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Estudo Da Bioecologia De Rhombacus Eucalypti Ghosh & Chakrabarti, Um

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Estudo Da Bioecologia De Rhombacus Eucalypti Ghosh & Chakrabarti, Um ESTUDO DA BIOECOLOGIA DE RHOMBACUS EUCALYPTI GHOSH & CHAKRABARTI, UM ÁCARO ERIOFÍDEO DO EUCALIPTO EM PORTUGAL Nuno Miguel de Jesus Pereira Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Agronómica Orientadores: Doutora Manuela Rodrigues Branco Simões Doutora Maria dos Anjos Santos Ferreira Júri: Presidente: Doutora Maria José Antão Pais de Almeida Cerejeira, Professora Associada com Agregação do Instituto Superior de Agronomia da Universidade de Lisboa. Vogais: - Doutora Manuela Rodrigues Branco Simões, Professora Auxiliar com Agregação do Instituto Superior de Agronomia da Universidade de Lisboa; - Doutor José Carlos Franco Santos Silva, Professor Auxiliar do Instituto Superior de Agronomia da Universidade de Lisboa. 2016 1 AGRADECIMENTOS A realização deste trabalho só foi possível graças à valiosa colaboração e ao contributo, de forma direta ou indireta, de várias pessoas e instituições, às quais gostaria de exprimir algumas palavras de agradecimento e profundo reconhecimento, em particular: À Doutora Manuela Branco Simões, orientadora interna, do DEF (Departamento de Engenharia Florestal) do ISA (Instituto Superior de Agronomia), pela motivação, pelo empenho, incentivo e esforço evidenciado na conjugação de várias tarefas. Agradeço, ainda, a preocupação e toda a sua disponibilidade na prontidão do esclarecimento de dúvidas e troca de material de apoio. Foram muitos os e-mails partilhados aquando da fase de revisão do texto… À Doutora Maria dos Anjos Ferreira, orientadora externa e Investigadora Auxiliar do Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, pela orientação da parte respeitante à Acarologia, identificação dos ácaros, bem como as profícuas sugestões. Agradeço toda a sua disponibilidade incansável e por me ter “aberto” a porta do magnífico e fascinante mundo dos ácaros. Ao Doutor Carlos Valente do Departamento de Proteção Florestal, do RAIZ (Instituto de Investigação da Floresta e Papel) pertencente ao gPS (grupo Portucel Soporcel), o meu sincero agradecimento pelo desafio lançado subordinado à temática desta Dissertação, por todas as sugestões, apoio, motivação, dedicação e disponibilidade demonstrada. Ao Doutor João Santos Pereira, do DEF do ISA, pelo esclarecimento de dúvidas e sugestões. Ao Secretariado do ISA, em particular à Dra. Catarina Cruz, pela prontidão dos esclarecimentos prestados e pela sua disponibilidade e, também, à D.ª Idalina pela sua inestimável atenção. À Dª Maria de Jesus, pela ajuda no trabalho laboratorial e disponibilidade sempre evidenciada. Ao colega e amigo Licínio (Departamento Tecnológico do RAIZ) pelo apoio fotográfico neste trabalho. Aos colegas e amigos Técnicos de Campo do RAIZ, designadamente: Paulo Silva, José Cardoso e Rui Gomes, pelo excelente espírito de colaboração, pelos bons momentos vividos aquando das saídas de campo, boa disposição, empenho e interajuda no trabalho prático de campo, permitindo uma troca de saber e experiências extremamente enriquecedoras que em muito me ajudaram a crescer e a valorizar. Quero, também, dedicar este trabalho à memória dos colegas e sempre amigos Paulo Silva e Luís Lemos, dizendo que este trabalho é, também, Vosso! Às instituições RAIZ (Eixo-Aveiro) e INIAV, I.P. (Oeiras) (antiga Estação Agronómica Nacional) pela disponibilização dos meios necessários à realização da componente prática e laboratorial. À Ana Vasques, Carlos Palma, Filipa Costa, Pedro Braumann, Catarina Manta, Margarida Silva e Catarina Gonçalves pela força, incentivo, espírito de companheirismo e partilha de alguns dados. A todos os meus colegas e amigos que me ajudaram ao longo desta etapa (campo, laboratório, tratamento de dados e correções), sejam eles docentes, colegas de trabalho, amigos e família, o meu Obrigado! Alcançar esta nova etapa da minha vida académica não seria possível sem o V. apoio. Por fim, um agradecimento especial aos meus pais e à minha irmã, pela compreensão e incentivo sempre demonstrados ao longo desta árdua mas gratificante caminhada. A todos vós um grande bem-haja! 2 I Estudo da bioecologia de Rhombacus eucalypti Ghosh & Chakrabarti, um ácaro eriofídeo do eucalipto em Portugal RESUMO O objetivo desta dissertação é contribuir para o conhecimento da bioecologia de Rhombacus eucalypti Ghosh & Chakrabarti, um ácaro eriofídeo do eucalipto, detetado em Portugal em 2005. R. eucalypti apresenta um ciclo de vida curto, desenvolvendo várias gerações que se sobrepõem. Possui um regime alimentar especializado, pois é uma espécie monófaga do género Eucalyptus. Trata-se de um ácaro livre que se desenvolve, preferencialmente, na rebentação, na página inferior e superior das folhas. Ao sugar o conteúdo das células epidérmicas, origina descoloração, necroses, bronzeamento da folhagem e desfolha ao nível da bicada. Em Portugal assume o estatuto de nova praga potencial e encontra-se distribuída em todo o país, predominantemente, nas regiões onde se cultiva o eucalipto, com alguma expressão em Eucalyptus globulus Labill. - espécie mais plantada, desde o litoral ao centro- norte, com significado macroeconómico relevante para a indústria papeleira. Dos 67 locais selecionados para o estudo de distribuição geográfica de R. eucalypti, de março de 2007 a março de 2008, foram detetadas populações nos gomos axilares em 21 regiões e, nas folhas, em 20 localidades. As diferenças regionais observadas foram, sobretudo, devidas ao clima, a seca e as temperaturas elevadas no verão fizeram decrescer as populações de R. eucalypti. Nas parcelas de ensaio instaladas em Castelo de Paiva e Pegões, entre fevereiro de 2007 e janeiro de 2008, verificou-se uma diminuição dos níveis populacionais deste eriofídeo, mormente a partir de maio, estendendo-se pelos meses mais quentes e secos. No inverno foram as temperaturas baixas o fator limitante. O ácaro fitoseídeo Typhlodromus transvaalensis (Nesbitt) foi identificado, na região de Valongo do Vouga (Aveiro), como possível predador de R. eucalypti em Portugal. Existem diferenças de suscetibilidade de diferentes Eucalyptus spp. a R. eucalypti, sendo a secção Maidenaria, onde se inclui E. globulus a mais atacada. Palavras-chave: ácaro eriofídeo, Rhombacus eucalypti, eucalipto, bioecologia, Portugal. 3II Study of the bioecology of Rhombacus eucalypti Ghosh & Chakrabarti, an eriophyid mite from eucalyptus in Portugal ABSTRACT In this work we aim at improving the knowledge of the biology and ecology of Rhombacus eucalypti Ghosh & Chakrabarti, an eriophyid mite, feeding on eucalyptus, first detected in Portugal in 2005. R. eucalypti has a short life cycle, developing several overlapping generations in a year. It has a specialized diet, it feeds exclusively on the Eucalyptus genus. This mite develops in the buds and young leaves. It sucks the content of the epidermal cells, which causes discoloration, necrosis, foliage bronzing and defoliation in the higher part of the trees. We found the species is distributed throughout the country, from the coast to the north- central with some expression in Eucalyptus globulus Labill. plantations, presenting a potential pest status. Differences in susceptibility of different Eucalyptus spp. to R. eucalypti, were found, being E. globulus, as well as other species from Maidenaria section the most attacked ones. Since E. globulus is the main species cultivated in the country, with relevant macroeconomic significance for the paper industry, because the quality of its wood, the mite represents a menace for the pulp industry. From march 2007 to march 2008, 67 sites were selected for the study of geographical distribution of R. eucalypti, and were detected populations in axillary buds in 21 regions, and in the leaves in 20 places. In the same study period, the regional differences were observed mainly due to the climate, drought and high summer temperatures decreased populations of R. eucalypti, while in the winter temperatures were the limiting factor. Typhlodromus transvaalensis (Nesbitt) is a phytoseiid mite which was identified in the Valongo do Vouga region (Aveiro), as a possible predator of the R. eucalypti in Portugal. Key words: eriophyid mite, Rhombacus eucalypti, eucalyptus, bioecology, Portugal. III 4 ÍNDICE AGRADECIMENTOS……………………………………………………………………………...….I RESUMO……………………………………………………………………………………………...II ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………..…………………III ÍNDICE……………………………………………………………………...………………………...IV LISTA DAS FIGURAS .......................................................................................................... 7 LISTA DOS QUADROS .......................................................................................................10 LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS ................................................................................................11 1. INTRODUÇÃO .................................................................................................................12 1.1. A FLORESTA NO MUNDO, NA UNIÃO EUROPEIA E EM PORTUGAL ...................... 14 1.2. A FLORESTA DE EUCALIPTO E A CULTURA DE EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS LABILL. ............................................................................................................................................. 18 1.3. FAUNA DE ARTRÓPODES DA FLORESTA DE EUCALIPTO ....................................... 21 1.4. CARACTERÍSTICAS GERAIS DOS ÁCAROS .................................................................. 27 2. POSIÇÃO SISTEMÁTICA, DESCRIÇÃO MORFOLÓGICA E SINTOMATOLOGIA DEVIDA A RHOMBACUS EUCALYPTI ..........................................................................30 3. DISTRIBUIÇÃO GEOGRÁFICA
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