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Home , Atriplex amnicola, Enchylaena, Eucalyptus calycogona, Eucalyptus capillosa, Eucalyptus longicornis, Eucalyptus loxophleba

This publication is designed to assist land Contents managers to identify the different vegetation and soil types that make up the Central and 2 Introduction Eastern Wheatbelt and enable them to best 3 Using This Guide decide the most suitable species when Find out how planning biodiverse revegetation. to prepare 4 Preparation and your site for Establishment Of Your Site regeneration 7 Revegetation Timeline

8 Red Morell Country

10 Country

12 Salmon Gum Country Choose your soil type 14 Jam or York Gum Country 16 Tammar Country

18 White Gum Country

20 Country

All flower, tree and landscape Introductory pages written Thanks to all Shire Natural 22 Sandplain or Wodjil photographs have been by Tracey Hobbs, Natural Resource Management kindly donated by Stephen Resource Management Officers in the Central Fry, Natural Resource Officer, Kellerberrin. and Eastern Wheatbelt for 24 Sandy Saline Systems Management Officer, Revegetation pages written edits and advice throughout Bruce Rock. by Stephen Fry, Natural the publishing process of Resource Management this book. Officer, Bruce Rock

For further information This publication has been Publication designed Ken Hodgkiss & or assistance please contact funded by the Australian by Juliette Dujardin. friend, John Butcher, the Natural Resource Government’s Clean Energy Lawry Keeler & Management Officer Future Biodiversity Fund. Merrilyn Temby at your local Shire.

1 This publication has been written from a practical The Avon Catchment of WA has less than on-ground perspective for landholders to identify 10% of its original vegetation remaining. their own soil/vegetation types and the best species to use for their revegetation project.

This extremely fragmented remnant This collaboration is essential in This publication describes the different vegetation is of high conservation value achieving maximum NRM outcomes soil types, their associated vegetation TIP because of its high level of genetic on-ground across the farming community type, and what defines them. This variation and endemism, and as habitat and NRM resources and services have includes the dominant vegetation and Several photos of defining for threatened and endangered fauna been able to cover an area of 71,480 km.2 other that make up the unique flowering species and flora species. This has created a greater opportunity character of this area. for landholders and local government have been included as a The Central Wheatbelt of WA also For each soil/vegetation type there is a to work together to achieve large-scale has 41 Beard and Hopkins Vegetation suggested list of species to be used for reference guide for what environmental gains. Associations (BHVA) identified by the revegetation of that area. Some of the WA Department of Environment and species of the original vegetation have you might see in the Conservation as priority vegetation. not been included in this list as they original vegetation type. Priority vegetation is recognised as are difficult or even impossible to grow having less than 10% remnant horticulturally and therefore unable Generally these are vegetation existing. to be sourced through local nurseries. plants that you will We are a collaboration of fifteen Shire Councils working together not be able to find at to provide Natural Resource Management (NRM) services farm tree nurseries. for the central and eastern regions of the Wheatbelt The in Western . project Perth area

Mt Stirling WA 2 3 There are many different methods of revegetation but the one outlined below is the most common and successful process for the Central and Eastern Wheatbelt.

Site Preparation TIP Planning Ripping Planting If your site has a hard pan it may be The most common method of planting There are specialist necessary to rip 4-6 months prior to in the area is with a one pass Chatfield’s To ensure the availability of the preferred planting as this will allow the moisture Tree Planter. This machine will allow seedlings you will need to place an order biodiversity nurseries to penetrate the soil and enable the you to rip and scalp the site at the same with your chosen nursery by November where difficult to source seedling roots to spread. time you are planting the seedlings. the year before you plan to revegetate. species can be ordered. These machines can usually be hired Pre-planting Weed Control from your local Shire or Landcare group. Weed control is important to conserve Contact your local Natural For the best success rate it is important the available soil moisture and avoid that the seedlings are planted in the Resource Management competition with your seedlings. best possible conditions. This is usually This can be done using a knockdown Officer for further details. in July when there is soil moisture (Glyphosphate) herbicide. Your local and potential rain to help establish agronomist can assist you with the seedlings. further recommendations. Hand Planting Pest Control Hand planting can be just as quick If rabbits are abundant in the area it and more successful than machine would be advisable to carry out some planting, if the preparation is well done. form of rabbit control in the summer/ A Chatfield Tree Planting machine with autumn prior to planting. This could the press wheels removed creates the be in the form of baiting, warren perfect hand planting environment. ripping or fumigation. It affords you the opportunity to return to the site and replant or seed Sandalwood in subsequent years.

4 5 First Second Third Year Year Year Order seedlings from nursery January

Rabbit control February

Weed control March Post-Planting Site preparation April Pest Control Stock Restriction Post planting rabbit control may be It is essential to restrict stock from the Planting May required if rabbits pose a threat to site until the seedlings have properly seedlings. You will first notice this where established. For a biodiverse site this the site is close to existing vegetation. will be at least four years. If you are Monitor & June

revegetating with fodder as part survival count of a grazing system this time frame can be reduced to 18 months. When stock are July TIP allowed access to the site, seedlings will need to be closely monitored for signs of August Rabbit control will be more grazing damage. important in dry years September when they are seeking food. October In these circumstances kangaroos may also pose November a threat to seedlings. Claudia Kirby December planting Sandal wood hosts in 2009

6 7 Morell is probably the most difficult Characteristics Standard Nursery Species Morell has very saline subsoil. soil to work with, apart from heavy Acacia hemetiles Tan Wattle Once the topsoil erodes, salinity clays, which are usually close by. is sure to follow. amnicola River Saltbush Morells are often associated The soil is structureless, fine and dusty Old Man Saltbush with saline landscapes. Atriplex nummularia with a propensity to erode easily. The understory is sparse and Atriplex semibaccatta Creeping Saltbush dominated by saltbush species. - As many as 10 saltbush species can be identified under morell canopies. Casuarina obesa Swamp Sheoak pauperiflora is the most Red Morell common mid story species associated with Morell. Eucalyptus Oil Mallee York Gimlet often interacts at the margins loxophleba-lissophloia to heavy clays and if Salmon Gum is - present, double check to make sure that it isn’t , which Gimlet grows with Morell and looks very tomentosa Ruby Saltbush similar to Salmon Gum. Morell (Eucalyptus longicornis) brevifolia Bluebush can survive in saline margins Boree and heavy clays and performs well in revegetation projects.

Things you may see in Morell country but won’t be able to get from the nursery...

Acacia Frankenia sp intricata

Hakea preissii Darwinia sp

8 9 Gimlet country is characterised by clay. Characteristics Standard Nursery Species Whether red cracking clays or grey Tan Wattle Gimlet soils will be hard, sticky, grey clays, Eucalyptus salubris will dominate Acacia hemetiles on valley floor environments. to red clays. You will need plenty of Atriplex semibaccatta Creeping Saltbush Gimlet is often joined by Salmon Gum, horsepower to ensure that it is ripped Morell or Eucalyptus urna. Atriplex vesicaria - well for a good revegetation outcome. The soils are generally in the valley Eucalyptus longicornis Red Morell floor and as the soil slope rises, other species will take over. York Gum ssp lissophloia Oil Mallee Gimlet can also grade to or to York Gum. Eucalyptus myriadena -

Eucalyptus loxophleba ssp lissophloia Eucalyptus salubris Gimlet can also be associated with Gimlet. Ruby Saltbush It is common to see all of the mentioned Eucalypts growing Melaleuca pauperiflora - together where the soil structures are constantly changing. Maireana brevifolia Bluebush

Things you may see in clay but won’t be able to get from the nursery...

Acacia hemetiles

Pit tosporum P tilotus angustifloia spathulatus

Grevillea huegellii 10 11 Salmon Gum country (Eucalyptus Characteristics Standard Nursery Species With loamy or sandy topsoils Jam salmonophloia) is perhaps the most and deep loamy clays beneath, reliable and productive soil in this soil will support many other Acacia hemetiles Tan Wattle Eucalypts and understory and the Wheatbelt. mid story species. Acacia microbotrya Manna Wattle Many of the soils are granite derived, Allocasuarina huegeliana Rock Sheoak but in the valleys the soils can be grey clays with calcium nodules Atriplex semibaccatta Creeping Saltbush present in the soil. Atriplex vesicaria – Eucalyptus salubris and Eucalyptus loxophleba are often associated with Enchylaena tomentosa Ruby Saltbush Salmon Gums as the soils grade to heavier clays or lighter loams. Eucalyptus loxophleba York Gum

Once Salmon Gum country Salmon Gum becomes salinised, it is best not to try to reintroduce it. Like many Eucalyptus salubris Gimlet soils, salinity destroys the soil Morell structure and it is best to refer Eucalyptus longicornis to the saline systems page for Melaleuca lateriflora Diamond Myrtle revegetation options. Melaleuca pauperiflora –

Melaleuca uncinata Brushwood

Things you may see in Salmon Maireana brevifolia Bluebush Gum country but won’t be able to get from the nursery...

Maireana georgei

Hibber tia rupicola

12 13 Perhaps the most desirable farming Characteristics Standard Nursery Species This soil retains high levels of soil Jam country, with loamy soils, often stony moisture well. Acacia acuminata with high productivity and well The soil does however, transition Acacia hemetiles Manna Wattle into other soils and granite and it can Shaggy Wattle drained. As a medium for revegetation, contain pockets of White Gum, Mallee, Acacia lasiocalyx Salmon or Gimlet. It is impossible to it is unsurpassed. Allocasuarina huegeliana Rock Sheoak to soil type when this occurs, so it is wise to include a variety of other Atriplex semibaccatta Creeping Saltbush Eucalypts in your seedling list. Callistemon phoeniceus Bottlebrush York Gum (Eucalyptus loxophleba) is the most versatile species there is. Eucalyptus capillosa Inland Wandoo Sub-species such as lissophloia can York Gum handle clays and has even been Eucalyptus loxophleba used on sand and gravel for Oil Eucalyptus salmonophloia Salmon Gum Mallee plantations. Gimlet Sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) Eucalyptus salubris occurs most heavily on these soils Enchylaena tomentosa Ruby Saltbush in association with Acacia acuminata and sandalwood plantations do very Leptospermum erubescens Tee Tree well on this country. Melaleuca elliptica Granite Myrtle (red) Jam country will support a large variety of species and naturally Melaleuca radula Mauve Myrtle has a huge diversity of annuals and understory species. Melaleuca uncinata group Brushwood Santalum spicatum Sandalwood Things you may see in Jam country but won’t be able to get from the nursery...

Waitzia acuminata Dianella revoluta Calytri x l esch en aultia

Thelymitra macrophylla

14 15 Gravel soils are commonly covered Characteristics Standard Nursery Species Gravel soils are dominated by Narrow Leaf Wodjil with a sandy topsoil of varying depths. Proteacaea family members Acacia assimilis On ridge lines this sand has eroded and and Allocasuarinas. Acacia neurophylla Broad Leaf Wodjil Eucalypts tend to only dominate leaves a purely gravel conglomerate. where the sandy topsoil is deeper. Acacia resinomarginea Old Man Wodjil E. burracoppinensis tends to be the Allocasuarina acutivalvis Black Sheaoak dominant Eucalypt. Tammar As the top soil deepens, usually with Allocasuarina campestris yellow sand plain, E. leptapoda takes Allocasuarina huegeliana Rock Sheoak over as the dominant Eucalypt. Claw Flower Gravel soils are usually species rich. Calothamnus gilesii As the photo demonstrates, species Eucalyptus Burracoppin which make up mid story in most burracoppinensis Mallee habitats, tend to dominate as an Eucalyptus capillosa White Gum overstory. Grevilleas, Hakeas, Calothamnus, Eucalyptus capillosa Mallee White Gum Acacias, Persoonias and ssp polyclada are in abundance. Eucalyptus plenissima Oil Mallee Often, when burnt or severely Leptospermum erubescens Tee Tree disturbed, gravel soils will flourish with species, not seen in mature Melaleuca cordata Pom Poms shrub land. Melaleuca uncinata Brushwood Gravel soils will often have white rocky soils below them, as they grade to White Gum soils.

Things you may see in gravel but won’t be able to get from the nursery...

Isopogon Grevillea scabriusculus asteriscosa

Grevillea paradoxa Stylidium species

16 17 This view of Inland White Gums Characteristics Standard Nursery Species This soil consists of sandy, white to Jam (Eucalyptus capillosa) invariably lacks grey topsoil over a deeper layer of Acacia acuminata mid or significant understory species. decayed granite, white clayey rock, Acacia hemetiles Tan Wattle clay or gravel. The white clay, rocky soils grow Depending on the depth to the Acacia microbotrya Manna Wattle underlying base soil and its nature, a variety of Eucalypt species, but Allocasuarina campestris Tammar dominant Eucalypts will vary toward White Gum usually predominates. Mallee species such as erythronema, Allocasuarina huegeliana Rock Sheoak eremophila or salmonophloia as the topsoil increases over clay. Atriplex semibaccatta Creeping Saltbush The shallower the soil gets, species Callistemon phoeniceus Bottlebrush such as E. capillosa ssp polyclada on white rocky soil or burracoppinensis Eucalyptus capill White Gum on gravel will prevail. Eucalyptus capillosa Mallee White Eucalyptus capillosa can exist on all ssp polyclada Gum these soils and is a very versatile tree Eucalyptus salmonophloia Salmon Gum to plant on diverse shallow white soils. It will also thrive on gravel. Melaleuca lateriflora Diamond Leaf Myrtle

Melaleuca uncinata Brushwood

Things you may see on White Enchylaena tomentosa Ruby Saltbush Gum soils but won’t be able to get from the nursery...

Pimelia aeruginosa

Kerau drinia integrifolia Gastrolobium par viflorum

Acacia intricata

18 19 Many soil types can support Mallees. Characteristics Standard Nursery Species White Gums and York Gums, Mallee simply refers to a tree’s ability to although trees, exhibit Mallee Acacia acuminata Jam characteristics, whereas Gimlet or reshoot from its stump after being burnt, Acacia microbotrya Manna Wattle Salmon Gum would die after being ringbarked, sawn or suffered some other cut down or burnt. Acacia hemetiles Tan Wattle Mallee country is often transition disaster which would normally kill Allocasuarina campestris Tammar country, where a soil changes from other non-Mallee trees. one type to another. Callistemon phoeniceus Bottlebrush It is often duplex soil of sand over clay Square Fruited and is very common in association Mallee with or below White Gum country. Inland Wandoo York Gum Oil Mallee such as Eucalyptus capillosa Eucalyptus loxophleaba lissophloia Eucalyptus capillosa Mallee Wandoo also exist in redder soils with higher ssp polyclada clay content. – A large range of Eucalypt species can be classed as Mallees, which tend to Eucalyptus eremophila – dominate the landscape upon which – they grow. Eucalyptus erythronema Enchylaena tomentosa Ruby Saltbush

Melaleuca lateriflora Diamond Leaf Things you may see in Mallee Myrtle country but won’t be able to get from the nursery... Melaleuca uncinata Brushwood (hamata)

Cyanicul a gemmata

Goodenia dyeri Westringia rigid ul a

Senna 20 artemisioides 21

Sandplain means a lot of different things Characteristics Standard Nursery Species The proportion of clay in the sand Jam to different people. Different regions tends to define its quality. Acacia acuminata exhibit different types of sandplain. Some Like gravels, many of the endemic Acacia assimilis Narrow Leaf Wodjil species are difficult to obtain from are actually Mallee sands, some are deep commercial seedling nurseries. Acacia neurophylla Broad Leaf Wodjil yellow sand, some are over gravel, deep When ordering species for sandplain, Acacia resinomarginea Old Man Wodjil there are a couple of nurseries who or shallow and some are just plain sand. specialise in hard to get species. Allocasuarina campestris Tammar They are expensive, but worth Banksia prionotes Acorn Banksia the effort if you want to achieve a worthwhile result. Calothamnus quadrifidus Clawflower Sandplain is rarely homogeneous. Burracoppin It will grade to gravel or clay Eucalyptus burracoppinensis Mallee eventually and it’s wise to use species from neighbouring soil Eucalyptus capillosa Inland Wandoo types in your species mix. Eucalyptus leptapoda Tammin Mallee Care should be taken when revegetating sandplain to avoid wind Eucalyptus macrocarpa Mottlecah erosion. Once disturbed, this soil type Tee Tree can erode very quickly, damaging Leptospermum erubescens young seedlings in the process. Melaleuca cordata Pom Poms

Melaleuca hamata Brushwood Things you may see in the sandplain but won’t be able Santalum spicatum Sandalwood (seed) to get from the nursery...

Conospermum stoechadis Grevillea cagiana

Eucalyptus Grevillea leptapoda petrophiloides Grevillea eriostachya 22 23 When drainage lines cut through Characteristics Standard Nursery Species Healthy saline systems depicted sandplain or sandy floodplains, a highly here are rare. Atriplex amnicola River Saltbush diverse landscape results. The photo The depressions will often have the Atriplex nummularia Old Man Saltbush dead remnants of what used to be depicts (Salt Salmon dense Tee Tree thickets. Atriplex semibaccatta Creeping Saltbush

Gum) rising from thickets of Melaleuca This soil type is highly vulnerable Callistemon phoeniceus Bottlebrush to soil erosion and needs fencing at Yarding. from the rest of the paddock, so Casuarina obesa Swamp Sheoak don’t camp on the area Salt Salmon Gum causing further erosion. Eucalyptus salicola Revegetation is often highly successful Eucalyptus sargentii Salt River Gum in the sandy rises off the edge of Ruby Saltbush the depressions. Enchylaena tomentosa Sustainable agriculture crops such as Leptospermum Tee Tree Saltbush grazing areas or Brushwood erubescens plantations can be very productive. Melaleuca adnata – Biodiversity plantings are also very successful and can include a large Melaleuca atroviridus Brushwood sp variety of species. Melaleuca lateriflora Diamond Leaf Tee Tree

Melaleuca thyoides – Things you may see in saline Melaleuca uncinata Brushwood systems but won’t be able to Maireana brevifolia Bluebush get from the nursery...

Cl ematis delicata

Caladenia vulgata

Hibber tia rupicola

Acacia uniphisilis

24 25 Produced as part of Connecting Biodiversity Across the Wheatbelt of funded by the Australian Government’s Clean Energy Future Biodiversity Fund.