Reconnaissance Flora and Vegetation Assessment Part Lots 3060, 4869 and 29259 Great Southern Highway, Saint Ronans Project No: EP19-091(01)

Home , Acacia applanata, Acacia erinacea, Acacia huegelii, Acacia lateriticola, Acacia nervosa, Acacia sessilis

Prepared for Alkina Holdings Pty Ltd February 2020

Prepared for Alkina Holdings Pty Ltd Doc No.: EP19-091(01)--003C RAW| Version: C Reconnaissance Flora and Vegetation Assessment Part Lots 3060, 4869 and 29259 Great Southern Highway, Saint Ronans

Document Control

Doc name: Reconnaissance Flora and Vegetation Assessment Part Lots 3060, 4869 and 29259 Great Southern Highway, Saint Ronans

Doc no.: EP19-091(01)--003C RAW

Version Date Author Reviewer

October 2019 Rachel Weber RAW Tom Atkinson TAA 1 Report prepared for client review

October 2019 Rachel Weber RAW Tom Atkinson TAA A Minor updates following client review

January 2020 Rachel Weber RAW Ashley Bird ALB B Minor updates due to changes to site boundary

February 2020 Rachel Weber RAW Ashley Bird ALB C Minor updates following client review

© 2020 Emerge Associates All Rights Reserved. Copyright in the whole and every part of this document belongs to Emerge Associates and may not be used, sold, transferred, copied or reproduced in whole or in part in any manner or form or in or on any media to any person without the prior written consent of Emerge Associates.

Project number: EP19-091(01)|February 2020 Page i Prepared for Alkina Holdings Pty Ltd Doc No.: EP19-091(01)--003C RAW| Version: C Reconnaissance Flora and Vegetation Assessment Part Lots 3060, 4869 and 29259 Great Southern Highway, Saint Ronans

Executive Summary

Alkina Holdings Pty Ltd engaged Emerge Associates (Emerge) to undertake a reconnaissance flora and vegetation survey within part of Lots 3060, 4869 and 29259 Great Southern Highway and a portion of Great Southern Highway classified as ‘road’ in Saint Ronans (referred to herein as ‘the site’). The site is approximately 163.46 hectares (ha) in size.

A botanist and an ecologist from Emerge Associates visited the site on 23 and 25 September 2019 and 4 January 2020 and undertook a reconnaissance flora and vegetation survey. During the survey an assessment was made on the type, condition and values of vegetation across the site.

Outcomes of the survey include the following:

• Non-native vegetation is present across 158.23 ha (97%) of the site, primarily in the southern portion. • Remnant native vegetation is present across 5.23 ha (3%) of the site, primarily in the northern portion. • A total of 162 native and 30 non-native (weed) species were recorded in the site. • No threatened flora species were recorded within the site. • Two priority flora species, Drosera albonotata (P2) and Hemigenia ?platyphylla (P4), were recorded in the northern portion of the site. • Some other threatened and priority flora species were not recorded during the survey but have potential to occur in native vegetation within the northern portion of the site. The remainder of the site is not considered to provide habitat for threatened or priority flora species and therefore none are considered likely to occur across the majority of the site. • The native vegetation within the site was classified into six plant communities that are present in ‘excellent’, ‘very good’, ‘very good – good’, good’ and ‘degraded’ condition. • No TECs or PECs occur within the site. • Native vegetation within the site, particularly large trees, has potential to provide habitat for threatened species of black cockatoo.

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Table of Contents

1 Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Project background ...... 1 1.2 Purpose and scope of work ...... 1 2 Environmental Context ...... 2 2.1 Climate ...... 2 2.2 Geomorphology and soils ...... 2 2.3 Topography ...... 3 2.4 Hydrology ...... 3 2.5 Regional vegetation ...... 4 2.6 Historic land use ...... 4 2.7 Significant flora and vegetation ...... 5 2.7.1 Threatened and priority flora ...... 5 2.7.2 Threatened and priority ecological communities ...... 5 2.7.3 Local and regional significance ...... 6 2.7.4 Weeds ...... 6 2.8 Environmentally sensitive areas ...... 6 2.9 DBCA managed or legislated lands ...... 6 2.10 Ecological linkages ...... 7 2.11 Previous surveys ...... 7 3 Methods ...... 8 3.1 Desktop assessment ...... 8 3.1.1 Database searches ...... 8 3.1.2 Likelihood of occurrence ...... 8 3.2 Field survey ...... 8 3.2.1 Flora and vegetation ...... 8 3.3 Mapping and data analysis ...... 10 3.3.1 Plant community identification and description ...... 10 3.3.2 Threatened and priority ecological communities ...... 10 3.3.3 Species accumulation curve ...... 10 3.4 Survey limitations ...... 10 4 Results ...... 12 4.1 General site conditions ...... 12 4.2 Flora ...... 12 4.2.1 Desktop assessment ...... 12 4.2.2 Species inventory ...... 15 4.2.3 Threatened and priority flora ...... 15 4.2.4 Locally and regionally significant flora ...... 16 4.2.5 Declared pests ...... 16 4.3 Vegetation ...... 16 4.3.1 Desktop assessment ...... 16 4.3.2 Plant communities ...... 16 4.3.3 Vegetation condition ...... 20 4.3.4 Threatened and priority ecological communities ...... 21 4.3.5 Locally and regionally significant vegetation ...... 22 4.4 Species richness and sampling adequacy ...... 22 5 Discussion ...... 23 5.1 Threatened and priority flora ...... 23 5.2 Vegetation condition ...... 23

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5.3 Threatened and priority ecological communities ...... 24 5.4 Local and regional significance ...... 24 6 Conclusions ...... 25 7 References ...... 26 7.1 General references ...... 26 7.2 Online references ...... 27

List of Tables

Table 1: Vegetation condition scale applied during the field assessment ...... 9 Table 2: Evaluation of survey methodology against standard constraints outlined in EPA (2016) ...... 11 Table 3: Conservation significant flora species considered to have potential to occur in the site ...... 13 Table 4: Description and extent of plant communities identified within the site ...... 17 Table 5: Extent of vegetation condition categories within the site ...... 21

List of Plates

Plate 1: Plant community AAcCd in ‘very good - good’ condition ...... 17 Plate 2: Plant community Ew in ‘very good - good’ condition...... 18 Plate 3: Plant community ErKg in ‘degraded’ condition ...... 18 Plate 4: Plant community CcEw in ‘very good’ condition...... 19 Plate 5: Plant community EwNa in ‘very good – good’ condition...... 19 Plate 6: Plant community EwBS in ‘excellent’ condition...... 20 Plate 7: Non-native vegetation in ‘completely degraded’ condition (foreground) ...... 20 Plate 8: Species accumulation curve derived from sample data (y = 49.625ln(x) + 14.506, R² = 0.9781) . 22

Figures

Figure 1: Site Location Figure 2: Soils and Hydrography Figure 3: Environmental Features Figure 4: Sample Locations and Conservation Significant Flora Species Figure 5: Plant Communities Figure 6: Vegetation Condition

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Appendices

Appendix A Additional Information Appendix B Species List Appendix C Sample Data

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Abbreviation Tables

Table A1: Abbreviations – Organisations

Organisations

EPA Environmental Protection Authority

DBCA Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions

DoW Department of Water (now DWER)

DWER Department of Water and Environmental Regulation

DPaW Department of Parks and Wildlife (now DBCA)

Table A2: Abbreviations – General terms

General terms

ESA Environmentally sensitive area

IBRA Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation of Australia

NVIS National Vegetation Inventory System (ESCAVI 2003)

P1 Priority 1

P2 Priority 2

P3 Priority 3

P4 Priority 4

P5 Priority 5

PEC Priority ecological community

T Threatened

TEC Threatened ecological community

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Table A3: Abbreviations –Legislation

Legislation

BAM Act Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Act 2007

EP Act Environmental Protection Act 1986

EPBC Act Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999

BC Act Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016

BC Regs Biodiversity Conservation Regulations 2018

Table A4: Abbreviations – planning

Planning terms

LPS Local planning scheme

Table A5: Abbreviations – units of measurement

Units of measurement

cm Centimetre

ha Hectare

m Metre

m2 Square metre

m AHD m in relation to the Australian height datum

mm Millimetre

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1 Introduction

1.1 Project background

Alkina Holdings Pty Ltd intends to develop the Great Southern Landfill project within part of Lots 3060, 4869 and 29259 Great Southern Highway and a portion of Great Southern Highway classified as ‘road’ in Saint Ronans. A portion of Great Southern Highway classified as ‘road’ is also included. These lots are located approximately 80 kilometres (km) east of the Perth Central Business District within the Shire of York and are zoned ‘general agriculture’ and ‘recreation and open space’ under the Shire of York Local Planning Scheme (LPS) No. 2.

The portions of these lots applicable to the project extend over approximately 163.46 hectares (ha) in size and are referred to herein as ‘the site’. Great Southern Highway passes through the northern portion of the site, Wandoo National Park lies to the west of the site and rural land surrounds the remainder of the site. The location and extent of the site is shown in Figure 1.

The project was referred to the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) by the Minister for the environment pursuant to s43 of the Environmental Protection Act 1986. The EPA decided to assess the project at the level of ‘public environmental review’ and identified, in the associated ‘environmental scoping document’ (ESD) published on 29 August 2019, a potential for impact relating to the ‘flora and vegetation’ factor (EPA 2019).

1.2 Purpose and scope of work

Emerge Associates (Emerge) were engaged by Instant Waste Management, on behalf of Alkina Holdings Pty Ltd, to provide environmental consultancy services to support the planning process for the site. The purpose of this survey is to provide sufficient information on the flora and vegetation values within the site to inform the PER.

The scope of work was specifically to undertake a flora and vegetation assessment to the standard required of a ‘reconnaissance survey’ in accordance with the Environmental Protection Authority’s (EPA’s) Technical Guidance – Flora and Vegetation Surveys for Environmental Impact Assessment (EPA 2016).

As part of this scope of work, the following tasks were undertaken:

• Desktop review of relevant background information pertaining to the site and surrounds, including database searches for threatened flora species and ecological communities. • Compilation of a comprehensive list of flora species recorded as part of the field survey. • Mapping of plant communities and vegetation condition. • Identification of conservation significant flora and vegetation. • Documentation of the desktop assessment, survey methodology and results into a report.

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2 Environmental Context

2.1 Climate

Climate has a strong influence on the types of vegetation that grow in a region and the life cycles of the flora present. It is therefore critical for a flora and vegetation survey to respond appropriately to climatic conditions to ensure that surveys are conducted during times when flora species are easiest to detect and identify.

The south west of Western Australia experiences a Mediterranean climate of hot dry summers and cool wet winters. In Mediterranean type climates some flora species will typically spend part of their lifecycle as either underground storage organs or as seed. This is an adaptation to unfavourable environmental conditions such as excessive heat and drought that occur over the summer period. These species, known as ‘geophytes’ or ‘annuals’, tend to re-emerge during winter when favourable conditions return and are most visible during spring, which is the flowering period for a majority of plant species. Therefore, spring is the optimal time to complete flora and vegetation surveys in the south west of WA.

An average of 397.8 millimetres (mm) of rainfall is recorded annually from the York weather station, which is the closest weather station, located approximately 10 km from the site. The majority of this rainfall is received between the months of May and September. Mean maximum temperatures at the York weather station range from 17.1⁰C in July to 34.2⁰C in January, while mean minimum temperatures range from 3.8⁰C in July and August to 16.5⁰C in February (BoM 2019).

A total of 261.6 mm of rain was recorded from May to September 2019 prior to the survey (BOM 2019).

2.2 Geomorphology and soils

Landform and soils influence vegetation types at regional and local scales. The site lies within the ‘Eastern Darling Range Zone’ within the Avon Province (Purdie et al. 2004). The eastern Darling Range zone is described as a ‘moderately to strongly dissected lateritic plateau on granite with eastward-flowing streams in broad shallow valleys, some surficial Eocene sediments. Soils are formed in laterite colluvium or granite weathered in-situ’ (Purdie et al. 2004).

Examination of fine scale soil landscape mapping places the site within six soil subsystems:

• The Kokeby subsystem occurs in the north western portion of the site and comprises ‘very gently sloping areas located in small pockets on summits and at breaks of slope’ with ‘white and deeply bleached sand over laterite at greater than one metre depth’ (DPIRD 2018). • The Sheahan subsystem occurs in the north central portion of the site which is commonly on hillslopes and comprises ‘pockets of deep, pale sand’ (DPIRD 2018). • The Williams subsystem occurs in the north eastern portion of the site and occurs ‘on valley floors of major tributary streams (DPIRD 2018). • The Leaver subsystem occurs in the central portion of the site and is characterised by ‘gravelly slopes and ridges and comprises gravelly yellow and red duplexes, gravelly deep clayey sands and sandy loams over laterite and clay’ (DPIRD 2018).

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• The Michabin subsystem occurs in the south western portion of the site and comprises ‘hillslopes formed by weathering fresh rock and rock outcrop’ with ‘red and yellow loams and clays, often with gravelly and saline areas’ (DPIRD 2018). • The Pindalup subsystem occurs in the southern portion of the site and comprises ‘shallow upper gently to sloping valleys’ with ‘alluvial red and yellow duplex and uniform fine soils which are often gravelly’ (DPIRD 2018).

The soil subsystems mapped within the site are shown in Figure 2.

The site is not known to contain any restricted landforms or unique geological features.

2.3 Topography

The elevation of the site ranges from 310 m in relation to the Australian height datum (mAHD) on the western side of the site to 290 mAHD on the eastern side of the site (WALIA 2019). The southern portion of the site ranges from 305 mAHD to 325 mAHD (WALIA 2019).

2.4 Hydrology

Wetlands include “areas of seasonally, intermittently or permanently waterlogged soils or inundated land, whether natural or otherwise, fresh and saline, e.g. waterlogged soils, ponds, billabongs, lakes, swamps, tidal flats, estuaries, rivers and their tributaries” (Wetlands Advisory Committee 1977). Wetlands can further be recognised by the presence of vegetation associated with waterlogging or the presence of hydric soils such as peat, peaty sand or carbonate mud (Hill et al. 1996).

Wetlands of national or international significance may be afforded special protection under Commonwealth or international agreements. The following lists of important wetlands were checked as part of this assessment:

• Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance (DBCA 2017c) • A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia (DBCA 2018).

No Ramsar or listed ‘important wetlands’ are located near the site.

Examination of the Department of Water and Environmental Regulation (DWER) hydrography dataset (DWER 2018) shows the following 11 water related features occur within or traverse the site:

• fivewatercourses (minor, non-perennial) • five drains (minor) and • one earth dam.

The minor watercourse crossing the north eastern corner of the site and running to the east of the northern portion of the site is named ’13 Mile Brook’. This watercourse crosses through the centre of the site and continues to the west of the site and south of the site, as shown on Figure 2. The other watercourses in the site are unnamed.

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2.5 Regional vegetation

Native vegetation is described and mapped at different scales in order to illustrate patterns in its distribution. At a continental scale the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation of Australia (IBRA) divides the south west of Western Australia into a number of floristic subregions (Environment Australia 2000). The site is contained within the ‘JAF01’ or Northern Jarrah Forest subregion, which is characterised as mainly containing ‘Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah) forest on ironstone gravels, Corymbia calophylla (marri) – Eucalyptus wandoo (wandoo) woodlands on loamy soils with sclerophyll understories’ (Beard 1990).

Beard et al. (2013) mapping shows the site occurs within ‘Bannister 4’ vegetation association. This association is described as ‘woodland of Corymbia calophylla, Eucalyptus marginata, Eucalyptus wandoo’ (Beard et al. 2013). The Bannister 4 association has 27.41% of its pre-European extent remaining with 4.36% protected for conservation purposes (Government of Western Australia 2018).

Studies have indicated that the loss of biodiversity caused by habitat fragmentation is significantly greater once a habitat type falls below 30% of its original extent (Miles 2001). The national objectives and targets for biodiversity conservation established an objective of retaining 30% of the original extent of each vegetation complex (Environment Australia 2001). The percentage protected for conservation of the Bannister 4 association fall below the 30% retention objective.

The ‘vegetation complexes of the south west forest region of Western Australia’ dataset shows that the site lies within four vegetation complexes:

• The north western portion of the site occurs within the ‘Coolakin 51’ complex, which is described as ‘woodland of Eucalyptus wandoo with mixtures of Eucalyptus patens, Eucalyptus marginata subsp. thalassica and Corymbia calophylla on the valley slopes in arid and perarid zones’ (DBCA 2019). • The north eastern and central portions of the site occur within the ‘Michibin 185’ complex, which is described as an ‘open woodland of Eucalyptus wandoo over Acacia acuminata with some Eucalyptus loxophleba on valley slopes, with low woodland of Allocasuarina huegeliana on or near shallow granite outcrops in arid and perarid zones’ (DBCA 2019). • The southern portion of the site occurs within the ‘Yalanbee 312’ and the ‘Coolakin 51’ complexes. Yalanbee 312 is described as ‘woodland of Eucalyptus wandoo-Eucalyptus accedens, less consistently open forest of Eucalyptus marginata subsp. thalassica-Corymbia calophylla on lateritic uplands and breakaway landscapes in arid and perarid zones’ and Coolakin 51 is described as ‘woodland of Eucalyptus wandoo with mixtures of Eucalyptus patens, Eucalyptus marginata subsp. thalassica and Corymbia calophylla on the valley slopes in arid and perarid zones’ (DBCA 2019).

2.6 Historic land use

Review of historical images available from 1995 (WALIA 2019) onwards shows that the majority of the site was cleared of native vegetation prior to 1995, likely for cropping and/or grazing uses. The northern portion of the site appears to support native vegetation and is connected to extensive areas of native vegetation outside of the site.

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2.7 Significant flora and vegetation

2.7.1 Threatened and priority flora

Certain flora taxa that are considered to be rare or under threat warrant special protection under Commonwealth and/or State legislation. At a Commonwealth level, flora taxa may be listed as ‘threatened’ under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). Threatened flora species listed under the EPBC Act are assigned a conservation status according to attributes such as population size and geographic distribution. Any action likely to have a significant impact on a taxon listed under the EPBC Act requires approval from the Commonwealth Minister for the Environment and Energy.

In Western Australia flora species may also be classed as ‘threatened’ under the Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016 (BC Act). It is an offence to ‘take’ or ‘disturb’ threatened flora listed under the BC Act without Ministerial approval.

Flora species that do not currently meet the criteria for listing as threatened but are potentially rare or threatened may be added to the DBCA’s Priority Flora List. These species are classified into ‘priority’ levels based on threat. Whilst priority species are not under direct statutory protection, they are considered during State approval processes. Further information on threatened and priority species and their categories is provided in Appendix A.

2.7.2 Threatened and priority ecological communities

An ecological community is a naturally occurring group of native plants, animals and other organisms that are interacting in a unique habitat. An ecological community’s structure, composition and distribution are influenced by environmental factors such as soil type, position in the landscape, altitude, climate and water availability (DoEE 2019b). ‘Threatened ecological communities’ (TECs) are ecological communities that are recognised as rare or under threat and therefore warrant special protection.

Selected TECs are afforded statutory protection at a Commonwealth level under the EPBC Act. Similar to flora species, TECs listed under the EPBC Act are assigned a conservation status. Any action likely to have a significant impact on a community listed under the EPBC Act requires approval from the Commonwealth Minister for the Environment and Energy.

TECs are also listed within Western Australia under the BC Act and the BC Regulations. Their significance is also acknowledged through other state environmental approval processes such as ‘environmental impact assessment’ pursuant to Part IV of the Environmental Protection Act 1986 (EP Act) and the Environmental Protection (Clearing of Native Vegetation) Regulations 2004.

A plant community that is under consideration for listing as a TEC in Western Australia, but does not yet meet survey criteria or has not been adequately defined, may be listed as a ‘priority ecological community’ (PEC). Listing as a PEC is similarly considered during State approval processes. Further information on categories of TECs and PECs is provided in Appendix A.

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2.7.3 Local and regional significance

Flora species and ecological communities may be significant for a number of reasons irrespective of whether they have special protection under policy or legislation.

Three key reasons that vegetation within the site may be significant are listed below:

• The vegetation is connected or adjacent to Wandoo National Park. • The vegetation is associated with wetlands/water courses. • The vegetation has potential value as habitat for threatened or priority fauna species including, in particular, Carnaby’s black cockatoo and the forest red-tailed black cockatoo, which are listed as ‘vulnerable’ under the EPBC Act and ‘endangered’ under the BC Act.

2.7.4 Weeds

The term ‘weed’ can refer to any plant that requires some form of action to reduce its effect on the economy, the environment, human health and amenity. Many non-native flora species and some native species are considered to be weeds.

A particularly invasive or detrimental weed species may be listed as a ‘declared pest’ pursuant to Western Australia’s Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Act 2007 (BAM Act), indicating that it warrants special management to limit its spread. At a National level, the Australian government has compiled a list of 32 Weeds of National Significance (WoNS) (DoEE 2019c). Whilst the WoNS list is non-statuatory, many WoNS are also listed under the BAM Act. Further information on categories of declared pests is provided in Appendix A.

Due to historical disturbance some weed species are expected to be present in the site, particularly the southern and central portions.

2.8 Environmentally sensitive areas

‘Environmentally sensitive areas’ (ESAs) are prescribed under the Environmental Protection (Clearing of Native Vegetation) Regulations 2004 and have been identified to protect native vegetation values of areas surrounding values such as significant wetlands, threatened flora, threatened communities and Bush Forever sites. Within an ESA none of the exemptions under the Environmental Protection (Clearing of Native Vegetation) Regulations 2004 apply. However, exemptions under Schedule 6 of the EP Act still apply, which includes any clearing in accordance with a subdivision approval under the Planning and Development Act 2005 (a recognised exemption under the Schedule 6 of the EP Act).

No ESAs are present over the site or in close proximity to the site. One ESA is located approximately 800 m to the north-east of the site and three small ESAs are located approximately 2 and 3 km north- west of the site. The location of this ESA is shown in Figure 3.

2.9 DBCA managed or legislated lands

DBCA has tenure of or interests in numerous areas of land across the state for a range of purposes. Tenure categories include national parks, nature reserves, conservation parks, marine parks, marine nature reserves, marine management areas, section 5(1)(g) reserves, state forest and timber

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reserves. These areas are mapped within the Legislated Lands and Waters (DBCA 2017a) and Lands of Interest (DBCA 2017b) datasets. The Legislated Lands and Waters (DBCA 2017a) dataset includes lands subject to the following legislation; the Conservation and Land Management Act 1984 (CALM Act 1984), Swan and Canning Rivers Management Act 2006 (SCRM Act) and lands identified under the Land Administration Act 1997 (LA Act). The Lands of Interest (DBCA 2017b) dataset includes all other lands of which DBCA is recognised as the manager but is not vested under any act. These lands comprise of crown land and freehold land which DBCA has been acknowledged by the Department of Lands as the responsible agency.

The western most edge of the site along Great Southern Highway is mapped as part of R47883 (Wandoo National Park) under the CALM Act (DBCA 2017a). Wandoo National Park extends over approximately 9480 ha to the west and south of the site as shown in Figure 3.

2.10 Ecological linkages

Ecological linkages are linear landscape elements that allow the movement of fauna, flora and genetic material between areas of remnant habitat. This exchange of genetic material between vegetation remnants improves the viability of those remnants by allowing greater access to breeding partners and food sources, refuge from disturbances such as fire and maintenance of genetic diversity of plant communities and populations. Ecological linkages are ideally continuous or near- continuous as the more fractured a linkage is, the less ease flora and fauna have in moving within the corridor (Alan Tingay and Associates 1998).

No ecological linkages have been mapped for the area in which the site lies. However, the adjacent Wandoo National Park provides a large area of intact native vegetation that connects to smaller areas of native vegetation to the east of the site along Great Southern Highway.

2.11 Previous surveys

A portion of the site was previously surveyed by ENV Australia in 2012 for vegetation values as part of the Alluwuna Landfill Vegetation and Fauna Assessment (ENV Australia 2012). This assessment was to the standard of a ‘reconnaissance’ survey in accordance with the Environmental Protection Authority’s (EPA’s) Technical Guidance – Flora and Vegetation Surveys for Environmental Impact Assessment (EPA 2016). This assessment determined that native vegetation remaining was restricted to scattered Corymbia calophylla (marri), Eucalyptus rudis (flooded gum) and Allocasuarina fraseriana (sheoak) trees with no intact native understorey remaining.

Part of the site that lies along Great Southern Highway was surveyed by ENV Australia in 2013 (ENV Australia 2013). This assessment was to the standard of a ‘reconnaissance’ survey in accordance with the Environmental Protection Authority’s (EPA’s) Technical Guidance – Flora and Vegetation Surveys for Environmental Impact Assessment (EPA 2016). No threatened or priority flora species were recorded during this survey, nor were any TECs or PECs identified. Vegetation condition ranged from completely degraded to very good condition (ENV Australia 2013).

No surveys are known to have been undertaken within the portion of the current site that lies outside of the areas previously surveyed by ENV Australia in 2012 and 2013.

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3 Methods

3.1 Desktop assessment

3.1.1 Database searches

A search was conducted for threatened and priority flora that may occur or have been recorded within a 10 km radius of the site using the Protected Matters Search Tool (DoEE 2019a), NatureMap (DBCA 2019) and DBCA’s threatened and priority flora database (reference no. 42-0819FL).

A search was also conducted for TECs and PECs that may occur or have been recorded within a 10 km radius of the site using the Protected Matters Search Tool (DoEE 2019a) and DBCA’s threatened and priority ecological communities’ databases (reference no. 04-0919EC).

3.1.2 Likelihood of occurrence

Prior to undertaking the field survey, information on the habitat preferences of threatened and priority flora species and communities identified from database searches was reviewed. This was compared to existing environmental information available for the site, such as geomorphology, soils, regional vegetation and historic land use.

An assessment of the likelihood of occurrence of threatened and priority flora species and communities within the site was undertaken and each species was assigned to one of the following categories:

• Recorded: the species was recorded during the current field survey. • Likely: suitable habitat for the species occurs in the site and the species has been previously recorded in the site. • Possible: suitable habitat for the species may occur in the site. • Unlikely: no suitable habitat for the species is present within the site.

3.2 Field survey

A botanist and an environmental consultant from Emerge visited the site on 23 and 25 September 2019 and 4 January 2020 to conduct the flora and vegetation field survey.

3.2.1 Flora and vegetation

The site was traversed on foot and the composition and condition of vegetation was recorded.

Detailed sampling of the vegetation was undertaken using a combination of non-permanent 10 x 10 m quadrats and relevés. The quadrats were established using fence droppers bound by measuring tape. The relevés were completed over an equivalent 10 x 10 m area without the use of physical markers and were included to provide a more rapid sample of patches of vegetation in poorer condition and/or of smaller size.

A total of eleven locations were sampled, comprised of five quadrats and six relevés. The position of each sample location was recorded with a hand-held GPS unit, as shown in Figure 4.

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The data recorded within each sample included:

• site details (site name, site number, observers, date, location) • environmental information (slope, aspect, bare-ground, rock outcropping soil type and colour class, litter layer, topographical position, time since last fire event) • biological information (vegetation structure and condition, ‘foliage projective cover’ (FPC), degree of disturbance and species present).

Additional plant taxa not observed within samples were recorded opportunistically as the botanist traversed the site. Photographs were taken throughout the field visit to show particular site conditions.

Conservation significant species previously recorded within the site (refer Section 3.1.2) were searched for, where appropriate. The site was also assessed to determine whether suitable habitat was present for conservation significant species identified as potentially occurring within the site and (refer Section 3.1.2) whether the survey effort was appropriate to determine if they occur in the site.

All plant specimens collected during the field survey were dried, pressed and then named in accordance with requirements of the Western Australian Herbarium. Identification of specimens occurred through comparison with named material and through the use of taxonomic keys. Flora species not native to Western Australia are denoted by an asterisk (‘*’) in text and raw data.

Vegetation condition was assigned at each sample and changes in vegetation condition were also noted and mapped across the site. The condition of the vegetation was assessed using methods from Keighery (1994) (Table 1).

Table 1: Vegetation condition scale applied during the field assessment

Condition category Definition (Keighery 1994)

Pristine Pristine or nearly so, no obvious signs of disturbance.

Vegetation structure intact, disturbance affecting individual species and weeds are non- Excellent aggressive species.

Vegetation structure altered obvious signs of disturbance. For example, disturbance to Very good vegetation structure caused by repeated fires, the presence of some more aggressive weeds, dieback, logging and grazing

Vegetation structure significantly altered by very obvious signs of multiple disturbances. Retains basic vegetation structure or ability to regenerate it. For example, disturbance Good to vegetation structure caused by very frequent fires, the presence of some very aggressive weeds at high density, partial clearing, dieback and grazing.

Basic vegetation structure severely impacted by disturbance. Scope for regeneration but not to a state approaching good condition without intensive management. For example, Degraded disturbance to vegetation structure caused by very frequent fires, the presence of very aggressive weeds, partial clearing, dieback and grazing.

The structure of the vegetation is no longer intact and the area is completely or almost Completely degraded completely without native species. These areas are often described as ‘parkland cleared’ with the flora comprising weed or crop species with isolated native trees or shrubs.

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3.3 Mapping and data analysis

3.3.1 Plant community identification and description

The local plant communities within the site were identified from the sample data collected during the field survey. The vegetation was described according to the dominant species present using the structural formation descriptions of the National Vegetation Inventory System (NVIS) (ESCAVI 2003). The identified plant communities were mapped on aerial photography from the sample locations and boundaries were interpreted from aerial photography and notes taken in the field. Vegetation condition was mapped on aerial photography based on the locations and notes recorded during the field survey to define areas with differing condition.

3.3.2 Threatened and priority ecological communities

Areas of native vegetation potentially representing a TEC were assessed against key diagnostic characteristics and, if available, size and/or vegetation condition thresholds.

3.3.3 Species accumulation curve

A species accumulation curve was plotted from sample data by generating a trendline (log) in Microsoft Excel. The trendline was forecast to locate the asymptote of the curve (the point at which the curve flattens), which provides an indication of amount of sampling that would be required before it can be assumed few species remain undetected. PRIMER v6 also offers a range of estimators to predict minimum species richness (Clarke and Gorley 2006). Both the Jacknife1 and Chao2 non-parametric estimators are reported, as these are known to perform well in comparison to simulated and real data sets and are also recommended for small sample sizes (Gotelli and Colwell 2011). Comparison between actual and estimated species accumulation assists in evaluating the adequacy of sampling effort.

3.4 Survey limitations

It is important to note the specific constraints imposed on surveys and the degree to which these may have limited survey outcomes. An evaluation of the survey methodology against standard constraints outlined in the EPA document Technical Guidance – Flora and Vegetation Surveys for Environmental Impact Assessment (EPA 2016) is provided in Table 2.

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Table 2: Evaluation of survey methodology against standard constraints outlined in EPA (2016)

Constraint Degree of limitation Details

The broad scale contextual information described in Section 2 is adequate to No limitation place the site and vegetation in context. Availability of contextual No datasets of defined floristic community types exist for the local area. information Although this reconnaissance survey only sampled the site once it was within Limitation the main flowering period of spring. Therefore, the sampling undertaken within the site was considered sufficient to define plant communities.

This flora and vegetation assessment was undertaken by a qualified botanist Experience level with nine years of botanical experience in Western Australia. Technical No limitation of personnel review was undertaken by a senior environmental consultant with 16 years’ experience in environmental science in Western Australia.

This survey sampled the site within the main flowering period of spring. Many plants were flowering during the survey and the timing was considered appropriate for a reconnaissance level survey and to collect a detailed species list for the site. The survey timing was considered adequate to allow the detection of species for which seasonal timing is critical. The additional Suitability of survey undertaken in January generally comprised vegetation in ‘degraded’ No limitation timing and ‘completely degraded’ condition which were not considered likely to support conservation significant flora species. A small area of vegetation in the western portion of the site within the Great Southern Highway road reserve mapped as being in ‘very good-good’ condition was considered unlikely to support conservation significant species but additional survey may be required in spring to confirm this.

Although only sampled once, the site data was considered conclusive as it was collected in the spring main flowering period and much of the vegetation present within the site is still relatively intact. The additional survey undertaken in January did not include additional vegetation sampling as the Temporal Minor limitation sampling undertaken in spring was considered sufficient. coverage However, the survey does not meet the full requirements of a ‘detailed’ survey. In order for the survey to be considered a ‘detailed’ survey a second visit, potentially in a different season and additional sampling and targeted surveys, may be appropriate.

Spatial coverage No limitation Site coverage was comprehensive (track logged). and access No limitation All parts of the site could be accessed as required.

A total of 192 species were recorded, of which 140 were recorded from 11 sample locations and 52 were recorded opportunistically. Minimum species richness within site is estimated at between 205 (Jacknife1) and 221 (Chao2) Sampling species (refer species accumulation curve and estimates shown in Plate 8). No limitation intensity The number of species recorded in the site is close to that estimated to be present in the site and, considering the reconnaissance level of survey, the survey effort was adequate to prepare a near-comprehensive species inventory for the site.

The majority of the site has not been affected by fire recently. However, Minor limitation some patches of vegetation were subject to recent fire and were regenerating at the time of the survey. Influence of disturbance Some areas of native vegetation have been subject to historical disturbance but generally at low levels. The southern portion of the site has been subject No limitation to intensive historical disturbance. The disturbance history of the site was considered when undertaking field sampling.

Adequacy of No limitation All resources required to perform the survey were available. resources

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4 Results

4.1 General site conditions

The site is flat to gently undulating and supports both sandy grey soils and brown sandy clay soil with surface and buried laterite.

The vegetation in the site can be generally divided into two portions: the northern portion adjacent to Great Southern Highway and the driveway of Lot 4869, and the remainder. The northern portion supports intact native vegetation that is connected to extensive areas of high-quality native vegetation outside of the site. Some disturbance such as historic clearing and fire was evident in this area but generally impacts to native vegetation have been low. The remainder of the site is currently used for cropping and farming uses and is dominated by non-native vegetation, with some scattered native trees present amongst the crops and along waterways.

13 Mile Brook passes through the central portion of the site and comprises a broad sandy clay channel that held some surface water at the time of the survey. The brook has been subject to intensive historical disturbance is currently open to stock. Mainly non-native vegetation is associated with the waterway, with some scattered native trees and plants. A tributary of 13 Mile Brook passes through the southern portion of the site but was also dominated by non-native vegetation.

4.2 Flora

4.2.1 Desktop assessment

The database search results identified a total of 13 threatened and 30 priority flora species occurring or potentially occurring within a 10 km radius of the site.

Based on existing information available for the site, all of the 13 threatened flora species and 30 priority flora species were identified as having potential to occur within the site as shown in Table 3.

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Table 3: Conservation significant flora species considered to have potential to occur in the site

Species Level of Life Habitat Flowering Likelihood of significance strategy period occurrence

State EPBC Act

Adenanthos pungens CE CE P White siliceous sand. Aug-Nov Possible subsp. effusus

Banksia aurantia CE VU P White/grey sand. Seasonally Apr Possible waterlogged plains.

Conospermum galeatum CE CE P Yellow sand. Sep Possible

Acacia ataxiphylla EN EN P Sandy soils. Lateritic ironstone Jun-Jul Possible subsp. magna rises, flats.

Acacia cochlocarpa EN CE P Clayey, sandy, often gravelly soils. Jul-Sep Possible subsp. cochlocarpa

Diuris purdiei EN EN PG Sand to sandy clay soils in areas late Sep Possible subject to winter inundation. to mid- Oct

Lechenaultia laricina EN VU P Sand, gravelly loam. Sep-Dec Possible or Jan

Thelymitra EN CE G Red brown sandy loam with Oct-Nov Possible dedmaniarum dolerite and granite outcrops.

Verticordia staminosa EN CE PG Soil pockets, Granite outcrops. Jul-Oct Possible subsp. staminosa

Stylidium asymmetricum EN EN A Winter-wet sandy clay. Wetlands. Oct- early Possible Feb

Diuris micrantha VU VU P Dark grey-black sandly clay-loam in Aug/Sep- Possible winter wet depressions or swamps. early Oct Often in shallow standing water.

Eleocharis keigheryi VU VU P Clay or sandy loam in freshwater Aug-Dec Possible creeks and transient waterbodies such as seasonally wet clay pans.

Thomasia montana VU VU P Loamy soils. Rocky granite knolls, Sep-Oct Possible lateritic hills.

Drosera paleacea - P1 P White sand, sandy clay. Sep-Dec Possible or Jan

Drosera albonotata - P2 P Sandy loam and clay on slopes. Aug-Oct Possible Rocky outcrops.

Frankenia glomerata - P2 P White sand. Nov Possible

Hemiandra sp. - P2 P Grey/white sand. Sandplains, Nov Possible Watheroo slopes.

Lechenaultia hortii - P2 P White-cream sandy soils. Low Nov-Dec Possible slopes and flats, road verges. or Jan

Stylidium rubricalyx - P2 A Sandy clay in seasonally wet areas Aug-Nov Possible and/or along waterways.

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Table 3: Conservation significant flora species considered to have potential to occur in the site (continued)

Species Level of Life Habitat Flowering Likelihood of significance strategy period occurrence

State EPBC Act

Synaphea boyaginensis - P2 P Gravelly clay-loam. Sep-Oct Possible

Synaphea diabolica - P2 P Dry, yellow-brown laterite soil with Aug-Oct Possible laterite gravel. In undulating areas.

Tricoryne sp. Wongan - P2 P Yellow to grey sand, gravelly clay Sep-Nov Possible Hills quartz, laterite, limestone. Midslopes and uplands.

Trithuria australis - P2 A Seasonally wet areas. Edge of Oct-Nov Possible wetlands. Grey clay, clay over sand. Sand over laterite.

Acacia pulchella var. - P3 P Sandy loam or sandy clay over Jul-Sep Possible reflexa acuminate laterite. Woodlands. bracteole variant

Adenanthos cygnorum - P3 P Grey sand, lateritic gravel. Jul or Sep Possible subsp. chamaephyton to Dec or Jan

Beaufortia eriocephala - P3 P Lateritic sandy soils. Slopes. Sep-Nov Possible

Beaufortia purpurea - P3 P Lateritic or granitic soils on rocky Oct-Feb Possible slopes.

Stylidium asteroideum - P3 P Sand, clay, loam in winter wet Sep-Nov Possible areas.

Stylidium uniflorum - P3 P Slopes, granite outcrops. Sand, Jul-Nov Possible subsp. extensum sandy clay, sandy loam.

Synaphea sp. Darkin - P3 P White-grey sand. Slopes. Jul-Sep Possible

Thelymitra yorkensis - P3 P Sandy loams, brown-grey loam, Nov Possible gravel, clay, laterite, granite. Mid- slopes or hilltops.

Verticordia serrata var. - P3 P White sand, gravel Sep-Oct Possible linearis

Acacia cuneifolia - P4 P Sand, clay or loam over granite. Jul-Oct Possible Granite outcrops and hills, rocky watercourses.

Asterolasia grandiflora - P4 P Lateritic soils, clay over granite. Jul-Oct Possible Breakaways, hills.

Caladenia integra - P4 PG Clayey loam. Granite outcrops, Sep-Oct Possible rocky slopes.

Cyanicula ixioides subsp. - P4 P Laterite, gravel. Aug-Oct Possible ixioides

Darwinia thymoides - P4 P Granite outcrops. Dry loam, sand Early Nov Possible subsp. St Ronans or clay.

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Table 3: Conservation significant flora species considered to have potential to occur in the site (continued)

Species Level of Life Habitat Flowering Likelihood of significance strategy period occurrence

State EPBC Act

Hemigenia platyphylla - P4 P Sandy and loamy soils. Granite Sep-Nov Possible rocks, slopes.

Hibbertia montana - P4 P Loam over granite, lateritic soils, Jul-Oct Possible with granite rocks, lateritic ridges.

Ornduffia submersa - P4 A Sandy clay in inundated Aug-Nov Possible wetland/creek.

Schoenus natans - P4 A Aquatic, in winter-wet depressions. Oct Possible

Stylidium striatum - P4 P Brown clay over laterite on hill Oct-Nov Possible slopes.

Verreauxia verreauxii - P4 P White/ grey or yellow sand. Flats. Nov-Dec Possible or Jan

4.2.2 Species inventory

A total of 174 native and 18 non-native (weed) species were recorded within the site during the field survey. Of the species recorded 142 were recorded in sample locations and 50 were recorded opportunistically.

A complete species list is provided in Appendix B.

4.2.3 Threatened and priority flora

No occurrences of threatened flora species were recorded within the site.

Two priority flora species were recorded within the site: Drosera albonotata (P2) and Hemigenia ?platyphylla (P4).

Drosera albonotata (P2) was recorded in two locations in the north western portion of the site, within the Great Southern Highway road reserve. Due to the small size of D. albonotata, the number of individuals is difficult to determine accurately. However, at least 30 individuals are estimated to occur at each location.

Hemigenia ?platyphylla (P4) was recorded at three locations within the site. One individual was recorded in the north western portion of the site, within the Great Southern Highway road reserve. The other two individuals were recorded in the north central portion of the site, adjacent to the driveway. This species was also observed opportunistically throughout the native vegetation in the northern portion of the site.

The recorded locations of D. albonotata and H. ?platyphylla are shown on Figure 4.

Other cryptic threatened and priority flora species that were not recorded during the survey, such as small herbs and orchids, are considered to have potential to occur in the northern portion of the site due to presence of suitable habitat. No threatened or priority flora species are considered likely to

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occur in the southern portion of the site due to intensive historical disturbance and lack of suitable habitat.

4.2.4 Locally and regionally significant flora

No locally or regionally significant flora species were recorded within the site.

4.2.5 Declared pests

One declared pests, *Moraea flaccida, was recorded scattered across the site. No other declared pests or weeds of national significance (WoNS) were recorded in the site.

4.3 Vegetation

4.3.1 Desktop assessment

The database search results identified one TEC occurring or potentially occurring within a 10 km radius of the site: ‘eucalypt woodlands of the Western Australian wheatbelt’ (referred to herein as the ‘wheatbelt woodlands’ TEC. This TEC is listed as critically endangered under the EPBC Act and is also listed as a PEC (P3) in Western Australia.

Based geomorphology, soils and regional vegetation patterns, the wheatbelt woodlands TEC is not considered likely to occur in the site. This is primarily because the site is located within the Northern Jarrah Forest subregion (refer Section 2.5), whereas the TEC is confined to the Avon Wheatbelt and Western Mallee subregions (DoEE 2015). Records for this TEC occur approximately 6 km to the east near the town of York.

4.3.2 Plant communities

Six native plant communities were identified within the site, occurring primarily in the northern and north western portions of the site. The remainder of the site supports ‘non-native vegetation’, which comprises crops and non-native species, with scattered native trees and plants. Areas of hardstand and bare soil were also included in the ‘non-native vegetation’ category.

A description and the area of each plant community is provided in Table 4 and representative photographs of each are provided in Plate 1 to Plate 7. The location of each plant community is shown in Figure 5.

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Table 4: Description and extent of plant communities identified within the site

Plant Description Area (ha) community

Open woodland Corymbia calophylla, Eucalyptus wandoo, Allocasuarina huegeliana and Nuytsia floribunda over shrubland Allocasuarina humilis, Kunzea glabrescens and AAcCd 0.90 Adenanthos cygnorum subsp. cygnorum over sedgeland Caustis dioica over open herbland over non-native grassland (or absent) (Plate 1).

Woodland Eucalyptus wandoo over open shrubland Xanthorrhoea preissii and Hibbertia spp. over open forbland Dampiera lavandulacea and Lechenaultia biloba and over open Ew 1.60 grassland Neurachne alopecuroidea (some areas recently burnt) (Plate 2). More disturbed areas lacked or had low cover of native understorey vegetation.

Woodland Eucalyptus rudis over open shrubland Kunzea glabrescens over grassland ErKg 0.19 *Eragrostis curvula (Plate 3).

Woodland Corymbia calophylla and Eucalyptus wandoo (with occasional Eucalyptus marginata) over open shrubland Xanthorrhoea preissii over shrubland Banksia sessilis, CcEw Bossiaea eriocarpa and/or Hakea trifurcata over open sedgeland Lepidosperma 2.10 leptostachyum over forbland Dampiera lavandulacea and Lechenaultia biloba over open grassland *Eragrostis curvula on grey brown sand with some surface laterite (Plate 4).

Open woodland Eucalyptus wandoo over tall open shrubland Allocasuarina huegeliana EwNa over open shrubland Xanthorrhoea preissii and Leptospermum erubescens over grassland 0.19 Neurachne alopecuroidea and *Eragrostis curvula over forbland *Romulea rosea (Plate 5).

Open woodland Eucalyptus wandoo (with occasional Corymbia calophylla) over shrubland EwBS Banksia spp., Xanthorrhoea preissii and Bossiaea eriocarpa over low native forbland 0.25 Stylidium spp. on laterite (Plate 6).

Heavily disturbed areas comprising crops with scattered native trees and occasional native Non-native 158.23 plants (Plate 7).

Plate 1: Plant community AAcCd in ‘very good - good’ condition

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Plate 2: Plant community Ew in ‘very good - good’ condition.

Plate 3: Plant community ErKg in ‘degraded’ condition

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Plate 4: Plant community CcEw in ‘very good’ condition.

Plate 5: Plant community EwNa in ‘very good – good’ condition.

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Plate 6: Plant community EwBS in ‘excellent’ condition.

Plate 7: Non-native vegetation in ‘completely degraded’ condition (foreground)

4.3.3 Vegetation condition

The most intact native vegetation was located in the northern and north western portions of the site. Two patches of vegetation (part of plant communities Ew and EwBS) were mapped as being in ‘excellent’ condition as they comprised an intact structure, high native species diversity and very low

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weed (non-native) cover. Disturbance in this vegetation was not evident or only affecting individual species.

The patches of vegetation in the northern portion of the site adjacent to Great Southern Highway that were mapped as being in ‘very good’ condition generally comprised an intact structure but showed signs of disturbance such as higher weed cover than patches in ‘excellent’ condition (although weed cover was still low). The patches of vegetation in the northern portion of the site along the driveway that were mapped as being in ‘very good’ condition supported high native species diversity but had been subject to more recent disturbance such as clearing and fire.

Two patches of AAcCd vegetation in the northern portion of the site, adjacent to Great Southern Highway, were mapped as being in ‘very good – good’ condition as they showed signs of disturbance such as areas of bare ground and lower native species diversity compared to higher quality adjacent patces. The EwNa vegetation in the north western portion of the site was mapped as being in ‘very good – good’ condition as the structure was altered, with low native shrub cover. However, the EwNa vegetation comprised moderate native species diversity and is likely to regenerate naturally over time.

The patches of vegetation mapped as being in ‘degraded’ condition comprised an altered structure due to disturbance, with the canopy or understorey lacking or comprising low native species diversity. Higher weed cover, particularly grassy weeds, were recorded in these patches.

The ‘non-native’ vegetation within the site was mapped as being in ‘completely degraded’ condition as it has been subject to long term historical disturbance and consisted primarily of non-native species such as crops (particularly canola). Scattered native species, particularly Corymbia calophylla (marri) and Eucalyptus wandoo (wandoo) trees occur within the ‘completely degraded’ areas.

The extent of vegetation by condition category is detailed in Table 5 and shown in Figure 6.

Table 5: Extent of vegetation condition categories within the site

Condition category (Keighery 1994) Size (ha)

Pristine 0

Excellent 0.40

Very good 1.49

Very good - good 0.89

Good 0.28

Degraded 2.01

Completely degraded 158.29

4.3.4 Threatened and priority ecological communities

No TECs or PECs occur within the site.

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4.3.5 Locally and regionally significant vegetation

Multiple mature eucalypt trees (diameter at breast height larger than 500 mm for marri and Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah) and larger than 300 mm for wandoo) are present in the site. Due to their size these trees have the potential to provide foraging, roosting and nesting habitat for black cockatoos (especially Carnaby’s black cockatoo), along with other ecological services.

4.4 Species richness and sampling adequacy

A total of 142 species were recorded from 11 samples. A species accumulation curve derived from sample data is presented in Plate 8. After 11 samples the curve is still increasing and has not reached its asymptote. This indicates that a proportion of species likely remain undetected by sampling.

Species richness was estimated in PRIMER v6 to be between 205 (Jacknife1) and 221 (Chao2). Based on the trend of the species accumulation curve approximately 20 to 30 samples would be required to capture that many species. Including the 50 additional species recorded opportunistically, a total of 192 species was recorded in the site. This indicates that between 87 and 94% of the estimated 205- 221 species in the site were recorded. The survey effort was therefore considered to be adequate to prepare a near-comprehensive species inventory.

Plate 8: Species accumulation curve derived from sample data (y = 49.625ln(x) + 14.506, R² = 0.9781)

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5 Discussion

The northern portion of the site supports native vegetation that is connected to extensive areas of high-quality native vegetation outside of the site within Wandoo National Park. The central and southern portions of the site are currently used for farming and support predominantly non-native vegetation.

5.1 Threatened and priority flora

Some individuals of D. albonotata (P2) were flowering during the survey, which enabled positive identification to species level. DBCA records indicate that D. albonotata has been previously recorded 700 m west of the recorded location within the site. The two locations where D. albonotata was observed in the site consisted of open areas with laterite. D. albonotata was present in colonies at each location. No other locations of D. albonotata were recorded in the site and are considered unlikely to occur.

A specimen of H. ?platyphylla (P4) was collected from two of the three locations in the site where the taxon was recorded. The specimens were flowering and in good condition and supported some morphological characteristics of H. platyphylla. However, the specimens could not be confirmed to species level, as some morphological characters were not representative of H. platyphylla but were also not consistent with any other Hemigenia species. The identity of the H. ?platyphylla specimens from within the site are likely to require formal taxonomic identification by taxonomists at the Western Australian herbarium.

Some threatened and priority flora species considered to have potential to occur in the site, particularly perennial shrubs, were able to be confirmed to not occur in the site. For example, Adenanthos was recorded in the site but was determined to comprise Adenanthos cygnorum subsp. cygnorum rather than the threatened taxon Adenanthos pungens subsp. effusus. The survey occurred during the flowering time for cryptic species, such as orchids, and therefore they should have been visible. However, flowering times are subject to seasonal variation and since only one visit was undertaken some threatened and priority flora species cannot be ruled out as occurring within the site.

However, the vegetation in the northern portion of the site is the only area that supports suitable habitat for threatened and priority flora species. The remainder of the site, from the southern end of the driveway where the site broadens and crops occur, has been subject to intensive historical disturbance and would not support threatened or priority flora species.

5.2 Vegetation condition

Assigning a vegetation condition category to native vegetation was generally straightforward. The majority of the site is significantly modified and clearly corresponds with a classification of completely degraded.

In the northern portion of the site relatively small areas of vegetation remain intact having been subject to low level disturbance. The portion of the site directly north of Great Southern Highway

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appeared to have been subject to more disturbance than the southern side, with higher weed cover and less intact structure. This side of Great Southern Highway is also adjacent to non-native farmland rather than native vegetation, which may have contributed to the higher weed cover.

The portion of native vegetation along the driveway in the northern portion of the site appears to have been subject to a recent fire event. The canopy trees appeared to be unaffected by the fire but the understorey vegetation was regenerating at the time of the survey. The adjacent vegetation outside of the site appears to be in ‘excellent’ condition and additional survey of the vegetation within the site once the vegetation has fully regenerated may indicate that it is also in ‘excellent’ condition.

5.3 Threatened and priority ecological communities

The native plant communities in the site are not considered to represent the wheatbelt woodlands TEC as they are outside of the area the TEC occurs in and they do not support tree species typical of the TEC, such as Eucalyptus salmonophloia (salmon gum), Eucalyptus loxophleba (York gum), Eucalyptus longicornis (red morrel) and Eucalyptus salubris (gimlet). The nearest record for this TEC is some 6 km to the east of the site.

5.4 Local and regional significance

The native communities in the northern portion of the site would be considered to be significant as they are part of extensive areas of native vegetation that functions as an ecological linkage.

Native vegetation and scattered native trees in the site comprise species known to be used by black cockatoos for foraging. In addition, a mature marri, jarrah and wandoo trees with a diameter at breast height larger than 500 mm (or 300 mm for wandoo) are present within the site. Due to their size these trees have the potential to provide roosting and/or nesting habitat for black cockatoos, along with other ecological services.

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6 Conclusions

The northern portion of the site, adjacent to Great Southern Highway and the driveway of Lot 4869, supports high quality native vegetation primarily in ‘excellent’, ‘very good’ and ‘very good – good’ condition. The remaining 160.40 ha of the site, which comprises 98% of the total area, supports non- native vegetation in ‘completely degraded’ condition.

No threatened flora species were recorded within the site. Two priority flora species, Drosera albonotata (P2) and Hemigenia ?platyphylla (P4), were recorded in the northern portion of the site. Some other threatened and priority flora species were not recorded during the survey but have potential to occur in the northern portion of the site. The portion of the site mapped as ‘non-native’ vegetation in ‘completely degraded’ condition is not considered to provide habitat for threatened or priority flora species and therefore none are considered likely to occur in this portion of the site.

No TECs or PECs occur within the site.

Native vegetation within the site, particularly large trees, has potential to provide habitat for threatened species of black cockatoo.

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7 References

7.1 General references

Alan Tingay and Associates 1998, A Strategic Plan for Perth's Greenways - Final Report. December 1998.

Beard, J. S. 1990, Plant Life of Western Australia, Kangaroo Press Pty Ltd., Kenthurst, N.S.W.

Beard, J. S., Beeston, G. R., Harvey, J. M., Hopkins, A. J. M. and Shepherd, D. P. 2013, The vegetation of Western Australia at the 1:3,000,000 scale. Explanatory memoir. Second edition., Conservation Science Western Australia, 9: 1-152.

Clarke, K. R. and Gorley, R. N. 2006, PRIMER v6: User Manual/Tutorial, PRIMER-E, Plymouth.

Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions (DBCA) 2017a, DBCA - Legislated Lands and Waters (DBCA-011).

Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions (DBCA) 2017b, Lands of Interest (DBCA-012).

Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions (DBCA) 2017c, Ramsar Sites (DBCA-010).

Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions (DBCA) 2018, Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia - Western Australia (DBCA-045).

Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions (DBCA) 2019, Vegetation Complexes - South West forest region of Western Australia (DBCA-047), Kensington.

Department of the Environment (DoEE) 2015, Approved Conservation Advice (including listing advice) for the Eucalypt Woodlands of the Western Australian Wheatbelt, Canberra.

Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development (DPIRD) 2018, Soil Landscape Mapping - Best Available (DPIRD-027), Perth.

Department of Water and Environmental Regulation (DWER) 2018, Hydrography Linear (Heirarchy) (DWER-031), Perth.

ENV Australia 2012, Allawuna Landfill Vegetation and Fauna Assessment, J112235-001, Final.

ENV Australia 2013, Flora, Vegetation and Fauna Assessment, Allawuna Roadside, J114490-001, Final.

Environment Australia 2000, Revision of the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA) and Development of Version 5.1 - Summary Report, Department of Environment and Heritage.

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Environment Australia 2001, National Objectives and Targets for Biodiversity Conservation 2001-2005, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra.

Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) 2016, Technical Guidance – Flora and Vegetation Surveys for Environmental Impact Assessment, Perth.

ESCAVI 2003, Australian Vegetation Attribute Manual: National Vegetation Information System, Version 6.0, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Canberra.

Gotelli, N. J. and Colwell, R. K. 2011, Estimating species richness, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Government of Western Australia 2018, Statewide Vegetation Statistics incorporating the CAR Reserve Analysis (Full Report). Current as of December 2017, WA Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Perth.

Hill, A. L., Semeniuk, C. A., Semeniuk, V. and Del Marco, A. 1996, Wetlands of the Swan Coastal Plain: Volume 2A - Wetland Mapping, Classification and Evaluation, Water and Rivers Commission and the Department of Environmental Protection, Perth.

Keighery, B. 1994, Bushland Plant Survey: A guide to plant community survey for the community, Wildflower Society of WA (Inc), Nedlands.

Miles, C. 2001, NSW Murray Catchment Biodiversity Action Plan, Nature Conservation Working Group Inc, Albury, New South Wales.

Purdie, B., Tille, P. and Schoknecht, N. 2004, Soil-landscape mapping in south-Western Australia: an overview of methodology and outputs. Resource Management Technical Report 280, State of Western Australia.

Wetlands Advisory Committee 1977, The status of reserves in System Six, Environmental Protection Authority, Perth.

7.2 Online references

Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) 2019, Climate Averages, 11 October 2019, . Department of the Environment (DoEE) 2019a, Protected Matters Search Tool, viewed 16 August 2019, . Department of the Environment (DoEE) 2019b, Threatened Ecological Communities, viewed 16 August 2019, . Department of the Environment (DoEE) 2019c, Weeds of National Significance, viewed 16 August 2019, . Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions (DBCA) 2019b, NatureMap, viewed 16 August 2019, .

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West Australian Land Information Authority (WALIA) 2019, Landgate Map Viewer, viewed 11 October 2019, .

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Figures

Figure 1: Site Location

Figure 2: Soils and Hydrography

Figure 3: Environmental Features

Figure 4: Sample Locations and Conservation Significant Flora Species

Figure 5: Plant Communities

Figure 6: Vegetation Condition

Appendix A Additional Information

Appendix B Species List

Appendix C Sample Data

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Project number: EP19-091(01)|February 2020 Page 1

Figures

Figure 1: Site Location

Figure 2: Soils and Hydrography

Figure 3: Environmental Features

Figure 4: Sample Locations and Conservation Significant Flora Species

Figure 5: Plant Communities

Figure 6: Vegetation Condition

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Project number: EP19-091(01)|January 2020 Page 1

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Appendix A Additional Information

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A dditional Background Information

Conservation Significant Flora and Vegetation

Threatened and priority flora

Flora species considered rare or under threat warrant special protection under Commonwealth and/or State legislation. At the Commonwealth level, flora species can be listed under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). Flora species considered ‘threatened’ pursuant to Schedule 1 of the EPBC Act are assigned categories according to their conservation status, as outlined in Table 1.

In Western Australia, plant taxa may be classed as ‘threatened’ under the Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016 (BC Act) which is enforced by Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions (DBCA). Threatened flora species are listed under sections 19(1) and 26(2) of the BC Act. It is an offence to ‘take’ or disturb threatened flora without Ministerial approval. Section 5(1)1 of the Act defines to take as including “… to gather, pluck, cut, pull up, destroy, dig up, remove, harvest or damage flora by any means” or to cause or permit the same to be done. The definition of threatened flora under the BC Act is provided in Table 1.

Section 43 of the BC Act requires that an occurrence of a threatened species or threatened ecological community is reported to DBCA where the occurrence has been identified as part of field work completed:

as part of an assessment under Part IV of the Environmental Protection Act 1986; or in relation to an application for a clearing permit under the Environmental Protection Act 1986 section 51E(1)(d).

Penalties apply to individuals and organisations that fail to provide accurate reports of threatened species or communities.

The Biodiversity Conservation Regulations 2018 (BC Regulations 2018) came into effect on January 1 2019. The BC Regulations include provisions for licencing, charges, penalties and other provisions associated with the BC Act.

Flora species that may be threatened or near threatened but lack sufficient information to be listed under the BC Act may be added to the DBCA’s Priority Flora List (DBCA 2018c). Priority flora species are considered during State approval processes. Priority flora categories and definitions are listed in Table 1.

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Table 1: Definitions of conservation significant flora species pursuant to the EPBC Act and BC Act and on DBCA’s Priority Flora List (DBCA 2018c)

Conservation Description code

Threatened Flora – Presumed Extinct Taxa which have not been collected, or otherwise verified, over the past 50 years despite thorough EX† searching, or of which all known wild populations have been destroyed more recently, and have been gazetted as such.

Threatened Flora – Extant T^† Taxa which are declared to be likely to become extinct or is rare, or otherwise in need of special protection.

Threatened Flora – Critically Endangered CR^ Taxa which are considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.

EN^ Threatened Flora – Endangered Taxa which are considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.

Threatened Flora – Vulnerable VU^ Taxa which are considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.

Priority One – Poorly Known Taxa which are known from one or a few (generally <5) populations which are under threat, either due to small population size, or being on lands under immediate threat e.g. road verges, urban areas, farmland, P1 active mineral leases etc., or the plants are under threat, e.g. from disease, grazing by feral animals etc. May include taxa with threatened populations on protected lands. Such taxa are under consideration for declaration as ‘rare flora’, but are in urgent need of further survey.

Priority Two – Poorly Known Taxa which are known from one or a few (generally <5) populations, at least some of which are not P2 believed to be under immediate threat (i.e. not currently endangered). Such taxa are under consideration for declaration as ‘rare flora’, but urgently need further survey.

Priority Three – Poorly Known Taxa which are known from several populations, and the taxa are not believed to be under immediate P3 threat (i.e. not currently endangered), either due to the number of known populations (generally >5), or known populations being large, and either widespread or protected. Such taxa are under consideration for declaration as ‘rare flora’ but needs further survey.

Priority Four – Rare P4 Taxa which are considered to have been adequately surveyed and which, whilst being rare (in Australia), are not currently threatened by any identifiable factors. These taxa require monitoring every 5-10 years.

^pursuant to the EPBC Act, †pursuant to the BC Act, on DBCA’s Priority Flora List

Threatened and priority ecological communities

‘Threatened ecological communities’ (TECs) are recognised as ecological communities that are rare or under threat and therefore warrant special protection. Selected TECs are afforded statutory protection at a Commonwealth level under section 181 of the EPBC Act. TECs nominated for listing under the EPBC Act are considered by the Threatened Species Scientific Committee and a final decision is made by the Commonwealth Minister for the Environment and Energy. Once listed under the EPBC Act, communities are categorised as either ‘critically endangered’, ‘endangered’ or ‘vulnerable’ as defined in Table 2. Any action likely to have a significant impact on a community listed under the EPBC Act requires approval from the Minister for the Environment and Energy. Version: EMRG_FloraReport_Appendix (V008)

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Within Western Australia TECs are determined by the Western Australian Threatened Ecological Communities Scientific Advisory Committee (WATECSAC) and endorsed by the State Minister for the Environment. The WATECSAC is an independent group comprised of representatives from organisations including tertiary institutions, the Western Australian Museum and DBCA. The TECs endorsed by the State Minister are published by DBCA (DBCA 2018b).

TECs are assigned to one of the categories outlined in Table 2 according to their status (in relation to the level of threat). TECs are afforded direct statutory protection at a State level under the BC Act and BC Regulations. Ecological communities are listed under Section 27(1) and 33 of the BC Act. Their significance is also acknowledged through other state environmental approval processes such as ‘environmental impact assessment’ pursuant to Part IV of the Environmental Protection Act 1986 (EP Act) and the Environmental Protection (Clearing of Native Vegetation) Regulations 2004.

Table 2: Categories of threatened ecological communities (English and Blyth 1997; DEC 2009).

Conservation Description code

Presumably Totally Destroyed PD An ecological community that has been adequately searched for but for which no representative occurrences have been located.

Critically Endangered CE An ecological community that has been adequately surveyed and is found to be facing an extremely high risk of total destruction in the immediate future.

Endangered E An ecological community that has been adequately surveyed and is not critically endangered but is facing a very high risk of total destruction in the near future.

Vulnerable An ecological community that has been adequately surveyed and is not critically endangered or V endangered but is facing a high risk of total destruction or significant modification in the medium to long- term future.

An ecological community that is under consideration for listing as a TEC, but does not yet meet survey criteria or has not been adequately defined may be listed as a ‘priority ecological community’ (PEC). PECs are categorised as priority category 1, 2 or 3 as described in Table 3. Ecological communities that are adequately known and are rare but not threatened, or meet criteria for ‘near threatened’, or that have been recently removed from the threatened list, are placed in ‘priority 4’. These ecological communities require regular monitoring. Conservation dependent ecological communities are placed in ‘priority 5’ (DEC 2009). Listed PECs are published by DBCA (DBCA 2017b). Version: EMRG_FloraReport_Appendix (V008)

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Table 3: Categories of priority ecological communities (DEC 2009).

Priority code Description

Priority One Ecological communities with apparently few, small occurrences, all or most not actively managed for conservation (e.g. within agricultural or pastoral lands, urban areas, active mineral leases) and for which P1 current threats exist. Communities may be included if they are comparatively well-known from one or more localities but do not meet adequacy of survey requirements, and/or are not well defined, and appear to be under immediate threat from known threatening processes across their range.

Priority Two Communities that are known from few small occurrences, all or most of which are actively managed for conservation (e.g. within national parks, conservation parks, nature reserves, State forest, unallocated P2 Crown land, water reserves, etc.) and not under imminent threat of destruction or degradation. Communities may be included if they are comparatively well known from one or more localities but do not meet adequacy of survey requirements, and/or are not well defined, and appear to be under threat from known threatening processes.

Priority Three Communities that are known from several to many occurrences, a significant number or area of which are not under threat of habitat destruction or degradation or: (i) communities known from a few widespread occurrences, which are either large or within significant remaining areas of habitat in which other occurrences may occur, much of it not under imminent threat, or; P3 (ii) communities made up of large, and/or widespread occurrences, that may or not be represented in the reserve system, but are under threat of modification across much of their range from processes such as grazing by domestic and/or feral stock, and inappropriate fire regimes. Communities may be included if they are comparatively well known from several localities but do not meet adequacy of survey requirements and/or are not well defined, and known threatening processes exist that could affect them.

Priority Four P4 Ecological communities that are adequately known, rare but not threatened or meet criteria for Near Threatened or that have been recently removed from the threatened list. These communities require regular monitoring.

Priority Five P5 Ecological communities that are not threatened but are subject to a specific conservation program, the

cessation of which would result in the community becoming threatened within five years.

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Weeds

A number of legislative and policy documents exist in relation to weed management at state and national levels. The Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Act 2007 (BAM Act) is the principle legislation guiding weed management in Western Australia and lists declared pest species. At a national level, the Australian government has compiled a list of 32 Weeds of National Significance (WoNS) (DoEE 2018), of which many are also listed under the BAM Act.

Declared Pests

Part 2.3.23 of the BAM Act requires a person must not; “a) keep, breed or cultivate the declared pest; b) keep, breed or cultivate an animal, plant or other thing that is infected or infested with the declared pest; c) release into the environment the declared pest, or an animal, plant or other thing that is infected or infested with the declared pest; or d) intentionally infect or infest, or expose to infection or infestation, a plant, animal or other thing with a declared pest”.

Under the BAM Act, all declared pests are assigned a legal status, as described in Table 4. Species assigned to the ‘declared pest, prohibited - s12’ category are placed in one of three control categories, as described in Table 5.

The Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Regulations 2013 specify keeping categories for species assigned to the ‘declared pest - s22(2)’ category, which relate to the purposes of which species can be kept, as well as the entities that can keep them. The categories are described in Table 6.

The Western Australian Organism List (WAOL) provides the status of organisms which have been categorised under the BAM Act (DAFWA 2016).

Table 4: Legal status of declared pest species listed under the BAM Act (DAFWA 2016).

Category Description

Declared Pest May only be imported and kept subject to permits. Permit conditions applicable to some species Prohibited - s12 may only be appropriate or available to research organisations or similarly secure institutions.

Declared Pest Must satisfy any applicable import requirements when imported, and may be subject to an import s22(2) permit if they are potential carriers of high-risk organisms. They may also be subject to control and keeping requirements once within Western Australia

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Table 5: Control categories of declared pest species listed under the BAM Act (DAFWA 2016).

Category Description

C1 Exclusion Not established in Western Australia and control measures are to be taken, including border checks, in order to prevent them entering and establishing in the State.

C2 Eradication Present in Western Australia in low enough numbers or in sufficiently limited areas that their eradication is still a possibility.

C3 Management Established in Western Australia but it is feasible, or desirable, to manage them in order to limit their damage. Control measures can prevent a C3 pest from increasing in population size or density or moving from an area in which it is established into an area which currently is free of that pest.

Table 6: Keeping categories of declared pest species listed under the BAM Act (DAFWA 2016).

Category Description

Prohibited Can only be kept under a permit for public display and education purposes, and/or genuine scientific research, by entities approved by the state authority.

Exempt No permit or conditions are required for keeping.

Restricted Organisms which, relative to other species, have a low risk of becoming a problem for the environment, primary industry or public safety and can be kept under a permit by private individuals. Version: EMRG_FloraReport_Appendix (V008)

A dditional Background Information

Wetland Habitat

Geomorphic wetland types

On the Swan Coastal Plain DBCA (2017a) have used the geomorphic wetland classification system developed by Semeniuk (1987) and Semeniuk and Semeniuk (1995) to classify wetlands based on the landform shape and water permanence (hydro-period) as outlined in Table 7.

Table 7: Geomorphic Wetlands of the Swan Coastal Plain classification categories (DBCA 2017a)

Geomorphology Level of inundation Basin Flat Channel Slope

Permanently inundated Lake - River -

Seasonally inundated Sumpland Floodplain Creek -

Seasonally waterlogged Dampland Palusplain - Paluslope

Wetland management categories

DBCA maintains the Geomorphic Wetland of the Swan Coastal Plain dataset (DBCA 2018a), which also categorises individual wetlands into specific management categories as described in Table 8.

Table 8: Geomorphic Wetlands of the Swan Coastal Plain classification categories (DBCA 2017a)

Management category Description of Management objectives wetland

Conservation (CCW) Support high levels of Preserve wetland attributes and functions through reservation in attributes national parks, crown reserves and state owned land. Protection provided under environmental protection policies.

Resource enhancement Partly modified but Restore wetland through maintenance and enhancement of (REW) still supporting wetland functions and attributes. Protection via crown reserves, substantial functions state or local government owned land, environmental protection and attributes policies and sustainable management on private properties.

Multiple use (MUW) Few wetland Use, development and management considered in the context of attributes but still water, town and environmental planning through land care. provide important hydrological functions

The management categories of wetland features are determined based on hydrological, biological and human use features. The DBCA document A methodology for the evaluation of specific wetland types on the Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia (DBCA 2017a) details the methodology by which wetlands on the Swan Coastal Plain are assigned management categories based on a two tiered evaluation system, with preliminary and secondary evaluation stages. The preliminary evaluation aims to identify any features of conservation significance that would immediately place the wetland within the CCW management category. Examples of these significant features include presence on significant wetland lists, presence of TECs or PECs (Priority 1 and 2), presence of threatened flora and Version: EMRG_FloraReport_Appendix (V008)

A dditional Background Information

over 90% of vegetation in good or better condition based on the Keighery (1994) scale. If such environmental values are identified the wetland would be categorised as CCW without further evaluation.

Should the preliminary evaluation indicate that no such features occur, the secondary evaluation and site assessment are then applied. In the secondary evaluation, an appropriate management category is determined through the assessment of a range of environmental attributes, functions and values.

Wetland reclassification DBCA have a protocol for proposing changes to the wetland boundaries and management categories of the existing geomorphic wetland dataset (DEC 2007). The procedure involves a wetland desktop evaluation and site assessment which culminates in a recommended management category. Relevant information should be obtained in the optimal season for vegetation condition and water levels, which is usually spring (DEC 2007). In the case of larger wetlands that have undergone a degree of disturbance, a separate management category may be assigned to parts of the wetland in order to reflect the current values.

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References

General references

Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions (DBCA) 2017a, A methodology for the evaluation of wetlands on the Swan Coastal Plain, draft prepared by the Wetlands Section of the Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions and the Urban Water Branch of the Department of Water and Environmental Regulation, Perth.

Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions (DBCA) 2017b, Priority Ecological Communities for Western Australia Version 27.

Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions (DBCA) 2018a, Geomorphic Wetlands, Swan Coastal Plain (DBCA-019).

Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions (DBCA) 2018b, List of Threatened Ecological Communities endorsed by the Western Australian Minister for Environment, Perth.

Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions (DBCA) 2018c, Threatened and Priority Flora List 16 January 2018, Perth.

Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC) 2007, Protocol for proposing modifications to the Geomorphic Wetlands Swan Coastal Plain dataset, Perth.

Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC) 2009, Definitions, Categories and Criteria for Threatened and Priority Ecological Communities, Perth.

English, V. and Blyth, J. 1997, Identifying and Conserving Threatened Ecological Communities in the South West Botanical Province, ANCA National Reserves System Cooperative Program, Project Number N702, Perth.

Keighery, B. 1994, Bushland Plant Survey: A guide to plant community survey for the community, Wildflower Society of WA (Inc), Nedlands.

Semeniuk, C. A. 1987, Wetlands of the Darling System - a geomorphic approach to habitat classification, Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 69: 95-112.

Semeniuk, C. A. and Semeniuk, V. 1995, A Geomorphic Approach to Global Classification for Inland Wetlands, Vegetatio, 118(1/2): 103-124.

Online references

Department of Environment and Energy (DoEE) 2018, Weeds of National Significance, .

Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development (DPIRD) 2019, The Western Australian Organism List (WAOL), < https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/bam/western-australian-organism-list-waol>.

Appendix B Species List

Flora Species List ‐ Project Name Note: * denotes introduced weed species, Pl=planted, DP=declared pest under the BAM Act, WoNS=weed of National significance Family Status Species

Araliaceae Trachymene cyanopetala Trachymene pilosa

Anarthriaceae ?Lyginia imberbis

Asparagaceae Laxmannia ramosa subsp. ramosa Lomandra preissii Lomandra sp. ?Lomandra sp. Sowerbaea laxiflora Thysanotus manglesianus/patersonii

Asteraceae Asteraceae sp. Arctotheca calendula Brachyscome iberidifolia Cotula coronopifolia Hypochaeris sp. Lagenophora huegelii Millotia tenuifolia var. tenuifolia Podolepis gracilis Podotheca angustifolia Pterochaeta ?paniculata Quinetia urvillei Siloxerus multiflorus Siloxerus sp. Trichocline spathulata * Ursinia anthemoides Waitzia nitida

Brassicaceae Brassicaceae sp. Brassicaceae sp.

Boryaceae Borya scirpoidea Borya ?scirpoidea

Casuarinaceae Allocasuarina huegeliana Allocasuarina humilis

Page 1 of 6 Flora Species List ‐ Project Name Note: * denotes introduced weed species, Pl=planted, DP=declared pest under the BAM Act, WoNS=weed of National significance Family Status Species Celastraceae ?Stackhousia sp. Stackhousia monogyna

Centrolepidaceae Centrolepis sp.

Colchicaceae Burchardia congesta Burchardia multiflora

Cyperaceae Caustis dioica Chorizandra enodis Lepidosperma ?drummondii Lepidosperma leptostachyum Lepidosperma ?leptostachyum Mesomelaena graciliceps Mesomelaena tetragona Schoenus ?clandestinus Schoenus subfascicularis Tetraria octandra

Dilleniaceae Hibbertia commutata Hibbertia hypericoides subsp. hypericoides Hibbertia sp.

Droseraceae P2 Drosera albonotata Drosera erythrorhiza Drosera macrantha Drosera ?macrantha Drosera sp.

Elaeocarpaceae Tetratheca hirsuta

Ericaceae Astroloma sp. Leucopogon ?parvifolius Leucopogon sp. 1

Fabaceae Acacia applanata Acacia erinacea Acacia huegelii

Page 2 of 6 Flora Species List ‐ Project Name Note: * denotes introduced weed species, Pl=planted, DP=declared pest under the BAM Act, WoNS=weed of National significance Family Status Species Acacia lasiocarpa var. sedifolia Acacia lateriticola Acacia nervosa * Acacia podalyriifolia Acacia saligna Acacia sessilis Acacia ?sessilis Acacia sp. Bossiaea eriocarpa Chorizema dicksonii Daviesia angulata Daviesia decurrens Daviesia nudiflora subsp. nudiflora Daviesia triflora Dillwynia laxiflora Fabaceae sp. Gastrolobium capitatum Gastrolobium hookeri Gastrolobium trilobum Gastrolobium villosum Gompholobium marginatum Gompholobium tomentosum Jacksonia furcellata Jacksonia restioides Kennedia prostrata Sphaerolobium medium

Goodeniaceae Dampiera alata Dampiera lavandulacea Goodenia berardiana Lechenaultia biloba Scaevola repens var. repens Verreauxia reinwardtii

Haemodoraceae Conostylis setigera subsp. setigera Haemodorum sp. Tribonanthes longipetala

Haloragaceae Glischrocaryon aureum

Hemerocallidaceae Corynotheca micrantha ?Corynotheca micrantha Johnsonia sp.

Page 3 of 6 Flora Species List ‐ Project Name Note: * denotes introduced weed species, Pl=planted, DP=declared pest under the BAM Act, WoNS=weed of National significance Family Status Species Dianella revoluta Tricoryne elatior ?Tricoryne sp.

Iridaceae * Babiana angustifolia DP Moraea flaccida DP Moraea fugax Orthrosanthus laxus Patersonia ?pygmaea * Romulea rosea

Juncaceae * Juncus acutus

Juncaginaceae Triglochin sp.

Lamiaceae Hemiandra pungens P4 Hemigenia ?platyphylla

Lauraceae Cassytha sp.

Loranthaceae Nuytsia floribunda

Montiaceae Calandrinia corrigioloides

Myrtaceae Calytrix ?angulata Corymbia calophylla Eucalyptus marginata Eucalyptus rudis Eucalyptus wandoo Kunzea glabrescens Leptospermum erubescens Melaleuca holosericea Melaleuca viminea Verticordia densiflora var. ?densiflora Verticordia sp.

Orchidaceae Caladenia discoidea Caladenia falcata

Page 4 of 6 Flora Species List ‐ Project Name Note: * denotes introduced weed species, Pl=planted, DP=declared pest under the BAM Act, WoNS=weed of National significance Family Status Species Caladenia flava Diuris sp. Lyperanthus serratus Orchidaceae sp. Pterostylis barbata Pterostylis recurva Pterostylis ?aspera Pterostylis ?recurva Pterostylis ?sanguinea Pterostylis sp. Thelymitra antennifera Thelymitra villosa

Orobanchaceae Parentucellia latifolia

Oxalidaceae * Oxalis pes‐caprae

Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus calycinus

Pittosporaceae Marianthus drummondianus

Poaceae Austrostipa sp. Austrostipa ?elegantissima * Briza maxima * Ehrharta calycina * Ehrharta longiflora * Eragrostis curvula Microlaena stipoides Neurachne alopecuroidea Pentameris ?airoides Poaceae sp. Rytidosperma sp. Thysanotus sp.

Polygonaceae Comesperma sp. Muehlenbeckia adpressa

Proteaceae Adenanthos cygnorum subsp. cygnorum Banksia armata Banksia dallanneyi

Page 5 of 6 Flora Species List ‐ Project Name Note: * denotes introduced weed species, Pl=planted, DP=declared pest under the BAM Act, WoNS=weed of National significance Family Status Species Banksia sessilis Conospermum stoechadis subsp. stoechadis Hakea prostrata Hakea sp. Hakea trifurcata Hakea undulata Persoonia quinquenervis ?Petrophile seminuda Petrophile serruriae Petrophile sp. Petrophile squamata subsp. northern (J. Monks 40) Petrophile striata

Restionaceae Chordifex sp. Desmocladus fascicularis Desmocladus flexuosus Hypolaena exsulca Lepidobolus preissianus

Rhamnaceae Cryptandra nutans

Rubiaceae Opercularia vaginata

Rutaceae Boronia ramosa subsp. anethifolia

Sapindaceae Dodonaea pinifolia

Stylidiaceae Stylidium araeophyllum Stylidium ?calcaratum Stylidium caricifolium Stylidium ciliatum Stylidium dichotomum Stylidium repens

Xanthorrhoeaceae Chamaescilla corymbosa Xanthorrhoea preissii

Zamiaceae Macrozamia riedlei

Page 6 of 6

Appendix C Sample Data

Vegetation Sample Data Page 1 of 44

Sample Name: Q1

Project no.: EP19‐091 Date: 23/09/2019 Status Non‐permanent Author: RAW Q1: Page 1 of 3

Quadrat and landform details Sample type: quadrat Size: 10 m x 10 m NW corner easting: 459254.056 NW corner northing: 6471519.866 Altitude (m): 331 Geographic datum/zone: GDA94/Zone 50 Soil water content: dry Landform: upper slope Time since fire: no evidence Disturbance: moderate ‐ clearing? Soil type/texture sand/clay Bare ground (%): 10 Rocks (%) and type: 40%, laterite Soil colour: brown/grey Litter: 30% (leaves,branches,) Vegetation condition: good‐very good Vegetation Sample Data Page 2 of 44

Sample Name: Q1

Project no.: EP19‐091 Date: 23/09/2019 Status Non‐permanent Author: RAW Q1: Page 2 of 3

Species Data * denotes non‐native species Status Confirmed name Cover (%) Acacia lasiocarpa var. sedifolia 1 Acacia nervosa <1 Allocasuarina huegeliana <1 Astroloma sp. <1 Banksia armata <1 Banksia sessilis 10 Bossiaea eriocarpa 1 Caladenia flava opp Cassytha sp. <1 Chamaescilla corymbosa <1 Conostylis setigera subsp. setigera <1 Dampiera alata <1 Dampiera lavandulacea <1 Daviesia triflora <1 Dianella revoluta <1 Diuris sp. <1 Drosera albonotata <1 Eucalyptus wandoo 25 Fabaceae sp. <1 Gompholobium marginatum <1 Hakea sp. <1 Hakea trifurcata <1 Hibbertia commutata <1 Johnsonia sp. <1 Laxmannia ramosa subsp. ramosa <1 Lechenaultia biloba <1 Lepidosperma leptostachyum 1 Leptospermum erubescens <1 Lomandra preissii <1 Lomandra sp. <1 Marianthus drummondianus <1 Microlaena stipoides 1 Neurachne alopecuroidea <1 Orchidaceae sp. <1 Vegetation Sample Data Page 3 of 44

Sample Name: Q1

Project no.: EP19‐091 Date: 23/09/2019 Status Non‐permanent Author: RAW Q1: Page 2 of 3

Species Data * denotes non‐native species Status Confirmed name Cover (%) Persoonia quinquenervis <1 Petrophile serruriae <1 Pterostylis ?recurva opp Rytidosperma sp. <1 Sphaerolobium medium 1 Stylidium araeophyllum <1 Stylidium caricifolium <1 Tetraria octandra <1 Tetratheca hirsuta <1 Thysanotus manglesianus/patersonii <1 Thysanotus sp. <1 Trichocline spathulata <1 Tricoryne elatior opp Xanthorrhoea preissii opp Vegetation Sample Data Page 5 of 44

Sample Name: Q2

Project no.: EP19‐091 Date: 23/09/2019 Status Non‐permanent Author: RAW Q1: Page 1 of 3

Quadrat and landform details Sample type: quadrat Size: 10 m x 10 m NW corner easting: 459347.1845 NW corner northing: 6471479.507 Altitude (m): 334 Geographic datum/zone: GDA94/Zone 50 Soil water content: dry Landform: mid‐slope Time since fire: no evidence Disturbance: low ‐ Soil type/texture sand/clay with organic layer Bare ground (%): Rocks (%) and type: 1%, laterite Soil colour: brown/orange Litter: 60% (leaves,bark,twigs) Vegetation condition: very good‐excellent

Insert photograph Vegetation Sample Data Page 6 of 44

Sample Name: Q2

Project no.: EP19‐091 Date: 23/09/2019 Status Non‐permanent Author: RAW Q2: Page 2 of 3

Species Data * denotes non‐native species Status Confirmed name Cover (%) ?Petrophile seminuda <1 Acacia applanata <1 Banksia armata 15 Banksia dallanneyi 1 Bossiaea eriocarpa 1 Caladenia flava <1 Centrolepis sp. <1 Chamaescilla corymbosa <1 Conostylis setigera subsp. setigera <1 Corymbia calophylla 5 Cryptandra nutans <1 Dampiera alata <1 Dampiera lavandulacea <1 Desmocladus fascicularis <1 Diuris sp. <1 Drosera erythrorhiza <1 Eucalyptus wandoo 40 Fabaceae sp. <1 Haemodorum sp. <1 Hibbertia hypericoides subsp. hypericoides <1 Lagenophora huegelii <1 Lechenaultia biloba <1 Lepidosperma leptostachyum 5 Leptospermum erubescens 10 Lomandra sp. <1 Marianthus drummondianus <1 Neurachne alopecuroidea <1 Petrophile striata <1 Poaceae sp. <1 Pterostylis ?recurva <1 Sowerbaea laxiflora <1 Stylidium araeophyllum <1 Tetraria octandra <1 Tricoryne elatior <1 Xanthorrhoea preissii 2 Vegetation Sample Data Page 9 of 44

Sample Name: Q3

Project no.: EP19‐091 Date: 23/09/2019 Status Non‐permanent Author: RAW Q1: Page 1 of 3

Quadrat and landform details Sample type: quadrat Size: 10 m x 10 m NW corner easting: 459522.9392 NW corner northing: 6471423.606 Altitude (m): 337 Geographic datum/zone: GDA94/Zone 50 Soil water content: dry Landform: flat Time since fire: no evidence Disturbance: low ‐ Soil type/texture sand/clay Bare ground (%): 0 Rocks (%) and type: 10%, laterite Soil colour: yellow Litter: 40% (leaves,twigs,branches) Vegetation condition: very good‐excellent

Insert photograph Vegetation Sample Data Page 10 of 44

Sample Name: Q3

Project no.: EP19‐091 Date: 23/09/2019 Status Non‐permanent Author: 0 Q3: Page 2 of 3

Species Data * denotes non‐native species Status Confirmed name Cover (%) ?Stackhousia <1 Acacia huegelii 10 Borya scirpoidea <1 Bossiaea eriocarpa 1 * Briza maxima 1 Caladenia discoidea <1 Comesperma sp. 5 Conostylis setigera subsp. setigera <1 Corymbia calophylla 25 Cryptandra nutans <1 Dampiera lavandulacea <1 Daviesia decurrens 1 Daviesia nudiflora subsp. nudiflora 20 Daviesia triflora <1 Diuris sp. <1 Drosera ?macrantha <1 P2 Drosera albonatata <1 Gompholobium marginatum opp Haemodorum sp. <1 Hakea undulata 1 Hibbertia commutata <1 Hibbertia sp. 1 Laxmannia ramosa subsp. ramosa <1 Lepidosperma ?leptostachyum <1 Leptospermum erubescens 1 Mesomelaena tetragona 1 Neurachne alopecuroidea <1 Opercularia vaginata <1 Parentucellia latifolia <1 Petrophile squamata subsp. northern (J. Monks 40) <1 Romulea rosea <1 Schoenus ?clandestinus <1 Siloxerus sp. <1 Sowerbaea laxiflora <1 Stylidium dichotomum 5 Vegetation Sample Data Page 11 of 44

Sample Name: 1

Project no.: EP19‐091 Date: 23/09/2019 Status Non‐permanent Author: RAW Q3: Page 2 of 3

Species Data * denotes non‐native species Status Confirmed name Cover (%) Tetraria octandra 1 Trachymene pilosa <1 Tricoryne elatior <1 Xanthorrhoea preissii 3 Vegetation Sample Data Page 13 of 44

Sample Name: R4

Project no.: EP19‐091 Date: 25/09/2019 Status Non‐permanent Author: RAW Q1: Page 1 of 3

Quadrat and landform details Sample type: releve Size: other NW corner easting: 460417.7926 NW corner northing: 6471405.267 Altitude (m): 295 Geographic datum/zone: GDA94/Zone 50 Soil water content: dry Landform: waterway Time since fire: <1 yr Disturbance: high ‐ fire, clearing, weeds Soil type/texture sand/ Bare ground (%): 80 Rocks (%) and type: No rocks Soil colour: white/brown Litter: 30% (leaves,twigs,) Vegetation condition: degraded

Insert photograph Vegetation Sample Data Page 14 of 44

Sample Name: R4

Project no.: EP19‐091 Date: 23/09/2019 Status Non‐permanent Author: quadrat R4: Page 2 of 3

Species Data * denotes non‐native species Status Confirmed name Cover (%) Acacia erinacea Allocasuarina huegeliana Austrostipa ?elegantissima Austrostipa sp. Corynotheca micrantha Dianella revoluta * Eragrostis curvula Eucalyptus rudis Gastrolobium hookeri Hakea prostrata Kunzea glabrescens * Moraea flaccida Muehlenbeckia adpressa * Oxalis pes‐caprae Poaceae sp. Waitzia nitida Vegetation Sample Data Page 17 of 44

Sample Name: R5

Project no.: EP19‐091 Date: 23/09/2019 Status Non‐permanent Author: RAW Q1: Page 1 of 3

Quadrat and landform details Sample type: releve Size: other NW corner easting: 460449.3724 NW corner northing: 6471431.326 Altitude (m): 290 Geographic datum/zone: GDA94/Zone 50 Soil water content: dry Landform: waterway Time since fire: 0 Disturbance: ‐ Soil type/texture / Bare ground (%): 0 Rocks (%) and type: No rocks Soil colour: / Litter: % (,,) Vegetation condition: ‐

Insert photograph Vegetation Sample Data Page 18 of 44

Sample Name: R5

Project no.: EP19‐091 Date: 23/09/2019 Status Non‐permanent Author: 459254.056 R5: Page 2 of 3

Species Data * denotes non‐native species Status Confirmed name Cover (%) * Acacia podalyriifolia Acacia saligna Austrostipa sp. Banksia sessilis Chamaescilla corymbosa Eucalyptus rudis Gastrolobium trilobum Kunzea glabrescens Poaceae sp. Vegetation Sample Data Page 21 of 44

Sample Name: R6

Project no.: EP19‐091 Date: 23/09/2019 Status Non‐permanent Author: RAW Q1: Page 1 of 3

Quadrat and landform details Sample type: releve Size: other NW corner easting: 460365.7595 NW corner northing: 6471435.104 Altitude (m): 289 Geographic datum/zone: GDA94/Zone 50 Soil water content: dry Landform: flat Time since fire: no evidence Disturbance: moderate ‐ weeds, clearing Soil type/texture clay/ Bare ground (%): 30 Rocks (%) and type: 10%, laterite Soil colour: grey/yellow Litter: 60% (leaves,twigs,branches) Vegetation condition: good‐very good

Insert photograph Vegetation Sample Data Page 22 of 44

Sample Name: R6

Project no.: EP19‐091 Date: 23/09/2019 Status Non‐permanent Author: 331 R6: Page 2 of 3

Species Data * denotes non‐native species Status Confirmed name Cover (%) ?Tricoryne sp. Acacia huegelii Adenanthos cygnorum subsp. cygnorum Calytrix ?angulata Caustis dioica Corynotheca micrantha Dianella revoluta * Ehrharta calycina Eucalyptus wandoo Hakea prostrata * Hypochaeris sp. Jacksonia furcellata Lechenaultia biloba Lepidosperma ?leptostachyum Macrozamia riedlei * Moraea fugax Neurachne alopecuroidea Podolepis gracilis * Romulea rosea * Ursinia anthemoides Vegetation Sample Data Page 25 of 44

Sample Name: Q7

Project no.: EP19‐091 Date: 23/09/2019 Status Non‐permanent Author: RAW Q1: Page 1 of 3

Quadrat and landform details Sample type: quadrat Size: 10 m x 10 m NW corner easting: 460098.1647 NW corner northing: 6471402.255 Altitude (m): 340 Geographic datum/zone: GDA94/Zone 50 Soil water content: dry Landform: flat Time since fire: no evidence Disturbance: low ‐ Soil type/texture sand/clay with organic layer Bare ground (%): 1 Rocks (%) and type: 10%, laterite Soil colour: brown/orange Litter: 50% (leaves,branches,logs) Vegetation condition: very good‐

Insert photograph Vegetation Sample Data Page 26 of 44

Sample Name: Q7

Project no.: EP19‐091 Date: 23/09/2019 Status Non‐permanent Author: dry Q7: Page 2 of 2

Species Data * denotes non‐native species Status Confirmed name Cover (%) Acacia applanata <1 Acacia sessilis <1 Adenanthos cygnorum subsp. cygnorum opp Allocasuarina huegeliana 5 Allocasuarina humilis 20 Banksia armata 1 Boronia ramosa subsp. anethifolia <1 Bossiaea eriocarpa 25 * Briza maxima 5 Caladenia flava <1 Caustis dioica 1 Conostylis setigera subsp. setigera <1 Daviesia angulata <1 Desmocladus flexuosus 30 * Eragrostis curvula 1 Eucalyptus marginata 50 Gompholobium tomentosum <1 Hakea prostrata <1 Hakea trifurcata opp Kennedia prostrata 1 Kunzea glabrescens opp Laxmannia ramosa subsp. ramosa <1 Lepidosperma ?leptostachyum 2 Leptospermum erubescens <1 Leucopogon sp. 1 <1 Lomandra sp. <1 * Oxalis pes‐caprae 1 Phyllanthus calycinus <1 Pterostylis ?aspera <1 Tetraria octandra 1 * Ursinia anthemoides <1 Verticordia sp. <1 Xanthorrhoea preissii 10 Vegetation Sample Data Page 29 of 44

Sample Name: R8

Project no.: EP19‐091 Date: 25/09/2019 Status Non‐permanent Author: RAW Q1: Page 1 of 3

Quadrat and landform details Sample type: releve Size: other NW corner easting: 460229.2304 NW corner northing: 6471403.65 Altitude (m): 0 Geographic datum/zone: GDA94/Zone 50 Soil water content: dry Landform: flat Time since fire: no evidence Disturbance: moderate ‐ weeds, clearing Soil type/texture sand/ with organic layer Bare ground (%): 2 Rocks (%) and type: No rocks Soil colour: brown/grey Litter: 70% (leaves,twigs,branches) Vegetation condition: good‐very good

Insert photograph Vegetation Sample Data Page 30 of 44

Sample Name: R8

Project no.: EP19‐091 Date: 23/09/2019 Status Non‐permanent Author: no evidence R8: Page 2 of 2

Species Data * denotes non‐native species Status Confirmed name Cover (%) ?Lyginia imberbis Acacia huegelii Acacia sessilis Adenanthos cygnorum subsp. cygnorum Allocasuarina huegeliana Allocasuarina humilis Austrostipa ?elegantissima Caladenia discoidea Caustis dioica Corymbia calophylla Drosera macrantha * Eragrostis curvula Hypolaena exsulca Kunzea glabrescens Lepidobolus preissianus Lepidosperma ?leptostachyum Leucopogon ?parvifolius Lomandra sp. Neurachne alopecuroidea Nuytsia floribunda Pterochaeta ?paniculata Siloxerus multiflorus Siloxerus sp. Stylidium repens Thelymitra villosa Thysanotus manglesianus/patersonii Vegetation Sample Data Page 33 of 44

Sample Name: R9

Project no.: EP19‐091 Date: 25/09/2019 Status Non‐permanent Author: RAW Q1: Page 1 of 3

Quadrat and landform details Sample type: releve Size: other NW corner easting: 459692.5344 NW corner northing: 6471409.425 Altitude (m): 0 Geographic datum/zone: GDA94/Zone 50 Soil water content: dry Landform: flat Time since fire: no evidence Disturbance: moderate ‐ weeds, clearing Soil type/texture sand/clay Bare ground (%): 25 Rocks (%) and type: No rocks Soil colour: brown/grey Litter: 10% (leaves,branches,) Vegetation condition: good‐very good

Insert photograph Vegetation Sample Data Page 34 of 44

Sample Name: R9

Project no.: EP19‐091 Date: 23/09/2019 Status Non‐permanent Author: sand/clay R9: Page 2 of 2

Species Data * denotes non‐native species Status Confirmed name Cover (%) Allocasuarina huegeliana Desmocladus flexuosus * Eragrostis curvula Eucalyptus wandoo Gastrolobium capitatum Hakea prostrata Leptospermum erubescens * Moraea flaccida * Moraea fugax Neurachne alopecuroidea Opercularia vaginata * Romulea rosea * Ursinia anthemoides Verticordia densiflora var. ?densiflora Xanthorrhoea preissii Vegetation Sample Data Page 37 of 44

Sample Name: R10

Project no.: EP19‐091 Date: 23/09/2019 Status Non‐permanent Author: RAW Q1: Page 1 of 3

Quadrat and landform details Sample type: releve Size: other NW corner easting: 460210.0248 NW corner northing: 6471332.957 Altitude (m): 0 Geographic datum/zone: GDA94/Zone 50 Soil water content: dry Landform: flat Time since fire: no evidence Disturbance: low ‐ clearing Soil type/texture sand/clay Bare ground (%): 30 Rocks (%) and type: No rocks Soil colour: brown/orange Litter: 30% (leaves,twigs,) Vegetation condition: very good‐excellent

Insert photograph Vegetation Sample Data Page 38 of 44

Sample Name: R10

Project no.: EP19‐091 Date: 23/09/2019 Status Non‐permanent Author: 40%, laterite R10: Page 2 of 2

Species Data * denotes non‐native species Status Confirmed name Cover (%) Adenanthos cygnorum subsp. cygnorum Allocasuarina humilis Bossiaea eriocarpa Caladenia discoidea Caustis dioica Conostylis setigera subsp. setigera Drosera sp. Eucalyptus marginata Laxmannia ramosa subsp. ramosa Leptospermum erubescens Podolepis gracilis Pterostylis sp. Stylidium repens Vegetation Sample Data Page 41 of 44

Sample Name: Q11

Project no.: EP19‐091 Date: 23/09/2019 Status Non‐permanent Author: RAW Q1: Page 1 of 3

Quadrat and landform details Sample type: quadrat Size: 10 m x 10 m NW corner easting: 460369.5723 NW corner northing: 6470913.489 Altitude (m): 0 Geographic datum/zone: GDA94/Zone 50 Soil water content: dry Landform: flat Time since fire: <1 yr Disturbance: moderate ‐ fire Soil type/texture sand/ Bare ground (%): 50 Rocks (%) and type: 2%, laterite Soil colour: brown/orange Litter: 1% (leaves,,) Vegetation condition: very good

Insert photograph Vegetation Sample Data Page 42 of 44

Sample Name: Q11

Project no.: EP19‐091 Date: 23/09/2019 Status Non‐permanent Author: 30% (leaves,branches,) Q11: Page 2 of 2

Species Data * denotes non‐native species Status Confirmed name Cover (%) Banksia armata <1 Brachyscome iberidifolia <1 * Brassicaceae sp. <1 Burchardia congesta <1 Caladenia falcata <1 Conostylis setigera subsp. setigera <1 Dampiera lavandulacea 1 Drosera ?macrantha <1 Eucalyptus wandoo 20 Haemodorum sp. <1 Hibbertia commutata <1 Hibbertia hypericoides subsp. hypericoides 2 Neurachne alopecuroidea <1 Opercularia vaginata <1 Pterostylis sp. <1 Schoenus ?clandestinus <1 Siloxerus sp. <1 Sowerbaea laxiflora <1 Sphaerolobium medium <1 Stackhousia monogyna <1 Tetraria octandra <1 Trachymene pilosa <1 Xanthorrhoea preissii 1