir" Itt q. y. Sian.,. InBtltutiOD of. 1014. Ses-Problem of, Woru OD, 107. Smith. V. A.. Barl, BioI"", Of radttJ qUGted. 1.1, aT. Sbabara, lOS. eol on Sculpture. 1661 011 Deihl Pillar. 1110, oa Sbabari, River, I'. Road., 186, cited, lVI, oa Akbar, .,.... Sbahab-ud-Dint of Ghor, it; 4.6; &1; 69. Social SJlltom. 1D6-HO. 8.hahdG,.",luuantJ. of Paninl, 105. Solomon, Age of, 170S. Shatl-Do .._. Sb Syat.... of Indl•• Phll_hy. lUi n W. E. Gladstone, quoted, J98. et leq. Som•• Drlak, II, t6. 8habdallGli, of Kabir. 93. Son, Riyer, ". Shah Jahanabad, Town of. 10. Somadenaurl. Author of Nill...... ,...A.....,... UI1. Shah Jaban, Palaces of, 10; 168; 170-1; the Magalticent, Splceo. Indian worda for. III, Trod. la. 111. SO; Grand Seigoeur, '11; Cbildren of, "~I 1S6; SrlDBgar. Cit, of••• Painting UDder, 1SS4; Buildlup 01. 165; 168; 171; StaDdards, Imperial, 10&. nurbar of, 190; 906; Dress of, IO.S; ill. SlOIIe AI". Finds of. to. INDEX !85 Strabo, Belief of, 176. Tea-Gardens, of Nilgiris, 16. Stupa, Building of, 108 et seq. of Sanchi, 1"2; of Teak, Found, 11. Bbarut, 140; origin of, 14()..1. Origin of dome 161. Technique, of Cave-paintings, It6. Subbadra. abduction of, 40. .. Dome, 16G-!. Subabdar, of Gujarat, 69; see Viceroy. .. Music, lI'-119 • Sudas, Vedic warrior, 96; 82; SSe .. Sculpture, 1~. Sues Canal, Opening, ,. Temples, Homeland of, S2; Jain, 99; 150i 58 Shaiva Suffi, Poet, 131. 15B-4. Vaishnava Ilit-4-. at Ranpur. 16'. Sullism. Philosophy of. 16i. Tibetans, method of gold digging, 180. Sugar, Trade in, 190. Timur, Race of. SO. Sugriva. Ally of Rama, 36. Tiru Nana Sambandha, Tamil Poet, 97. Sukh-Nldhd", of Kabir, 9S. TiruvalIuvar. Tamil Poet. 90. Sukkar, Barrage, 7. Tombs. Evidence of, 19; artilichure of 165; of Sher SumeriaD, Analogue to, 19. Shah 166. SUD, Ushas, Bride of, 94-; Descenmts of, Ii; Vedic .. .. Akbar, 161 • God, 88; Temple of. .. " Ibrahim Shah, 166 • Sunderban, Ganges at, 1'. .. of Humayun. 167. . Sunnt, Aurangleb, SO. .. " Muhammad Shah of Bijapur. 165 • Sur, Last of tbe Pathans, Iii. .. .. Mumtas Mohal, 168 • Surat, Port of, 4; Trade of, $06. " " Sarkhej, 164•• Surpanakha. 1?ister of Ra'vana, S6. Tournament, Royal, '1. Sur_, First Division of Muaic, 111. Toru Dult. Modern Poetess, 9&. Surya, Temple of, 141. Towers of Victory, at Chitor. 169. Susa, Palace of, 2"- Trade. Indian, 178-192; Guilds, 183; Routes in Sutras, of Jains, 91; 99. MQ.hammadan India, 186. Seaborne, 17.5. Suvarna Bbumi, Trade with, 175. Transmigration, Theory of. 91. Swami Vivekananda, 99. Travancore, State of, 16. Swastika. ancient Sculpture, ISS. Treasure. of Akbar, 68; of VijaY8nagar, 199. SwetamOOra, Jain Sect, 99. Treaty, of Ahmadnagar, li4. Symbols, in Art, ISO. Trichinopoly, Rock oC, 1&. Symbolism, in Sculpture, 139 et seq. in Architecture, , Trigonometry. Science of, 108. US; 1&&. Trumpets, Use of, 19. Tughluq, History of, 640. Tughluqabad, Ruin oC, 10. Tokaram, Marathi Poet, 9 .... Tulsidas, Hindi Poet, 9S. , Tunga~Bhadra, River, 14. Turan, Invasion from 1; Horsea from, 189. Tabla. 111-118; Master player on, lli. Turks, Musalman Rulers, !9; Mixture of. is. Tagore, Modern Indian Poet, 95. Turvacas. Aryan Tribe:SS. Taj. Building of, 4; Architecture of, 167-8. lee Agra, Shah Jaban. ' TalCII, In Muaic, 116. Talikota, Battle of, 199. u Tamarind, Grovel in Bihar, 11; It. 7bmhuTCI, Muaica\ Instrument, 114. Tamils, First teacher of. 85. Poets 90, 97. Udaipur, City of. Ii; See Mewar; Palace of, 170. Tandava Dance, Description of. 12i. Udai Sing, Maharana of Mewar., 48. Tanjore, River of. 14; Iii; Temple of, U6. Ujjain, City of, 86; University of, 110. Tansen"lndian Musician, 11&. Umbrella, Symbol of royalty, 142; Carving 139, 160. 'Tautra-TattwB. Woodroffa. 121. United PrOvinces, ll. Tanlrie, Rites, lot. Universal Soul, 102. Tapti, River, 16. Universe. Womb of, US. Toral, Forest, lSI'. Universities, of ancient India, 108, 110-It. 113. see Tardi Beg, Execution of. liS. Taxila, Nalanda, Bcnares, Ellora, Ajanta. Tavernier, French jeweller, 187 ~ Upanisbads, Philosophy of, 91, 100; Commentary on, Tuila, University of, no-11l; Bbir Mound, Iss. lOS. • Find. at 140, Ut, 1", Home of Culture, 1" Unashl. Nymph M. Stupa BulldiDg. 1M. Uahu. Vedic Goddess, SS, 840. 1lI6 ISDt:X v w Vachhagahtta, Queslionl Buddha. 101. W.inJ(R1lI'a, 14. Valdarbhl. Style in Sanakrlt. &S. WArd .... tributor" of. 1'- Vaisall. Buddha born In, 9fl; scat of RC("um~ni('Rl WelteI'D. Coast bl.nd In tbe Ccntre .. Gh"lI. to l!l, council, 101 • U , U •• Vaieheshika System, Salient featorea of. lUi; In,;, WheAt, Prh."eI of Ie He Trade. Vaiehna.lte Contribution. in Symbolism. 1+7. Wheel of tho 1.... C.nl"ll of. 1:19. 119, 1,\11, Valabhi. King of Gujorat. 28. Wiros. Aryan orillin, IS. Vallabhacharr., agoOlltidsm of, 93. Wlaard. NAme of Artilt. 1ST. Valmiki, Aryan, to; Falher of San.'1krit Poetry. 78. Wood. Dnlldln", of. 1:11. Vamaoa and JByadilya, Authors, lOS. Wood, 'airlCl, Figu,.. of, lU. Varaha Mihir., Famous Astronomer, 109. Wood·nymph. CarYlnll of. US. Var.roehi. Prakrll grammariaD, 108. Wool and Woolleo, Trade tn, 19lt lJrOllll made of, 'lin V.rtbems. on Indian Cotton Industry, 190. Woolar lake. Waten of, I. VaruDa, Displacement of, 'Ill; Hymn to, M, Vedic Woman, and Ajunta mute" l'iH et leq. IdMJ of God, 88,96. Beauty. liT. POIltloo of. ID1·illh D._ of. '''' Vuhishta, Defester of Ten Tribes, SS, Priest, Si; Ill. Author of Seventh Mandala nf Rig-Veda, 34. World. Endl.... 101_ Valumitra, the Pontiff, 98. World ... oul, In Uttara-MlmAmM. Itft. Vatsayana, Author of Kama Balro. 107. Vedas, Philosophy of 96·1l.JS; See Rig. Sama, Yajllr, Atharva, Also Art. Vedantn. Philosophy lOll. See Shaokarach8l'ya. y Vedic, Age, i; AryaDS 9'; Hymns 1, 19; 90; India 181; Function of King. 96; Kingship Elective 902; Origin of Lan~age U; Philosophy. 97; Poet '1; lOll. Vessels at Bea.-mentioned in Ved08, 11'. Yadava, Tribe, 88. Vlbhl,bana. ally of Rama. 96. Yagnavalkya, Legist, 106. Viceroy, Court of. 10; Afghanistan, 49; 911, Yajur Veda, School of 106; Surger,. In, 110. Vr.da. 18. Vidura, Epic Saint, 63. Yakoha. Hero of MeRhaduta. 8~, Cult of, 186. Plgu•• Vigoaoeshwara, Author of Mitalurhara. 106. of ISS. Vijayauagar, Empire of. 14.; founded 65. Wealth of, Yama, Abode of, 11. 181-188. Industry In; 190. Gold In. 19'. Yaehodhara, Wife of Buddha. 99. Vikramadilya, Indian King, 106; 109. Yavana, Greek, 88. Vikramorvasbiyam, Kalidasa's play, 85. Ya•• nib, Name of Curtain, 83. Village, Gods, 102; Position of, 903. Yoga. PbUo80phy of. 106 et leq. Vimona, Name of Temple Shrine, U·I, 163. Yogin, Sanskrit name of Arti,t, 137; Buddha re,cred Yinaya PitakG, Charvak in, lOS; lee Pitam. ... 161, Shin 163-4, artlot to bo, 1ST. Viodbya, Range of; 1. 0, 11, 19, 15, 17; See Deccan. Yudhl,hthlra. Iketch of. lUI 'I. Virata, King, '1. Vritra, Demon, M. Vishnu, God (see Krishna, Rama) 88; Supreme Soul 109; aDd Narada, 11'. Temples of, l.st-US. Vishnudharmotlaram, Treatise on Painting, 195. z Visbwamltra, Sage and Warrior, 89; 84. Vi88ndhimagga, of Buddhagoaha. 78. Vbagapatam, Harbour of, 13. Zofar. H ..toryof. 88. Vyakarna. Grammar, 100. Zarok"'-e-Danhana, 172. Vyass, Epic Saint, 48-"; Poet, 78. Printed by FR. RAULEDKIl Manager. Duel Mi.on Pre81 and Book Depot Maal'aIorc S. It. and Published by Vicaj[ D. B. Tarap0reT8la of D. B. Taraporeqla SoaI .. Co•• lDO. Homb)'" Road. 80m..,.. STUDIES IN INDIAN PAINTING A SURVEY OF INDIAN PAINTING FROM THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE VII CENTURY TO CIRCA 1870 A.D. BY NANALAL CHAMANLAL MEHTA, 1. C. S. WITH 17 GORGEOUS PLATES IN COLOUR AND NUMEROUS HALF·TONE ILLUSTRATIONS Size: 111" X 91". Cloth Bound. Price: Rs. 56. CONTENTS: I, THE PALLAVA FRESCOES OF SITTANNAVASAL II. SECULAR PAINTING IN GUJARAT-XV CENTURY III. SOME JAIPUR PICTURES IV. A NOTE ON THE BUNDELA SCHOOL OF PAINTING V. THE COURT-ART OF TEHRI-GARHWAL VI. A PICTURE BY ABUL HASAN NADIR-UZ-ZAMAN VII. A PAINTED EPISTLE BY USTAD SALI-VAHANA VIII. SOME FLORAL STUDIES IX. NOTES ON PLATES. Some Opinions~- E. B. Hav~ll: •• Taraporevalas are certainly entitled to the highest praise for the admirable style in which the book is produced, and I congratulate them on the complete success of their attempt to prove that & book of this kind ("an be produced as well in India as in Europe. I do Dot know any book which has reproduced more successfully the delicate colouring of Indian Miniature Paintings." LaUWefleB Binyon: U I have read the book with intel'est and profit, and am recommending its purchase for this department. As a 'piece of book production it reflects great credit on all concerned... The colour reproductions 8eem to me excellent.I, Sir Thoma. W • .Arnold: "It is a fine volume and a valuable contribution to the study to which it is devoted. It baa,already received a ready welcome among authorities on the subject in this country." Th. PionetW: "This attractive volume, excellently printed and illustrated, is worthy of close study. It gives the reader some new points of view, it places before him well-digested data and facta of history leading up to • the classic period of Indian art and for the most part it gives some new aDd most interesting enmplea, in colour and monochrome, of the different periods aDd schools of Indian Painting. There can be nothing but praise for the selection of the subjects for illustrations. The author has a very keen appreciation of relative values and a developed critical faculty, His language is lucid anq direct and th,us maintains the reader's interest and gives a spur to his perceptions. n Tlu Timu o/India: U Both author and publishers of this magnificently produced work are to be congratu~ lated, the former for his scholarly research and the latter for their very laudable enterprise. A work of great artistic value and absorbing interest." The ShamIJ'a: U A perennial source of joy in every borne. We have no similar work with so many coloured reproductions. Taraporevala have by this production, established their claim to be among the foremost art publishers In Indio." Th, ennoil,,,,,: .. A valuable and highly interesting 'contribution to the literature on Indian Art ... , The plates in colour. whlch include illustrations ot some among the rarcst and finest examples of Indian Art. are luperbly reproduced. while the monochrome illustrations are of higb quality. Altogether, both in matter and Ityle, the work mUlt rank as one of the finest modern p~hlications eVJ)r issued in India, rivalling in quality books issued from the beat contemporary European presses. If The .Amsrioan Magazin. 0/ Are: U Between the Author and his publishers, they have produced a work of great artistic value and absorbing interest." TA. Hind..,'ani Rmew.' .. Certainly an inspiring volume which students of Indian Art cannot pri_e too high." 60 STUDIES IN INDIAN PAINTING ~--=-=-~=-~------~------TIN SpH""",: "Reali), 'lIIcluti ... book. Tbere 10 mach la Mr. Mehta', book ,,'licb 10 quite ...... TIN ..4_.. R.tMtI: .. Mr. Mehta h .. eoIJected a quatit)' <11 &0. matoriala ...t publlahed bof_ II. II I. entir. ,,mpathy with his I"bjed .Dd treala It with _Dd j"dgmOllt. H. maat be ...... talated aa • nI.. bI. cootributioo to the Uter.ture oIlndiaa ArL" M",nin; Pool: .. Tb. 1JI'0winll Intereet In the art <11 ..... Empire will be qald,.ned b, Mr. N. C. M.h .." penetrating 81""" iN INdian P .....IIN'. Mnch now malerlal .. gl""n ond maat of tho booatlful Ill ..troth_ are published far the ftnt time." _ D .. .If." Allaliq... : "Tblo beautiful ...Iume d_ aDdoubled hODOUI to I.dl•• publication. It b.. been printed with Ter, great cere and m.. trated In aD Irreproachable manner. It ~lai ... lerl.. of original monographl, whicb are c::hronologl42U, ananged. la a word, It .. aD Intcl"OIliDl' and C"oaadeatiOUl work aDd we heartily congratulate the publishen." Sp.clal", LilfflJ', 8uppl...... 1: "In Mr. N. C. Mehta', .eall, fuclultlng book of M""hul and IIlnda palntingo, there I, mucb wblcb II qalte ne.. , All omoteu.. of Moghul painting "Ill ".Icom. Mr, M.bta', contribution to tbelr knowledge of • fasclnaUng period of Oriental a,t." . MaftClg,.,. OtIGrdio,,: It In each of these Itndt.,. Mr. Mehta brlnp forward ncw material whit"h lDall .. tbi. yolume indispensable to the Iludent. Thil book II all the more Important beeaUie of the number alld e:lcelleoce of the reproductions. Here we baye a book. entirely produced 10 India, wblcb riYal. tb. bell of similar works io England. The publisher. deserYe our warm congratulations. The yolume does them great credit" Modem lIni... : .. Mr. Mebta', book b .. turned out to be • mut•• ple •• of the book prodoo.r" art. W. bave felt a .ore pleaaure in bandling tbi. excellont yolumo and in feeling that it "u MADE IS INDIA. Illustrated. with .uperb reprodoctioDi 01 paiotiogs belonging to difFerent periodl and Icboolt, and contalnln. mu("h valuable information 011 the lubJeciMmstter of the book, 8ltuli.. i .. India.. Pain'i.. , will be treaured by botb .tudenla of art and by baak-Iovero. W. congratulato tb. publl.ben on tbelr laoc... In b.lngln, out luch a volume. We also congratulate Mr. N. Co Mehta, who II known to all of ua 81 an able WTlter, collector, and cODnoisseur in the field of Indian arl, 00 hi' achievement 88 author of a reaU, ft.ne book. tt I.lamic Oollar,: U Mr. Mehta bal earoed the gratitude of ever, Itudent of tho Indtan .rt of patnlln. by this serious, scholarly, and at the same time characteriltlcall, modest, contribution to our IlnowledKG of that vast and fascinating subject. The book with its wealth of illustratioOl, published In aUracti'f'e and tmpoaina form by the enterprising firm of Mesarl. Taraporevala. la a really memorable landmark In the hl.tor, of Indian publishing. We recommend it to aU readen who are interested In the subject, and to all collecton of handsome books." TAl MadrtJI Mail: .. Of lolid advance In presenting materiala for both the blltorlcal and Belthetlral Itudy of partially known regiona and epochs 10 Indian art thill book 11 a moat encouraging example. Mr. Mehta'. Englisb is vigorous and clear. The lubstance is aUractively presented and II of tbe ntmoit Importance. The get-up or the book is superb, and places it In tbe rank of first clua produetloDi that are nol only Uleful for their contents but a joy to tbe eye and feetinga. Tbe author i. to be warmly congratulated on bil public spirit in publishiog the results of hi' enthusiastic reaearcbea In the hiltory and quality of Indian painting and the publisb... are equally to be conlJl'atulated on tholr enterprl.o In gi"lng the book to t~e world in 10 rich a form", It ahould be in every public library and in the librar, of every School and College tn India and should be widely known abroad." I"dian Hidorical Qua"'''''': II The work ia not only a -,umptuoualy prodacod ..olume, bat II • real contribution to our knowledge of Indian !art charmingl, wrlUen by an enthuiaatic echolar. B, III publicalion, Mr. Mehta increases the measure of gratitude of Itudenll of Indian art to him. We congratulate Mr.. Mehta on his beautiful production. The reproductioD8 are escellent Bnd we give our uDIllnted pralle to the colour· plat... Tbe format i. delightful. We only wish tbore were mo•• luch boo... on tho 'uclDating lubject of Indian art." T'" I"dia" .An'igutJry: "The book eontains lever.l e:lcellent eumpl81 of the MugbaJ ICbool, Including pictures by Abdul Hassan, Mansur and Bisbandas and concludes with chapten on the Court art of Tebrl-Garhwa and other Hindu paintings of the eighteenth and nineteenth centories. Of the 't'ariOOl platel we canDot lpeak too highly, and special attention may be drawn to the reproductioD8 of the fine freaco of ,JI,.tlhana1'uhttHlr, of the pictore Ya.anta VilMa, which illustrates the drea of the period, Abdul Hauan'l bullock-c'art, and V.tad Solivahana's painted epistle. Equally attractive are a portrait of Jabanglr in later Ufe, and Ganrdhana'. Itudy of a woman. Among the examples of Hindu painting of a later age mUlt be mentloood the Jalpur plctare of tbe Ra.Ia mandala, an admirable equestrian portrait of Rao Shatrujit of Dati., and IBm pis of Maaaku'. skill. The book has been printed and published in India, and reflect. great credit on everyone-author, printer and publisbe.r-who baa contributed to ill production.'· STUDIES I N PAINTING Thl Ltadw: II A remarkable production by a gifted Indian which brings to light some Dew material in the Sphere of Indian Pictorial Art. We do Dot know-which to admire more, the excellence of the illustrations or the erudition of Mr. Mehta ...... A valuable contribution to the literature on Indian Art ...... will rank as a standard work. n TJa. Inman RimiIlD: U We congratulate both the author and the publishers on the production of this sumptuous volume. Apart from the excellence of ita conteoLs there is something in the style and get·up of the book which deserves the warm appreciation of book lovers. ~ost of the illustrations are published here for the first time. n .. Stadio: U The book is an original contribution to the subject. It is at the same time so arranged that even those with an elementary knowledge can grasp the maio tendencies and periods. Mr. N. Mehta has not only aC'hieved a specialist work displaying scientific care and research-he has writteo some excellent art criticism in lucid style ...... The colour plates are well chosen and A Dtwbar St••• , and others (Seventeenth century) linger in the memory. II The Bombay Chroni.cl... U Mr. Mehta claims attention as a student of Indian Art ...The selection of the pictnres is, on the whole, thoughtful. An .appreciable Dumber of the pictures are of great artistic imparlance. His observations on landscape and on treatment of flowers in Indian Painting are provocative ond might appear as heresie$ to those unaccustomed to think of the universal elements in Art. Mr. Mehta's survey is an en("onraging preliminary and promise." Th Tim" Lit6t'df'g Buppltl'lMflt: U The book should be of great interest nod value to students of lildian Art. Mr. Mehta haa the gift of presenting essential facts clearly... The ("olour plates show work -which combines great nobility, as in the B,,,io, Mallai,p". with fluid grace-as in the figures of e.llff/al Dat:t:,r,. His publishers are to be congratulated both on the quality of the colour plates aod on the production of the book iE general." Truth: II loteresting not only in itself but also as an example of what purely Indian enterprise can achieve io the way of producing beautiful books ...We are apt to forget that India has an artistic and cultural history extending back mu('h farther than ours, into the morning of the world, aod Mr. Mehta's volume is a welcome reminder or that often-forgotten fact. His publishers do him hODour. for Europe certainly could not show a more noble example of the publishing art." Sunday Tim".. II Alike for the excellence aod rarity of its colour plates and for the scholarly erudition of the text, Mr. Mehta's volume is the most valuable addition to the literature on Indian art which haa appeared for many years ...Abdul Hassan's If B"llot' CluJrrlot "and other masterpieces by Bishandas and Mansur Naqqash reveo.l the Zenith of Moghul Art during the reign of Jahangir. Aided by the seal of his Publishers, Mr. Mehta hOI given us a standard book which materially increases our appreciation and understanding of Indian Art." Th Ciml and Mtlita'1l Gal6tt... II The book has 'some new material for the study of Indian Painting' and we therefore heartily welcome it.•. The opening chapter on U The Pallava Frescoes of Sittann8vasal Jt hu mu("h interesting material and tho reproductions of tinted copies of Bomo of the frescoes give a clear idea of tho aesthetic merits of the epic period of Indian Painting ...The chapter 00 th~ U Secuill-r Painting· in Gujrat" is of considerable importance from the historical point of view.•• The most elaborate and fascinating section of the book is the chapter on the U Court-Art of Tehri Garhwal." which is illuminated by a larger number of well selected and exquisitely printed reproductions. Both the printers and the publishers deserve sincere congratula tiona on the almost faultless get-up of the book. which compares very favourably even with European pubUcations of the lame type. It , T. P. and 001,11,' Weeklv.. U A lumptuous volume .•• indispensable for students of Oriental Art ...... This IItudy of Moghul an.d Indie PaiotiD•••. reveab. in ReligiOUS and Court Art, a wealth of coloured lovelineaa." ..tI. JIONU~lIENT..tI.L WORK: PICTURESQUE INDIA A PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEY OF THE LAND OF ANTIQUITY PHOTOGRAPHS AND INTRODUCTION BY MARTIN HURLIMANN Three Hundred and Four Photogravure Plates of \Vonderful Monuments of India's Past Greatness, Beautiful Temples, Splendid Mosques, Gorgeous Tombs, Charming \Vaterfalls, Marvellous Fortifications and Pictures of Various Types of People. Si:ze: 12"X 91", Clot" Bou"d, Price Rs. 20, TAl 11l ...,mtM Wllkl, Of lndi.. :-" Thil magni8cent coUection of photOfll'ap .....plendldl, reprod ••ed on art paper in photogravure, forms one of the moat eloquent pbotograpbte .u"8)'1of thla countr, th.t blll ."er been published. In the Introductiou th. Author III ... _.ral pages of DOeful revie .. of the hi.lory ....._.ph' aod religiooa of India, all of which help the reader better to appreciate tbe plclurel. For the more ambltiOUl, the arrangement of the mutrstioOl In accordance with the BatbOl'" Journey la gt'f'en In fuU, 10 th.t • lour In the country on tbe lame lioes might be followed." Blaill'i:_u From Madura to the Mughal gardeDi at Shalimar 10 Sri nagar. we havo In this book the 1n00t outstanding records of the past glories of India gtyen with the truthtuln811 of • camera, and th .. turnllhlnll unimpeacbable e'Vidence of the vitality of a tDlture which, unhappily far India'. poIitit"'&l condition requlr. vindication ... J""NUJl o/IAI Bomba" HuloN.a! Sooilll/:-" The photographo ar. yor,. arli.lIc and beaQlIfull, reprodu.ed. The priee, Rs. floh is not excessive far a book which gi'Vei at tbe ..me time plealDre and 1I1lplratloa." Rupam:_u It is seldom one's lot to come acrOl8 such an eueUent plclure book glYlnl • panoramic .10. of Indian Art and Life. The picturesque recorda of IDdian Art and Life ba••• eldom been entrapped b, lhe mechanism of the eamera with luch Singular success. The photograph. are admirable and are ex('ellenU, reproduced and the quality of reproducllou cannot be too hillhly praJaed. It II • magnlftceot album. lutellllfenll, designed and skilfully accomplished. whi.b ahould be placed .. an Ideal gift book In th. hand. of all I..... of India." Th. Ti.... Litlrarl/ S.. ppl ...... , (London):-"Th.. e DumerOUl photographa. all .,.r., akilfull,. tailen and clearly reproduced. ~erlainly provide a feast of the plclureoque If in thll term .an be Included both local and more universal associatiooa. TAl Ti ..... of Indio:-"ODe of the b ..t aud th. moot ambltiOUl pictorial repr_olallo.. of> India. No eB'orts have been spared to make the Photography 88 dlstlngubhed as pouible, and the prlntln. II "qul.lte. tt Till Statuman:-uThis Photographic Survey of the land of antiquity at once captura the beaut,. 0' India 80d illustrates her soul The insight and consummate arti.try of Dr. HurlimanD .bIorbi the IntOleRt of th. reader-in tracing the route of the Camera. The Studies are remarkably Impreuiye. AU in .U it I•• ('omplete panoramic picture of India." Till Bombay Chroniel,:-"Over three hundred pictures Indicate the range 01 Dr. HurUmann'. Photo graphic Sorvey. He bas given us something whicb cannot be accomplished by a mechanical manipulation 01 th. Photographic lens. Not ODe of the S~ Photograp... h.. been "'tlated by the bukneyed ",... -poInt of Ih. hurried tourist. He reveall his unlQislakabJe workmanship reapouslYe to diSCiplined artlltle perception. HI. introduction II valuable for ill graphic analysis. The publish... have diaplayed couralle and enlerprtae hltherlo practically unknown or undreamt of io India." ' TIN Hind. Litwarg 8uppz..m.nt:-"A magnificent poblieation. A picture record of India', aoeieat civilisations, the monuments of her art, the .plendour of ages, the riot of eoloar .Itd Imagery. tt TAl PiOfJUT:-"An Ideal lift. Th. beauty of lb. _ llIuatrallons apeeo for IlIelf. A book ..hlch ,"U remain to its fortunate owner a never.-endiog source of pleaJure aod delight." TA. Loadw:-"The author haa tried to Illustrate the soul of India. An Interelling.nd .aluable addition to aoy library." TM Indi4f1 BmN:_uA quiet pictorial representation of tbe glori. of aodent India, handlOlDel, printed aDd IUmptuono\y bouud. Au eloquent tribute to the profound thoullht of India. A deli,htful .,oIume which must find room on every gentleman'. table." "A BOOK BEA UTIFUL AND A BOOK OF BEAUTIES" WOMEN ~OF INDIA by OTTO ROTHFELD, F.R.G.S., I.C.S. With .. 8 Full"page Illustrations in Colonra, and COT"" Design by Rao Bahadur M. V. DHURANDHAR, H_,,,., Sir J. J. S.hool of .4.rl, Bom&ay. Edition De Luxe (Size: 10"X 71-"). Price: Cloth Rs. 20. Popular Editi~n (Size: 8"X5¥'). Price: Rs. 11. Lizt oC Coloured Plate8 :_A Bombay Lady; A Pathare Prabhu; Water-earrier from Ahmedabad; - Sweeper; Fisher Woman from Sind; Mussalman Artisan from Katbiawad; Patban Woman; Borah Lady from Surat; A Brahmin Lady going to the Temple; From Jodhpur; A Mill-Hand; A Mahar , - Woman;' Lady from Mewar; Rajput Lady from Cutch; Mahratti Lady; A Nair Lady; Mu ...lman Lady of Northern India; From Bunna; Lady from Mysore; A Southern Indian Type; Bengali Lady; A Nagar Beauty; Jain 'Nun; Bhatia Lady; Khoja Lady of Bombay; Memon Lady Walking; Parsi Fashion; Dyer Girl in Ahmedabad; Mussalman Weaver; Camba.\' Type; The Milkmaid; A Fishwife of Bombay; Toda Woman in the Nilgiris; Gond Woman; Bhi! Girl; Dancer in Miraapur; Mussalman Nautch Girl; Dancer from Tanjore; Naikin in Kanara; Gipsy Woman; A Gurkha's Wife; A Glimpse at a Door in Gujarat; A Widow in the Deccan; A Woman of the United Pro vinces; In the Happy Valley of Kashmir; A Denizen of the Western Ghat1; A Working Woman at Ajmere; Born Beside the Sacred Rivers. . Mr. Rothfeld i. well-known as an originsl .writer of great charm and power, whose stories of Indian life achieved immediate succes.. In this book he gives a graphic and picturesque account of Indian women of all castes and creeds_their home life, their charm and power, their manners and customs, their daily work and amusements, their joys and hopes, their mental development, their status in society and the influence they exercise on Indian life in general. The IJ\ustrations are beautifully executed in colours from life representing all the prinCipal types, a ud are printed on thick art pa per. TA. EnglilAman.-uHere is another gift book of arresting charm. and conspicnous artistic merit. No money Hems to have beeD spared on making the book thoroughly representative of the Womanhood of the myriad races of India. And it iI more perhaps amongst the women of India than amongst the men that ODe realises tho great dl'ftrslty of race and COllOID that mak.es India so fascinating and yet 10 baffting a problem. Mr. Rotbfeld writes interestiDgly and with wide and accurate knowledge of the women of India-the marriage customs, the ladiea of the ariatocro~y and the middle and working and aboriginal classes, and the dancing girl. But aceUent and Informing as the letterpress is, the prinCipal feature of the Volume is tho very large number of coloured platea, 68 in all, which reproduce the women of the ditferent racea and classes with remarkable fidelity and wlth a fino wealth of eolour. These plates give one a singular good idea of the types of Indian women and of their natiow dress which from the East of India to the West and from the North to tho South has even greater variations thaD the fasbioDl of Europe. The book I.a Dot only a very luitable gift book, it is also • valuable contribution to Indian literature." TARAPOREVALA'S BOOKS OF INDIAN INTEREST INDIAN CONSTITUTIONAL PROBLEMS.-B, Sir P. S. SI_.... m' AIJer. X.C.S.I •• C.I.B.. Retl"'" Member of the Ex"""II.. Coancll. Madra. Jla. 7-41 • ...ITHROUGH INDIA WITH A CAMEIlA.-A HaDd"'" Pbat__ pble Vlewo of 110 Pa_ CIII .. aDd Nalaral Sc.D.ry with aD IDlrDCiactloa by SIrT. W. ArDoid. XI •• C.I.B.. M.A •• Aalhar of "Preaebl... of lala ...... c. Late PeIl"", of the UDiTenllyof Allababad aDd the Paajab. Paper eo.. Jla. 'I Oatb """Dd Jla. •• INDIAN AFI'ER-DINNER STORIES.-(A CoUectioa of'40 HllarlDDaly PaaDY Slarl.. ). By A. S. P. Ay,... M.A. (O:rON.). I.C.S•• Vola. Price. Eacb Jla. •• , . SENSE IN SEX AND OTHER PIQUANT STORIES OF INDIAN WOMEN.-By A. S. P:AJJU. M.A. (O:rON.). I.C.S. Jla. •• ZOROASTRIAN RELIGION AND CUSTOMS.-By Ernd Sberlar)1 Dadabbal Bhara.b., Wllh au Inlroduetioa by Dr. II.... jl lamshedjl Modi. B.A•• PRo D •• C.I.B. A .ueclDI aDd IUdd ...... t of Ihe _Dllal elemeDIo of Zor ....lrl .... "". IDcludiDg a .bort billory of Zorouler aDd b .. pred_. Third Editl"". r ....ed aDd enlarged. Rs. S. THE PERNS OF BOMBAY.-By E. Blatter S. I .• PRo D" P.L.S•• Prof_ of BotaDY. St. X.. I .. •• CoUege. Bombay. aud I. F. d' Almeida. B.A•• B.Se. (HONS.). Prof_ of Botaay. St. X.. i ..•• College. &-bay. W itb • coloared and 16 HaII-ToDe pial.. aDd 6S lext-Bgar... Rs. 1-8. BOMBAY THROUGH A CAMEIlA.-An Album contaiDlng til Vie... of Bomba,. 8tb Edltloa. R •• 1. THE SUBSTANCE OF INDIAN PAITH.-By AUaa Butterwortb. I.C.S•• Antbar of "'ascrlptioDl oa tb. Copper Pl.tee and Stones in Nellore Di,trlct", "Some Madra Tres", and uTh, Southlaod. Of Sin", ft.. e.• A PLEA FOR OPEN-AIR SCHOOLS IN INDlA.-By S. C. Chatter)'. B.Se.. L.T. (AU.). M.ED. (L .....). Lecturer, Government Training College, Ajmer, Author of "Pb)'licaJ EdueatiOD", "School Hygiene", itA Tnt. Book of Pb,.ical Training". etc. Re. 1-8. CHITOR AND OTHER POEMS.-(IDlplrlng Poem. of IDdia·. GoId.n Da,.). By Sby.m Snoder La! Chordia. Por.... ord by E. E. Spelgbt. Prof. of Engl.. h Literature. o.m.nla UnlTenlly, Hyderabad (Deccan), Edition Limited to 600 Copl .. only. Rs,.•• HISTORY OF INDIAN CURRENCY AND EXCHANGE.-By B. E. Dad.ehanll, M.A. (Bombay), A.lltaDt ProfOllor of Economies and Hlltory, Morrl. CoUege, N.gpur, Late F.U""" B.. eda College, (Bombay UDI""nity). Rs. !!-". PEASANT-PROPRIETORSHIP IN INDlA.-By Profeaaor Dvljadu Datta, M.A .. A.B.A.C. (ClreD_tor). Late ProfOllor of Agrlcultur., C. E. College. Slbpore. and formerly Principal. Cblttal'ong CoUege. Rs. S. ELEMENTS OF INDIAN COMPANY LAW.-By Sohrab R. Danr, Barr.. ter .. t-La .. , Principal .ad Pounder of Daver'o Coilege of Commerce. La", aDd BankIPI'. Bombey. Secoad Editloa. Rs. 8. ELEMENTS OF INDIAN MERCANTILE LAW.-By Sohrah R. Da... r. B..... t-La .. etc. Fifth Edilioa. Jla. 10. BY-WAYS OF BOMBAY.-By S. M. Ed...... d ... C.V.O.,I.C.S•• Late Commillioaer of PoiIc•• Bombay. With to IUustratioDl specially dra.... for thi. Edition by M. V. DhuraDdbar, Head Muter, Sir I. I. School of Art. Bombay. Second Editloa. Rs. 1-8. INDIGENOUS INDIAN BANKING.-By M. M. S. Gubbay, C.S.I •• C.I.E•• Late Coalroiler of Currency aud Financial Secretary to the Government of India. Be. I-II. THE HYMNS OF ZOROASTER USUALLY CALLED THE GATHAS.-'For the Fi.. t Time mscovered to be Duplicate Biographies Personal Bod PriesUyo TraDslated with Introduction and Noles by K. S. LaDDla! Guthrie, Revealer aDd Tramlatol' of Plotious, Etc. Rao 10. SULTAN MAHMUD OF GHAZNI.-A Study. By Mohammad Habib. B.A. (OXON.). M.L.C •• Profeaa.. of History and Politics, Muslim University', Alig8!'b. Rs.$-8. HAZRAT AMIR XHUSRAU OF DELHI.-By Mohammad Habib. B.A. (OXON.). M.L.C•• etc. R •• !-S. WEEK.END TRIPS AROUND BOMBAY.-ByRai1 arid ferry Steamer. Descriptions and Photographs by H. R. Hildreth. B. A. Re. 1·8. . ~HE EMPIRE OF THE GREAT MOGOL.-A T~Bn81~tiOD of De Laet's ~'DeBcrjptioD of India and Frag. ment of Indian HielOl'Y" by J. S. Hoyland, M.A., F. R. HlsT. So, Hislop College, Nagpnr. A~notated by S. N;. Banorjee, M.A., Mobindra College, PaUale. Price Ra. &-8. JSTUDIES IN INDIAN RURAL ECONOMICS.-By S. Ke.hava Iyengar. Prof.... r of Economics. H. R. H. The Nimm"s College, Hyderabad (Deccan). Iudia. Sometime Economic Survey officer with the Government of Mysore. Rs. 8. JOURNAL OF INDIAN ART.-COntaining Hnndreds of Plate•• Plain and Coloured. issued in porta from IBM to 1916. Containing Authoritative Contributions on the Industrial Arts and Crafta, Architecture, etc. in India, by Birwood, J. L. Kippling, F. A. Steele. Havell, Hendley and olhers. Beautifully Illustrated by u~ wards or--2'0 plates in Colours, Silver and Gold (executed by Griggs) and 840 others. of Pottery, Enamels, Silks, Laquer Works, Book Binding, Ivories, Embroidery, etc. (Complete list of Journals Beot free on application). HINDU EXOGAMY.-A Systematic Study of Hi~du Marriage outside the Gotra. by S. V. Xaraudikar. M.A. Ils. 8. THE CHARM OF BOMBAY.-By R. P. Xarkaria. With. Foreword by H. E. Lord WiUingdon.G.C.I.E•• GO"fernor of Bombay. RI. t...s. THE WORKING OF DYARCHY IN INDIA: (1919-1928)-By "Xerala Putra" (X. M. Panikkar). Ro. t. THE TALE OF THE TULSI PLANT AND OTHER STUDIES.-By C. A. Xincaid. C.V.O •• I.C.S., Author of "The Outlaws of Kathiawar", "The lDdian Heroea", etc. New and Bensed Edition. Illustrated. Ro. 2-6. . ~RI KRISHNA OF DWARKA AND OTHER STORIES.-By C. A. Xincaid. C.V.O•• I.C.S •• etc. Re.l~. LORD HASTINGS AND THE INDIAN STATES.-·By Dr. Mohan Sinha Mehta. M.A •• LL.B •• PH.D .. Bar.-at~Law. Foreword by Sir -Po S. Sivaswamy Aiyer, K.C.S.l., C.I.E. ,Rs. 10. (To be published in 1990.) INOOME-TAX IN RELATION TO ACCOUNTS.-By F. R. Merchant. F.S.A.A •• of the Goverument of India, Income-Tu: Department, Bombay. Third Edition 1928. Thoroughly Revised, ConSiderably Enlarged and Brought up-tOOat.. Cloth Bound. Ro. &-t. MALABAR AND THE PORTUGUESE.-Being a History of the relations of the Portuguese with Malabar from 1&00 to 1669. By K. M. Panikkar, B.A. (OXON.), Bar.-at~Law, Author of "Shri Harsha of Kanauj" etc. Poreword by Lieut.-Col. Sir Richard Carnac Temple, Bt., C.B., C.I.E., F.E.A., F.B.A., Editor, uThe Indian Antiquary". Illustrated. Royal 8vo. Si.e. 1999. Ra. 6. SHRI HARSHA OF XANAUJ.-A Monograph on the History of India in the First half of the nh Century A. C. By K. M. Panikkar, B.A. (OXON.) Author of "'Introd.'oction to the Relation of Indian Statee To the Government of India", etc. Rs. s.8. VcOMMERCIAL POLICY OF THE MOGULS.- By Dr. D. Pant. B. Co.... PH. D •• Jivanpur. Almor., Pri•• about Rio 10. (To b. publiahed in 1980.) SEX PROBLEMS IN INDIA.-A Sci_Ie Kzp.I_ '" S. LI", ... _ ....- ...... _ _ in ... I. l.eUa "'- tlo.. 1.... _ ... ta the _at da,. B, N. S ...... ".A., Prof_ of ....t.I ... ..ani Phll~,. Roja... ColI_Kolbe..... POIew.,. hr ...... Nl ...... Pt.Ideat. n. "-wI... IItrtl. Ce;tral Lap.. Pall, DIaotrateel. S...... t LIlt... Ro. •• PICfURES OP .INDIAN LIFE AND CHARACfERS.-A. AlIN. '" Beprecl..tl.. I.... het...... aad Drawlap. depictlag the P_le '" I.d... tbelr Cawt..... LlI...... n. 1bhItw. C_. wk. Be. I_I'. THK CO-OPEBATIVE MOVEMENT IN INDIA. A COMPARATIVE STUDT.-B, I. L Ral_, B.A., ".B.A.8. (LoNDON). With PCHew ... d h, Prof. P. A. Wadi.. ".A.. A.tb. '" "W_lt~ '" ladl.. " at... Price Be. t. BHAGAVAD-GITA.-Tb. Suag-Celestlal AaaI,..:I. A. E",..ltl.. ow tb,"11 '" ...'e .... Phil~' ...... 'eh ... AaaI,.... B, V... at G. ReI.. F.C.P.8 •• LM."S•• Aut... '" "Tb. "yotorl_ Itaeelwllal", Po..... h, N. D. M.bta. B.A., Depal, Mualelpal Com... loaer. 8oooba" Aathor '" "Tb.EoaIatl.. aad c..... ptl.. '" OM" aad C. V. Vald,.. M.A .. LL.B. lUulllr.ted. Ro. ..It. . THE MYSTERIOUS ItUNDALINI.-Tb. Pbpl"" Baal. of tb. "ltuadallal (Hathe) y .." I. t ... '" Weot... Aawtoca, aad Pb,.ial...,. hr Dr. V_t G, R.I•• F.C.P.S.. L.M." S. With a Fore'" h, Sir lab. Woodrolf.. Soeuad Ealarged aad Tboraughl, Rtrrlled MillO&. IUDWlr.tod. Prleo Be. U. AN EXPOSITION OF THE DlBECTIONAL ASTROLOGY OF THK HINDUS AI PROPOUNDED 1M VIMSHOTTARI DASA.-B, Dr. V. G. Bel•• LM." S •• F.B.C.P. Be. t. UMAR KHAYTAM AND HIS AGE.-D, OtID Rotbf.ld. P.B.O.S•• I.C.S. Ro. ,-to WITH PEN AND BIFLE IN KISHTWAB.-A Dellgbtful book OD Sport la tho HI .....' ... B, Otta Rotb'eld, P.B.G.8•• I.C.8.. etc. Be. W. THE MAIN CURBENTS OF MARATHA HISTORY.-B, Prof. OOTIad Sakh...... rd_l. B.A. Aulbor 0' "M.r.tbl BI,...t". (Patao Ual.... nit' Reodonblp Loetureo. 1"8.) B •• I-t. HINDUSTANI WITHOUT A MASTER.-A Simpl. Molbod of loaral ... Hlodaotaal .ad Urdu Laagoapl la S _ko la Ramaa Cheraot.ra. Wltb a Copious Eagll ..... Hlad ...taal V_haw, aad Laocwr'. Hladaotaal, B, SUrDddla Babaddia S,eeI. Lat. Urdu T ....b ... Y.M.C.A •• (Bomba,).-Tblrd Llilloa. Be. I-I'. CHRYSANTHEMUMS, HOW TO GROW THEM.-Por AlDaloun la ladl.. B, Mn. T.lDpl.. Wrlght n Author of "F1cnren aDd GardeDi 10 lodi. • Aaaa 11. A SIMPLIPIED GBAMMAB OF THE GUJARATI LANGUAGE.-Togolh.r wltb a Sbort R-tlal BooI& aad Vocabalar,. B, tb. Rtrr. Wm. St. Clair TlldaU. M.A.. C.M.S .. For ..orl, Prlaclpal. Trolal., College. Amritaor. latel, MiIolooar, la charg•• C. M. S. MuhammadaD MllliOD. Bomba,. Be. I-t. DOWNFALL OF HINDU INDIA (C. 1000 to lWO A. C.).-B, C. V. Vald,•• M.A .. LL.B., Roo. ,.U"",. Bomba,. Ualventty, aDd Autbor 01 uMahabbarata. a Criticism," "Biddl. of BaIU1au," "Bplc IDd'1--n _. Be. ,-8. AT A.fAMTA.-By Kaaal,.laI H. Vakil. B.A•• LL.B•• Foreword b, W. B. GIwdotoa. 8oIomua. I.R.S. Witb sa Half-Tone lU ...tr.tl.... Be. a. GUJABATI EXERCISE.'1.-Or • New Mod. of Leeralag to Read. Write aad Speak the o.,.,atl Laa..... ia iii" mODtho. OD tb. OUoadarftaa Syotom. Wltb Appead ... CODtaIal ... a S,_II of the AoIlv•• Irr.gaIar. P ...i ..... C..... tiv •• Dopoa.a!, aDd Idlom.tle V.rbs; Lilt of Adverbs. Pr.pooltl... , Jator~_, Practl_, Coajaac:tioao; aad Namban, Na"01 of tb. De,. aad Moatha. aad Dogr_ '" Belltloaoblpo, Baleo for O"'or, Grammatical Torma. Profb:oa. AlIb:OI, Mattbew V-VII. with Interlinear Traaac:rlpt .ad V.ntaa. Popular ...... etc. D, Robert Young. F.E.8.L. Aatbor of Varl ... Worko la tb..... _ aad lad.... &erop.a La_. Witb. Ke,'or PrI ....t. Stad,. Be. 7-3, without Key Be. 4. '4/JP.tIN... - ....4fJJr...,4r ... f!/IJr.,...... ,..., ...... 4W4Jr4/)fr ...... ~ ..4fI!w."...... ",.".#t' .... .,. ... 4J'r~ ...... f r mutratoo1\ Claatopa of 7ar&_Ia... opaIar _. of III4laa 18_ ..m 110 _ '-_ app_ I !,......