tssN 0085-8129 ODC151:146

VertebrateFauna in The SouthernForests of WesternAustralia

A Survey

P. CHRISTENSEN,A. ANNELS, G. LIDDELOW AND P. SKINNER

FORESTS DEPARTMENT OF WESTERN BULLETIN94, 1985 T:-

VertebrateFauna in The SouthernForests of WesternAustralia

A Survey

By P. CHRISTENSEN, A. ANNELS, G. LIDDELOW AND P. SKINNER

Edited by Liana ChristensenM.A. (w.A.I.T.) Preparedfor Publicationby Andrew C.A. Cribb B.A. (U.W.A.)

P.J. McNamara Acting Conservator of Forcsts 1985

I

I r

FRONT COVER

The Bush R.at (Rattus fuscipes): the most abundantof the native mammals recordedby the surueyteams in WesternAustralia's southernforests. Coverphotograph: B. A. & A. C. WELLS

Printed in WesternAustralia Publishedby the ForestsDepartmeDt of WesternAustralia Editor MarianneR.L. Lewis AssistantEditor Andrew C.A. Cribb DesignTrish Ryder

CPl9425/7/85- Bf Atthority WILLIAM BENBOW,Aciing Cov€mmenaPrinter, Wesrern Ausrralia

+ Contents

Page SUMMARY

SECTION I-INTRODUCTION HistoricalBackground. Recent Perspectives

SECTION II-DESCRIPTION OF SURVEY AREA Boundariesand PhysicalFeatures 3 Geology 3 Soils 3 Climate 6 Vegetation 6 VegetationTypes. 8

SECTION III-SURVEY METHODS 13

SECTION IV-SURVEY RESULTSAND LIST OF SPECIES. l6

(A) MAMMALS Discussionof Findings. l6 List of Species (i) IndigenousSpecies .17 (ii) IntroducedSpecies .30 (B) BIRDS Discussionof Findings List of Species .34 (C) REPTILES Discussionof Findings. List of Species. .49 (D) Discussionof Findings. . 55 List of Species. . 55 (E) FRESHWATER FISH Discussionof Findings. .59 List of Species (i) IndigenousSpecies 59 (ii) IntroducedSpecies 6l

SECTION V-GENERALDISCUSSION 63

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 68

REFERENCES 69

APPENDICES I-Results from Fauna Surveys 1912-t982 72

II-Results from Other ResearchStudies '74 Within The SurveyArea 1970-1982.

III- SpeciesCollected In The Survey Area since1968 76 IV-List Of VertebratesRecorded On Surveys Page (A) Mammals 92 (B) Birds 93 (C) Reptiles. 97 (D) Amphibians 98 (E) Freshwater Fish 98

V-Ve ebrates recorded in each of the Faunal Zones (A) Mammals 99 (B) Birds 100 (C) Reptiles. 106 (D) Amphibians. 108 (E) FreshwaterFish 109

Plates

1 High open forest of karri (Eucalyptusdiversicolor). Note the denseunderstorey. 2 High open forest of red tingle (E. jacksonii) with a denseunderstorey of kafir wattle ( pentadenia) near Walpole 3a Open forest of jarrah (E. morginala) and marri (E. calophllla) near Manjimup. Note comparativelyopen understorey 9 3b Open forest of jarrah on infertile greysand 9 4 Wandoo /E. wandoo) woodland. 9 5 Flat-topped yate (E. occidentalr/ woodland, found only in restricted areas of the south near the Hay River. 9 Casuarinafraserana and attenuatqwoodland on deep sandysoils in the south of the sulvey area. ll '7 Woodland of Banksia illicifulia on sandysoils in the south of the surveyarea 11 8 Low open woodland of Melaleucapriessiqza on swampyground. Note the flowering Beaufortia spars(l in the foreground. 11 Closedscrub of Melqleucsviminea on shallow soils in the upper reachesof the Perup River. Coloniesof Tammar Wallabies(Mauopus eugenii)live in thesethickets ll l0 Low, closedscrub of Agonis paryiceps,Beoufortia sparsa,and. Leptospermum firmum on moist peaty flats in the Mitchell River area ll 1l Open coastal heath on the south coast 1l 12 Sedgeland or south-coastal flat. Low woodland occurs as a fringe to these flats. 12 Granite outcrop and Eucqlyptus megacarpa, Ml. Lindesay. 12 l4a Coastal lake near Yeagarup, on the south coast t2 14b Wetlands: a pool on the Frankland River t2 15 Pinus radiata plantations in the Blackwood Valley . 1,2 "Box" "Possum" 16 or trap with a Western Qt:.oll (Dasyurus geoffroii) caught in the Perup 15 17 Collapsiblebat trap constructedafter the design of Tiedemann and Woodside (1978). t5 18 Survey team searching woodland and closed heath for , small fish, and other vertebrates l5 19 Nest of the Common DrJnnart (Sminthopsis murina), constructed with the soft bark of the paperbark ( preissiana/, inside the hollow stem of a dead blackboy (Xqnthorrheq preissii) 15 20 Spotlight surveyteam searchingfor nocturnal t5 Extensivethickets of heartleafpoison bush (Gastrolobiumbilobum) 22 WesternPygmy-poss]um (Cercartetus concinnus) Honey-possum(Tarsipes rostratus) on Bqnksiq qttenusts. Common D\nnart (Smint hopsis murina) 27 25 Tawny Frogmouth(Podorgus strigoides) on its nestin coastallow open woodland. zo Red-earedFiretail (Emblemaoculala) 27 SplendidFairy-wren (Malurus splendens). 33 28 Golden Whistler /Pachycephala pectoralis). 44 29 RedJeggedSkink (Ctenotuslabillardieri). 48 Page 30 Mourning Skink (Egernia luctuoss). 48 JI Sphenom o rp hus austr d lis 48 Little Brown Snake(Elapognathus minor). 48 33 Mueller's Snake(Rhinoplocephalus bicolor) 48 34 Greenand Gold Tree Frcg ( moorei) )o 35 Geocrinialutea 56 36 Salamanderfish (Lepidogalaxias salamandro ides) 60 Nightfish q'Eosrockidpo ross). 60 38 Brush-tailedBettong or Woylie /Bellongiapenicillata). 64 39 N\mbat (My r mecob ius Jasciatus) 64

Figures

I Location of surveys 4 2 Land use in the surveyarea , 4 3 Major geologicalformations. 5 4 Distribution of rainfall in the suryevarea 7 'l 5 Major vegetation formations. 6 Mean numbersof Brush Wallabies(Macropus irma) and Grey Kangaroos(Mocropus Juliginosus) seenon lwo eveningtransecrs. l9 'l Known distributionof the Quokka (Setonix brachlurusl and Tammar Wallaby (Macropus eugenii) 20 8 Capturepercentages of the Brush-tailedBettong (Bettongia penicillata) attwo locationsin the Perup forest. 20 9a Possumsightings on spotlight surveys:Yendicup Block 2l 9b Possumsightings on spotlightsurveys: Boyicup Block. 2l l0 Capture percentagesof Isoodon obesulusat two locationsin the Perup forest 25 ll Capture percentagesof Dasyurusgeolfroii at two locationsin the Perup forest . 25 12. Incidental sightingsof the Numbat (MyrmecobiusJasciatus) in the north-eastof the survey area 27 13 Mean numbersof Emru's(Dromaius novaehollandiae/ seen on two eveningtransects JJ 14a Diagrammaticrepresentation of the resultsof ordination of 25 surveys,based on data for all vertebratespecies. 66 l4b Diagrammatic representation of the results of ordination of 25 surveys, based on mammal data 66 l4c Diagrammatic representation of the results of ordination of 25 surveys, based on reptile data 66

Tables

I Gazettedrare flora in the surveyarea (Rye and Hopper, 1981). 6 2 Percentageof surveytime allocatedto eachmajor vegetationtype Surveysallorted to faunalzones 65 4 Comparisonbetween faunal zones:total speciesnumbers 5 Comparisonbetween faunal zones: species in common 67 6 Comparisonbetween faunal zones:numbels of restrictedspecies 6'7

APPENDICES '12 A.I (a) Number of trap nights for all trap typesin eacharea surveyed A.I (b) Fauna type and capturerate per trap type '73 A.I (c) Time spenton typesof surveywork. A.ll (a) Numberof trapnights for all traptypes in eachstudy. A.II (b) Number of capturesfor eachfauna type, and total capturerate for all studies. '75 A.U (c) Spotlight surveyresults from other researchstudies in the surveyarca, 19'70-1982 A.II (d) Resultsof eveningvehicle transects, from other researchstudies in the surveyarca, 1970-1982 75 '75 A.II (e) Time spent on bird counts in the suryeyarea, 1919-1982 Summary The forestedland to the south of the BlackwoodRiver, including the Donnybrook Sunklandto the south and eastof Busseltonwas surveyedfor flora and fauna over a lz-year period between1970 and 1982.A total of 19 surveyswere carried out during the period. Resultsof thesesuneys indicatethat the areacontains a rich and varied flora and fauna, a high proportion of which are speciesendemic to the south-west.Some of thesespecies are entirely restrictedto the surveyarea. Severalareas of outstandingflora and fauna valuesare identified. Distinct trendsin the distribution of fauna, which were relatedto climatic factors, were recognized,but no faunal regionsor zonescould be identified. The area, consistinglargely of StateForest, is an outstandingreserve for many and animalsunique to the south-west. SECTION 1 Introduction

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND coastal sand dunes. Theseremains, bone and tooth material, occur along with those of other, extant, species Since European colonization, many changeshave such as the Quokka, the Common Ringtail Possum affected the fauna and flora of the southernforests. (Pseudocheirus peregrinus) and the Western Quoll Clearing of the forests for farming, townships and (Dasyurus geoffroii)i they appear fairly recent. plantations,as well as the introduction and spreadof exotic speciesthroughout the area, have all had their Another mammal species,the Burrowing Bettong, effect. Few recordsof fauna numbersand distribution which was noted in the Lake Muir district, east of havebeen kept, ald there are few data on thesechanges; Manjimup is now also extinct in the survey area what few that are available,however, provide some (Kitcheneret al., 1978).Two others, theBilby (Macrotis backgroundinformation to our survey. lagotis) and the Red-tailed Phascogale (Phoscogale calura) appear to have occurred in the alea and are no The widespreaddisappearance of native mammals longer present. following European settlementis an Australia-wide phenomenon,from whichthe forestareas have suffered Two bird speciesmay have becorneextinct: the lessthan havethe more arid woodland areas.Masters Ground Parrot (Pezoporus wallicus) and the Noisy 'Ihe recorded impressivenumbers of mammals from the Scrnb-bird.(Atrichornis clsmosus). former occurred south-west of between 1866-69 on the southern coastal flats, and the latter near (Glauert, 1948),but only a short while later Shortridge Margaret River, and possibly in southern coastal "said (1909)notes the disappearanceof many species, thickets.The lastrecorded sighting (1952) ofthe Ground to havebeen first notedabout 1880,being most sudden Parrot in the surveyarea was of four birdsnear the Bow and unaccountable.. .". He states that such River,south of the forests(Sewenty and Whittell, 1976). disappearanceswere chiefly in the drier parts of the There have also been unconfirmed sightingsof the country; the mammals of the south-westhad not Ground Parrot near Torbay in recentyears. The last vanishedin the sameextraordinary way. Oneexception record of the Noisy Scrub-birdwithin the surveyarea was in the Lake Muir district in the southernforests was at Wallcliffe, near Margaret River, in the 1800s. where,in 1911,it wasnoted that Brush-tailedBettongs, or Woylies (Bettongia penicillata), and Burrowing Bettongs18. Iesueur)wercbecoming scarce (Kitchener RECENT PERSPECTIVES et al., 1978).Kitchener et al. (1978)consider that, whilst introduceddiseases cannot be discounted,the domestic By the late 1960s,despite the densesettlement of the Cat (Felis calrsl, widespreadthroughout Australia, south-west,and the high numberof animalspecies with almost certainly played the principal role in this first a very restricteddistribution, no systematicbiological disappearanceof fauna - an opinion we endorse. surveysor extensivefauna collectionshad taken place.

A subsequentdecline in numbersof native fauna, At that time, organizationsand governmentagencies between1933 and 1944(Perry, 1973; Serventy, 1954; involvedwith managementand researchon wildlife had white, 1952), caused a marked reduction, and priorities other than the study of forest fauna. The restrictionof rangein a numberof forest species,such CSIRO Wildlife Division concentratedits efforts upon selectedindividual species,particularly animals that as the Quokka (Setonix brachyrusl, the Brush-tailed Bettong,the Common Brushtail Posxm (Trichosurus wereconsidered agricultural pests, such as the Wedge- vulpecula) and the Tammar Wallaby (Macropus tailed Eagle (Aquila sudox) and the Dingo fcarzis eugenii).Christensen (1978 and 1980a)presents strong fomiliaris). The researchsection of the Departmentof circumstantialevidence to suggestthat the introduced Fisheriesand Wildlife was in its infancy, and engaged Fox (Vulpesvulpes) was responsiblefor this decline. full-time in surveyingand stocktakingthe considerable areaof reservesunder its jurisdiction in other parts of Despite these declines in number, however, few the State.The Universityof WesternAustralia centred specieswithin the surveyarea have become extinct. One almost all its zoological researchupon the study of possibleexception is the Potoroo 1Poloroustridactrlus), macropodson WesternAustralia's off-shore islands, which may have occurred in dense thickets in the particularlyRottnest Island. Consequently,little or no southernhigh rainfall area and along the south coast information about forest ecology existed, and this (Kabayand Start, 1975/1916).'Sub-fossil' remains of promptedthe ForestsDepartment of WesternAustralia the Potoroohave been found in 'blow-outs'in southern G.D.) to initiate studiesin that field. The wildlife studiesof the F.D. centrearound the This bulletinsummarises the detailedinformation on effects of forest managementpractices, particularly vertebratespecies' distribution and habitat preference prescribed burning and felling practices, upon forest collectedduring surueysbetween 1972 and 1982,in the fauna. Comprehensivedata are necessaryfor this southernforests and adjacentareas. Results from other research.Biological surveys are an ongoingpart of the researchstudies in the area are also included where F.D. flora and fauna researchprogramme. relevant. SECTION II

DescriptionOf The SurveyArea

BOUNDARIES AND PHYSICAL Further inland, towards the upper reachesof the FEATURES rivers, in the lower rainfall areas,the country is more undulating, and characterizedby broad, flat valleys The survey area consists of some 3 242 339 ha, only separatedby low ridges.These low ridgessupport open | 568 042 ha of which were considered for surveys. forestsor woodlandsofjarrah and marri, with wandoo The total encompassesthe area generally known as the often occurringin the valleys. 'Southern Forests', which includes the State Forests and vacant Crown Lands west ofAlbany Highway and GEOLOGY south of the Blackwood River, as well as those forests The Pre-Cambrianbasement outcrops over most of areas, such as Grimwade and the Donnybrook the surveyarea and is composedlargely of Archaean Sunklands, south of latitude 33" 33 %' . (SeeFigs I & rocks.These rocks are a complexof crystallineigneous ,)\ and metamorphic rock, dominantly granite and We included: all major occurrencesof high open karri gneisseswith minor amounts of basic igneous and (Eucdllptus diversicolor), the tingles (E. jacksonii, E. schistosemetasedimentary formations (Fig. 3). guiUoylei jarrah (E. E. brevistylis), the southern In the north-westernsector of the survey area the forests, the marrt (E. calophyllo), some ol morginots) basementis overlainby the southernextension of the wandoo) woodlands and the exotic pine the wandoo 1E. Perth Basin, an areaof sedimentaryrocks of variable plantations, mainly Pinus rsdiqtd, rn the Blackwood age and depth. In this sector, the Basin is enclosed Valley. betweenthe Darling and Dunsboroughfaults, and is The survey area forms a part of the south-western composedprimarily of the CretaceousDonnybrook edge of the Great Plateau, which occupies more than sandstones.An outcrop of Cretaceousbasalt at Black past 90 per cent of the area of Western Australia. The Point on the coastis evidenceof igneousactivity dominant physical feature of this region is the reticulate in the Basin. pattern of deeply-incised watercourses flowing off the To the eastand north-eastof Denmarkon the south plateau. The major rivers which flow through the area coast, the formations are of Tertiary age. Younger are the Hay, Denmark, Kent, Frankland, Deep, depositsfrom the Quaternaryperiod occur along the Warren, Donnelly, Blackwood and Margaret Rivers. south coast from Broke Inlet to Augusta, near Busselton,around Lake Muir in the eastand in several Along the coast, on the lower reachesof these rivers, small areasaround the Perup and Tone Riversin the the landscape is distinguished by low undulating hills north-east. and consolidated sand dune country, covered variously in low heathland, open forests or woodland. Further soILs inland on the middle reachesof the rivers, in particular Severalsoil surveyshave been carried out in different the Blackwood, Donnelly and Warren Rivers, and to sectionsof the suryeyarea: Hoskings and Burvill (1938) some extent on the Deep, the landscape becomes more on theDenmark estate, Smith (1951a and 1951b)in the deeply incised. Lower Blackwoodand MargaretRiver districts,and the Frankland River valley, and McArthur and Clifton This area roughly encompassesthe main occurrence (1975)in the Pembertonarea. of high open forest, and includes some of the open forest in the north of the survey area. The most extensivesuryey was made by McArthur and Clifton, who describedthe soils according to from the To the south of the Warren River, inland Northcote(1971), and recognizedsir main groupswhich coast, and in the high open forest area on the lower are representedthroughout the surveyarea. Deep, Frankland and Denmark Rivers, the landscape 'islands' is comprised of open, treeless flats with of (1) Lat€rit€sand Ironstones forest. The flats support seasonallywet sedgelands,and The lateritesand ironstoneswhich are typical of the forest developsonly on the elevatedareas, often around Darling Scarpoccur with lessfrequency in the survey protruding granite monadnocks. Typically high open area.Nevertheless, laterites are present, particularly in karri forest grows on the younger etosional soils around the northern sector.These soils are characterizedby a the granite outcrops, with open jarrah forests growing surface layer of light brown sand or sandy loam on podzolic soils further downslope, and banksia dominatedby ferruginousgravel or blocksof duricrusU woodlands in the leached sands on the margins of the yellowmottled clay usually occurs within the first metre. flats. Laterites are generallyfound high in the landscape, texr{7

LEGEND _.- SURVEYAREA BOUNDARY A YEAGARUP B WOOLBALES C DOMBAKUP D BORANUP E SUNKLANDS F PINES G MILYEANUP H SOHO I MITCHELL J PERUP K SHANNON L KARRI [4 MITCHELLRIVER SOUTHERN OCEAN N FRANKLAND O GIANTS

Figure 1: Location of surveys.

LEGEND SURVEYAREA BOUNDARY STATEFOBEST NATIONALPARK I CONSEBVATIONRESERVE : OTHERRESERVES ffil-l11rr VACANTCROWN LAND PRIVATEPROPERTY SOUTHERN OCEAN

Figute 2: Land usein the surveyarea. LEGEND _._ SURVEYAREA BOUNDARY o'ot'**o^" -'-..-.-' l ao,*oro,a llllH+l+ TEBTTARY ) lillil cRErAcEous-MEsozorc t::t:::::::::::::::::::::PROTEROZOIC ALBANY V//////Zl eacaa*n

.----- ACCURATE I SOUTHERN . OCEAN )- FAULTS - -'--' coNcEALEDI

Figure 3: Major geologicalformations. where there is less erosion. Forests on these soils are and one common form has a brown sandy loam typically jarrah or jarrah./marri mixtures, with Banksia surface. Yellow podzolics appear to have grandis as a common undersloreyspecies. developedfrom the exposedmottled zone of the laterites, and are thus widespread in areas of (2) Red Eafihs intermediate relief. These younger soils typically develop in a dissected The yellow-podzolic soils support a wide range landscape. They consist of a reddish-brown loam or of landscapes,from treelessflats in the swampy sandy loam surface which changes gradually to a red drainagelines to high open forest of marri./karri clay at a depth of 50 cm. Red earths suppoft high open in the most favourable situations, and forests of karri, or, where rainfall is insufficient, open marri,/jarrah and wandoo in drier easternareas. forest of blackbutt (E. pqtens) or jarrah. These soils occur when a basic or acidic type of rock has been (c) Another minor form of podzol has developed exposed by stream truncation, which removes the on certain swampy upland sites.These soils have laterite formation and allows new soils to develop. a dark-grey peaty sand surface and a plain mottled clay subsoil. Water-rounded quaftz (3) Podzols stone is often associatedwith the minor forms landscape Podzolic soils occur in the middle and lower of podzols, which suggests that these soils positions laterite and appear to be formed in a dissected consist partly of transported materials. They are podzols: landscape. There are several distinct types of often underlain by quartzite. (a) Red Podzolics: These soils have surface layers (4) Undifferentiat€d Sands of red-brown sandy loam with an abrupt change Sandy soils often developdownslope from the lateritic to a red clay horizon at 40 cm depth. They ridges. The colour of these soils may vary from pale support jarrah or jarrah/mani open forestsand, yellow through to reddish-brown, and ironstone gravel in wetter areas, high open forest of karri/marri. may be present in the.subsoil. This type of sand (b) Yellow Podzolics: The common feature ofthese generally supports low woodlands of Banksia spp. or soils is the distinct change in texture from the Cdsusrina. A grey, leached form of these sands, often topsoil to a yellow, mottled clay subsoil. They suporting a sedgeland community, occurs in broad cover a wide range of sites in the survey area, drainase lines. (5) CalcareousSands (E. occidentalis)are common outsidethe surveyarea. Along the coast,southwards from Boranup, a zone Even in these four, however, the understoreyplant of soilsderived from calcareousbeach sands occurs in associationsare often unique,being much denserthan the form of unconsolidatedsand dunes. Calcareous the understoreyof similar forest formationsfurther to sands support a vegetation of coastal scrubland, the north. herblandand openforest ofjarrah, peppermint(Agonis A list of plant speciesrecorded in the area,together a\d yate (E. cornuta)- flexuosa) with the major vegetationassociations in which they (6) Alluvial Soils have been found, is presentedin Appendix IIL The A minor soil type, the alluvial soilsoccur as narrow highest number of plant speciesand families were bandsalong major streams.They are extremely variable, recordedin the openforest and woodland communities, the only commoncharacteristics being a mediumtexture and the leastin the sedgelands,waterways and wetlands, throughout the soil profile, high organic content and pinesand closedscrub communities. a dark brown or dark grey colour. Although the list of plants is incomplete,it does CLIMATE provideinformation about occurrenceand distribution The climateof the southernforests is bestdescribed of the main plant speciesin the surveyarea. as mild Mediterranean,with warm summers, mild The flora of the surveyarea, like that of the south- winters, and only occasionalfrost. westgenerally, shows a high degreeof endemism.There During the winter months mean temperaturesover also appearsto be some degreeof local endemism the surveyarea appear to be dependenton distancefrom (Beard, 1970).Chippendale and Wolf (1981)list five the coast.Isotherms are generally parallel to the coast, of the eucalyptsin the surueyarea as rare or restricted: and temperaturesdecrease with increasingdistance from the three tingles,the coastalmallee 1'E calcicola)and the sea. In summer,mean temperatureappears to be the red flowering gum. more affected by latitude than proximity to the coast Certainly these eucalypts all have a restricted (Meteorology,Bureau of, n.d., 1962,\965). distribution,but noneof themcould be consideredrare. There is a distinct rainfall pattern for winter, with Two tingles, E. guilfoylei and E. jacksonii, form most of the rain falling betweenMay and October. substantial forests in the southern portion of the Limited summerrainfall nay be experiencedalong the surveyarea. The red flowering gum is also common, south coast, but generallysummers are dry. though restrictedto certainwoodlands of the south. Rainfall isohyetsare approximatelyparallel to the Coastalmallee has a very limited distribution along coastline,ranging from over 1397mm in the south-west a few kilometresof coastalscrub to the west of the to lessthan 635mm in the north-eastof the suryeyarea, Boranup karri forest. It is, however,common within whichis the furthestfrom the coast(Fig.4). An anomaly this region,forming extensive,dense thickets with other in the rainfall pattern occursaround Margaret River, species,particularly yate. Rate's tingle (8. brevistylis) wherethere is an isolatedregion of higher rainfall. is perhapsthe most restrictedspecies, occurring only in a few isolated stands amongst VEGETATION immediatelyto the north of the main tingle and karri Seven major vegetation formations have been forestson the south coast. recognizedin the survey,area:high open forest, open forest, woodland, low Voodland, open and closed Twelve speciesof understoreyplants in the suryey heathlandand sedgeland(Fig.5). In addition, three areahave been gazetted as rare flora (Ryeand Hopper, distinctive habitats have been recognized, namely 1981),seven of whichwe collected(Table l). granite monadnocks, lakes and swamps, and the BlackwoodValley pine plantations. TABLE 1 Severalof the vegetationassociations within these GAZETTED RARE FLORA IN THE SURYEY formations are unique to the surveyarea, such as the AREA karri and tingle forests(the only extensiveoccurrences (Rye& Hopper, 1981) of high open forest), the woodlandsof red flowering Adenanthosdetmoldii A po nogeton hexatepalus * g)m ( ficrfolia) and many heath and EucalJptus calcicola sedgeland formations. Casuarinq occurs Frunklandia tria statu fraserana Grerillea cirsiifolia mainly within the survey area, and some Albany Grcvillea drummondi' blackbutt/E slaerllwoodland, much of whichhas been Kennedia glabrata* Kennediamacrcphllla* clearedin the Albany region, survivesin the south-east Lambeftia otuilolia* of the area, ra floru Melaleuca baxteri' Only the open forestsof jarrah and marri and some Pentapeltis silvatica *Speciesnot F.D. Team of the woodlandssuch as wandoo and flat-toppedyate collectedby the Survey ^&, .Y LEGEND _. _ SURVEYAREA BOUNDARY .--.... ISOHYET

SOUTHERN

Figure 4i Distribution of rainfall in the surveyarea.

LEGEN D SURVEYAREA BOUNDARY HIGHOPEN FOREST OPENFOREST WOODLANDS LOWWOODLANDS OPENSHRUB SEDGELAND P,P.OR CLEARED SOUTHERN OCEAN

Figure 5: Major vegetation formations One of these species,Pentapeltis silyatica, has since Rate'stingle /E brevistylis)may be present.The main "rare beenremoved from the or otherwisein needof understorey tree speciesare karri oak (Casuarins protection" (Government special list GazetteW.A., 8 decussata)and W.A. peppermint (Agonis flexuosa). April 1983),as F.D. collectionsshow it to be widespread Common species are Acacia urophylla, and common in the suryeyarea. The five plants not Trymalium spothulatum, Albi4ia distachya, collectedare coastalspecies (coastal habitats were not clavdtd, Thomssia quercifolia, Chorilaena quercifu lia well coveredby our plant collections). and,Agonis parviceps. In the south-easterlysections of pentodenid, Besidesthe gazettedrare flora, thereare a few other the suwey area, Acacia Lepidosperma plant speciesthat are worth mentioning becauseof their tetraquetrum and Lepiddsperma effusum are the restricted distribution- Reediaspathacea, which is much dominantshrub species, while in the northerly sections soughtafter for floral arrangements,grows in isolated of the survey area, in the Donnelly River valley, patcheson the peaty sandyflats near the south coast aquifoliun is more common. and in the FranklandRiver valley. It is confinedto the High open forestshave developed on the bettersoils area betweenScott River and Torbay. within the surveyarea in regionswhere annual rainfall greater A mostattractive paperbark tree, unofficially known is than 1016mm. asMelaleucs baxteri grows near a small creekto the east (2) 0pen Forest of Lake William generally near Torbay. Another The open forest is generallycomposed of jarrah uncommon speciesis Greyilled cirsiifolia, known only (Plates3a & 3b) or jarrah,/marri rnixtures,with W.A. from one location on the Corbalup road and an old blackbutt, flooded gum, and yate occasionallyoccurring (circa collection from Mt. Lindesay 1892). in small patchesby themselves.Common understorey Other specimenshave been collected from the farming speciesthat may also be presentthroughout the survey areas of Darken, Tenterden and Cranbrook, area include , Casuarina fraserona, longifulia Lasiopetalumcordifulium, previouslyknown only to and,P. elliptica. On grey sands, Bonksia occur in the Stirling Range,South West Plantagenetand sttenudta and, occidentale may Albany (1901)is in fact locally commonin poor jarrah occur, and on damper sitesAgonis flexuosa may be present. forest on clay soils to the eastof Tone River. Common shrub species are Bossiaea linophylla, B. ornsta, Macrozamia riedlei, The tree fern, Crothea coopei, occrns in two amplexicdulis, Xanthorrhoea preissii and X. gracilis, localitiesin the forestwest and south-westof Manjimup. Acacia pulchella and Agonis parviceps. On the drier A few individualplants are growing in eachlocality. The secti.ons, Hakea lissocarpa, H. undulatum and. originsof theseplants ale unknown,and they may have Trymalium ledifolium are common species. beenintroduced from the easternstates. Openforests grow on latedticand podzolicsoils, and Another speciesof fern recentlydiscovered in the in drier regions. surveyarea has beententatively identified as a species of Lqstreopsis,another easternstates genus. (3) Woodlands Woodlandsare most common in the more easterly Three ,Acacia scapelliformis,A. stenoptera sectionsof the surveyarea, and are mainly composed and,A. gilbertii, are all widespreadthroughout the of wandoo (Plate 4) or jarrah or a mixture of these surveyarea, but they only occur occasionally,singly or species.Both yate and flat-toppedyate (Plate in small groups. Acacia scapelliformissuperficially 5) occur as woodlands on suitable sites, and marri may resemblesA. urophylla, with which it is often be presenton the sandier associated,and so it may easilybe overlooked. soils in the low lying areas.On very sandysoils in the higherrainfall arcas,Casuarina spp. can form woodlands, frequently in association VEGETATION TYPES with stuntedjarrah or Banksia spp. In the south-east of the survey area Albany blackbutt grows as a The vegetationformations and plant associations woodland either alone or in associationwith jarrah, recognizedin this survey have been classifiedusing Casuarinafraserana and (Plate 6). structuralcriteda, life-form, heightand density,as used A notable woodland formation occurring in the by Smith (1972).The vegetationformations have been Nornalup areais that of the red flowering gum, which further subdividedon the basisof species'composition is confined to this locality, and only grows on or floristics. There are ten distinct tvDes. consolidateddunes or, away from the coast,on sandy (1) High Open Forest gravels. High open forestsare typically karri (Plate 1) forest The scrublayer in the wandoowoodland is frequently or karri and marri forests,less frequently mixed with sparseand quitevariable in species'composition. In the jarrah and W.A. blackbutt.Near Walpole, yellow tingle jarrah andmarri woodlands,the understoreyis lessopen (E. guilfoylei), red tingle (E. jacksonii) (Plate 2) or and clumped,with speciessuch as Bossideq ornata and, Pl&te l^High opelr lorest oi kat'i (). Plrte 3b^Open forestof jarrah on infenile grey sand. Note the denseunderstorey.

Plate 2A pfate 4lwandoo (E. l4andod \toodland. High open forest of red linale (E. jacksonii) with a dense udderstorey of karri wattle (Acacis pentadenia) \ear Walpole.

Plste 5 Flat-topped yate (E. occidentalit woodland, found only in restricted areas of the south near the Hay River.

Pfate 3a Open foresl of jarrah (E. mdrginata) and marri /E < calophylla) near Manjimup. Nole comparatively open understorey.

9 Hakea lissocarpabeing common. Flat-topped yate (6) Open Scrub - H€ath generallyhas an understoreyof sedges,as this habitat Limited areasof the malleeeucalypts E. ancepsand is seasonallywaterlogged .In the Casuarina woodland.s, E- decipiensoccur in someof the easternsections of the understorey is dense, with species such as the suwey area.Scattered patches of jarrah, marri and Anarthria scabra and, Beaufortia decusssta, being W.A. blackbuttgrow on'islands'a few centimetres prominent. Where Albany blackbutt occurs with higherthan the surroundingsedgelands. These species Casuarinas,Beaufortia anisandra is usually present in occur in seasonallywet areasalong the coasteastward the scrub layer. from Augusta.In somelocalities, notably the Sunklands and the catchmentsof the Kent, Frankland and Hay (4) Low Woodlands Rivers,large open areaswith scatteredstunted jarrah Thesevegetation types, which occur throughoutthe and marri, Kingia austrqlis and,Casuarina humilis occur surveyarea, vary greatlyin both species'composition on very shallow clayeysoils (Plate 11). and soil types. (?) Sedgelands Sedgelands(Plate 12)comprised of mixed monocot are a common component of the low speciesare found on the upperreaches of the Margaret woodlands.On dry sandysites , Banksidattenuata, B. River, around Lake Muir and associatedlakes, and on ilicifolia (Plate 7), or B. grandis are generally present. someof the largepeaty sub-coastal flats wheredrainage On wetter sites,such as peaty sands,these species are is impeded.Consequently, sedgelands are under water often replaced by B. littoralis and, B. quercifulia, during the winter months. frequently in associationwit]n Nuytsis floribunda or Melqleuca spp. On somewet sitesMe loleuca spp. (plate (E) Granite Monadnocks 8) may form low woodlands,with commonspecies being A numberof granitemonadnocks, consisting of huge M. preissiana, M. rhaphiophylla and M. cuticularis. granite boulders,occur in the southernportion of the Nearthe coaston stabilizedsand dunes, Agonis flexuosa surveyarea. The vegetationon thesegranite outcrops is the major species,although it may be associatedwith is different from that of the surroundingforest, often seyeralMelaleuca spp. On extreme sites, generally comprisinghigh numbersof endemicspecies. Species constitutedon very shallow soils over rock or clay or commonlyfound in associationwith theserocks include consolidateddunes, jarrah, marri, yate, bullich 1E. E. megacarpa,Lepidosperma efJusum and a variety of megacarpo)and flooded gum (E. rudis) may all form ferns,mosses and lichens(Plate l3). low woodlands. (9) Waterwaysand Wellands Waterways and wetlands form In the Whicher Ranges, woodlands and low a variety of specialized,permanently moist habitats,ranging fron woodlandsare composed mainly of mountainmari fE. reed swamps(Cladium paperbark haemotoxylon),the distribution of which is restricted spp.) and swamps (Melaleucaspp.) to riverine to the Ranges(on sandylateritic gravels)and to a few habitats dominated by Agonis juniperina, Oxylobium occurrencesfurther north along the Darling Scarp. lanceolatum andBanksia species(Plates l4a and l4b). (10) (5) ClosedScrub - Heath Pine Plantationsand Associat€dFarmland Along the Blackwood This formation is generally associatedwith River valleyand its tributaries upstreamfrom Nannup, permanentlymoist sitescharacterized by such species largeareas that wereformerly farmland have planted as Melaleuco(Plate 9) and ,4gonr's(plate lO), KunT,ea been with the exotic softwood, Pinus (Plate ericifulia, Bsnksia quercifolis and, Leptospermum rsdiata 15). firmum. Qn the calcareousdunes near Karridale, the Pineplantations combine with smallareas of pasture mallee E cslcicola, together with a mallee form of and remnant blocks of eucalyptusforest to form a bullich and yate, form patches of closed scrub in distinctiveforest habitat. Much of the ground coverin association with Melqleuca huegelii, Diplolaena this habitat is composedof introduced grassesand dampieri, Scaeyolanitida and Acacia deciniens. weeds,and very little understoreyremains.

10 Plate 6 A Pl&le 9 Casuarina fraserana a\d Banksia attenuata woodland on Closedscrub of Mela/ercdvr'rnitea on shallowsoils in the deepsandy soils in the south of the surveyarea. uDDerreaches of the PeruD Riler. Colonies of lammar w^labies (Macrcpus eueeii,live in lhele rhickets.

Plale 7 ^' Plate 10 Woodlandof Ba,ksidi//icy'olia on sandysoils in thesouth Low, closed scrub of,4 gonis paniceps, Beaufortia spo6a, of thesurvey area. and Leptospermum fimum on moist peaty flats in the Mitchell River area.

Plate8l Low open woodland of Melaleucaplidsiand on swampy ground. Note the flowering Beaufortia sparsa in rhe Plate 11 foreground. Open coastal heath on the south coast,

11 Plate 12^' Sedgelandor south-coastalflat. Low woodlandoccurs as a fringeto theseflats.

Plate 14b Werlands:A pool on rheFrankland Rivet.

Plate 13,^ Graniteoutcrop and ,g callptusmegacarpa, Mt. Lindesay.

Plate 15 Pin s radiataplantations in the BlackwoodValley.

Plate 14a Coastallake near Yeagarup, on thesouth coast. SECTION III

SURVEY METHODS

From 1972to 1982,19 surveyswere undertaken, in (c) Selectionof trap lines in different vegetation l5 separatelocalities (Fig. l). The surveyarea is very !pes, preferablythose that had beenused least extensive,and the locations of surveyswere selected for trapping on previoussurveys. subjectively,with a view to obtainingthe besl possible (d) Placementof traps. coverageof the major site-vegetationtypes. Vegetative associationsare known to be a major factor influencing (2) Trapping the distribution and abundanceof vefiebratefauna in Trapping wascarried out using the trapline technique the south-west(Kitchener et al., 1980a,1980b, 1981; (Giles, 1971),with traps set at specificintervals along and Kitchener, 1982).The percentageof surveytime foresttracks and other accessroutes. A varietyof traps allocatedto each major vegetationtype is shown in (suchas funnel, box, Elliot, conibearand snaptraps) Table 2. wereused in orderto captureas wide a rangeas possible of fauna species(Plates 16 and l7). One of the most On eachsurvey, four to six personscamped out in successfultypes was the pit trap alliedwith a ddft fence. the survey area for one to two weeksduring autumn Thesewere used extensively on the more recentsurveys. or spring.During this period, eachgroup was trapping, searching,numbering, coll€ctingand recording. The On the earlier surveys,only trapping resultswere basic methodsemployed include: quantitative.Species recorded by all other techniques werelisted by all the vegetationtypes in whichthey had (L) Pr€-planning occurred.Consequently, we havecomparative data on (a) Examination of relevant data, maps, plans, the efficiencyof different traps (AppendixI), but none aerialphotographs, published material or other on the effectivenessof other techniques.The survey sourcesof information, effort included 23 ll9 trap nights (Appendix I). A (b) A pre-surveyground inspectionto determine further 52 652 trap nights were used during other the differentvegetation associations present, to researchstudies in the area(Appendix II), between1970 assessthe condition of roads and tracks. and and 1982. Results from these are included where to selecta camosite, relevant,

TABLE 2 PERCENTAGE OF SURVEY TIME ALLOCATED TO EACH MAJOR VEGETATION TYPE

VEGETATION TYPES

tl) 0 t3) & t5) t6) l7) l3) t9) tla) SURYEYAREA HIAHOPEN OPEN WOADLAND LAW CLOSED OPEN SEDCELAND CRANITE IIATERIIAYSPINES FoRfsr ,.On$r IIOODLAND YRUB.HEATH SCRUB.HEATH MONADNACKSIIETLANDS I''1r S|,4SoN'

Yeagarup 19'72 A, l0 30 10 IJ 20 Woolbales 19'72 A l0 5 15 20 l0 20 20 Dombakup 1972 A l0 t5 20 20 10 5 20 Perup 1912 A 50 25 20 5 1983S Boranup 1973 Sp 40 20 20 20 Sunklands 1974 S&Sp 30 20 5 Pines 1974 S&Sp 20 l0 70 Milyeannup 1976 Sp 50 30 5 Soho 1975 Sp l0 10 20 20 15 l0 10 5 Mitchell 1911 A, l0 2Q 205 5 10 15 10 5 Shannon 19'79 A 25 255 l5 555 Karri 1914 A, 80 20 Mitchell 1980 A 5 20 20 15 10 15 555 River Giants 1981 S 40 2Q 15 105 5 5 Frankland 1981 A 25 t0 15 5

210 145 165 140 55 I l5

Mean Percentage t4 9.6 9.3 3.6 7.6 4.6

*SEASON SP = Spring = Summer = Autumn (3) Taking a Censusof Birds scoopnets, for capturing small fish from ponds and Birds were recordedmainly during the first two hours streams;hair analysisof fox scatsand other sources; after sunrise each day, usually by two obseryersin and the analysisof the stomachcontents of predators different places.On earliersurveys, only lists of birds such as foxes, cats and snakes. The hair analysis were kept; however,we recentlyadopted the transect technique(Brunner and Coman, 1979;and Valenteand method (recommendedby the Royal Ornithological Woolley, 1982)has proved particularly valuable in Society),which allows the use of quantitativedata. detectingthe presenceof shy speciesof mammals. Eveningvehicle transects, made during Bird recording took 338 man hours (Appendix I, other research studies in the area, provided TableA I[c]) duringsurveys, and 457man hoursduring 202 hours recording numbers of kangaroosand wallabies(Appendix other researchin the surveyarea (Appendix II, Table II, Table A Illel). A II[d]). (4) Searching PRESENTATION OF RESULTS This was one of the most effectivetechniques used; Each speciesis treated separatelyin the data. Its it involvedlooking for animalsunderneath rock, stones distribution and abundancewithin the surveyarea, its andbark, in logs,hollow treesand in manyother places habitat preferences,and any information of general (Plate 18). Another useful method was interpreting interestdiscovered during our surveys,or other studies evidenceof animalactivity such as burrows, footpdnts, of the species,are discussed.Comparisons are made scatsand runnels (Plate 19). with Museum distribution data, and other published information on each species.Information published These searchingtechniques were quantified, and elsewhereis only referred to where it is considered detailedrecords of the numbersof eachspecies found peninentro the species'distriburion. in eachvegetation tlpe wererecorded for eachhour of searching. Observationsof fauna,particularly birds or the more unusual marnmal species,have been made on many During surveys, I 138 man hours were spent on privateprope ies,National Parks and Flora and Fauna searchingactivities (Appendix I, Table A I [c]), and Reserves;this informationis includedwherever relevant. many hours of searchinghave also taken placeoutside surveytimes. Specimensof all fauna specieswere catalogued and sentto the WesternAustralian Museum(W.A.M.) for (5) SpotlightSurveys positive identification. Museum numbers of these Night spotlightingsurveys wereused to recordcertain specimensare quoted in the text whereverapplicable. species,such as the Common Ringtail Possum We (Pseudocheirusperegrinus), Owls (Tyto and Nlr?or spp.) usednomenclature from the following sources: the Tawny Frogmouth (Podargus strigiodes) and,the Mammals - Ride (1970);Kitchener and Vicker Owlet Nightjar (Aegothelescristatus), that are not (1981);and Strahan(1983). otherwiseeasily recorded (Plate 20). Birds - Royal Australian Ornithological Spotlight surveystook 208hours during the surveys Society(1978). Reptiles - (AppendixI, TableA I[c]), and 123hours during other Snakes: Glauert (1967); and researchin the surveyarea (Appendix II, TableA II[c]). Cogger(1975). - Skinks:Storr €/ a/. (1981). (6) Plant Collections - Others:Glauert (1961); and Cogger On all of the later surveys,a collectionof plantswas (1e75). alsomade, We concentrated on angiosperms,especially Frogs - Main (1965);and Cogger(1975). the woody scrubspecies; smaller plants and herbswere Fish - Allen (1982). also collectedwhenever possible. Duplicates of each Distribution and abundance specimenwere collected,one for the Manjimup F.D. are defined by the following terms: ResearchHerbarium to retain and the other for the WesternAustralian Herbarium to identify. Distribution Ratings Eachspecies of plant hasbeen listed, along with each Widespread - distributed over a sizeable major vegetation formation in which it has been proportion of the survey area recordedor is knownto occur.The list is not exhaustive, Local - a distribution confined to a nor is the absenceof a speciesfrom any major particular locality or localities vegetationformation an indicationthat it doesnot occur within the surveyarea there.We merelypresent a checklist of plantsrecorded Restricted - distribution occurringin only one overthe ten-yearsurvey, inside and outside survey times or rwo localities. (AppendixIII). AbundanceRatings (7) AssortedMethods Common - numerousindividuals present In additionto the abovemethods, we alsoemployed: Rare - few individuals present

14 Plate 16 Plate 18 "Box" or "Possum" trap with a WesternQuoll (Dasrurus survey team searchingwoodland and closedheath for Aeoffroii) ca]ughtin the Pe p. frogs, smallfish, and other v€rtebrates.

Pl&te 19 Nest of the Common Dunnart (Sminthopsis murina), constructed with the soft bark of the pap€rbark (Melaleucd preissiana), inside the hollow stem of a dead blackboy (Xanthorfiea preissii).

Plate 17^ Collapsiblebat trap constructedafter the designof Plate 20 Tiedemannand woodside (1978). Spotlightsurvey team searching for nocturnalanimals.

tc SECTION IV

SurveyResults And Lists Of Species

(A) MAMMALS

DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS (2) Mocrotis logotis, found at Bridgetown between 1931and 1933(Western Australian MuseumNos. A total of 27 speciesof native mammals: five 001399and 001749,respectively). macropods,four possums,four daslrrrids,the Southern Brown Bandicoot, the Numbat, the Echidna, two (3) Phascogale colura, from the Bridgetown area in rodentsand nine batswere recorded on the surveys,In 1910(Museum No. 016026). addition,a total of ten speciesof introducedmammals, (4) Potorous tridsclylrs specimensobtained by Gilbert including the Dingo, occur in the surveyarea. (1842) and labelled "Albany King George's Sound". Later (1866-69),George Masters obtained Of the native species, only the Western Grey "vicinity (Macropus further specimensthat were labelled of Kangaroo fuliginosus) and perhaps two "at species of bat, the Great Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus King George's Sound" and King George's tasmsniensis)and the King River Eptesicus (Eptesicus Soundand Salt River". This leavessome doubt as to the exactlocation of the regulus)appear to be distributedthroughout the entire specimens. surveyalea. Bettongislesueur and. Macrctis lagotisare extinct in the suryey area. Phoscogalecalura is also probably All the other mammal specieshave limited extinct in the area, althoughthere is a slim possibility distributionsoccurring only in specifichabitats or forest that it may be presentin the north-easternsection. types. The most abundantspecies is undoubtedlythe Bush Rat (Rottusfuscipes), which occursthroughout The Potoroo was the subjectof an intensivesearch the southernpart of the surveyarea, and in the north by the Departmentof Fisheriesand Wildlife between whereverthere is a suitablehabitat. Of the introduced 1975and 1976(Kabay and Start, 1975/76).No evidence speciesonly the Fox (Vulpes vulps) and the House of the species'survival in the south-westwas found, but llo]use (Mus musculus)occur throughout the area in all the reportsconcluded that it may still inhabit the area. forest types, the latter being common in most forest This seems,however, a very remote possiblity. types only after recentfires. Museumrecords show that the followingspecies have Severalmammal species are of specialinterest because been collected in the vicinity of the survey area. of their comparativerarity outside the survey area. Peramelesbougainville, Sminthopsis crassicaudata,S. These include the Brush-tailed Bettor.g (Bettongiq granulipes, Notomys mitchelli, Potorous platyops, Onycholgalea lunata, Pseudom))s penicillato); the Numbat (Myrmecobius fssciatus) a\d occidentalis, P. the Quokka (Setonix brachyurusl. The colonies of shortridgii, P. albocinereus and Nycticeius greyi- Brush-tailedBettongs in the suryeyarea represent the It is considered that two of these species,P. population largestsurviving of this species.As the total albocinereus,collected from Mt. Manypeaksin 1967 population of Brush-tailedBettongs is unlikelyto exceed (M008123)and Narricup in 1957(M003417), and N. 5 000 animals, and that of the Numbat is almost g/el,i, collectedfrom Continein 1964(M007615), could certainlyless than 1 000 animals,both speciesmay be occurwithin the surveyarea. However, it is unlikelythat in dangerof extinction.Quokka populations,although any of the other speciesare present,because they are small and isolated, are comparativelynumerous and predominantlyinland speciesfrom lower rainfall areas. representa large proportion of the surviving populations of this species. Of the foresttypes within the surveyarea, the richest in mammalspecies are the north-eastern,jarrah-wandoo Many of the othermammal species are common in woodlandsof the Perup and the southern,low open the surveyarea, which is an importantrefuge for them, woodland areas.The former contain populations of eventhough they may be presentin reasonablenumbers everyspecies of native mammal recordedon surveys, elsewhere. exceptingonly the Quokka and the Honey-possum (Tarsipes rostrqtus). Speciesthat havebeen reported in the areasince the arrival of Europeans,and that were not recordedon The southern,low open woodlandsdo not contain surveysinclude: the medium-sized,open woodland speciessuch as the Brush-tailedBettong and the Numbat, but are rich in (l) Bettongiqlesuea4 found at Lake Muir prior to l91l small mammals, including Rattus fuscipes, Tarsipes (Kitchener,et al. 1978). rostrstus, Sminthopsismurinq and.Antechinus flavipes.

16 Comparedwith the forestedareas on the northern More recentwork by the ForestsDepartment suggests , where only 12 speciesof native that long-earedbats are probably more commonthan mammalwere recorded on recentsurveys (Kitchener el surveyrecords would indicate.It appearsthat batsmay al., 1918),the surveyarea containsa large variety of be lesscommon in the high open forestareas and most rnammalspecies. It is believedthat thereare two main common in the easternwoodland areas, The most reasonsfor this: common speciesin the survey area are Pipistrellus tdsmaniensisa\d Eptesicus regulus. (i) Denseground covel ovel much of the surueyarea, a consequenceof the region'scomparatively high rainfall. LIST OF SPECIES (ii) The presenceof extensivethickets of heartleaf poisonbush /Gaslro lobium bilobum)in the jarrah- (i) INDIGENOUS SPECIES wandoo woodland areasof the Perup. Order Marsupialia Family Macropodidae The influenceof the introducedpredalors, the Red WesternGrey Kangaroo (Macropusfuliginosus) Fox and the Ca1,on native mammalswas mentioned This specieswas recorded on all surveys,in all major ground in the introduction. We believethat the dense vegetationtypes, and was the most widely distributed cover over much of the southern forests has been a nativemammal in the surveyarea. It wasvery common major factor in the survivalof many nativespecies, in on the coastalplains, the southernflats and in the open predators. the face of theseintroduced woodlandareas of the Perup forest, and lesscommon In addition, the poisonous compound sodium in the karri forest and high rainfall areaswhere the fluoroacetate,which occursin certainspecies of plants understoreyis excessivelydense. Populations in these belongingto the genusOxylobium and Gsstrolobium latter areas often increaselocally and temporarily (Aplin, T.E.H., n.d.) is believedto haveplayed a role following felling or prescribedburning operations. in the survival of certain speciesof native mammals Someindication of kangaroonumbers is providedby (Fisheriesand Wildlife, 1980;Christensen, 1980a). biannualsuryeys, over two separate40 km routes,which Nativemammals show a veryhigh degreeof tolerance havebeen carried out regularlysince 1973. On one of to sodiumfluoroacetate (King et al., 1978iMead et sl., thesesurveys, to the southof Lake Muir, in openjarrah 1979: and Oliver e/ al., 1979). Introduced species, forestwith a denseunderstorey, the numbersof Western however,are highly susceptible,and predatorssuch as Grey Kangaroossighted averaged one kangarooper I the Fox and Cat may succumbto secondarypoisoning km in summer,and one kangarooper 2 km in winter. from feeding upon native fauna whosediet includes On the other survey, in the Perup area in poisonousplants. Certain native species appear to have jarrah,/wandoowoodland with an open ground cover, poison survivedin substantialnumbers in areaswhere sightingsaveraged a little betterthan one kangarooper plants of the genusOxylobium and Gastrolobium occ;ul I km in both seasons.Sightings of kangaroosalong both (Plate 21). transectsincrease markedly on recentlyburnt areas,and A declinein the numbersof mediumsized marsupials in the vicinity of farmland where there is accessto in the suryey arca in 1973/74 was atlributed to an introducedpasture. increasein Fox numbers(Christensen, 1978 and 1980a). Theserecords indicate that the kangaroopopulations At the time of writing it appearsthat onceagain some have remainedsteady over the last 12 years (Fig 6). speciesare increasing in numbers. Monitoring by Kangaroosoccur most often in family groupsconsisting trappingand spotlightingsuggests growing populations of male, femaleand joey. Sometimesindividuals may of Brush-tailedBettongs and Common Brush-tailed be sighted, and occasionallygroups of six or more Possumsin the Peruparea. Sightings of Numbatshave kangaroosmay congregateon pastureor recentlyburnt alsoincreased over the last two years.We do not know areas.They are most activein the early morning and whether thesepopulation increasesare linked with a lareerening. but may be presenlat any time, declinein Fox numbersin theseareas, or whetherthere WesternBrush Wallaby (Macropusirma) are other reasons. This speciesis very commonin jarrah forestwith an Few bats were collected on the suryeys, and openunderstorey, typical of the northernsection of the consequently knowledge of their distribution is surveyarea. It wasnot recordedon sevenof the surveys, fragmentary.Mist nets, which were usedon some of namelythose which coveredthe karri forest and south the earlier surveys,were set over small waterholes.A coastalcommunities. This confirmsobservations by the shotgun was also used to collect specimenswhilst authorsthat the WesternBrush Wallaby is absentfrom spotlighling. Some bats were collectedfrom hollow high rainfall areas where there is dense closed blackboys and one or two road casualtiesare also understoreyscrub layer. The speciesfavours more open included. forest with a low clumpedor open understorey,and is

17 very common in low lying areaswith a ground cover Tammars are most easily observeddarting across of grassymonocotyledons. tracksin their thicketsduring the earlymorning or late evening. WesternBrush Wallabies are most often seenin pairs, but individualsand groupsof three are also common. Older residentsin the south-westmaintain that They do not seemto congregateon pastureor burnt Tammars occurredin the Donnelly River area near areas like the kangaroo, but they are attracted to Glenoran and along St. John's Brook in the recentlyburnt areas. DonnybrookSunklands, prior to the introductionof the BrushWallabies are most activein the earlymorning Fox in the 1930s.The speciesis now uncommonon the and late afternoons and may also be seenfeeding during mainland in WesternAustralia (Fig 7). the day. They are seldom,however, seen on spotlight Museum records include: M06, Dunsborough surveys.The populationof this speciesalso appearsto (approx.1896); M0l6,l4l-43, Lake Muir (pdor to 1912); haveremained fairly steadyover the last 12years (Fig 6). M001568,Cape Leeuwin (1931). WesternAustralian Museum records date back to Quokka /Seronx brachyurus) 1912,and aremostly concentratedin the farming areas The is widespread,being recordedon nine to the east and north-eastof Manjimup, along the Quokka surveys,but only locallycommon - alwaysin areasof South-westHighway, and in the areabetween Busselton very densecover, often in streamsidevegetation of ti- and MargaretRiver. Thereare no recordsof the Brush tree (Agonis linearifofa,/ and rushessuch as sword grass Wallaby from the areato the south of Manjimup and () or L. tetrdquetum. the Muir Highway,or from the DonnybrookSunklands where the speciesis known to be common. In the jarrah forestthis speciesmore often occursin ti-treethickets on sandysoils, in the broadupper reaches RecentMuseum records include: M005446, Shannon of smallcreek systems. In the karri theywere frequently (1962)i M006207, Manjimup (1963); M013587, found in the densestreamside beds of rushes,on alluvial Margaret River (1968);M008335, Augusta (1968); flats near the junction of smaller streamsand larger M008026,Busselton (1969); M012635, Yallingup (1975); rivers. They werelocated several times in young karri M014523,S.W. Highway(19'16)iM014941, Perup River regenerationresulting from clearfelling, and may also (1976)tM014677, Moses Rock (1978). occur in low numberson the ridgesin karri and tingle The Tammar Wallaby (Macropus eugenii) forests. The Tammar Wallaby has a restricteddistribution, This speciesoccurs in small colonies,often no more and wasrecorded only on the Perup survey.There are than one or two dozenindividuals being sighted. They unconfirmed recordsof its occurrenceon St. John's make distinctive'pads' or 'runnels' through the dense Brook westof Nannup, and on one of the suryeysan undergrowth, which are easily recognizableif the which may havebeen a Tammar was flushedin Quokkas are presentin sufficient numbers. a heartleaf (Gastrolobium bilobum) thicket in this region, Quokkasare difficult to trap without pre-baiting,and their presencein low numbersmay be easilyoverlooked. The Tammar'sdistribution is restrictedby its special Hair analysisfrom Fox scatsproved to be one of the habitat requirements.It prefers provide thicketsthat a best methodsof detectingtheir presence. minimum of 20 per cent overheadcover and that have a very high proportion of bare ground or low grassy Figure7 showsthe species'distribution in the south- understorey. Grassesmust also be present in the west survey. immediatevicinity of the thickets to provide a food Recent Museum records include: MO125l7/002, source(Christensen 1980b). Aususta (1970);M010235, S.W. Highway (1972), Suitable Tammar thickets formed by heartleaf or M01023'7,Kronkup (1972); M010236, Walpole (1973); Melaleucayiminea occur primarily in the Perup area. M013404, Windy Harbour (1974); M013934-39, Thicketsof a more limited extent,which appearto be Denmark (1975);M015260, Wilson's Inler (1975); suitable habitats, occur in two other localities: M. M018221, Tin Mine Gully (1976); M0118220, 't,imineathickets along SheepwashCreek on the Hay Pemberton(l 978);M01 861 I -02, Pemberron(1980). River and heaftleafthickets on St. John's Brook. The The Brush-tailedBettong or W oylie (Bettongia latter thicketshave been reduced by cool springburns penicillatd) which do not regenerateheartleaf. The M. yimines This specieswas recorded only on the Perupsurvey. thicketson SheepwashCreek are more extensive,but Small coloniesof Brush-tailedBettongs also exist east no Tammalswere recorded on the surveyin that area. of Yornup, and on the Tone River east of the Tone In the Perup areaseveral colonies of somehundreds settlement.The only other existingcolonies of this once of Tammarsstill occur,and densitiesof oneindividual widely distributedspecies are at Tuttanningand in the per two or three hectaresare common. Dryandra forest, '18 The Brush-tailed Bettong occurs in jarrah and severedrop in numbers, well-drainedsandy gravelswhich wandoo forest on The Brush-tailedBettong may be a specieswhich understorey. Occasionally, support a low clumped undergoesregular cyclic fluctuationsin numbers.It is flushed by an observerwalking through Bettongsare likely, however, that changesin levels of the Fox method of detecting them, the bush. The simplest population accentuatethese flucuations (Christensen, for thet elaborate and however, is by searching 1978and 1980a). distinctivenests (Christensen, 1980b; and Christensen and Leftwich. 1980). In addition to the nests, Prior to the early 1930sthe Brush-tailedBettong was characteristicdiggings which the animalsmake during common in the Donnybrook Sunklands(Christensen, their searchfor hypogeanfungi and other foods indicate 1980b),but sincethen it seemsto havedisappeared. It their presencein an area. is unlikely that the speciesever occurted in the high rainfall areaswith denseunderstorey vegetation. Brush-tailed Bettongs are solitary and strictly nocturnal;they neverleave their nestsbefore dusk and Museum records include: M006276, M00017, retum beforedawn. They are easily captured and always M00023/0O2,M000113, Mammoth Cave (1914); on spotlight surveys may be seen M001084, M001086, Karridale (1928); M001340, Brush-tailedBettong populationssuffered a severe M001351,Karridale (1930); M001723-24, Elleker (1933); declinein the Perup area in the early 1970s,but they M00213,Chokerup Siding (1936); M005235, Manjimup are now increasing rapidly. The present rate of (1962);M000153, Bokerup Swamp (undated).Other populationincrease is so dramatic(Fig 8) that it appears recordsinclude specirnensmostly to the eastof State almost certain that the Bettongswill suffer another foresl, on the Albany Highway.

LAKE MUIR

PERUP

Figure 6 Mean numbers of Brush Wallabies (Macropus irma) and Grey Kangaroos (Macropus fuliginotu9 s€€non two eveningtransects.r *Eachtranse€t of 40kmis don€regularly twice a year.

19 LEGEND -._ SURVEYAREA EOUNDARY . OUOKKA IIIIII TAMMAR

ALBANY

SOUTHERN

Figute 7: Known distribution of the Quokka (Setonixbtuchtur s) and Tammar Watlaby/Maoopus eugenii)

Family Phalangeridae Common Brushtail P ossnm (Tric hosurus vulpecuIa) The BrushtailPossum is locallycommon, particularly in the Perup foresl area,but is found only in very low numbersthroughout the surveyarea. It was recorded on sevenof the surveys,and road kills and occasional sightingsover the last decadehave also contributed information on the species'distribution.

The speciesoccurs in high numbersonly in the Perup area. Low populations exist in the Donnybrook Sunklands,along the Blackwood River, at Margaret River, in the Yornup areato the north of Manjimup, and on the Hay and Kent Rivers.There have been two recordingsfrom the karri forest,one individual captured near Pembertonrn 19'72and another recordedduring felling operationsat KeystoneHill, near Walpole, in 19'71.

'Possumtrees', or treeswith visible possum 'tracks', areusually a signof high populationdensities, and are 'Jt 12 13 14 15 16 n 1A A & 31 ',€2 rarely obvious where the speciesexists only in low numbers.Possums are not easilyobserved by spotlight unlesstheir population densityis reasonablyhigh. BOYICUPBLOCK lSouth P6rup) I Although road kills around Bridgetown and Kirup 4,,"1 YENDICUPBLOCK (No.ih Psrup) occurredfrequently prior to 1973/74,srnce that time BrushtailPossum numbers appear to havedeclined in Figure 8: Capturepercentages of the Brush-tailedBettong some areas. Even in the Perup their numbers have (Bettongiapenicillata) at two locationsin the Perupforest. fluctuated(See Figs. 9a and 9b)

20 ERUSHTAILPOSSUMS

RINGTAILPOSSUMS

'72 73 74 75 '76 ',71 '79 80

Figure9a: Possumsightings on spotlightsurveys: Yendicup Block.3 *Twosurveys approx.3-4km each are done regularly twice a year. These figures are standardized to sightings/5km.

BRUSHTAILPOSSUMS

RINGTAILPOSSUMS

'79 '72 ',73 74 75 76 n &

Figure 9b: Possumsightings on spotlightsurveys: Boyicup Block.* *Twosurveys of approx.3-4km are done regularly twice a year.These figures are standardized to sighlings/5km. 21 More recent records include: M007216,Busselton 22) does not appear common, but is widespreadin (1965);M006826, S.W. Highway (1966);M006936, distribution.It seemsto favour coastaland sub-coastal M006963-65, M007002-3, M007428, Donnybrook banksia woodland and heathland. There is some (1966); M007699, Manjimup (1967); M008371, evidencethat this species'numbers may fluctuate Busselton (1969); M012631-32,Yallineup (1975); widely.In 1972,on the Woolbalessurvey, several dozen M013666,State forest (1975). individualswere collected in coastalbanksia woodland near Crystal Springs, amongst which were several pregnant females.They were collectedfrom hollow Family Petauridae trees,underneath loose bark, in hollow logs,and in dead Common Ringtail Possum /Pseudocheirusperegrinus) blackboystumps. A searchthrough the samearea a year The Common Ringtail Possumappears even more later failed to locate a singleindividual. restrictedin distdbution than the Brushtail Possum,and Apart from survey records, specimens are also suffered a similarly severedecline in numbersin occasionallybrought in by domesticcats in the area. 1973/74.Pr\or to this, sizeablecolonies of Common In 1978,one was also capturedin a pit trap in karri Ringtail Possumswere known to occur in the Perup, forestnear Pemberton. Another wascollected. in 1981. and in the coastal tuart (Eucalyptus gomphocephalo) in the pine plantation at Dombakup near Pemberton. and peppermint (Agonis flexuosal forest near Dunsboroughand Busselton.This speciesis presentin Museumrecords include: M012991, Kudarup (1975); low numbersin theseplaces, but is rare elsewhere. M014855-56,Jardee (1975);M015200, Northcliffe In additionto the Perup,Common Ringtail Possums (1976);M015201, Pemberton (1976); M018207, wererecorded on only threeother surveys. One sighting Milyeannup Road (1977). was in a pine plantation near Nannup, another was locatedin a deadstump in youngkarri regenerationnear Family Tarsipedidae Pemberton,and the last record was of a nest or drey Honey-possum(Tarsipes rostrdtus) in a Melaleucapreissians 1lee on the Mitchell River. The Honey-possum(Plate 23) appearsto be locally Otherrecent records include sightings ofthe Common common in coastal and sub-coastalareas. It was Ringtail Possum in an isolated patch of riverine recordedon eightof the surveys,most recordings being vegetationon farmland near Manjimup (1972),in a within 15 to 20 km of the coast.The speciesis mostly blackberry thicket on Four Mile Brook in the karri found in open woodland of Banksia sttenuqta, or forest to the west of Manjimup (1975),and in clear sheoak (Cqsuarinq froserana), or areas of heathland felledjarrah forestnear Wheatley (1977). It would seem with bottlebrush(Besufortis spqrsa) on sandysoils. A that isolated,small colonies may occurthroughout the characteristicof theseplant communitiesis that there surveyarea, particularly in riverine habitats. is invariably at least one major speciesto be found floweringat any time of the year. Wooller e/ a/. (1981) The CommonRingtail Possum is not often recorded, considerthat Tqrsipesi.s confined to areaswhere the since,unlike the Brushtail Possum,it doesnot enter flowering seasonsof nectar-producingplants overlap, traps and is not alwaysdetected on spotlight surveys which ensuresthe animal a constant food supply unlesspopulation densities in the areaare high (Figs9a throughout the year. and 9b). The speciesappears not to build dreys very often,preferdng to nestin hollowtrees like the Brushtail The speciesis readily captured in pit traps, Possum.An exceptionto this is in the tuart forest near particularlythose allied with a drift fence. It appears Busseltonwhere it often builds dreys in peppermint not to occurin the northernpart of the surveyarea, or trees. in the karri forests. It does, however, occur in the extensiveareas of woodlands and heathland in the The relatively few Museum records from the area Donnybrook Sunkland. include:M004255, Manjimup (1958);M008386/002, Karri Hill (1961); M0049'74,Pemberton (1962); Most of the Museum recordsare from the Albany M006564, M00'71,92,l^4007202, Busselton (1965); area,with a few from around Denmark, Walpole and |l4.0O'7962, Yallingup ( I 969); M0 I 2507,M0125 1"1 / 004, Busselton.Most of the more recentrecords are from Aususra (1970); M012630, Yallingup (1975); within the forestedareas, and werecollected by Forests M016834-35,Hardy Inlet (1980).There are also a few Departmentsurvey teams, olderrecords, Recent records include: M009000, Wilson Inlet (1972);M010919, Kent River(1973); M012473, Ridee Family Burramyidae Road(1974); M013992, Walpole (1975); M013993, Soho WesternPygmy-possum (Cercartetus co ncinnus) (1975);M018208, Quininup (1976); M018173, Mitchell Recordedon eightof the surveys,and almostalways Block(1977); M015473, Dunsborough (1977); M018485, capturedin pit traps,the WesternPygmy-possum (Plate Pt. D'Entrecasteaux(1978).

22 Plate 21 Extensivethickets of heartleafpoison bush /Castrclobiurn bilobum).

Plsle 22 L Plate 234 WesternPygmy-posslu;jl. (Cercortetus concinnus). Honey-possum/Tadrpes rcstratus) on Bankia attenuata.

23 Family Peramelidae in 1974.Individuals are rarely retrapped,even in areas SouthernBrown Bandicootor Qtenda (Isoodon wherethere are permanentlines. obesulus) The only other confirmed record in the surveyarea This speciesis widespreadthroughout the surveyarea, during the last decadeis of a Quoll obtained near occurringwherever there is suitabledense undergrowth. Pembertonin 1971.Other recordsinclude sub-fossil It was located on all but the Pines and Milyeannup materialfrom coastaldune deposits on the southcoast. jarrah surveys.In the forest,in the northernpart of the The ageof theseremains is unknown.Trapping records surveyarea, the SouthernBrown Bandicootis largely do not revealany pattern in population fluctuations, restrictedto densestreamside vegetation and low, dense probablybecause of the low capturerate of this species coveraround rocky outcrops.In the southernjarrah and in the areafrom which recordsare available(Fig. 11). karri forest,coastal woodlands, heaths and flats, where the vegetationis dense,it is not restrictedto riverine It appearsthat the speciesmay prefer the more open habitats. nodhern jarrah forest and easternwoodland areasof the surveyarea. There are few Museumrecords from The Southern Brown Bandicoot appearsto prefer the surueyarea, 'conical' and, with the exceptionof M006769, sandysoils, whereits characteristic diggings Denmark (1964), all were taken north-east of are commonly seen.The speciesis comparativelyeasy Manjimup.Two oftheserecords are recent - M005123, to trap, and hair analysisshows it to be a common Donnybrook(1962) and M006520,Jarrahwood (1963), dietary item of the Fox. On one occasion,two young but all the others were obtainedprior to the 1930s. nestlingBandicoots were found in the stomachof a very large Dugite (Pseudonaja affinis) killed near Brush-tailedPhascogale or Wambenger(Phascogale Northcliffe. lopoatafa) A most difficult speciesto trap, the Brush-tailed Trapping records do not reveal any pattern in Phascogale\r,as recorded on only one survey,in karri population fluctuations,probably becauseof the low forest on the Donnelly River. Nevertheless,it appears capture rate of the speciesin the area from which to be widespread,though not common,throughout the recordsare available(Fig. 10). survey area. Over the last ten years, 15 specimens, There are many Museum recordsfrom the survey mostlyroad casualties,have been forwarded to us, and area. Most of the earlierrecords are from the South- six sightingshave been reported. Most of the specimens west Highway north of Manjimup and between camefrom the tall open forest typesin the vicinity of Busselton and Augusta, and more recent Forests Manjimup andPemberton. However, Phascogales have Departmentcollections are from forestsfurther to the beenrecorded using nest boxes erected for birdsin open south. forestsin the Peruparea. Radio tracking studiesin the Perup suggestthat the specieshas a large home range Recent records include: M012517,/003,Augusta areaand may travel severalkilometres nightly in search (1970);M010935, Boya (19'71); MO12l7 3/001, Yallinsup of food. (1971);MOl1353, Kent River (1974); M011452, Rocky Gully (1974); M012146, Northern Road (1974); This speciesis frequentlysent to the Museum,perhaps MOl2475-76,Sabina Road (1974);M013991, Talbott becauseof its smallsize and unusualappearance. Mosl Road(1975); M014517, Shannon (1976); M014519, Fish of the recordsare from the north of Manjimup on the CreekRoad (1976)iMO14528, Thomson Road (1976); South-westHighway and the area betweenBusselton M014755,Scott River (1976); M014756, Cape Leeuwin and Augusta. Lighthouse(1976); M014829, Walpole (19?6); M014830, Shannon(1976); M018170, M018181, M018197, More recentMuseum records include: M011173, M018198,Mitchell Block (1977); M018199, Pemberton RockyGully (1970);M010226, Brockman Siding (1971); (1977);M018201, Chesapeake Road (1977);M018202, M011172,Augusta (1971); M008972, Green Hill (1972); VasseHighway (1977);M014686, Leeuwin National M010908,Perilulup Well (1972);M010989, Sue's Road Park (1978). (1972); lld.012157,Diamond Tree (1974)i MO139't4, Burma Road (1975);M013975, Manjimup (1975); M018362,Mt. Frankland(1979); M018749, Augusta Family Dasyuridae (1980);M018908, Ludlow (1980) WesternQuoll or Chuditch (Dosyurusgeoffroii) The WesternQuoll (Plate 16) would appearto be The Yellow-footedAntechinus or Mardo (Antechinus locally commononly in the Perup, wherea total of 20 flavipes) havebeen trapped since 1974. In addition, there have Recordedon sevenof the surveys,this speciesis beenseveral sightings of the specieson spotlightsurveys, widespreadthroughout the surveyarea. It was found and oneroad kill recordedin the Perupduring the last from the easternjarrah/wandoo woodlands through to decade.One other survey record exists, a male was the densekarri forest areas.The densestpopulations capturednear Jarrahwood during the Sunklandsuryey existin karri pole stands,which have remained unburnt

24 YENDICUPBLOCK {Nonh P€rup)

BOYICUPELOCK {Sourh Perup)

Figure 10: Capturepercentages of lsoodon obesulusat two locationsin the Perupforest. '74 ',74 ',& 75 76 7t 79 Year

g. ,q" I YENDICUPBLOCK (NorTh P€rup)

EOYICUPBLOCK (South Psrup)

Figure 11: Capturepercentag€s of DasJurusgeoffiroii at two locationsin the PeruDforest,

25 sinceregeneration (1930) in Big Brook nearPemberton. Family Myrmecobiidae The speciesis also common in dense sword grass The Numbat or Banded Antealer (Mvrmecobius growing along fracture linesin graniterocks on many fasciatus) monadnocksto the south of Shannon. It is readily This specieswas recorded only on the Perup survey, caught in Elliot and snaptraps, and wasmost frequently but recordsover the last l0 yearsindicate that it is also capturedin unburntforest areas. presentin other areasto the eastof Manjimup (Plate 3e). The Mardo feeds primarily on litter insects,and appearsto occur only in areaswhere there is a deep Recentradio tracking work and recordedsightings forestlitter layer (Sawle,1979; and Hindmarsh,1976). by the ForestsDepartment (Christensen et al., 1984) Recent Forests Department radio telemetry studies indicatethat most of the Numbatsin the surveyinhabit revealthat this speciesmakes its nestsin old logsor dead the jarrah forest. Theseresults conflict with those of trees, Calaby (1960), who suggeststhat the Numbat is restrictedto the wandoo areas. Most records for the suryey area come from F.D. surveys.Museum records include: M015456, Manjimup The radio tracking studies also indicate that the (19'70);M0lO227, Walpole (1972); M010990-93, Mt. Numbat has a very large home rangearea which may Lindesay (1973); M015203, Milyeannup (1976); be in excessof onesquare kilometre. Thus it is unlikely M015205,Big Brook (1976);M018206, Pemberton that total numbersof Numbats in the surveyarea exceed (L977).. a thousandindividuals. In 1973-75 therewas a drasticdecline in the number Common Dun[art (Sminthopsis murina) of Numbat sightings, but numbers appear to be The Common Dunnart (Plates19 and 24)is the most recoYering(Fig. t2). commonof the Daslrrridsrecorded on all surveys.The specieswas collectedmostly by hand, usually in the Thereare only two Museumrecordings from within hollow stemsof old dead blackboys,but occasionally the survey area: M001982,Manjimup (1935)and underneathloose bark and in old stick ants' nests.It is M010234, Corbalup Road (i972). The Manjimup rarely caughtin eitherElliot or snaptraps, but may be specimenis likely to havecome from somewhereelse, capturedin pit traps. probably the Perup area,There are two other records from just outsidethe surveyarea in the yicinity of the The speciesis particularly common in areasof low Denmark and Hay Rivers: M001808,Narikup (1934) open woodland on the edge of heathlands and and M002494-8,Pardelup Prison Farm (1941).Tbere sedgelandsin the south of the surveyarea. It is also hayebeen no recentsightings reported in theseareas, commonin heathlandtlpes, coastalscrub and to a lesser and much of the land has since been cleared for extent in the karri and tingle forests. agriculture.There are maly earlyMuseum records from areasfu her to the east,now also agricultural land. Nestsmade from a variety of materials,most often strips of paperbark(Melaleuca spp.), were frequently Order Rodentia found in the hollow stemsof dead blackboys.These Family Muridae nests were very common in Soho block, near the Bush Rat (Rdttus Frankland River, on the edge of a Mitchell grass fuscipes) (Avandraaristata) flat which had beenburnt two years The Bush Rat is the most common of all the mammals previously. There is some evidenceto suggestthat in the suryey area, although it is not the most Common Dunnart populationsin the south-westmay widespread.It was recordedon all exceptthe Pines be highestin recentlyburnt areas. survey,and is commonin most vegetationtypes except the openjarrah and wandooforest in the northernpa s Museumrecords were distributed evenly throughoul of the surveyarea. It does,however, occur in theseopen the surveyarea, ald includethese, more recent, records: foreststypes wherever there is denseground cover, for M008402,Walpole-Nornalup (197 I ); M010228Chitelup example,in swampsin the Perup area, Hill (1971);M010229, Mt. Burnside(1971); M010231, In the jarrah forest the speciesis restrictedto dense Pemberton(1971); M013010, Walpole (1972); M013194, stream-sidevegetation and swampedges. In the karri SilverMt. (1972)tMO10232, Cambray (1973); M011074, forest and much of the southernhigher rainfall area Augusta (1974); M012474, Ridge Road (1974); the Bush Rat occursthroughout, although it is more M011350,Kent River (1974);M013986-89, Walpole abundantin moist situations.Capture rates of 40 per (1975);M0lul436, Shannon (1975); M014854, Manjimup cent are quite commonin the karri forest, and in one (1975);M014956, Augusta (1977); M015169, Leeuwin areain Soho block capturerates of 100per cent were National Park (1977); M018162-3,M018183-84, recorded.In this latter areaBush Rats were springing M018192,Mitchell Block (1977); M018118, Wapet Road traps throughoutthe day, an unusualoccurrence since (1978). the speciesnormally confinesits activitiesto the night.

26 18

17

't4

13

12

1',I

10

I lt)

8 z 7

6

5

3

2

1

0 '72 '73 '.74 '75 '.76 ',77 '7a ,75 '80 '81 Yoar l'igurel2ilncidentaisightingsoftheNumbar(M!r.ecobiusfasciatusrinthenofth,eastolrhesurveyarea.

!

= F-..*-"t:

Plate 24 CommonDunnarl (Sminthopsis murina). The presenceof this speciesis easyto detectsince they Hall and Richards(1979) describe it as a southern make distinct runnels,unlike the only other rat in the Australianspecies from belowthe tropic of Capricorn. surveyarea, Rsttus rattus. The small mound of soil at the entranceto their burrows is also a conspicuous Museum specimensinclude: M005420, M005459, (1963); feature in areaswhere the Bush Rat occurs. Wheatley M007611, Nannup(1965). (Mormopterus Museum recordsexist for most of the surveyarea, Little Mastiff-bat planiceps) many of them recent collections from Forests The Little Mastiff-bat was collectedrecently from the Departmentsurveys. These records also suggest that this Perup and Nyamup, but was not collected on any speciesis generallyuncommon in the forest areato the survey. Hall and Richards (1979) describe the north of the survey area, exceptin some coastaland distribution of the Little Mastiff-bat as throughout swamp habitats. southernAustralia excepting Tasmania. Water-rat (Hydromys chDlsogaster) There are no Museum recordsfor the surveyarea, The Water-rat was detectedon eight surveys.Often thenearest one being: M004388, Woodanilling (1961). the only signof the species'presence was the discovery Family Emballonuridae of empty fresh water musselshells discarded by the rat Yellow-belliedSheathtail-bat (TaphoTous flaviventris) on logs and rocks in streamsand rivers. Footprints in Although the Yellow-belliedSheathtail-bat was not the mud along the edgesof streamsand watercourses collectedon any surveys,there exists a singleMuseum werealso found in many places,However, the species recordfrom Manjimup (M003001,1954). The Museum was only capturedon two surveys,the Yeagarupand collection indicatesthat it is a northern Australian the Karri, although one was seenswimming in the species. Hall and Richards (1979) describe it Frankland River. as widespreadin Australia, exceptfor Tasmania. The speciesis believedto be fairly common,occurring Family Vespertilionidae in all the major riversand in most of the largerstreams (Nyctophilus aswell asbodies of permanentwater in the surveyarea. Greater Long-eared Bat timoriensis) This specieswas collected on only two surveys.On The water rat apparently travels considerable the Yeagarupsurvey two GreaterLong-eared Bats were distancesfrom water at times. For example,on one found roosting inside the hollow trunk of a dead occasiona recently dead specimenwas found in an blackboy and on the Mitchell suryeya bat was shot. emptyconcrete settling tank, just abovea PublicWorks From Museum records the Greater Long-earedBa1 Departmentweir on a dried-upcreek in the karri forest appearsto be fairly widespreadin the surveyarea, but to the southof Quininup. Therewas no sourceof water not very common,or what is more likely, infrequently within severalkilometres of this creek,and the animal collected. must have travelleda considerabledistance over land to reach the weir. On a separateoccasion another The speciesalso occurs in the Perup area (Sawle, specimenwas found somedistance from water on the personalcommunication*), edgeof the Deanmill football oval. Museum recordsfrom the area include: M000036, Those few Museum records from the survey area Nannup (1913);M0O0222, Margaret River (1914); -48, which exist are mostly from the Busselton,Margaret M001247 Wonnerup (1930);M002955, M002958, River and Albany regions. Six of them are recent: Albany(1953); M018216, Manjimup (19?6); M018486, M002861,Pemberton (1951); M006381, Busselton Nornalup,/WalpoleRoad (1978). (1963); M01183, Nannup (1972);M013859, State LesserLong-eared Bat (Nyctophilusgeoffroy, Forest(1975); M015207, Bridgetown (1976); M015173 (r977). This specieswas recorded on three surveys: one specimenwas collectedby mist netting in the Perup Order Chiroptera (M009970, 1912) and the others were shot on the Family Molossidae Yeagerupsurvey and the Mitchellsurvey (M018182, 1977).ln addition, a colony of nine individuals was White-stripedMastiff-bat (Tadarida sustral is) found roostinginside a deadblackboy trunk in jarrah This high flying species was not collectedon any forest to the south-east of Lake Muir. Another surveys.Specimens were shot on ForestsDepartment specimen,a road casualty,was collectedin Manjimup surueysoutside the surveyarea in Dryandra forest 1978 townshipin 1971(M008457). The specieshas also been (M018212) and at Collie in 1982.The Whire-striped collectedat Perup. Mastiff-bat'spresence in an areais usuallyindicated by the distinct and very high-pitchedsound it emits, a The Lesser Long-eared Bat appears to be characteristicnot associatedwith other bats. If our widespread,but fairly uncommonor rarely collected. interpretationof its soundis correctthen the speciesis *Sawle, M. Depafiment of Zoology, University of presentin most placesthroughout the surveyarea. WesternAustralia 2a Museum records include: M002956-57, Albany Other Museumrecords include: M004059, M004i82, (1953);M003780, Mammoth Cave(1959); M007666, Boranup (1961); M005456-58,Wheatley (1963); Vasse(1968); M008457, Manjimup (1971);M009970, M006328,Donnelly River (1963);M007443, Nannup Perup (1972);M011168, Nannup (1974);M015232, (1965);M00'7 444, Carey Brook (1965);MOl1352, Kent Boyicup(1976); M018356, Augusta (1978). River (1974);M012636, Walpole (1975).

Gould's Wattled Bat (Chalinolobusgouldii) King River Eptesicus (Eptesicus regulus) This specieswas collectedon five surveys:Perup, This specieswas recordedon nine surveys,and was Sunklandsand MitchellRiver, Boranup and Frankland. alsofrequently observed on spotlightsurveys. It is easily recognisedbecause of its small size. Gould's Wattled Bat is a widespreadspecies which is common throughout the surveyarea. The King River Eptesicusappears to be one of the most common speciesin the survey area. Hall and Museumnumbers for the surveyspecimens include: Richards(1979) also statethat ir is very commonin M011364,Margaret Road (1974); M012481, Cambray southernWestern Australia. (1974);M018593, Mt. Lindesay(1980). Most of the surveyspecimens came from the jarrah forest,including: M009971, Perup (1972); M018176, Other records from the area include: M01073-'77, M018180,M018186, M018189, M018190, Perup (1977); Mitchell River (1973); M010932,Nannup (1973); M018592,Mt. Lindesay(1980); M19603-06, Frankland MOl1445,Rocky Gully (1974);M0146?9, M014691, (l980). Hardy Inlet (1977)t M014683,Forest Grove (1977); (198i). Ml9602, Frankland OtherMuseum records include: M000977, Pemberton (1928);M000983, Manjimup (1928);M004183, Boranup ChocolateWattled Bat (Chalinolobusmorio) (1961);M004687, Denmark (1961); M015377, Jasper This speciesqas collected on three surveys: the Road (1965);M007821, Manjimup (1968);M010045, Mitchell, MOl8l79 (1977)and M018188(1977), and, Windy HarbourRoad (1971);M008848-50, Morbrup Perup and Shannon M19042. Western Australian (19'12):M0ll349-51, Kent River (1974);M011446-48, Museum records would suggestthat the Chocolate Rocky Gully (1974);M012981-82, Augusta (19?4); Wattled Bat is a southernspecies. Hall and Richards M013947, Mt. Romance(1975); M014687, Deep River (1979)describe it as a southerncoastal species in the (1977); M01561, Donnelly River (1977); l,M0154'19, easternstates. It appearsto be widelydistributed in the Albany PostOffice (1978);M018360, Denmark (1979). suweyarea, but lesscomrnon, or perhapsless frequently collected,than the White-stripedMastiff-bat (Tadarida Order Monotremata qustralis). Family Tachyglossidae Short-beaked Eclttdna (Tachyglossusaculeatus) Other Museum records from the area include: The Echidna rare in M001361, Chorkerup Siding (1931); M003786-88, appearsto be the surveyarea. MammothCave (1959); M004051, Pemberton (1960); Although none were sightedon any of the surveys, M008554,Manjimup (197l); M012787,Moses Rock evidenceof the species'activities was recordedon the Perup Also, lastdecade there have Cave(1975); M018359, Denmark (1979). survey. overthe been five recordsof the speciesfrom the suryeyarea. (Pipistrellus Great Pipistrelle tssmaniensis) An Echidna was sightedin wandoo forest on the As the Great Pipistrellewas collected on eight surveys, Perupriver in 1972.Two yearslater, anotherwas found it is probablythe commonestbat in the surveyarea. This in the mill yard of BunningsTimber Ltd., and handed interprelationmay be erroneous,however, since there in at the Manjimup Wildlife Sanctuary. It was not is someevidence of seasonalvariation in numbers.All possibleto traceits origin, but it waspresumed to have Museumspecimens of this speciesappear to comefrom beenbrought in from the bush insidea hollow log. In within the lower south-westforested areas. Hall and 1979,the captureof an individual in the karri foreston Richards(1979) state that the specieshas a preference the Warren River near Pembertonwas reportedto the for gullies with tall, wet sclerophyllvegetation. localFisheries and Wildlife Warden.Another individual was also capturednear Yornup in 1981,and therewas Most survey specimenswere collectedfrom jarrah an unconfirmed sightingof a further individual seen forestor woodlandformations, including: M009967-68, crossingthe South-WestHighway in jarrah forestnear Perup(1972); M013004, Walpole (1972); M012996-98, Shannon. M13001-03,Silvermount (1972); M009890-91, Boranup (1973); M012481-82,Cambray (1974); M018178, Thereis only oneMuseum record for the surveyarea: Mitchell(1977); M018594-85, Mt. Lindesay(1980). M002868,Bridgetown (195 l).

29 (ii) INTRODUCED SPECIES Order Carnivora Order Rodentia Family Felidae Family Muridae Cat (Felis catul Black Rat (Rattus rattus) This speciesis widespreadthroughout the surveyarea. Recordedon 13 of the 15 suryeys,this speciesis Cat footprints in sandysoils wererecorded on all the widespreadthroughout the survey area. It is very surueys.It hasonly beencaptured twice on surveys,in common in disturbed habitats, around human Woolbalesand Perup, and has beencaught only three habitation,near farr ands,and in the vicinityof creeks, times during F.D. fauna studies.Road casualtiesare watercoursesand lakes. also rare. It is sightedoccasionally, and hasbeen seen in the karri forest and coastalareas. The highest populations of the Black Rat were Family Canidae recordedin remnantpockets of nativevegetation along (Canis streamsin the Blackwood pine plantations.It is also Dingo familinris dingo) commonly found in the vegetationalong major river Neitherpure-bred Dingoes nor thoseof mixedorigin courses. are common in the surveyarea. Over the last decade only a few of this specieshave been sighted, but The speciesmay be found in associationwith the Bush footprintswere recorded on sevensurveys. Small Dingo R.atR. Juscipes,particularly near rivers and streamsand populationsappear to existon the southcoast, between closeto farmland areas,and it doesnot appearto be Augustaand Walpole, and in the easternareas on the displacing the latter species.Most of the densely Frankland River and further to the east.Two almost vegetatedareas in the southern forests have high pure-bredDingoes have also been sighted in the Perup populationsof R.ftscipes, andR. /a//ar is presentonly area in recentyears. in certainareas, which contrasts with the northernjarrah The few Museum recordsare mainly from coastal forest, whereR. ral/rs is common in most streamside areas:M003180, Lake Cave 1956); M003847, Skull Cave areasand R. is completelyabsent. fuscipes (1959);M003868, Boranup Hill (1959);M004204, Margaret River (1959); }100'7875-76,Westcliffe pr. The Black Rat hasnever been trapped in Elliot traps, /L96',7\. and, apparently,will only enter box or snap traps. Fox (Vulpes ttulpes) (Mus House Mouse musculus) The Fox is widespreadthroughout the surveyarea, This speciesis widespreadthroughout the suryeyarea, beingrecorded on all surveys.The speciesis not often and wastrapped on all but the Milyeannupsurvey. In sightedaway from farmland, and its numbersare not undisturbedhabitats it most often occursin very low generallyhigh in forest areas.They occur in moderate numbers.The House Mouse is capableof very rapid numbers, however, in all habitats. The highest Fox colonization of disturbed sites, however, and large populations were recordedin the Blackwood Valley numbersinvade and breedon burnt areasonly a few pinesand on the south coast.Both theseareas contain monthsafter fire. Thesepopulations breed rapidly for high population densitiesof Rabbits. a year or two and then declineto very low numbersin There was population later successionalstages. a dramatic rise in the Fox within the surveyarea in 19'13-74,after the abandoning Many HouseMice werecaptured in the Blackwood of 1080rabbit poisoningin south-westareas. Before Valley pines and in the coastalareas around Crystal 1973 Fox sightingsand road kills in the area were Springswhere cattle grazing is prevalentand thereis a comparativelyrare. Now this speciesis sightedregularly high proportion of introducedweed and grassspecies. and road kills arecommon throughout the surveyarea, The rise in Fox populations had a drastic effect on many Order Lagomorpha speciesof medium-sizednative mammalsin the areas (Christensen,1980a). Family Leporidae Rabbit ( Ory ct ola gus cunicuI us) Hair analysisfrom Fox scatscollected on surveysis a valuableaddition to mammal The Rabbitis widespreadthroughout the suryeyarea. distribution data. It was recordedon most of the surveys,but is largely The Fox hasbeen in the surveyarea at leastsince the restrictedto the vicinity of farmlandsand the coastal late 1920s(Long, n.d.). dune area. Away from farmland it occursin isolated colonies, often in woodland areaswith sandy soils. Family Mustelidae Rabbits also invade the karri forest following clear F en et (Mustela putoris) felling; thesepopulations may persistfor a time; but One Ferret, a full grown male, was killed by a dog eventuallydisappear as the young saplingsoccupy the on a farm a few milesto the eastof Manjimup in 1981. slte. This is the only record of this speciesfrom the survey

30 area in recentyears. It is assumedthat this specimen on the BlackwoodRiver, and at the Sunklands(1974) was from a wild population, but this has not been in McCorkhill Block. confirmed. It seemslikely that this specieswill spreadfurther in There are no Museumrecords for the surveyarea; future. Pig huntersseeking to expandthe population the nearestone is Kojonup, which is somedistance to catch small pigs and relocate them in new areas the north-eastof the surveyarea: M002261(1938). (Masters,1979).

Ord€r Artiodactyla Order Perissodactyla Family Bovidae Family Equidae Feral Goat (Capra hircus) Horse (Equus cqballus) Herds of Feral Goatsare known to existin the high Evidenceof Horseswas recordedon the Sunklands open marri and karri forest on the Donnelly River survey,where hoof prints and droppingswere noted. betweenPalings Bridge and the Pemberton,/Nannup Their presenceas a herd in the Sunklandshas not been Road, and in open jarrah forest near Lake Muir. confirmed and the horsesmay only have been a few Groups of up to 30 individualshave been sightedon strays. Horses were also recordedon the Frankland the DonnellyRiver, and 12goats were captured at Lake survey:a fairly stablepopulation of wild Horsesexists Muir by the Agricultural ProtectionBoard in 1980. in the areaimmediately to the south and eastof Lake The Donnelly River goat herd has beenin existence Muir and on the Frankland River. There is ample for at least the last ten years. evidencein this survey area, including hoof prints, droppingsand evenperrnanent trails. Horseshave been Family Suidae sightedon severaloccasions in the Frankland area. Feral Pig (Sus scrofa) The Franklandherds, which arewell established,are FeralPigs were recorded only on the Pinessuryey at kept in checkby catcherswho captureexcess stock when Grimwade, where they were known to have been populationsbuild up. establishedfor sometime. There are indicationsthat this speciesis extendingits rangerapidly. Sincethe Pines Therewere also unconfirmedreports of a wild herd survey(1977), Feral Pigs have been reported at Lewana to the south-eastof Donnelly Mill. (B) BIRDS

DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS perhapsmore common in the high open karri forest than Only birds actually sightedor recordedduring surveys in any other forest type. The Varied Sittella (Dsphoenositta are discussedin this section;other speciesknown to chrysopters), the Rufous Treecreeper (Climacteris occur within the surveyarea are simply listed. Coastal rufa) and the Tawny Frogmo]oth(Podargus speciesare not mentioned except where they were strigoides) (Plate 25) are perhaps the most common of jarrah recordedon suryeystaken closeto the sea. the open forest birds in the suryeyarea. A total of 129birds specieswas recordedon the 15 Although the Crested Shrike-tit (Falcunculus surveys,and a further 16, which are known to occur frontatus) and the White-browed Babbler in the surveyarea, are listed. (Pomatostomussuperciliosus,,l are more common in the wheat-belt,they wererecorded in the suryeyarea. The The overall pattern and consistencyof sightings former, listedas "rare, or otherwisein needof special indicatemore about the speciesthan the recordingof protection" (GovernmentGazette W.A., April 8th, a singlebird on a survey.Species that are rare, more 1983),is a speciesfrom the lighter timbered country localin their occurrence,occupy specific and restricted (Serventyand Whittell, 1976),but is also common in habitat types or are simply more difficult to observe the high open forests. wererecorded less often, The seasonin whichthe survey was conducted also influenced the sightings, for It was sightedon severaloccasions, and has been example,more migratory birds are sightedin spring. recordedbreeding in the Middlesexarea (D. and M. personal However, individual recordings, or absenceof Brown, communication*).These records do recordings,may also be important, and all sightings not support the contentionthat the CrestedShrike-tit should be treated on their merits and considered is simply anotherspecies that showssome penetration carefully before they are dismissed. along the coastalcoffidor (Seruentyand Whittell, 1976). It is the authors' opinion that there is a stable,albeit Factorsaffecting recordings were taken into account low, populationof this speciesin the high openforests. when compiling the notes on each species,but some generaltrends, as well as someindividual species,are Recordsof the White-browedBabbler in the survey worth discussing. area are not consistentwith Serventyand Whittell's (1976)comment that there are a ". . . few isolated Of the major vegetationtypes in the area,the open colonieson the southcoast (Busselton, Pemberton, the forest, open woodlandsand low open woodlandareas lower reachesof the Warren River, Irwin's Inlet, contain the richest assemblageof birds. The high Denmark) . . .". This speciesis commonin the survey numbers of bird speciesin the jarrah forest are areawherever a suitablehabitat, suchas the tall dense attributed to the extensivearea coveredby this forest understoreyof karri,/wattle (Acacia pentadeniq), is typewithin the surveyarea. In the caseof the woodland, present,Its nestsare common throughout much of the the variety of birds is mainly a consequenceof the karri forest. diversity of habitat and plant speciespresent in this Another specieswhich is listedas "rare, or otherwise forest type. in need of specialprotection (GovernmentGazette, The high open forest, heathlandsand sedgelands April 8th 1983), the Red-earedFftetarl (Emblema containedthe leastvariety of birds, probably because oculata)(Plate 26), is found in densevegetation along theseforest types haveless diversity of habitat and a creeksin the high open forest. smaller area. Some trends in thesemajor vegetation Open Woodland and Low Op€n Woodlands formations are worthy of mention. Theseassociations contain the highestnumber of bird High Open and Open Forests species.The numberof Honeyeatersin particularis high The high openand openforest formationsappear to becauseof the largenumber of suitableflowering plants be the strongholdof the Psittaciform€s(Parrots and such as . Cockatoos).The WesternRosella icterotis) /P/atycercus Unusual records in these associationsinclude the in particular is very common in the karri forest, and ^friller White-winged (Lalage sueurii), which was the White-tailed and Red-tailed Black Cockatoos recordedinvading jarrah forestfollowing wildfire, even (Calyptorhynchusspp.,,/ are most commonin the open though it is a speciesthat doesnot normally occur in jarrah and marri forests. Birds of prey are poorly forest areas.Similarly, a pair of Grey Butcher-birds represented,both in numbers and species,in these (Crscticustorquatay', normally occurringto the north forests. The White-breastedRlobin (Eopsdltria georgisns) ar:d. *D. and M. Brown. MiddlesexField Studv Centre. the Red-winged Fairy-wren (Mdlurus elegans) are Manjimup,W.A.

32 of the surveyarea, and Hutton's Shearwater(Puffinus huttoni), a New Zealand and Eastern Statesspecies, wererecorded near CrystalSprings on the south coasl. Shrubland,Heath and Sedgelands The closed shrubland and heath, open heath and sedgelandassociations also contain high populationsof honeyeaters.In thesevegetation types, the honeyeaters are more seasonal,depending on the flowering of certain plants suchas the b ottlebrrsh (Beaufortia sparsa). These associationsare also the main strongholdof the fairy wrens, particularly the SplendidFairy-wren (Malurus splendens)(Plate 27), and many of the diurnal birds of prey, especiallythe Marsh Harrier /Cricus aeruginosus) and the Australian Kestrel (Falco cenchroides). Plate 25,^ Shrubland, heath and sedgelandsalso provide the Tawny Frogmouth (Podargrrsstrigoides) on its nest in natural habitat for such speciesas Richard's Pipit coastallow openwoodland. (Anthus novaeseelandrael,the Stubble Qtrail (Coturnix novaezelandiae) and the Brown Quail /C. austrslis)- Quail are common in the surveyarea, particularly in the woodlandsto the north-eastand in the heathlands to the south. As positiveidentification of quail in the field is difficult, the three speciesof quail which were recorded may be more common than is apparent, although the Pipit is now more common in farmland areas.

Plate 261 Red-earedFiretail /Emblemaoculata).

Plrte 21^ SplendidFairy-wren /Mdlarus splendens).

33 The rare recordingsinclude: the Spotted Harrier selectivelogging in the jarrah forest and clear felling (Circus assimilis), which wasrecorded over coastalheath in the karri foresthave affected, and continueto affect, near Walpole; the Spotted Nightiar (Caprimulgus the compositionof bird communities. guttatus), a road kill specimenin heathlandnorth of The effects Walpole; and the Malleefowl (Leipoa ocellata) sighted of suchforest operationsare not easyto predict, to the east of the Frankland River. for birds may alter their behaviour to suit environmentalchanges. For example,the numbersof Attempts to locate the Ground Parrot (Pezoporus someforest canopy species may stayrelatively unaltered wsllicus),lastsighted in 1952in sedgelandnear lrwin's in clear felled and regeneratedareas because the birds Inlet (Serventy& Whittell, 1976),were unsuccessful. have adapted to the regeneratedcrown cover (Unpublisheddata). A number of bird specieswhich were not recorded on any of the plannedsurveys have been recorded in the surveyarea in recentyears. These include: the Great Crested Grebe (Podicepscristatus), Hooded Robin LIST OF SPECIES (Melanodryas cucullqts), Yellow-billed Spoonbill Order Struthioniformes (Platolea flavipes), Hardhead (Aythla qustralis), Baillon's Crake (Porzana pusilla), Atstralian Crake Family Drornaiidae (Porzanqflumineal, Greenshank(Tringo nebularia), Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) Buff-bandedF.ail (Rallusphilippensr./, Btack-winged Common throughout the survey area, Emus were Stilt (Himantopus himantopus), Rufous Songlark recordedon all surveys.Their numbersin the survey (Cinclorhamphus msthewsi), Brown Songlark areaappear to vary seasonally,birds being sighted more (Cinclorhamphus cruralis), Singing Honeyeater often in the autumn months. Emu sightingsrecorded (Lichenostomus ornqtus), White-fronted Chat on regularForests Department kangaroo suNeys appear (Epht hi a nura aI bifro ns). to indicatesome sort of cyclic fluctuation in numbers (Fig. 13).Emus usually occur in pairs, with occasional There are undoubtedlyother bird speciesthat have flocks, consistingof parentsand chicks, of up to ten not beensighted, such as some overseas species that may birds. They often congregatein areasfollowing fire to visit the area,and coastalspecies that dwell in an area feedon the freshgrowth. They appearto be one of the lhat wassuperficially covered during surveys. main agents in spreading blackberries lRaDas throughout the forest. Sincethe arrival of Europeans,bird populationshave fructuosus) undergonesubstantial changes within the surveyarea. Openingof the forestareas for farminghas allowed the Order Podicipediformes expansionof many bird speciesinto the surveyarea, Family Podicipedidae someon a seasonalbasis, others to form stablebreeding Hoary-headedGrebe (Poliocephalus poliocephalus) populations. These include: the Banded Lapwing Only onepair of Hoary-headedGrebes was observed, (Vanellus tricolor), Long-billed (Cacstua Corella on the Shannon survey. The speciesis generally tenuirostris) and.the AustralianMagpie-Lark (G rallina distributedthroughout the State(Servenry & Whittell, cyonoleuca). 1976),but is apparentlynot very commonin the survey area. Populationsof other speciesalready occurring in the area have expanded, examplesinclude: the pacific AustralasianGrebe (Tachyboptus novaehollondiae) (Ardea pacifica), Heron l'lo:Jntain Duck (Chenonetta This specieswas observedon six surveys,usually in jubota), Black-shouldered Kite (Elsnus notqtus), pairs.They were common wherever areas of openwater, Australian Kestrel1Falco cenchroides), Dusky Moorhen fresh or brackish,occur. They nest on seasonalor (Gallinula tenebrosq),Purple Swamphen(Poryphyrio permanentwater and arecommon on many farm dams porlphyrio), Elegant Parrot (Neophema elegans), throughout the surveyarea. Richard'sPipit /,4nthus novaeseelandiae), Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike (Coracina novsehollondise),White- Order Procelladiformes winged Triller (Lolage sueurii), Clamorous Reed- Family Diomedeidae W arbler (A crocephslusste nto reus ), Yellow-rumped Thornbill (Acqnthiza chrysorrhoa), Rufous Whistler Hutton's Shearwater(Puffinus huttoni) (Pacb,cephala rufiventris), Silvereye (Zosterops One bird of this specieswas mistakenlyshot on the Ioteralis) and the Australian Rayenfco rvus coronoides). Woolbalessurvey near Walpolein 1972.The bird was observedat night, 6 km inland from the coast, flying Undoubtedly,many true forestspecies have declined Iow overBsnksia (tttenuata woodland. Unfortunately, in absolute numbers due to the destruction and the specimenrvas lost beforeit couldbe lodeedwith the alterationof their habitatsby farmlandclearing. Also, W.A. Museum.

34 Hutton's Shearwateris a rarevisitor to the State,with Estuary . . .". Therefore,all thesesightings, with the only threespecimens from the south-westbeing recorded exceptionof thoseon the BlackwoodRiver, represent (serventy& whittell, 1976). a southwardextension of the species'known range. Order Pelecaniformes Family Pelecanidae Family Phalacrocoracidae Australian Pelican (Pelicanus conspicillatus) Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax corbo) This speciesis common on coastalestuaries in the The Great Cormorant is common, having been survey area, and was recorded on two surveys:the recordedon threesurveys: the Shannon,on BrokeIr eU Shannon,on Broke Inlet; and the Giants,on the lower the Giants, on Walpole Inlet; and on the Frankland Frankland River. The bird has, however,been sighted River,north of Mt. Roe.It is a coastalspecies not often on mostof the otherestuaries in the surveyarea, as well sightedwithin the suwey area. and nearby Red Lake. as on Lake Muir Pied Cormorant (Phalacrocordxvsrius) Family Anhingidae This specieswas recorded on two surveys: the Darter (Anhinga melanogaster) Boranup,on the WonnerupEstuary; and the Shannon, a Althoughthe Darteris uncommonin the forestedarea on Broke Inlet. This Pied Cormorant is essentially CapeNaturaliste of the lower south-west,it wassighted on sevenof the coastalspecies, and is rare soulh of surveys.Two of theserecords, from the Sunklandsand (Serventy& Whittell, 1976). Pinessurveys, were on the BlackwoodRiver. The other Little Black Cormorant (Phalacrocorax sulcirostris) upperTone River (Perupsurvey), Lake five wereon the This essentiallyriverine and estuarinespecies does not (Yeagarupsurvey) and the FranklandRiver Yeagarup appearto be common in the surveyarea. It was seen (Frankland Giants surveys),and a small lake, and on only threesurveys, on the Margaret,Frankland and (Woolbales survey). Perup Rivers. recordedin the Middlesex The specieshas also been Little Pied Cormorant (Phaldcrocoraxmelanoleucos) areasouth of Manjimup (D. and M. Brown, personal This is the mostcommon cormorant seen on surveys. communication*). It was recordedon nine different surueys,from the Serventyand Whittell (1976)state that the darter coastalregion at Boranup inland to the Perup River' ". . . is lesscommon further south, but a few are to It wasmost frequentlyobserved flying abovethe water be seenat the Hardy Inlet (Augusta),and on the south alongrivers, or perchedon rocksor branchesalong the coastit doesnot reappearin strengthuntil the Pallinup edeesof riversand lakes. *SeeD.32

z LAK€ MUIR PERUP 2 I

'70 '71 ',72 B t. Y..r Figure 13: Mean numbers ofEmus D,'om.zirs no|aehollandiae seenon two evening transects-* *Fach rran.ectof 40km i" doneregularl) tsicea year.

35 Order Ardeiformes Departmentsurvey slightly to the north of the survey Family Ardeidae area,when four birds wereseen feeding in pasturenear Pacific Heron (Ardea pociJica) Ludlow in 1973.This is a northern Australian species which has extendedits rangeinto the south-westonly The Pacific Heron is a seasonalvisitor, mainly seen in recentyears (Serventy& Whittell, 1976). in spring and winter. It occurs singly, in pairs, and occasionallyin flocks.It wasrecorded on six surveys, Straw-necked Ibis (Threskiornis spinicollis) and all records were from farmland areas. usuallv This is not a forest species,but it is locally common inundatedpasture or farm dams. in farrningcountry throughout the northernportion of This is not a common bird in the surveyarea, but the survey area. It was recorded on four surveys: occasionallylarge congregationsmay been seen.One Yeagarup,Boranup, Pines and Perup. All sightingswere flock of 50 or more wereobserved in 1973at Cowerup of small flocks seenon pastureor flying over pasture swampto the north of Lake Muir, when the Iake was land. Largeflocks of severaldozen birds are frequently being drained for peat mining operations. observedflying overthe Manjimup areaduring autumn. White-facedHeron (Ardea novaehollandiae) Order Anseriformes This speciesis very common, having been seenon Family anatidae thirteen surveys.It occursthroughout the surveyarea Black Swan (Clgnus atratus) wherever suitablehabitat is available.It may alsobe seen The Black Swanis commonin inlets and estuariesin pasture pools, on wet areas,farm dams,roadside rivers the suryey area. The specieswas recorded on three and lakes, and almostanywhere there is standingwater. surveys:the Perup, on a farm dam at Twin Lakes; the Great Egret (Egretta alba) Shannon,on Broke Inlet; and the Pines,on a seasonal swamp on pasture, This speciesis uncommonin the suryeyarea. The bird was seenon only two surveys:the Woolbales, near Swansare very common on the southcoastal estuaries Crystal Springs;and the Sunklands,near Nannup. In dudngthe summerand autumnmonths. Large numbers both casesthe Egret was seenon inundatedpasture. may also be seenon Lake Muir and nearbyRed Lake. Occasionalpairs Occasionally,some Egrets may also be seenin flooded of swansare often sightedon dams and Iakes pastureareas and damsnear Manjimup during winter throughourthe surveyarea. and spring. FreckledDuck (Stictonettanaeross) Rufous Night Heron (Nycticorox caledonicus) This speciesis rare, being sighted only on the Yeagarup This heronis widelydistributed but uncommonin the surveyin 1972.One individual was sighted amongst a group surveyarea, being recordedon only three surveys:at of four Musk Ducks on Lake LakeYeagarup and on the Franklandand PerupRivers. Yeagarup. A young bird was also caught in the netting at the Australian Shelduck(Tadorna tadornoides) PembertonTrout Hatcheriesin 1972.All sightingshave The AustralianShelduck is verycommon, though not beenof singlebirds. abundant,throughout the surveyarea. Pairs of ducks Black Bittern (Dupetorflavicollis) may be seen on waterways and wetlands almost anywhere, Thisspecies is widelydistributed but uncommonin but they favour brackishwater. The species was recorded on five the survey area. Singlebirds were recordedon three surveys,mainly those in the northern part occasions,twice on the Frankland River and onceon of the survey area. It is not a forest the Tone River. species,being more commonon farms, particularlyin the north-easternpart of the surveyarea, and on coastal Australasian Bittern (Botsurus poiciloptilus) estuaries. A singleBittern wassighted on the Sunklandsurvey, Pacific Black Duck (Anas superciliosa) on St. John'sBrook. This species was also recorded on This is the the Naeanupswamp on the Yeagerupsurvey, and on duck mostcommon throughout the survey area. Blue Lake in the Denmark River catchment. The On coastalestuaries and lakesthey occur in flocks; however, AustralasianBittern is confinedto the south-westcorner on livers, dams and small waterholesthey most pairs. of WesternAustralia (Serventy& Whittell, 1976). often occurin The specieswas recorded on all but two of the surveys,and the birds showedno Family Plataleidae preferencefor fresh or brackish water. SacredIbis (Threskiornisqethiopica) Grey Teal (Anas gibberifrons) This speciesis rare and was only sighted on the According to Serventy& Whittell (1976),this Teal Yeagarupsurvey, when a small flock of about eight or rivalsthe PacificBlack Duck in abundancethroughout -fhe nine birds were seenat Lake Yeagarup, in 19'72. the State.However, the specieswas recordedon only Sacred Ibis has also been sighted on a Forests threesurveys: the Dombakup, seenflying over coastal

36 lakes;the Perup, on the Tone River; and the Shannon, a singleindividual was seenflying over Broke Inlet on on Broke Inlet. The Grey Teal has also beenobserved the Shannonsurvey. In 1982,a pair of Ospreyswas seen on Wilson's Inlet, whereit is commonin summerand nestingin a karri treeon the South-WestHighway a few autumn. kilometresto the eastof Walpole,and anotherpair was also observednesting in karri forest near Torbay. The GreyTeal appears uncommon in the surveyarea, apartfrom coastalestuaries, where it may occurin large Family Accipitridae numbers. Black-shoulderedKite (Elsnus notatus) 'feal Chestnut (Anas castanea) Uncommonin the surveyarea, this specieswas not but wasrecorded in Walpole The ChestnutTeal is rare within the surveyarea and seenon any of the surveys, Manjimup area.Two pairs hunted was not sighted on any surveys.Several pairs were in 1969and in the farmland immediately to the eastof the Manjimup sighted amongst large concentrationsof duck and over 1974and 1977. waterfowl on Wilson's Inlet in 1973.The specieswas townsite between alsosighted by ForestsDepartment survey teams on the Square-tailedKite (Lophoictinia isurd) WonnerupEstuary, to thenorth of thesurvey area. in The Square-tailedKite is one of the State'srarest 1973.This speciesprefers brackish waters (Serventy & hawks, and was recorded only on the Dombakup whiuell. 1976). survey,when a singlebird was seenflying low above jarrah. AustralasianShoveler /,4ras rhynchotis) the canopy of coastal Rarely sighted in forest areas, this specieswas Whistling Krte (Haliastur sphenurus) recordedonly on the Dombakupsurvey, when one bird, The Whistling Kite is the commonesthawk in the amongsta flock of Black Ducks, was seenflying over State,and was recordedon most surveys.This species a small coastallake. It wasalso sighted to the nofih of wassighted singly or in pairs, and showsno preference the survey area on the Wonnerup Estuary. for forest or farmland areas, (Chenonettajubats) Maned Duck Brown Goshawk(Accipiter fasciotus) The Maned Duck is common in the survey area, The Brown Goshawk is common throughout the though it is not a forest species.It is frequently seen survey area, though it prefers the woodlands of the on farm damsand pastures,particularly to the eastof nofth-eastand low open woodlandsof the south and Manjimup. Flocks of up to 50 birds have been seen east coastalareas. It was recordedon nine surveys, standingon farm dam embankments.Farmers consider usuallysingly. but on one occasiona pair was seen the speciesa problem becausein such large numbers harassing a flock of New Holland Honeyeaters they foul the watersof small farm dams. The species (Phylidontris novahollandiae). wasrecorded on six surveys,and wasoften seenfeeding (Accipiter on pasture. Collared Sparrowhawk cirrhocephalus) This speciesis not ascommon as the Brown Goshawk (O$)ura Blue-billedDuck australis) which it resembles,and was recordedon only three A rarely sighted bird, the Blue-billed Duck was surveys.Single Sparrowhawkswere obseryedon the recordedon onesurvey only, on Lake Yeagarup.It was Pines and Milyeannup surveysand a pair was seen also recordedin 1973just to the north of the survey 'playing' with a group of Australian Magpies area, on the Wonnerup Estuary, (Glmnorhina tibicen) near Pemberton. Although it is a south-westspecies (Serventy & White-belliedSea Eagle (Hslliqeetus leuco gaste r) Whittell, 1976),the Blue-billedDuck doesnot appear The White-bellied Sea Eagle was sighted on two to be common in the surveyarea. surveys,On the Shannonsurvey one bird was sighted Musk Duck (Biziuralobato) over Broke Inlet and anotherat West Cliff Point, 10 west. bird was also sightedflying over The Musk Duck is common, though not abundant, km to the One heathland at West Cliff Point on the throughout the survey area, being recordedon eight the coastal Dombakup survey. surveys.Usually seenin pairs on small lakesor dams, they alsocongregate in largenumbers on estuariesand This speciesis restrictedto coastalareas, and appears lakesduring the non-breedingseason. Large numbers to be comparatively rare even along the southern of birds were recordedon Lake Yeagarupand Broke coastline, Inlet during surveys. Wedge-tailedEagle (Aquilo audax) The Wedge-tailedEagle is common throughout the 0rder Accipitriformes surveyarea, though it is most frequently seenin the Family Pandionidae woodlands to the north-east and along the lightly Osprey (Pandion hslisetus) timberedcoastal areas. This bird was recordedon all This rare coastalspecies was sighted only oncewhen but two surveys,and wasseen usually singly or in pairs.

37 Little Eagle (Hieraoetusmorphnoides) In 1972,a Malleefowl nest was discoveredeast of This speciesis rarein the surveyarea, with only single FranklandRiver, on the edgeof a disusedforest track birds beingseen on four surveys:Sunklands, Soho and in an extensivearea of dense heathland vegetation Mitchell,and Perup.In all casesthe birdswere observed dominated by Melqleuca spp. and.Bonksia quercifolia . over areasof open woodland. Threeyears later a checkwas madeon the nest and it was found that it had beenrecently abandoned. Spotted Harrier (Circus assimilis) The SpottedHarrier is rare in the surveyarea, and In 1977,examination of aerialphotographs, followed only onebird wassighted over the coastalheaths during by aerialand ground inspections, failed to locatefurther the Woolbalessurvey. This speciesis essentiallyan arid nestsin the area.During the search,however, two young country bird that is seldom recorded in the lower birds were flushed, and flew heavily for a very short south-west. distancebefore dropping into densecover. Marsh Harrier (Circus aeruginosus) Family Phasianidae This speciesis locally cornmonin the south of the StubbleQuail (Coturnix notaezelandiae) surveyarea, where suitable habitat occurs.The Marsh The Stubble Quail is common in the south-west Harrier was recordedon three suryeys.Sightings of (Serventy & Whittell, 1976), and was positively singlebirds flying low over sedgelandswere made near identifiedon threesuryeys: the Mitchell, the Shannon the mouth of the ShannonRiver and in Giants block, and the Mitchell River. Smallflocks, usuallycomprised north-eastof Walpole.The third recordwas a sighting of threeto six birds, weremost often sightedon forest over low open woodland to the eastof the Frankland tracks. Occasionally,one or two birds wereflushed in River near Lake Surprise. heathland.

Family Falconida€ Sightingswere most often in closedor openheathland four Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) communities.One sightingof birds was made in karri forest on Weld Road. The PeregrineFalcon is rarein the surveyarea. Single birds weresighted on the Woolbalessuruey to the west Brown Quail (Coturnix australis) of Walpole, and on the Soho surveyin the vicinity of This speciesis locallycommon throughout the south- Mt. Frankland. west, in suitablehabitats (Serventy & Whittell, 1976). Australian Hobby (Falco longipennis) Positive identification was made only once, on the FranklandRiver surveyto the north of Lake Surprise, This speciesis locally common in the surveyarea, when two birds were trapped. Seventeenquail were althoughit appearsto avoid the more heavilytimbered sightedin the surveyarea, and it wasassumed that these areas,Single birds wererecorded on four surveys,and were either Brown or Stubble The birds on oneoccasion a pair wassighted in Banksiawoodland Quail Quail. were found in open sedgeland. on the coastalheaths near Walpole. The Australian Hobby was also sightedin jarrah-wandoowoodlands at Perup and amongstyoung pines at Balingup. Order Gruiformes Brown Falcon (Falco berigora) Family Turnicida€ (Turnix This speciesis the most common of the small birds PaintedButton-quail varia) of prey, and was recordedon twelve surveys.It was The Painted Button-quail is widespread but sightedin almost all forest typesfrom coastalheaths, uncommonin the suryeyarea. Positive identification through open woodland, to high open forest of karri ofthis specieswas made on two surveys:the Perupand and tingle. the MitchellRiver surveys. Since 1972, 12 birdshave beencaptured in funneltraps set for TammarWallabies (Falco Australian Kestrel cenchroides) (Macropuseugenii) rn the Perup area. The Australian Kestrelis found throughout most of the survey area, rivalling the Brown Falcon in The PaintedButton-quail is locally commonin open jarrah-wandoo abundance.Usually single birds were sighted flying over woodland with an understorey of pasture,coastal heath and low, open woodlandareas, Bossiaea ornata scrub or heartleaf. This species' although an occasionalpair was seen. characteristicscratchings in the litter may be seenin the heartleafthickets during the late autumn and summer months when the plants have seeded. Order Galliformes Serventy& Whittell (1976)state that the Painted Family Megapodiidae Button-quailis an insect-eater.Though not confirmed Malleefowl (Leipoo ocellata) by stomachanalysis, observations suggest that the birds The speciesis rare and restrictedwithin the survey in the Perup area may be seed eaters. The food area, and was not found on any suryeys. preferencesof this speciesneed to be investigated.

38 Family Rallida€ severaltimes nestingon the Manjimup football oval and SpotlessCrake (Porzanalabuensis) hockey fields. This speciesis common in suitable habitats Red-cappedPlover (Choradrius ruficopillus) throughoutthe surveyarea. Although this secretivebird This coastal specieswas observedon only three was not sighted in the field on any of the surveys, surveys:Lake Yeagarup,Woolbales, and Shannon.It specimenswere recorded on the Yeagarup,Dombakup, has also beenobserved at Wilson's Inlet on the south Sunklands,Milyeannup and Karri surveys,when birds coast. werecaptured in snaptraps set for smallmammals. The Yeagarup and Dombakup specimens were from Black-fronted Plover (Charadrius melanops) typically swampy areas, but the latter three, the An uncommonspecies in the surveyarea, the Black- Sunklands.Milyeannup and Karri specimens,came fronted Ploverwas recorded only on the Perupsurvey, from densely vegetated creek systems containing on Twin Lakesto the westof Perup. It is usuallyseen permanemwaler. in pairs, and has beensighted at times on small dams outsidethe forestedarea. Dusky Moorhen (Gollinula tenebrosa) This specieswas only sightedonce, on a small dam, Farnily Scolopacidae dudng the Pinessurvey. However, the DuskyMoorhen Curlew Sandpiper (Calidris ferruginea) is common in the suryeyarea, and has been seenon A numerous,migratory species,which arrivesfrom dams,particularly amongst bullrushes at Smith'sBrook, the northern hemispherein summer, the Curlew south-eastof Manjimup and in the Pemberton and Sandpiperwas recorded only on Broke Inlet during the Northcliffe district. It has also been seen on Lake Shannonsurvey. Muckipoo to the north of Manjimup. Family Laridae (Porphyrio porphyrio) Purple Swamphen Silver Gull (Lorus novaehollandiae) The PurpleSwamphen is commonin suitablehabitats Common along the south coast, this specieswas throughout the surveyarea, and was recordedon five recordedon the Boranup and Woolbalessurveys and surueys.It appearsto be lesssecretive than supposed upon Broke Inlet on the Shannonsurvey. It has also (1976); by Serventyand Whittell it is often sightedon beensighted on Lake Muir. farm dams, It also appearsto be more common than the Dusky Moorhen. Forty-four nestsof this species Pacific Gull (Laruspacificus) wererecorded on MiddlesexDams (D. & M. Brown. This speciesis commonalong the southcoast, but was personalcommunication*), and it alsooccurs on small sightedonly on the Shannonsurvey at Broke Inlet. lakes and swampsin forestedareas. Caspian Tern (Hydroprogne caspia) EurasianCoot (Fulica atra) The CaspianTern is commonalong the coast,but was This speciesis comrnon throughout the State in recordedon only two suNeys,at Broke Inlet and on suitablehabitats, and wasthe mostfrequently observed the coastat Boranup.It is essentiallya seabird, which of the birds in this family. It wassighted on freshwater rarely venturesfar inland. swampsat Yeagarupand Dombakup, as well as on CrestedTern (Stema bergii) salinewater in the Perup and Frankland Rivers, and Broke Inlet. This speciesis common along the coast, and was recordedon two surveys,Boranup and Shannon, at On one small seasonalswamp amongst the pinesat Broke Inlet. The CrestedTern has also beenrecorded Balingup,a total of ten nests,with up to six eggseach, on Lake Muir. wasobserved. Order Columbiformes The speciesmost often occursin pairsor smallflocks Family on dams,small lakes and rivers,On the estuariesalong Columbidae the south-westcoast, large flocks of severaldozen birds Common Bronzewing(Phaps chalcoptera) often congregateduring summerand autumn. This speciesis generallydistributed and common throughout the surveyarea, It was recordedon seven Order Charadriiforrnes surveysbut appearsto be uncommon in the extreme Family Charadriidae south. The Common Bronzewingis frequentlysighted BandedLapwing (Vanellustricolor) in farmland and townships.It is often seenfeeding on Recordedon only the Woolbalesand Perupsurveys, the seedsof introduced,,,lcaclas in forestrysettlements. this speciesis neverthelessquite common on pastureand Brush Bronzewing(Phsps elegans) sports fields throughout the survey area. Most often The Brush Bronzewingis widespread seenin pairs, the BandedLapwing has beenrecorded and common throughout the survey area, It was recorded on all *Seep.32. surveys,and is locally common in the north-eastern

39 Perupwhere it feedson the seedsof the heartleafpoison a small flock of eight or nine birds, believedto have bush ( Gastro Iob ium bi lo bum). escapedfrom aviaries, has been resident within the Manjimup township for some years. Order Psittaciformes Family Cacatuidae A speciesfrom the north of WesternAustralia, the Galah has spread extensivelysouth since European Red-tailedBlack-Cockatoo colonization.It is now commonin wheatbeltareas, but (Calypt or hy nchus magnificus) avoids the heavier forested country (Serventy and Black-Cockatoois locally common The Red-tailed whiuell, 1976). and widespreadthroughout the survey area; it was recordedon nine surveys.This speciesgenerally occurs Family Loriida€ in small flocksof up to a dozenbirds, and is mostoften Purple-crownedLodkeet seenfeeding in marri trees. (Glossopsitt s porp hyrocepha la) We recordedit breedingnear Nyamup, 16 km east Though common throughout the survey area, this of Manjimup, and we saw young birds on the Giants specieswas only recordedon somesurveys. The birds survey.Saunders (197?) demonstrated a discontinuous fotlow the flowering of eucalyptsand other species, distribution of the speciesin the south-west.He cites feedingon pollenand nectar(Churchill & Christensen, a nofihern occurrenceof the species,south of the 1970).The Purple-crownedLorikeet is most plentilul MurchisonRiver inland through the northernwheatbelt, whenkarri is flowering,but wasrecorded in most other and a southerndistribution restrictedto the forested vegetationtypes as well. The distinctive call of this afea. speciesin the tree tops is a certainsign that flowering is taking place. White-tailedBlack-Cockatoo (Ca lypt or hy nchus baudinii) Family Platycercidae The White-tailed Black-Cockatoo is common Red-cappedParrot (Purpurcicephalusspurius) flocks of a dozenor throughout the surveyarea, and Common throughout much of the surveyarea, this feedingin marri trees. morebirds may oftenbe observed specieswas recorded on most surveys.It is plentiful in There are two different forms of this species,the the north-easlernopen forests and woodlandareas, and short-billedform /C. baudinii latirostris)and the long- in karri areas where it is often a pest in the apple billed form (C. boudinii baudinii), which Saunders orchards. (1979)considers to be a separatespecies. The long-billed WesternRosella (Pldtycercus icterotis) form is found in areaswith an annual rainfall of 750 The is common throughout the mm or more,whereas the short-billedform occurswhere surveyarea, and wasrecorded on all surveys.It is found thereis 300-750mm (Saunders,1974). in all the vegetationtypes, especially in the karri/marri As it is difficult to differentiate the two from forestswhere it is the commonestparrot species.The obseryations,and no attempt wasmade to distinguish WesternRosella spends much of its time foraging on them on surveys,it is assumedthat most of the records the groundand in the lowertree and understoreystrata. were of C. baudinii bqudinii becausethe surveyarea It is frequently observedon farms in the Manjimup receivesan annual rainfall that exceeds750mm. The district; 299birds werebanded between 1976 and 1980 verylarge flocks observed in the BlackwoodValley pine (D. and M. Brown, personalcommunication*). plantationswere possibly the short-billedform, because Port Lincoln Ringneck(Barnardius zonarius) pine seedis known to be a major pafi of the diet of C. bsudinii latirostris (Saunders,1974). Common throughout the survey area in all major vegetation types, the Port Lincoln Ringneck was Long-billed Corella (Cscatuatenuirostris) recordedon all surveys.The speciesis more inclinedto A south-westspecies, the Long-billedCorella is not inhabit the tree tops than is the WesternRosella, and a forestbird and wasnot obsenedon sutveys.However, it is frequentlyfound wheremarri treesare a major part a populationof the speciesis known to existwithin the of the forest. It also occursin agriculturalareas and is surveyarea at Lake Muir, wherethey feed on cleared a pestin orchards. farmland. These birds appeared to have spread ElegantParrot (Neophemselegqns) northwardsalong cleared farmland near the ToneRiver. The ElegantParrot is locallycommon in pastureareas A flock of this specieswas also observed in 1975flying to the eastof Manjimup, and doesnot seemto occur over land clearedfor pine plantingin the Donnybrook in the heavier forest types. It was recorded on five Sunklandwest of Nannup. surveys,almost always associatedwith clearedland. in open Galah ( Cac a tua r os ei cap i II a) However, flocks of this specieswere sighted woodland, at Perup and on the Hay River. This bird This speciesis rare and restrictedin the surveyarea, and was not sightedon any of the surveys.However, *Seep.32.

40 is not a forest species,but in recentyears it has been birds wereseen on spotlightsurveys in the pinesalong extendingits range (Serventyand Whittell, 1976). the BlackwoodRiver, wherethe speciesappears to be locally common. We have severalother non-survey Rock Parrot (Neophemapetrophila) recordsof Barn Owls in similar farmland-forestareas, This speciesis locally commonalong the coast,and and, therefore, consider that the speciesmay be wasrecorded on threesurveys: the Boranup,Yeagarup abundant in this habitat. It is also occasionallyseen and Woolbales. The birds were sighted flying over during the daltime, resting in garden trees in the estuariesin sand dune country. Manjimup township. Fairly largeflocks of this species(30 10 40 birds)have Masked Owl (TJto noraehollandiae) beensighted at PeacefulBay to the east of Walpole. Only one Masked Owl was sighted, rn Casuarina It is also common in Wilson's Inlet at Denmark. woodlandon the Sohosurvey. A road kill specimenwas Order Cuculiformes alsofound nearPemberton in 1972.This specieswould Family Cuculidae appearto be uncommonin the surveyarea. Pallid Cuckoo (Cuculuspallidus) Order Caprimulgiformes This speciesis commonthroughout the surveyarea, Family Podargidae and it was recordedon almost all survevs.in all forest Tawny Frogmouth (Podargus strigoides) rypes. The Tawny Frogmouth (Plate 25) is the most common The Pallid Cuckoo usuallymigrates into the survey nocturnalbird in the surveyarea and was recordedin areaduring late Septemberor earlyOctober. However, all vegetationtypes. It appearsto favour the moreopen residentbirds havebeen recorded by D. and M. Brown jarrah forest, in which 13 birds wererecorded on one (personalcommunication*). spotlight surveyover a distanceof only 16 km. Fan-tailed Cuckoo (Cuculuspltrrhophanus) Family Aegothelidae The Fan-tailedCuckoo is the most common of the Australian Owlet-nightjar (Aegothelescriststus) cuckoosin the surveyarea. It doesnot appearto be a This speciesis commonthroughout most ofthe survey year migrant species,and occursthroughout the in all areaespecially in the woodlandsto the nolth and the Yegetationtypes. east. It was recorded on nine surveysin all major Horsefield'sBronze-Cuckoo (Chrysococcyx bqsalis) vegetationtypes, often being seenand heard at night. This speciesmigrates to the surveyarea in earlyspring Family Caprimulgidae and leavesin autumn, and is the most widespreadof SpottedNightjar (Csprimulgusguttstus) the Bronze-Cuckoosrecorded during the surveys.It Comparedwith the othernocturnal birds, this species appearsto favour the more open jarrah forest and appearsto be rare in the suryeyarea. It has not been woodlandareas where it is most often sightedperching sighted on any of the numerous spotlight surveys on the outer deadbranches in the crownsof iarrah or undertakenthroughout the suryeyarea, or on any of marrrtrees. the ecologicalstudies carried out duringthe last l2 years. Shining Bronze-Cuckoo(C hrysococcyx lucidus) The only recordfrom the areais a road killed specimen This is another migrant species,which arrives in found on Thompson Road to the north of Walpole, springand leavesin early autumn.Although it wasnot wherethe road passesthrough the heathlandand low recordedas frequentlyas Horsefield'sBronze-cuckoo, openbanksia woodland. this speciesis commonthroughout the surveyarea and Order Coraciiformes occursin most forest typesfrom the densekarri to the Family Alcedinidae openjarrah/wandoo woodlands. Laughing Kookaburra (Dacelonovoeguineae) Ord€r Strigiformes Introduced from Victoria in 1897 (Serventy & Family Strigida€ Whittell, 1976), this specieshas become firmly SouthernBoobook (Ninox novaeseelandioe) establishedin the forestedareas of the south-west.It This speciesis widespreadthroughout the suney area, wasrecorded on all suneys,and is commonin major and it wasthe mostcommon owl recordedin the suney vegetationcommunities throughout the survey area. area.It wasfrequently heard at night, and occasionally Kookaburranests have been recorded in hollowspouts sightedon spotlight surveys. of treessome 5 to 60 m abovethe ground. Family Tytonida€ SacredKingfisher (Halcyon sancta) Barn Owl (Tyto qlba) Widespreadthroughout the surveyarea, but nowhere Recordedon only threesurveys, this speciesappears common,this specieswas recorded on ninesurveys. The to be uncommonin the surveyarea. However, several birds were usually sighted on branchesoverhanging *SeeD.32. water, and were often seensitting on telephonelines

41 also. The Sacred Kingfisher may be largely a migrant farrnland, clearings and openings in the forest. in the south-west (Serventy Whittell, & 1976),but many Serventy & Whittell (1976) state that there have been birds year. are sighted throughout the D. and M. Brown no migratory movements of the Black-faced Cuckoo- (personal communication*) also record the speciesas shrike detectedin this State; however, in the survey area a breeding resident in the Middlesex valley. the highest numbers of birds were observed in spring Family Meropidae and summer and very few were sighted dudng winter. Rainbow Bee-eater (Merops ornatus) White-winged Triller (Lalctge sueurii) This speciesis uncommon in the survey area, with Recordedonly on the Perup survey, this speciesis rare only a few records from the north. A flock of about in forested areas.However, it occurs where clearing has 40 Rainbow Bee-eaterswere seen on the Pines suryey taken place and it has been sightedbreeding on farmland and severalpairs were observedon the railway telegraph area near Manjimup, (D. and M. Brown, personal lines in the Sunklands survey. A pair was also sighted communication*). at Lake Muckipoo to the north of Manjimup in 1981. In forested areasthe White-winged Triller appears to The speciesappears to occur in small numbers in the invade open jarrah forest and woodland following nodh western portion of the survey area (the Sunklands severe wildfires, which scorch and defoliate the tree and the Blackwood Valley), but is either absent or canopy. Several pairs were recorded in the Perup in uncommon further south. spring 1981following a severewildfire in the area during the previous summer. Order Passeriformes Family Hirundinidae Family Muscicapidae Welcome Swallow (Hirundo neoxenq) Scarlet Robin (Petroicq multicolor) Recorded on six surveys, this species is locally Recorded on all surveys. rhis speciesis common common in settled areas, particularly in towns in the throughout the survey area, but less frequently sighted northern and easternsector of the survey area; it is rare in denserunderstorey of the southem high rainfall areas. in the heavily forested areas. The largest flock, fifteen It does occasionallyoccur in theseforest t)?es, but only birds, was recorded on the Mitchell River survey. where the forest is less dense, or where small openings Several nests with eggs were found under a bridge at or clearingshave been created. Scarlet Robin nestshave Lewana on the Pines survey in 1978.' been found 3 to 15 m above the ground, mainly in the jarrah Tree Martin (Cecropis nigricans) forest. The Tree Martin is the commonest swallow of the The Scarlet Robin also invades forest areasfollowing south-west. It is very common in the survey area, and burning. Thus, they may be observed in the true karri was recorded on almost all surveys. Nests have been forest for a year or two following a fire, until the recorded in many trees with a suitable hollow; several understorey regenerates and becomes too dense for pairs used the sametree when enough hollows occurred. them. Large flocks are frequently observed hawking or sitting Red-capped Robin (Petroicct goodenovii) on telephonelines. This speciesis rare in the survey area. It was only Family Motacillidae recorded on the Sunkland survey when one bird was Richard's Pipit (Anthus novoeseelanclioe) seen in the Nannup townsite, D. and M. Brown (personal communication*) also banded one individual This speciesis common throughout the survey area ^fhe at Middlesex in \97'7/78. specieshas been recorded wherever there is open country, and was recorded on on other F.D. suryeysin the northern jarrah forest all but one suney. It occurs whereverland has been areas where it is much more common. cleared for agriculture, and may also colonize and breed on areas of clear felled forest during the first year or Hooded Robin (Melanodryas cucullota) two before regeneration. Richard's Pipit also occurs The Hooded Robin was not recorded on the surveys, naturally along coastal dune country and on the and is consideredvery rare in the survey area, However, southern flats and open sedgeland,especially following in 1974,the Fisheriesand Wildlife Department recorded recent fires when the vegetation is short and open. It its presence in the Kent River area. In 1976, it was may also be found in some of the easternwoodland reported in the Whicher Range by the Naturalist Club areasand in granite outcrops. (Hussey, 1977) and D. and M. Brown (personal communication*) also reported it at Wilgarup. Family Campephagidae White-breasted F.obin (Eopssltrid georyianq) Black-facedCuckoo-shrike This (Corqcina nov sehol londioe) speciesis common throughout most of the suruey area, and was recorded on all surveys, It does not occur Common throughout the survey area, this specieswas recorded on all surveys. It favours open areas, *Seep.32.

42 in all foresttypes, and is confinedto areasof fairly tall felling operations. dense understorey. It is widespreadand common Rufous Whistler (Pachycephalarufiventris) high rainfall area, especially throughout the southern This speciesis locally common, but not widespread karri forest. In jarrah forest and more open in in the surveyarea. It wasrecorded on four suryeys;all jarrah/wandoo woodlandsin the northern and north- sightingswere in openforest or openwoodland regions it is confinedto dense easternsection of the surveyarea, in the north andeastern parts of the surveyarea. It does drainagelines. vegetationalong creeksand not appear10 be presentin the heavierforests of the south. Western Yellow Robin (Eopsaltria griseoEulsris) This speciesis common and widespreadin the more The RufousWhistler has also benefited from clearing, open forest types in the north and north-eastof the and is frequentlyseen on farmland and in townships. surveyarea. Further south it is rare and restricted. It may also be a seasonalmigrant as it firsl appearsin Manjimup during autumn and early winter and Within the survey area, the range of this species disappearssometime in spring or early summer. overlapswith that of the closelyrelated White-breasted Robin. In the jarrah forest the WesternYellow Robin Grey Shrike-thrush(Colluricincla harmonica) inhabits the ridgesthat havea low open understorey, Commonthroughout the surveyarea, this specieswas avoiding the densegully vegetationfavoured by the recordedon all but the Boranupand Shannonsurveys. White-breasted Robin. Further south, where the It was sightedin almost all major forest types, more understoreyis uniformly dense,the Western Yello\e frequently in the open and high open forest and less Robin is replacedby the White-breastedRobin. frequentlyin the low open woodland and sedgelands. The Western Yellow Robin may invade the karri RestlessFlycatcher (Myiagra inquieta) forestfor a shortperiod when the understoreyis opened This specieswas recordedon eight surveys,but is after fire. uncommonthroughout much of the surveyarea. It was CrestedShrike-tit (FalcunculusJrontatus) often seenin the moreopen jarrah forestand woodland Uncommon,but apparentlyfairly widespreadin the in the northern parts of the area,but it also occursin surveyarea, this specieswas recorded on threesuryeys: the karri forest. It was very common along the in the jarrah-wandoowoodland on the Perup suryey; Balingup Brook and Blackwood River where several in karri forest near Crystal Springson the Woolbales pairs were observed nesting ir Eucolyptus rudis survey;and near Pembertonon the karri survey.On branchesoverhanging water. occasionsother than surveys,the CrestedShrike-tit has crey Fantail (Rhipidura fulieinosa) beenrecorded amongst epicormic branches on karri in Widespreadand common, this speciesis the most a clear-felledarea near Northcliffe, and in regrowth common flycatcherin the south-west.It was recorded jarrah./marriforest at WestManjimup. Whereverit has on all surveysand was seen in all major vegetationtlpes, beenrecorded, this specieswas seenin the forest mid- being one of the most frequently and easilyobserved storey. birds. Although uncommon, the speciesappears to be Willie Wagtail (Rhipiduro leucophrys) resident in the suryey area as it has been recorded The Willie Wagtail is locally common in the survey breedingat Middlesexby D. and M. Brown (personal area,and wasrecorded on eight surveys.It is unlikely communication*). that this speciesoccurred in the surveyarea prior to The Crested Shrike-tit inhabits the lighter timber clearingfor agriculture.It only occurson farms and in country further to the east(Seryenty & Whittell, 1976), townships,where it is frequently seenin gardens. but like many other speciesit appearsto haveextended Farnily Timaliidae its range into the heavier forested areas following clearingfor farms, and the openingof forest after felling White-browed Babbler (Pomatostomus superciliosus) operatlons. This speciesis common but not widespreadin the surveyarea. It was recordedon eight of the suweys, colden Whistler (Pachycephalapectoralis) mostlythose south of Manjimup, but is alsopresent in The Golden Whistler (Plate 28) is common the Sunklandsarea. throughout the survey area, in almost all the major vegetationtypes, and was recordedon all the surveys. Seryenty& Whittell (1976)note that a few isolated It is very common in both the open and high open coloniesexist at Busselton,Pemberton, Irwin Inlet and forest. Essentiallya mid-storeyspecies of the jarrah Denmark. The speciesis, in fact, common over much forest, it tends to favour the understoreytree level in of the karri and high openforest area,especially in the the karri forest. This speciesis not greatlyaffected by southernareas where there is a tall denseunderstorey burning, but it may be temporarily displacedby clear of kNri wattle (Acaciapentadenia) present.The White- browedBabbler invariably occurs in groupsof between *Seeo.32. 6 and 12 individuals.

43 T:

Family Sylviidae habitat.The two speciesmay alsooccur together in the ClamorousReed-Warbler (Acrocephalus stentoreus) jarrah forest, woodlandsand coastalscrub, wherethe The Clamorous Reed-Warbler, like the Little SplendidFairy-wren is more abundant. Grassbird, does not appear to be common in the Red-winged Fairy-wren (Malurus elegans) forestedareas, probably also because of the scarcityof This speciesis widespreadand commonthroughout a suitable habitat. It was recordedonly on the Yeagarup most of the survey area, especiallyin the south, swamp, but may be locally comrnon and appearsto whereversuitable habitat occurs.It is very comrnonin adapt well to suitableman-made habitats. D. and M. the high open forestsof karri and tingle, especiallyin Brown (personalcommunication*) have recordedrnany areas of dense sword grass (Lepidosperma effusum), pairs breedingon Middlesexdam. and is common in some vegetated drainage lines on Little Grassbird (Megalurus gramineus) farms.However, the speciesis lesscommon in the more This specieswas recordedon only two surveys,in open forestsof the northern and easternparts of the freshwaterreed swamps at Yeagarupand Dombakup. surveyarea. It hasalso been recorded breeding at Middlesex,by D. Southern Emu-wlen (Stipiturus malachurus) and M. Brown (personalcommunication*). It not does Recorded on seven surveys, this specieshas a appearto be common in the forested possibly areas, restricteddistribution, but may be locally common in becauseof the scarcityof a habitat. suitable the surveyarea. It usually occursin coastalthickets, and Family Maluridae is rarer further inland in the main forest area. It was Splendid Fairy-wren (Malurus splendens) recordedwell inland from the coastat Granite Peaks The Splendid Fairy-wren (Plate 27) is common and on the Sunklands survey. A further two throughout the surveyarea wherever suitable habitats populations have been recorded on non-survey occur. It inhabitslow densescrub and is very common research,one near Donnelly Mill and the other near in the coastalscrub communities.It is also found in Lake Muckipoo to the north of Manjimup. jarrah the open forest and woodlands along densely Of theseinlald populations, three occur in densegully present vegetateddrainage lines, and is in the karri vegetation dominated by Agonis paryiceps that is "lhe forest. It is frequently found in agricultural areas heavily parasitizedby Cuscuta sp. Lake Muckipoo wheredense cover hasbeen left alongthe road verges. population occursin clumpedthickets in a paperbark In the karri forest, the SplendidFairy-wren often (Melaleucapreissianal swamp. Although the Southern occurs with the Red-winged Fairy-wren (Malurus Emu-wrenis very secretiveand difficult to observe,its elegans),the latter tending to be more abundant in this callis quitedistinctive and it respondsreadily to a bird *Seeo.32. caller.

Plrte 2E Golden Whistler (Pachycephalapectonlis),

44 Family Acanthizidae absentfrom the high openforests and otherforest tlpes White-browedScrub-wren (Sericornis frontalis) with a denseunderstorey. It frequentsthe coastalscrub part Recordedon all surveys,this is one of the common and the openwoodlands in the north-eastern of the hasbeen speciesin the denserscrub areasin the south of the surveyarea, and is commonwherever the forest surveyarea. It is very commonin the high open forest cleared. and denseareas of coastalheath, but alsooccurs along Family Neosittidae denselyvegetated drainage lines throughout the more Varied Sittella (Daphoenosittachrysoptera) open jarrah forest and woodland areas. Widespreadthroughout the surveyarea, this species W eebill (Smicrornis brevirostris) was recordedon all but one of the surveys.The birds areusually seen in small flocks (four to ten birds), and The Weebillis uncommonin the surveyarea, and was arelocally commonin the jarrah forestand woodlands recordedonly on four surveys:Sunklands, Milyeannup, in the northern and easternportions of the area. It is Perup and Soho. On each survey only one or two uncommonin the high open karri forest or southern individuals were sighted. Serventy& whittell (1976) communities,but may be found whereverjarrah and state that the speciesis absentto the south of a line marrr are present. joining CapeNaturaliste, Granite Peak and Albany. The record at Milyeannupis just to the south of this line, Family Climacteridae whilstthe Sunklandsrecording is virtuallyon it. It seems Rufous Treecreeper(Climacteris rufo) likely that the speciesmay be presentin the Donnybrook The Rufous Treecreeperis widespreadand locally Sunkland area, but only in low numbers.The record commonthroughout the surueyarea. It is common in on the Sohosurvey is interestingas it is outsidethe range the open and high open jarrah and marri forest and suggestedby Serventy& Whittell, and in an areawhere uncommonin the pure karri stands.However, several the bird might not be expectedto occur. The Soho pairswere observed feeding upon flakingbark on young record was of a single bird sighted in extensive karri treesfollowing a wildfire in Pembertonin 1971. Cssuqrinawoodlands, which may be similar to the This speciesappears to be more commonin the forests birds' drier habitatin the north. on the Darling Rangefurther to the north. WesternGerygone (Gerygone /usca) Family Meliphagidae This speciesis widespreadin the surveyarea, but only Red Wattlebird (Anthochaerscsrunculato) locally common, lt wasrecorded on all but four of the This speciesis widespreadand common throughout surveysand occursin most vegetationtypes from the the survey area, and may be found in all major coastaluoodlands to thekarri forest. lt iscommon in vegetationtypes. Like many of the honeyeaters,these the more open jarrah forestsin the northern parts of birds tend to be concentratedaround such speciesas the surveyarea, but also occursin the karri whereit eucalyptsand banksiaswhen they are flowering. The appearsto frequent the mid-storeytree layer. Red Wattlebird is a canopy species,feeding Inland Thornbill (Acanthizaapicalis) predominantly in the upper and lower canopy, but in the scrub. It is a frequent garden visitor, This speciesis widespreadand commonthroughout seldom particularly in summer when there is a scarcity of the surveyarea, occurring in all major vegetationtypes. flowersin the bush. It is very commonin the southernportion of the survey areaand commonin the jarrah forestsof the northern Little Wattlebird (Anthochserachrysoptera) sector.In the latterhabitat it is replaced,to someextent, Locally common, this speciesfavours areas of by the Western Thornbill. This trend increases woodland and open woodland, particularly when northwards,such that the WesternThornbill is more Bonksia spp. are present. It is not as common or commonthan the Inland Thornbill in the jarrah forests widespreadas the Red Wattlebird, and is rarelyseen in to the north of the surveyarea. The InlandThornbill the high open and open jarrah forest areas. occurspredominantly in denselyvegetated gullies. White-napedHoneyeater (Melithreptus lunatus) WesternThornbill (Acanthizoinornata) A commonand widespreadspecies in the suweyarea, The WesternThornbill is common in the jarrah the White-naped Honeyeater was recorded on all forestsin the northernportion of the surveyarea, and surveys.It was most frequently observedin the high uncommonin most of the southernforests, It is rare open karri forest where it is very common. It feeds in the high openkarri forest, and becomesincreasingly mainlyin the lower and uppertree canopy. commonfurther to the north in the moreopen jarrah Brown Honeyeater(Lichmero indistincts) forests.Here it frequentsthe ridges,feeding amongst Locally common in the surveyarea, the Brown the foliage of saplingsand tree canopy. Honeyeaterwas only sightedon surveysin low open Yellow-rumpedThornbill (Acqnthizachrysorrhoa) woodlands with Bsnksis spp. presentand where the Widespread,but only locallycommon in the survey foresthas been cleared for agriculture.It is commonin area,this specieswas recorded on most surveys.It is townshipsthroughout the area.

45 New Holland Honeyeater (Phylidontris watercourses in the high open karri forest. It is not novaehollondiae) confined to native forests, and is common in the This speciesis the most common honeyeater in the Blackwood Valley pine plantations wherever there is survey area. It is common and widespread in all major suitable understorey cover. D. and M. Brown (personal vegetation types from the coastal heath to the high open communication*) have trapped and banded 105 birds karri forest. It is very common in areas where the in and around the farming areas of the Middlesex kangaroo paw (Anigosanthus flavida) and chorilqens Valley. quercifolio are in flower. The New Holland Honeyeater The Red-eared Firetail is listed on the "rare or also frequents gardensand remnant forest on farmland. otherwise in need of special protection" list White-cheeked Honeyeater (Phylidonyris nigra) (Government GazetteW.A., April 8th 1983). Rare and restricted in the survey area, this specieswas Family Grallinidae recorded on the Woolbales and Yeagarup surveys. In Australian Magpie-lark (Grallina cyanoleuca) both cases the single birds were seen in coastal open The Australian Magpielark is not a forest bird, but woodland and heath communities. is locally common throughout much of the survey area, Tawny-crowned Honeyeater (Pb)lidoq)ris melanops) wherever there has been clearing for agriculture. This speciesis locally common in the coastal heaths Recorded on eight surveys, this species was sighted around the southern fringe of the survey area. Inland mainly in wet or moist pastures. It appears to be colonies exist in some places where open heath seasonal,arriving sometimein summer and being absent vegetation or low open woodlands occur. The Tawny- for most of winter. D. and M. Brown (personal crowned Honeyeater was also recorded in the communication*), however, record them as residentsat Blackwood Valley near Nannup. Middlesex. Western Spinebill (A cqnthorh))nchus superciliosus) Family Artamidae This speciesis common throughout the survey area, Dusky Woodswallow (Artqmus clanopterus) but locally common in low open woodland, especially This speciesis common throughout the survey area where banksias are present. It has been recorded in all in all vegetationtypes. The birds are often seenhawking major vegetation types, and in the karri forest it is most for insectshigh above the forest canopy, and over open often associated with the kangaroo paw. pasture and clearings in the forest. Family Pardalotidae Family Cracticidae Spotted Pardalote (Pardolotus punctstus) Grey Butcherbird (Crscticus torquqtus) The Spotted Pardalote is common throughout the The Grey Butcherbird is rare and restricted, with only survey area, and was recorded on most of the surveys. one pair being recorded, on the Woolbales survey. It is common in the jarrah forests in the northern and Serventy and Whittell (1976) state that this speciesdoes easternparts of the survey area, and was also sighted not occur south of a line passing through Augusta, in most of the forest and woodland association.It has Nannup, Kirup, Cranbrook and Albany. The Woolbales been recorded nesting in both jarrah and karri forest, recording may be an incidental sighting. and in both instances burrows were excavated in soil heapsalong the edge of forest tracks. Australian Magfi.e (Gymnorhina tibicen) Striated Pardalote (Pqrdalotus stristus) The Australian Magpie is locally common throughout the survey area, whereverthe forest has been cleared This speciesis common throughout much of the for agriculture. It prefers open country, is presentin surveyarea, and \ras most frequently recordedin the somewoodlands and open forest types, but is entirely northern jarrah forests. Nests of this species,at least absent from the high open forest 50 m abovethe ground, have beenrecorded in jarrah, marri and karri trees. Grey Currawong (Strepera wrsicolor) Family Zosteropidae This specieswas common throughout the survey area, SiIv er eye (Zost erops latera lis) and was recordedon all surveysin all major vegetation types.It is most frequentlyobserved in the open jarrah The Silvereyeis common throughout the surveyarea forest, and increasesin number following fire. in all major fore.t types.Thi. specie.is verycommon in agricultural areasand along the coast. Family Corvidae Family Ploceidae Australian F.aven (Corvus coronoides) Red-eared FiretarLl(Emblemo oculota) The Australian Raven is common throushout the Common over most of the survey area, this species survey area! but prefers the more open forest types, (plate 26) was recorded on 13 surveys. It occurs clearingsand farmland areas-It is most often seenin wherever there is suitable habitat, being common in pairs or small groups of three or four birds. coastal thickets and along densely vegetated *Seep.32.

46 (C) REPTILES

DISCUSSIONOF FINDINGS addition, D. polyopthalmus, D. spinigerus and D. alboguttotus, all recorded by Storr et al. (1978), might group poorly This venebrate is represented in the also occur in the survey area. survey area, with a total of only 32 speciescollected on all surveys. The region's prolonged winter, with its Species of legless lizards which may occur in the consistently low temperatures and high annual northern parts of the survey area include Zralrs rainfall, appears to be the major cause for the small burtonii, Aprosia repens, and Aclys concinna all number of reptiles collected. Further to the nofth, in collected by Storr et ql. (1978) on the Northern Swan the smaller area encompassed by the Northern Swan coastal plain. Lislis burtonii was also collected by us coastal plain, which has a much drier and warmer east of Dwellingup in 1979. The south coast species climate, a total of 57 speciesof reptiles were recorded Aprasia striolota glauerti, whrch has been recorded to (Storr, et ql.,1978). The Geckos(Gekkonidae),legless the eastofAlbany (Hopper, l98l), may extendfurther lizards (Pygopodidae) and, to a lesser extent, the west into the survey area. elapid snakes (Elqpidae) are particularly scarce in the Although no dragons were recorded, there are southern forests, compared with the larger several speciesthat are known to occur just north of plain. populations found in the Northern Swan coastal the survey area. Amongst these are, Amphibolurus The dragon lizards (Agumidoe) appear not to be minor minor, A. minimus and A. ornotus, all located represented at all in the suNey area, at Kelmscott by us in 1975, and A. sdelsidensis, The greatest variety in species and numbers of recorded on the Northern Swan coastal plain by Storr reptiles was consistently recorded on surveys in coastal et al. (19'78\. Moloch horridus was recorded at and sub-coastal areas, and those in the northern and Dryandra and A. msculatus maculatus and A. eastern extremities of the survey area. In the coastal cristatus, have been recorded further east on the south and sub-coastal areas, open woodland, low open coast. Some or all of these dragon speciescould occur woodland, scrubland and heathland formations are within the survey area. common on sandy soils. The northern and eastern extremities of the survey area receive less rainfall, and Skinks open woodlands predominate. Sandy soils and a high Skinks are well represented in the survey area. We percentageof bare ground appear to favour reptiles in have collected nineteen species.However, only five of the southern forests. these species may be regarded as common and Although specimensof most reptile speciescollected widespread in the area: Smith's Skink /Egernra on the surveys were sent to and recorded by the napoleonis) and the Red-Legged Skink (Ctenotus Western Australian Museum, the specimenswere not lobillordieri) (Plate 29), which were collected on all always kept, and there is no Museum number for surveys; the Burrowing Skink (Hemiergis peronii many of the collections. peronii); and the Bobtail (Tiliqua rugosa) and King's Skink (Egernio kingii) which were collected on 14, \2 Geckos, Legless Lizards and Dragons and l0 surveys respectively. Two species, Mourning Ski\k (Egernid luctuoss) (Plate 30) and E. pulchra Geckos, legless lizards and dragons are the least pulchro, are common in the survey area, and were recorded group of reptiles in the survey areai only one collected on seven and nine surveys respectively. The specieseach of tortoise and gecko, three leglesslizards, remaining 12 specieswere all collected on six surveys and no dragonswere noted. or less, with one other species,Lerista elegans, being The Oblong Turtle (Chelodina oblonga,,/is common found on only one survey. throughout the survey area, as is the gecko Of the five common and widespread species, E (Phyllodactylus mqrmoratus). The three species of napoleonis, H. peronii peronii and C. lsbillsrdieri leglesslizard are all rare, and restricted to the northern appear to be predominantly southern forest species, and west coastal areas. and T. rugosa and E. kingii occur further north (Storr An examination of the distribution of geckos in et ul.. 19'78and 1981). Western Australia suggests that a few other species Two true southern forest species,E. luctuosa and E. may be present in the northern parts of the survey pulchro pulchra, are common in the suNey area, area. Amongst these are three widespread species; whilst four other essentially south-west species, Z. Phyllurus mi ii, DiplodactJlus vittstus, and D. microtis microtis, L. trilinedtum, Sphenomorphus pulcher. The former was recorded on the Northern austrolis (Plate 3l) and C. catenifer, are uncommon. Swan coastalplain by Storr e1ol. (1978),and the latter species recorded at Kelmscott by us in 1975. In The remaining eight species, C. impar, H. initislis

47 Pl^te 29 L Plate 32 Red-leggedSkink (Ctenotuslabillardie ). LhtleBrown Snake (Elapognathus minor).

Plate 30 MourningSkink /Egelrtia luctuosa),

Plate 31^. Plate 33 Spheno mo rp hus aust ralis, Mueller'sSnake fRirn oplocephalusbicolor).

48 initiolis, Cryptoblepharus plagiocephslus, Morethia It is possiblethat other speciesof snakesmay occur lineoocellatd, M. obscura, L. elegans, Mentia greyii within the survey area, s:uchas Ramphotyphlops andL. distinguenda,are all from drier areasfurther to bituberculatus,the DesertBanded Snake (Simoselaps the north and east of the survey area, These were betholdi), the Half-girdled Snake (Simoselpas recorded only in the north-westernportion of the semijasciatussemifasciats), the WesternBlack-naped surueyareas on the Boranup, Sunkland,the Pinesand Snake (Neelaps bimaculatus), the Western Black- Yeagarupsrrveys. Mentia greyii and L. distinguends stripedSnake (N. calonotos)and the Common Death were also recorded on the Frankland suwey in the Adder (Acanthophis ontsrcticus). There have been easternpart of the surveyarea. reportsof the CommonDeath Adder beingseen on the rocksat Windy Harbour. However,it seemslikely that One skink specieswhich wasnot collectedand which the speciesis being confusedwith the Bardick. could occur in the Boranuparea is C. lesueurri.There are also a number of other specieswhich might occur It is also conceivable that the Mulga Snake in the northern part of the survey area; such as 11, (Pseudechisaustralis) and Children's Python /Ziasri quadrilineata,a coastalspecies which we collectedin childreni) may be present in the survey area. The the tuart forest at Ludlow, north of Busselton,and former has been recorded at Bridgetown (Glaueft, Ctenotusgemmuls which wascollected at Rocky Gully 1967)and the distribution of the latter may extend (Storr, 1973). downthe coast. Two west coast species,L. praepedita and L. lineopunctulats,might occur in the surveyarea. It is LIST OF SPECIES also possible that the range of two south coastal species, Egernia multiscutato bos and Order Testudines Cryptoblepharusvirgqtus clqrus (Storr, 1968and 1976 a and b) may extendwestwards into the surveyarea. Family Cheloniidae

Snakes Aquatic Tortoises(Chelidae) A total of nine snakes - one species of Although recordedon only sevenof the surveys,the Typhlopidae, one of Boidae and sevenof Elopidoe - long-neckedtortoise (Chelodinaspp.) is known to be havebeen recorded in the surveyarea in recentyears, widespreadand common throughout the suryeyarea. In addition, a Yellow-Bellied Sea Snake (Pelomis It occursin all major river systems,and is presentin platurus) was picked up by Mr B. Voutier on the most permanentor seasonalfresh water swampsand WarrenBeach west of Pembertonin 1975. lakes. The speciesappears to be tolerant of high salt concentrations,as a nestwilh eggswas recorded on the Four species- the Carpet Python (Morelis spilotq estuarinesection of the Hay River. |ariegsta), the Bardick (Echiopsis curtq), the Black- HeadedSnake (Unechis and the Blind Snake eouldii) Order Squamata (Ramphotyphlops australis) - are relatively widespreadthroughout the State,and the surveyarea Family Gekkonidae representsthe southern and western limits of their The Marbled Gecko(Phyllodactylus msrmorqtus) natural range. The surveyarea also forms the major part of the range of the Dugite (Pseudonqjqqffinis This species was collected on all except the sfJinis), the Black Tiger Snake (Notechis ster Milyeannup, the Karri and the Giants surveys.It is occidentolis), the Crowned Snake (Drysdolio commonthroughout most of the surveyarea, and was coronats), the Little Brown Snake (Elapognathus collectedfrom all major vegetationtypes. It wasmost minor) (Plate 32) and Mueller's Snake frequently found under loose dead bark of marri (Rhinoplocephalusbicolor) (Plate 33). The Little (Eucqllptus calophylla), Banksio spp. and Casuarins Brown Snake appears to be a generally rare and spp.,and slabsof rock on graniteoutcrops. restrictedspecies. Museurnspecimens include Soho l,Ms143'7,}d51449, The small snakesin the survey area have quite M51452-53,M51465. distinctive distribution patterns. The Black-Headed Snakeis confinedto the Perup and Milyeannuparea. Family Pygopodidae The Crowned Snakeoccurs primarily on the westand The Pretty Worm-Lizard (Aprasiapulchella) south coast, being replaced further inland with Mueller's Snake and the Little Brown Snake,which A rare and restricted speciesin the survey area, appearsto be confined to southern portions of the specimenswere collected only on the Sunklandssurvey survey area. The Bardick also appears to have a in low openwoodland. It is distributedwidely in the coastal distribution, bul loo few specimensr.rere south-west,from Geraldtonsouthwards, but is absent collectedto be certain. from the Goldfields(Glauert, 1961).

49 Museum records include: R45746, Sunklands wherever there is suitable habitat. One skink was (1975). obseryed catching a Slender Tree (Hyla adelaidensis)on the Soho,/Mitchellsurvey. Frazer's Scale-footed Lizard (Delma fraseri) The Mourning Skink is not widely distributed,being This speciesis also rare and restrictedin the survey confined to the south-west,the vicinity of Perth and '1981). area.Only one specimenwas collectedin open coastal the extremesouth (Glauert, 1961;Storr et al., heathland,on sand on the Yeagarupsurvey, and two The survey area probably representsthe main or specimenswere collectedfrom wandoo woodland on centralarea of this species'distribution. the Perup suruey. Museum specimensinclude: R45752, Sunklands This is a very widely distributedspecies in W.A.; its (1974); R51440, R51454, R51457, Soho (1975); rangeextends from the Kimberleysto the south coast R57424,R57434, Soho (1977). (Glauert,1961). No specimenswere kept by the Museum. Smith's Skink (Egernianapoleonis) Perhapsthe most commonskink in the surveyarea, The Common Scaly-foot(Pygopus lepidopodul Smith's Skink was collected on all surveys, most Another speciesthat is rare and restrictedin the frequently from insidedead blackboys,in old logs or surveyarea. Only one specimenwas collectedin open under slabsof stone on granite outcrops. It seemsto coastalheath, on greysand at Boranup,and anotherin prefer areaswhere there is a substantialamount of low open scrub on the edge of Banksiq attenuata ground cover. There is a very wide variation in the woodlandon the Shannonsurvey. This last recordwas colourationof this skink. the southernmostrecord of any leglesslizard collected This is another south-westspecies; Glauert (1961) on surveys.However, two specimenswere recorded at and Storr el a/. (1981)list it as occurringin the vicinity Williams Bay on the south coast(Western Australian of Perth and in the extremesouth of the State. Nat. News,May 1982). The Museum also lists this speciesunder the name The Common Scaly-foot is a widely distributed E. nitids. Numbers include: R47378-84,Sunklands speciesthroughout the southernhalf of the State,from (1974);R51436, R51447-48, R51459, Soho (1975); Yalgoo and Northampton in the north, inland to R57408, R57436-53, Rs't462-65, Soho (1977); Norsemanand Kalg,oorlie,and along the south coast R78305-06,Giants (1981). to Eucla (Glauert, 1961).The specimenscollected on surveys were from well within the species'known range. King's Skink (Egerniakingii) No specimenswere kept by the Museum. Widespreadthroughout the survey area, though nowherecommon, this species was collected on eleven Family Scincidae surveys.It is found in most of the drier habitats,and seemsto prefer fairly densecover. It is also frequently Bobtail (Ti liquq rugosq) found near water along the coast, where it occurs The Bobtail is commonthroughout the suryeyarea, amongstrocks on the beach. and wasrecorded on 12 surveys.It occursin almostall This speciesis distributedalong the westand south habitats, but is uncommon in the wetter areas.This coast, from Dirk Hartog Island to the Recherche speciesappears to havedeclined in numberssince the archipelago,and inland to the GreatSouthern Railway increasein the Fox population rn 1973/74.Fox scat (Glauert,1961, and Storret al., 1981.) analysishas shownthe Bobtail to be a frequentitem in its diet. No specimenswere sentto the Museum. Museum specimensinclude: R45755, Ludlow, (1972);R.45'7 53-54, R45756, Pines (1974);R51444, The species is widely distributed in Western Soho(1975); R57399-404, Soho (1977). Australia south of the tropics (Glauert,1961; and Storrel a/. 1981). Fry's Skink (Egerniapulchrq pulchrq) Mourning Sktnk (Egernialuctuosa) Fry's Skink was collectedon nine surveys,Soho, This species(Plate 30) was recorded on sevenof the Milyeannup,Sunklands, Yeagarup, Dombakup and surveys.It is commonthroughout most of the survey Mitchell River. It appearsto be confined to coastal area,but restrictedto moistsites, including reedbeds and sub-coastalhabitats within the survey area. It and other densevegetation in low lying wet and damp occursin low openwoodlartd, heathland and herbland places.It is locally common in the high rainfall communities, usually on sandy soils, and is found southernportion of the survey area, but occurs underrocks, in deadblackboys and hollow logs.

50 Not a widely distributedspecies, it is confinedto the It is not a widely distributedspecies in the southern humid south-west corner of W.A., north to forests,and the surveyrecords extend its known range Dwellingup, south to Eclipse Island and east to the southwards. Rangeand CheyneBeach (Storr et al. 1981). Stirling Museum specimens include: R45749, R47389, recordsare from well within the species' Thesesurvey Sunklands(1974). known range. Hemiergis initiqlis initidlis RedJeggedSkink (Ctenotus labillordieri) This is an uncommon skink in the survey area, The Red-LeggedSkink (Plate 29) is very common collectedonly on the Sunklandand Yeagarupsuryeys, (secondonly to.E. napoleonis)in the suryeyarea. It is ir jarrah/marri forest. common in almost all forest types,and was collected on all surveys.It is particularly common on granite The specieshas a limited distribution in the south- outcrops in the survey area, frequently being found west, extendingfrom the Darling Rangenorth to the under looseslabs of stone.It prefersmore open areas Avon, south to Collie and eastto Boddington (Storr, of forest, particularly woodland areason sandysoils. r9'75). The species'distribution is along the humid coast The collection from Yeagarup represents the and near-coastalranges of the south-westand Eucla species'most southerlyoccurrence on the coast. Division, north to the Swan River, east to Thomas No Museumspecimens were kept. River, and inland to Mt. Helena, Boddington,Rocky Gully and the Stirlings (Storr, 1973)and Storr et a/. Burrowing Skink (Hemiergisperonii peronii) (1981).This is not a widelydistributed species, and the surveyarea is well within its range. A very common skink in the southernforests, the BurrowingSkink wascollected on all but the Yeagarup Museum records include; R47390-92,Sunklands survey.It is commonlyfound underlogs, stones,litter (1974);R5l45l, Soho(1975); R51464, Soho (1975). and in old Stick Ants' nests,frequently buried in litter or soil. It occursin most vegetationtypes with a deep Ctenotuscotenifer litter layer, and it is also commonin suburbangardens This is an uncommonspecies, collected on only four and on farmland areas. surveys: Sunklands, Soho, Mitchell River and It is a south-westspecies occurring along the lower Frankland. It was mostly capturedin pit traps with west coast, east to the Nullarbor and north to drift fences,and may thus havebeen missed on some Busselton,Collie, Bridgetownand RockyGully (Storr, of the earlier surveysbefore the introduction of pit 1975;and Stoft et sl., 1981).Collections from these traps. It is also possiblethat it may at timeshave been surveysare all within the known rangeof this species. confused with C. lebillardieri which it superficially resembles. It was most frequently collected in Museum records include: R45744-45, R45750, woodland siteson sandysoils. R47399, F.4'7402-03, Sunklands (1974); R51445, R51466,Soho (1975); R57413, R57443, R57455, Soho This is a south coastalspecies whose range extends (1977):R78307-09. Ciants ( l98l ). from WestCape Howe to CheyneBeach, and inland to Chorkerup (Storr, 1973;and Storr et al-, l98l). The Leristo microtis microtis records on this survey considerablyextend its range westwards. An uncommonskink in the surveyarea, this species was found on six surveys:the Milyeannup, Perup, Museum records include: R473931. Sunklands Sciho,Shannon, Mitchell and Giants. (1974\; R51462,Soho (1975); R51468, Soho (1975). This specieshas restricteddistribution, and is not Ctenotusimpar often collected. It occurs in the lower south-west, north to Dwellingup and eastto IsraeliteBay (Storr, This speciesis uncommonin the surveyarea, being 1971& 1976a),Storr el a/. (1981). collectedonly on the Boranup and Sunklandssurveys in the north-westsection. All specimenswere collected Museumspecimens include: R57415, Soho (1977); on sandy soils in low open woodland of jarrah and R78317,Giants (1981). banksia,or on the edgeof open heathland. Leristo distinguenda The speciesoccurs in the southernhalf of the South- west Division, noflh to the Gingin district, but is This speciesis uncommonin the suryeyarea, being absentfrom the far south-west(south of Busseltonand found only on the two most north-westernsurveys west of the Fitzgerald)(Storr, 1973;and Storr el a/., (Sunklandsand Boranup)and the Franklandsurvey to l98r). the east,Specimens were collected in jarrah forest and

5l on coastal heath, often in sandy soils. The species (Glauert, 196l) and Storr et ol. (1981). The survey appearsto be more common in the northern jarrah recordsare from well within its known range. forests outside the survey area; it has been collected The only Museum specimenfrom the is east of Dwellingup (R68124) and Kelmscott surveys (R.51421-22). R47397,Sunklands (1974).

It is a fairly widespreadsouth-west species, its Wood Skink (C1)ptoblephsrus p lagiocephalus) distribution extendingfrom Ceraldton in the north to This speciesis uncommon the Great Australian Bight and inland to Northam in the surveyarea except in the north-west,where it was found in jarrah (Storr et al., l98l). It doesnot appearto be a southern forest on both the Sunklandsand Boranup forest species;the recordsfrom the surveysfall within surveys. the limits of its range. It is very widely distributed throughout the State, The only Museum specimenfrom this survey is except south of the line from Busselton to R47401,Sunklands (1974). Gnowangerup(Storr, 1976b)and Storr et al. (1981).

Leristq elegqns The Wood Skink is not a southernforest species and the specimenscollected were from the southern This speciesis uncommonin the suryeyarea and was extremityof its known range. found only on one of the most northern suryeys,the Pines.No specimenswere kept by the Museum. The only Museum specimenfrom the survey is R45748,Sunklands (1974). This is a fairly widely distributedspecies occurring along the westcoast from the Murchison River south Sandhill Skink (Morethio lineoocellata) to Perth and inland to Lockwood Springs and the Darling Range(Storr et al., 1981).It alsooccurs on the The Sandhill Skink is an uncommonspecies found offshoreislands from Barrow Islandsouth to Rottnest only in the north-westof the surveyarea; it was found (storr el a/., 1981). on three surveys:Yeagarup, Pines and Sunklands.It appearsto favour the drier, more open habitats. A north coastalspecies, the record from the Pines surueyextends its rangesouthwards. The speciesoccurs along the mid-west and lower just Museumrecords include: R62402, Dryandra (1978). westcoast of the State,from north of Perth south to CapeLeeuwin, and inland to the CanningDam. It Sph en o r mop hus austra I is also occurs at Rocky Gully and on Rottnest and Garden Islands(Storr, 1972;and Storr et ol., 1981). An uncommonskink (Plate 31) in the surveyarea, this specieswas located on only four surveys:the It appearsto be a mid-westcoastal species, and the Dombakup, Shannon,Soho and Mitchell. It appears record from Yeagarupextends its coastaldistribution typical of the southerncoastal and sub-coastalhigh further southwards. rainfall area. No Museumspecimens were kept. This speciesoccurs from Collie in the north to CheyneBeach in the south (Storr, 1967)and Storr, et Morethia obscurq a/. (1981). This speciesis uncommon,and was found only in It is relatively scarceeven \eithin the areaswhere it the north-westof the survey area on the Sunklands, was collected,although the surveyarea would appear Pine, and Yeagarupsurveys, and in the north eastern to be its centreof distribution. portion of the Frankland survey. It prefers the drier Museum specimensinclude: F.5'7422, R57440-42, jarrah,harri forest and woodland habitats. Soho(1977). The speciesoccurs in southernW.A, along the west coast,no h to Shark Bay, and south-eastto Eucla. It New Holland Skink (Leiolopismq trilineatum) also occurs on some of the offshore islandssuch as The New Holland Skink is fairly widespread,but Garden Island, but is absent from the lower south- nowhere common; it was found on six suryeys.It west, south of a line from Bunbury to Albany (Storr, appearsto prefer the drier woodland habitats, and 1972;and Storr e/ a/., l98l). may be more commonin the jarrah forestto the north of the surveyarea. The specimenscollected on thesesurveys extend its known rangeinto the lower south-west. It is not a widely distributedspecies, occurring only in the vicinity of Perth, south to Margaret River, Museum specimensinclude: F.45747,Pines (1974); Bridgetown, Manjimup, Pemberton and Albany R47394,R47396, R47398, R47400, Sunklands (1974).

52 Grey's Skink (Menetiagreyii) The Black Tiger Snakeis confined to "the south- west. south of the Moore River. inland to the Great Grey's Skink is common in the north of the survey SouthernRailway and the Stirling Range" (Glauert, area,and it wascollected on the Boranup, Sunklands, 1967). The survey area encompassesthe main Pinesand Frankland surveys. distribution of this species. The speciesoccurs over the greaterpart of W.A., MuseumNo: R51443,Walpole (1975). but is absentsouth of a line from Nannup, through Rocky Gully to Albany (Storr, 1976; Storr et al., 1981).The records from these suryeysappear to be Dugite (Pseudonsja affinis affinis) from the edgeof ils known range. Common and widespreadthroughout the survey Museum specimensinclude: R45743,Pines (1974); area,the Dugite wasrecorded on all surveys.It is very R47399,Sunklands (1974). commonin southernsub-coastal areas amongst heath and herblandcommunities, along the west and south coast in woodland and heath, and to the east of the Family Typhlopidae FranklandRiver. It is commonin the jarrah forestsin Blind Snake(Ramphottphlops austrslis) the north of the surveyarea, but only locally common in the wetter karri forests,occurring mainly on granite in was Uncommon the survey area, this species outcrops. collectedon five surveys:the Sunklands,Milyeannup, Pines, Perup and Frankland. Its distribution is The speciesis alsofrequently found in the farmlands restrictedto the jarrah and wandooforests in the north and townships of the south-west. Specimenswere of the area. often collected with srnaller animals, particularly Boblail Lizards (Tiliqua rugosu), in their stomachs. Only a few specimenshave been collected,usually One specimenfrom Northcliffe containedtwo young from underneathold logs or timber. We collectedone Bandicootsllsoodon obesulud. specimen,a road casualty, in jarrah forest between Bridgetownand Donnelly Mill in 1972. The survey area lies within the main distribution "the The Blind Snakeis more commonto the north of the rangeof this species,that is, coastalplain westof survey area. It was widely collectedby StoII et sl. the Darling Range,the country aroundAlbany and the (1978),on the SwanCoastal Plain, and by us, eastof lowerGreat Southern" (Glauert, 1968). Dwellingupin 1979. Dugite specimenswere not always sent to the Museum. Family Boidae Museumrecords include: R54150, Walpole (1975); Carpet Python (Morelia spilota vdriegata) R57484,Soho (1976); R68164, Walpole (1979). The Carpet Python is very rare in the surveyarea, and none were collected on surveys. Only two The Black-headedSnake (Unechis gouldii) specimens,one collectedfrom jarrah forest west of Manjimup itr 19'72,and the other sightedat Lewana Uncommon in the suryey area, this specieswas near Nannup in the early 1950s,have been recorded. recordedonly on two of the most northerly surveys: the Perup and Milyeannup. This speciesis widely distributed throughout the State(Glauert, 1967). The speciesappears to be restrictedto open jarrah and wandoo forest in the northern part of the survey Family Elapidae area.It is frequentlycollected on our surveysin jarrah forestsnorth of the surveyarea. It doesnot appearto Black Tiger Snake(Notechis ater occidentslis) occurin coastalareas south of Busselton,However, it The speciesis common and widespreadthroughout is common along the coastfurther north (Storr el a/., the suryeyarea. It was recordedon all surveysexcept 1978). Boranupand Milyeannup,but it is certainlypresent in these areas as well. It may be found in almost all One unusualrecord is from Brittain's Rock, a habitats, including farmland, and is most commonly granite monadnockin karri forest 16km to the south found in denselyvegetated areas along watercourses, of the old Shannon River townsite. This specimen streams,lakes and swamps. appearsto be well outsidethe species'normal range. Somespecimens have been found to contain frogs, Clauert(1967)gives little detail on thedistribution of tadpoles and Mus musculusin their stomachs.This the Black-headedSnake, stating merely that it is speciesalso invariably contains huge numbers of commonin the south-west,north of Geraldtonand parasiticstomach worms (Nemstoda). inlandto theMurchison, Kalgoorlie and Norseman.

53 Crowned Snake (Drysdalia coronata) approximately l00m from the shore. A further specimenwas also collectedjust outside the survey This is a commonspecies in the surveyarea, and it is area,approximately 75km eastof Albany. certainlythe most abundantofthe smallsnakes. It was found on ten of the surveys,but was not collectedon Although the Little Brown Snakeis probably one of the Karri, Pines, Perup, Sunklandsand Yeagarup.It the rarest snakes in Western Australia, it is appears to be a coastal and sub-coastal species surprisinglynot includedon the list of "Fauna which occurring on sandysoils in woodland, heathlandand is rare, or otherwisein need of specialprotection" herblandcommunities. (GovernmentGazette, 8th April 1983). One record which is slightly out of keepingwith the Mueller's Snake(Rhinoplocepholus bicolor) otherwisecoastal and sub-coastaldistribution of the Crowned Snakecomes from a sighting in a patch of Mueller's Snake(Plate 33) is locally common in the jarrah,/blackbutt woodland and heath, on grey sand surveyarea, being recorded on nine surveys.It wasnot near Quininup on the South-west Highway. The recordedon the Karri, Dombakup, Pines,Boranup or speciesis also found in woodland communitiesto the Perup, and appearsto be absentfrom the north of the east of the Frankland River, as far north as Lake surveyarea and the karri forest. Muir. It would seemthen that the coastaland sub- It is common amongstthe consolidatedsand dunes coastaldistribution may be dueto the speciesavoiding in the south of the survey area, where almost the open and high open forestsof jarrah and karri. all specimenswere collected from sandysoils on the edge Glauert(1967) lisrs this speciesas occurringin of woodland communities. Most of the known "South-western Australia, south of Gingin, inland to specimenshave been collected on thesesurveys. the lower Great Southernand coastwiseto Esperance Glauert (1969)lists Mueller's Snakeas, "probably and IsraeliteBay". It is scarceon the Northern Swan confinedto the lower coastalplain (Stort et al., 19'18). south-west". Museumrecords include: R51438, Walpole (1975); Its main occurrencewithin the survey area is the R51456, Walpole (1975); R51471, Soho (1975); coastal areas and south coastal vesetation R68169,Sunklands (1978). communities. Museumrecords include: R51472-73, Soho (1975). Bafirck (E chiops is curt a) This speciesappears uncommon in the surveyarea, Little Brown (Elqpognathus Snake minor) being recordedonly on the Mitchell River block some Although this species(Plate 32) is listed as being months prior to the official survey. Three other confined to the lower south-west(Glauert, 1967)it is specimenshave been recorded by us in recentyears: rare in the survey area. One was collected on the one was found on the coastalplains at PeacefulBay, Shannon survey, from an ants' nest in a woodland east of Walpole; another was a road casualtyon the communityon grey sand, and anotherwas found in a South-west Highway in a sandy herbland near pit trap in a moist gully on the Frankland survey. Shannon airfield; and the last was caught at West CapeHowe on recentlyburnt coastalheathland, close Four other specimens have been recorded or to a small seasonalcreek near Lake William. The third collectedduring recentyears. The first specimen(1974) specimencontained a frog, Heleioporur sp. in its was from open jarrah woodland,with a dense,4gonr's stomech, and the specimenfrom PeacefulBay also psrviceps understorey,on grey sand to the north of containedthe remainsof severalsmall frogs. Walpole. The second specimen(1975) was from Glauert (1967)records Walpole, collectedin a low open woodland near the the Bardick speciesas being "widely distributed in lower reachesof the Shannon River. The third southernWestern Australia". The Museumspecimens are from specimenwas collectedin 1977from a recentlyburnt around Pefih south to Busselton, and the Great ants'nest, south of LakeYeagarup. It wasfound in a Southern and Albany districts. Inland specimenswere moist sandygully under a stand of Bsnksia littoralis obtained from Lake 'fhe Monger, Kalgoorlie and Borden. with an understoreyof Lepidospermumeffusum. foufth specimen(1982) was collectedin Irwin Inlet, No Museumspecimens were kept,

54 (D) AMPHIBIANS

DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS Myobatrachusgouldii, in parlicular, may also occur further south on the coastal sands. Heleioporus All species of frogs collected are endemic to the barycragus,a Darling Rangespecies may occur in the soulh-west. The known range of most of these species northern part of the survey area, as might 1L falls largely within State Forest, many being restricted cyclorhynchus,a southcoastal species occurring to the to the survey area. eastof Albany (Main, 1965). A total of fifteen species of frogs from the survey area has been identified by the Museum.

The number of frogs found on each survey varied LIST OF SPECIES considerably. Nine specieswere collected on both the Frankland and Mitchell surveys, three were collected Order Salienta on the Boranup and four on the Milyeannup survey. Family Hylidae The season in which each survey was carried out affected the number of speciesthat were recorded. GenusLitoria

The speciesmost frequently caught was Heleioporus eyrei, the Moaning Frog. Other frogs found on the SlenderTree Frcg (Litoria adelaidensis) majority of surveys included the Slender Tree Frog This speciesis commonand widespreadthroughout (Litoris sdelqidensrs,/,the Green and Gold Tree Frog the surveyarea, and wascollected on all surveysexcept (Litoria moorei) (Plate 34), the Western Banjo Frog the Sunklands,Milyeannup and Boranup. It favours (Limnodrnqstes dorsalis) and Crinio georgiana. the marginsof- streams,lakes and swamps,especially Species that were less frequently found included where there is reedy growth. It was most often Pseudophryne nichollsi (on three surveys), observedon the stemsof reedsand rushes. Heleioporus psommophilus (on two suryeys), and rosea, G. Iutea (Plate 35) and Neobatrschus It is presentin all major vegetationtypes wherever pelobstoides (on one survey each). suitablehabitat occurs. 'fhe Rqnidella insignifera group is extremely The Slender Tree Frog is a south-west species (Main, difficult to identify unless studied within their natural occurringin the area of winter rainfall 1965). habitat, where biological differences can be Museum numbersinclude: R1474, Soho (1975), determined. It is almost certain that R. R5't472-'1 6 . pseudinsignferabas been recorded on the surveys, and -l vobably R. sub-insignifero as well. he presenceofR. pseudinsigniJerd has also been confirmed in the Greenand Gold Tree Frog (Litoria moorei) Manjimup township. This specieswas found on all but five of the surveys, Other species of frogs collected in the survey area and is commonand widespreadwithin the surveyarea werc Heleioporus inornatus, Crinia leqi, C.rinia (Plate34). glauerti and Pseudophryne guentheri. It was found in all major vegetationtypes, usually Many of the frog speciesin the suryey area appear to occurring in the vicinity of swamps, lakes and be tolerant of major changes in their natural vegetatedstream edges. It also readily adapts to environment. Consequently, Litoria moorei, L. changesin its habitat, and has been found in wet adelsidensis, Geocrinia georgiana, G. glsuerti, pasturesand along drains, in gardentrees or , Helioporous inornatus and H. eyrei are all comrnon in taking advantageof any coverprovided, such as wood farmland areas and even in gardens. Limnodtnastes heaps and cement blocks. It can be heard calling dorsalis is found in most farm dams. throughout the warm eveningsof spring and early summer. It is probable that other speciesof frogs occur in the survey area which were not caught on surveys. This is a south-westspecies which occurs in "the Heleioporus albopunctstus and MJobotrschus gouldii area of winter rainfall extending to the goldfields could occur in the woodlands in the nofth-east of the along the water supplypipeline" (Main, 1965). survey area, though they are more common in the "drier part of the reliable winter rainfall region of Museum specimens retained were: R47405-06, southern Western Australia" (Main, 1965). Nannup(1974).

55 Pfate 34 Green and Gold'ftee Frcg (Litoria moorei).

Family G€nusLimnodynastes WesternBanjo Frog (Limnodynastesdorsalis) This large frog, sometimescalled the Pobble Bonk, was collectedon ten of the surveys,in most of the major vegetation types where suitable habitat occurred. It was always collectedin the vicinity of permanent water, and favours swamps and stream banks. It wasalso found in old wellsand water tanks, and very often in farm dams throughout the survey area. On spotlightsurveys, the Banjo Frog wasoften seen alongroads and tracks,just after rain. It is a south-west species occurring from Northampton to IsraeliteBay (Main, 1965). No Museumspecimens were retained,

Plate 35 L Geoclinia lutea. GenusNeobatrachus Humming Frog (Neobatrachuspelobatoides) This specieswas found only on the Mitchell survey. It is a burrowing frog, usually found after the first autumn rains. It has a very extensiverange in the south-westernpart of W.A., although there are no Museum records for the extreme south-westcorner

56 (Main, 1965).It has also been recordedin the Perup GenusPseudophryne personal *). area(Main A.R.. communication Gunther's'foadlet (Pseudophryneguentheri) No Museum specimens were retained. Gunther's Toadlet is uncommon but widely distributedin the surveyarea. It wasfound on sevenof Genus Heleioporus the surveys,in a variety of vegetationtypes, most granite Burrowing Frog (Heleioporus inornstus) often under rocks on outcropsand under bark and litter in moist locales. This speciesis common in the suryey area, and was recorded on eight surveys, in most major vegetation Another south-westspecies, it occursin the region of (Main, types. It was very common in the sandy soils of the reliablewinter rainfall 1965). southern woodland areas and south coast flats, and Museum recordsinclude: R47407-08, R47417-18, was most often caught in pit traps, particularly where R.4'7423, F.4'1428, Busselton (1974). these were combined with a drift fence. (Pseudophryne The Burrowing Frog is another south-west species Nicholl's Toadlet nichollsi) "south whose range extends along the Darling Scarp This is an uncommonfrog speciesin the surveyarea, then east along the south coast to east of Albany" being recordedon only four suryeys.Three specimens (Main, 1965). werecollected from deeplitter in the karri forest, one during a Museum records include: R47404, Nannup (1974); in Dombakup block, one in Stricklandblock R51482,Soho (1975). fire, and the third in eight-year-oldkarri regeneration in Gray block. Two specimenswere obtained from Giants block, one in karri forest the other in jarrah Moaning Frog (Heleioporus eyrei) forest. The remaining two records were from a dry This is the most common frog in the survey area, creekbed in the Sunklandsand from under a pieceof and was found on all but two surveys. It is very bark on a track on GranitePeaks. common in sandy soils, particularly along the coast The speciesis said to occur most frequently in the and south of the high open forest. On several wet karri forest (Main, 1965).Three of the seven occasionsdozens of specimenswere caughtin pit traps specimensrecorded by theF.D. surveyteam, however, following early autumn rains. "'. f'nm iarroh fnrcqr

The Moaning Frog's predatorsinclude Tiger Snakes Nicholl's Toadlet has a restricteddistribution, and and Foxes. One Moaning Frog was found in the "the central part of its range appears to be the wet stomach of a snake killed near Jarrahwood, and nine karri forest from Pembertonto Nornalup. Specimens frogs were found in a fox shot on the Dombakup have been collected at Augusta and an isolated survey. population occurs or the Stirling Range" (Main, This is a south-west specieswhich occurs in the 1965). Darling Scalp, Swan coastalplain and along the south This species is also listed as Melacrinia nichollsi. coast to Esperance(Main, 1965). Numbers include: R47422, Busselton (1974); (1981). Museum specimens include: R47419, Busselton R78302-03,Gianrs (1974);R45757, Cane Break Road (1974). Genus Geocrinia Heleioporus psammophi lus Geocriniq rosea This is a rarely collected species,with only two This is another frog species with restricted specimensbeing recorded, one from the Shannon distribution, but it is locally common within the survey survey, the other from Dombakup. No detailed area.Recorded on only the Karri survey,it was present recordsare available,but both speciesappear to have in many creeks in the Donnelly and Warren River beencollected from areasof sandysoils, probably with catchments.Several specimens have been trapped in low open woodland or heath vegetation. pit traps during studies on clear felling at Crowea Another south-westspecies, its distribution extends block. from Dongara, south along the scarp and east along This speciesis very common in densereed beds of the coast to Albany (Main, 1965) Lepidospermo tetraquetrum growing along small Specimenswere not retainedby the Museum. permanent creeks or soaks. Pit trapping at Crowea indicatesthat the speciescan surviveclear felling and *Main A.R., Department of Zoology, University of regenerationburning, as its moist habitat protects it Western Australia from fire.

57 Its distribution is givenby Main (1965)as within the The speciesis also found on farms and may be valley of the Warren River. observedon roads at night during the first rains in autumn. No Museumspecimens were kept. It is a south-westspecies whose distribution extends from Gingin in the north-westernpart of the Darling Geocrinia lutea Scarp,east along the coastto the vicinity of Esperance This species (Plate 35) has a very restricted (Main, 1965). distribution, and was not collectedon any suryey. Museum records include: R47409-16, Nannup Until recently, the specieswas known from only (1974);R47424-25, R4742'7 , Busselton (1974); R51475, nine specimens(Main, 1963and 1965)found on the R5l48l,Soho (1975); R78300-1, Soho (1981). DeepRiver near Crystal Springs.However, since then it has been found in many of the small creekson the lower reachesof the Deep, Walpole and Frankland G€nusRanidella Rivers. It occurs in shallow gullies with dense Ranidellaglauerti vegetation, chiefTy Agonis linearifulia, Loxocaryo flexuosa, Lepidosperma tetraquetrum, L. This commonand widespreadspecies was found on longitudinale and L. effusum. Although its range is most of the surveys.It occursin all major vegetation within the tingle forest, it is found mainly in gullies types, in permanentlywet situations such as small ^^-r^:-:-^:---^L streams,swamps !urrr4rrurrE J4rr4u, and marshyareas. It is also common in wet pasturesand in farm damsin manyareas. The speciesappears to be geographicallyisolated frcm G. roseaby lhe openheath and sedgelandsof the Another south-westspecies, its range is similar to Pingerupplains. that of Crinia georgrana,but it doesnot extendbeyond about 65km eastof Albany (Main, 1965). It has recentlybeen synonomizedwith G. roseaby the WesternAustralian Museum. Museumrecords include: R51486, R51523, Soho (1973);R78295-99, R78310-16, Soho (1981). Its distributionis givenby Main (1965),as, "Deep River at Nornalup". Nornalup seems to be a 'misprint' sinceMain found his specimensin a small Ranidella insignifera complex just soak off the South Coast Highway on the Deep Ranidella subinsignifera were reported from (Main, personal River at Crystal Springs. Dombakup survey and from the Karri survey near .^n n ',n;.af;^h*\ Pemberton,while R. insigniJerawas reported on the Museumrecords include: R73?72, Walpole (1981). Mitchell survey and R. pseudinisignifera on the Franklandsurvery, The first two reportswere not identifiedpositively by theMuseum. Geocrinialeai In appearance,R. insignifera,R. subinsigniJeraand This is a commonand widespreadspecies which was R. pseudinisigniferd are almost indistinguishable, found on six surveys,mostly in the southernpart of althoughthe lalter has minor colour variations.Their the suNey area. Common in small streamsand moist main differencesare biological, such as breeding times areas, it was frequently collected in streams and and calls. swamps. Ranidellainsignifera inhabits the Swancoastal plain Main (1965)gives its distributionas the Darling south of the Moore River and west of the Darling Scarpfrom Mundaring in the nofth to the south coast Scarp.Ronidella subinsigndera ranges from just north and eastto Albany. of Manjimup, south-eastto Mt. Barker and as far as Museumspecimens: R51483, R51486, Soho (1975). the south coastfrom Torbay Head to CheyneBeach. Ranidella pseudinsignifers inhabits the Darling Plateau. GenusCrinia It is almost certain, therefore, that the specimen Crinia georgiana recordedin Yeagarupwas in fact R. pseudinsignifero, and those in Dombakup and Crowea btock (Karri This common and widespreadspecies was collected survey) could be either R. subinsigniJeraor R. on most surveys,It occursin all vegetationtypes, in pseudinsigniJera.One confirmed record (Main A.R., moistsites, and is oftenfound under rocks, in old logs, personalcommunication*) is ofR. pseudinsigniferaon deeplitter and holesin streambanks. the Perupin 1982. *Main, seep.57. Museumrecords include: R57445-46, Soho (1977).

58 (E) FRESHWATER FISH

DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS LIST OF SPECIES

(i) INDIGENOUS SPECIES Fish werenot alwayscollected on surveys,and only those that have been identified by the museum are Family Galaxiidae portion listed here. A large of the survey area was Western Minnow (Galaxias occidentalis) covered by a special 'fish survey' tn 1978-79 (Christensen,1982) and records from this are also Collectedon ten surveys,this speciesis widespread discussed. and commonthroughout the surveyarea. It prefersthe largerstreams, deeper shaded pools and small lakes.It is seldom seen during the day, especially in hot Twelve native speciesof fish and five introduced weather, and prefers deeperwater. It is most active have . species beencollected in the surveyarea. With the near the surface at night, and often occurs in fast Mullet (Mugil exception of the cephalus) and the flowing streams. Pouched Lamprey (Geotria australis),all the native speciesare endemicto the south-westregion. Thereis The survey is well within the Western Minnow's also one endemicmonotypic family, Lepidogalaxiidae known range. The speciesis endemicto the south- and two endemic genera, Nannatherina and. west, occurring betweenthe Albany district and the Bostockia. Arrowsmith River. Museumspecimens: P24341-42, Milyeannup (1974); With the exception of the Black-Stripe Minnow P25085-002, Sunklands (1974): P25731-002, (Galaxiello nigrostriata), the Swan River Goby Milyeannup(1974). (Pseudogobiusolorum) and the Western Minnow (Galaxiella (Galoxiasoccidentalis), the endemicfish speciesoccur Black-Stripe Minnow nigrostriatus) largely in forest streams. Several of these: the The Black-StripeMinnow appearsto be uncommon Salamander Fish (Lepidogalaxias salamandroides) in the surveyarea. Specimenswere collectedin 1979 (Plate 36), the Mud Minnow (GalaxiellamundqL the from two small creeks adjacent to the South-West Night Fish (Bostockiaporosa) (Plate 37) and Balston's Highway, l0km from Walpole (Christensen,1982). Pygmy Perch (Nanndtherinabalstoni) have a very Fish identified as Brdchtgalaxias pucillus nigrostriata restrictedrange. (synonymouswith G. nigrostriala,iby the Museum (P25731-003)were also collected in 19?6 on the The Minnows (Gdlaxiidae),are well representedin Milyeannupsurvey. However, since this collectionwas the survey area, and, of the five known south-west not mentionedby McDowall (1978)in his reviewof the species,only Galoxias truttaceuswas not collected. species,or by McDowalland Frankenburg(1981) in This speciesis known to occur just eastof the survey their reviewof the galaxiids,there may be somedoubt area in the vicinity of Albany (McDowall and about this identification. If it is confirmed that the Frankenburg, l98l) and its rangevery likely extends specimenscollected are B.p. nigrostriata it would into the survey area. The Bigmouth Goby greatly extendthe known range, given by McDowall (Fqvonigobiussupposilrsl, which should occur in the andFrankenburg (1981). of rhespecies. was not This survey area, collected. speciesis not Mud Minnow lGslaxiellamunda) common in freshwater, however, as it spends a significantproportion of its life cyclein estuariesand Although common and widespreadin the southern the sea (Coy, 1979). It is also possiblethat several portion of the survey area (Christensen,1982), the speciesof Hardyhead(Atherinosoma spp.) may occur Mud Minnow was only collected on the Soho and in the survey area, though only one species,not Franklandsurveys. The Sohocollection is describedby positively identified, was collected.Three other fish McDowall (1978). The speciesis found in small speciesare known to occur in south-westrivers, the freshwaterstreams and pools, both permanent and Swan River Hardyhead (A. edelensis), the seasonal, throughout the southern high rainfall RockinghamHardyhead (A. rockinghamensis)and A. portion of the suryey area. It is often found in elongata.The exactdistribution of the first two species associationwith other fish species. is somewhatobscure, and the latter is mainly restricted The speciesis endemicto the south-west,distributed (Coy, to estuaries 1979). betweenAlbany on the southcoast and MargaretRiver in the north. An isolatedpopulation occurs at Gingin, The fish within the surveyarea show a higherdegree of north of Perth(McDowall, 1978; and McDowalland endemismthan any of the other vertebrategroups. Frankenburg,l98l).

59 Family Lepidogalaxiidae Family Prrcichthyidae Salamander Fish (Lepidogslqxias salamandroides) Nightfish (Bostoc kia po rosa) This species(Plate 36) was collected on five surveys: Collectedon elevensurveys, the Nightfish (Plate37) the Woolbales, Dombakup, Soho, Giants and is one of the most common and widespreadspecies in Frankland, and at many other locations within the the surveyarea. It is often found in associationwith surveyarea (Christensen, 1982). The SalamanderFish other small fishes,and frequentsslow moving streams is commonin the southernportion of the surveyarea, and seasonaland permanentponds. It also appears and is often found in either permanentor seasonal tolerant of salinity, as it was collectedin a small creek shadedpools, slow flowing streamsor roadsidedrains. which had almost 5 000 ppm total dissolved salts It is associatedwith 'peatywaters' arising in herblands (T.D.S.)(Christensen, 1982). and sedgelandsin areas of grey peaty sand. These Coy (1979)gives the distribution of this speciesas waters are most often of low pH and have a high extendingfrom the Albany district to Gingin Brook chemicalO, demand(Christensen, 1982). The species north of Perth. The surveyarea would appearto be its may aestivatein the mud if the pool dries up during main sronghold. summer(Pusey, 1981). Museum specimens include: P25731-002, The species'distribution is givenby Coy (1979)and Milyeannup(1976). Christensen(1982) as betweenLake Powell, east of Albany and some small eastern tributaries of the Family Kuhliidae BlackwoodRiver. Consequently,the speciesis almost entirely restrictedto the surveyarea. Western Pygmy Perch (Edelia vittata) The family Lepidogalaxiidae, including the single This specieswas collected on ten surveys,and is one SalamanderFish species,is endemicto the south-west. of the most common speciesin the suwey area. It

Plate 36 Plat€ 37 Sal^manderf ish (L ep ido I aI a x iass a I a m a n d rc ides). Nightfish (Bostockia potusa).

60 appears to occur with about the same frequency as, and Warren Rivers. The speciesis widely distributed in and in equal numbers to, the Nightfish (Christensen, Australia, New Zealand and southern South America. 1982). Specimens were taken from both still and running waters, including rivers, lakes, srnall creeks, Family Atherinida€ ponds and roadside drains. It was frequently found in Swan River Hardyheads (Atherinosoms edelensis) association with other fish speciesand often occurred amongst water weeds. Identified by the Museum as Atherinosomo sp., these Hardyheads were collected in brackish water on The species appears to be particularly hardy, and the Pines survey, from the Blackwood River between was collected at one point on the Frankland River with Nannup and Balingup. They were observed swimming a T.D.S. of 5 672 ppm (Christensen,1982). in schoolsclose to the edgeof the river. Coy (1979) gives this species' distribution as Coy (1979) describesAtherinosoma sp. as common extending from Moore River, north of Perth, to the in estuaries, although its exact range remains Phillips River, near Hopetoun on the south coast. somewhatobscure. Museum specimens: P25084-001, P25085-001, Sunklands (19'74); P25731-001, Milyeannup (1976). Family Mugilidae Mangrove ldlullet (Mugil cephalus) Balston's Pygmy Perch (Nannotherina balstoni) The Mangrove Mullet was collected in brackish Collected only on the Karri survey in the Shannon water from the lower section of the Shannon River. River, Balston's Pygmy Perch does not appear to be common in small streamsin the survey area. This is This species is widespread throughout tropical and confirmed by Christensen(1982). warm waters, including the entire coastline of the State (Coy, 1979). This species was often found in association with other fish species. Specimenswere collected from Family Gobiidae creeks and rivers at four separate localities (Christensen,1982). At two of theselocalities it was Swan River Coby (Pseudogobius olorum [LizaCobius common, with 20 specimensbeing collected at each olorumJ) site. It may be a largestream or river species,and more This specieswas collected in brackish water from the common than the surveys would suggest, It was also Hay Riveron the Mitchellsur\ey. collected in the Abba River just north of the survey atea. The speciesis distributed in streams along the south coast of Australia and north to the Murchison River. Coy (1979) gives its distribution as the south coastal streams and ponds between Two People's Bay and the Museum specimenswere not kept. Blackwood River. The collections from the Abba River at Ludlow extends the species' range further northwards. (iO INTRODUCED SPECIES Museumspecimens were not kepl. Family Poecilidae

Mosquito Fish (Gambusia affinis) Family Plotosidae This specieswas collected on four surveys: Soho, Freshwater Cobbler (Tondonus bostocki) Grants,Frankland and Pines.In the latterthree surveys, No Cobblers were collectedon any of the surveys, specimenswere obtained from the Frankland and probably becausea scoop net was usedto collect fish. Blackwood Rivers, respectively.It was also collected However, they are known to occur in severalof the from the Abba River to the north of the survey area, larger rivers, including the Blackwood and the whereit was found in asociationwith severalspecies of Warren, native fish includin g B. porosa, E. vittatq, N. bqlstoni, P. olorum and A therinosoma sp. Coy (1979) gives the species' distribution as the coastal streams and ponds from the Moore River to The Mosquito Fish was very common at all sites the Frankland River. where it was collected,but it did not appear to have invadedthe streamsand riversbetween the Blackwood Family Geotriidae and the Frankland Rivers. This is confirmed by Christensen(1982) and Coy (1979), who comments Pouched Lamprey (Geotrio oustralis) that the speciesis not common in many south coastal This specieswas not collected on any surveys, but it streams. There is one further record from the Warren has been observedor collectedby us in the Donnelly River (Mees, 1977).

ol Family Cyprinidae the upper reachesof the Warren, Tone and Perup Rivers. Carp spp. (Carassuisspp.) Family Salmonidae A fish identified by the Museum as Carassiusspp. was collectedfrom the BlackwoodRiver on the Pines Brown Trout (Salmo truttq) and Rainbow Trout suIvey. (Salmo gairdneri)

Family Percidae Neither specieswas collected on the surveys,but specimensof both havebeen taken from severalof the Redfin Perch (Percafluviatilis) larger rivers and streams,including the Donnelly and WarrenRivers, and the Lefroy, This specieswas collected on only the Giantssurvey, Four Mile and Smith's Brooks. in the lower Frankland River. In 1973,a specimen taken from the Manjimup Wildlife Sanctuary was Fingerlingtrout werealso captured in a smalltributary identifiedas a Redfin Perch.The speciesalso occurs in of the Warren River in 1979(Christensen, 1982).

t 62 I SECTION V

GENERAL DISCUSSION

Speciesof scientificinterest have beendiscussed in contains representativesof speciesfrom all three of the generaltext and in the discussionsections at the thesebotanical districts. There are, for example, 16 beginning of each chapter. This discussion speciesof eucalypt, which is a high number for any concentrateson broader issues,and highlights areas area in the forested south-west. Eucallptus with an outstanding value for fauna or flora, and diversicolor, E. megacarpa, E. marginata and E. vegetationassociations which are uniqueto the suruey calophyllaare alltypical foresttrees ofthe Warrenand area. The fauna data are also examinedfor trendsin Darling districts; E. teandoo, E. decipiens, E. distribution, and the concept of faunal zonesin the occidentalisare typical of the Darling districq and E south-westis discussed. decurva, E. dorotox)lon, E. falcata, E. ancepsand E. staerii are more typical of the Stirling district. More The Flora widespreadspecies such as E. rudis andE. cornuta are also present.The banksias,of which there are nine The surveyarea contains the only substantialarea of species,exhibit a similar diversity. high openor wet sclerophyllforest, the karri and tingle forest formations, in WesternAustralia. Surprisingly The granite monadnocks,particularly numerousin perhaps, few species of plants apart from the the southernpart of the area, have a distinctiveflora dominant treesthemselves - karri, yellow tingle, and and are also of considerablebotanical interest. Many red tingle - are entirely restrictedto these forests. interestingand unusual plants grow in theseisolated Nevertheless,these eucalypts create unique and specializedhabitats. The rock fern Cheilanthes formations. tenuifoliais cornmonon the rocks, a speciesof lsoeles is found in seasonalpools of water in somerocks, the The Donnybrook Sunklandsis of specialbotanical resurrection pla\t Borya nillda is widespreadand interestbecause of the gazettedrare plantsthat occur Acacia triptycha and A. sulcatuare common species in this area, Lombertis rariflora, Adensnthos restrictedto this habitat. One species,Chamalaucium former is detmoldii and tisristato. The of forrestii is entirely confined to one monadnock, primitive scientific importance becauseof its floral Granite Peaks; and. Grevillia fistulosa on l,|4t. characteristicswhich representdefinite intermediate Lindesay,near Denmark, is the most westerlyknown changes in the evolutionary pathway of the occurrenceof this species.Populations of the gazetted proteaceousflower (Melville, 1973and 1975). rare plant Grevillis drummondii occ]uron granite Dasypogonhookerii, which is common throughout outcropsnear the Shannontownsite on the South-west the Sunklands, and brachystylis, which Highway. occursonly in the Whicher Range,are both restricted Theseareas all deservefurther study as there are to this area. Also in the Whicher Rangethere is an undoubtedlymore speciesof interestto be discovered. unnamedspecies of pink-flowercdDarwinia and therc are populations of two other species,Eucslyptus The Fauna hoematoxllon and Crowea angustifolia, which are noteworthy for their vertebrate separatedfrom other occurrencesof thesespecies. Two areas are fauna: the low open woodland, heathland and Another plant of botanicalinterest in this areais the sedgelandcomplex to the south of the main forest small Dampiera linearis, recognised as a single block; and the Perup./ToneRiver forest. The former taxonomic species,but which includes at least two region encompassesthe main occurrencesof the two biological species, the primitive diploids and the rare snakes: Eldpognathus minor, and derived polyploids (Bousfieldand James,1976). The Rhinophlocephalus bicolor,' the skink Sphenomorphus diploid population only occursin the Whicher Range austrdlis, the frog Ceocrinia rosea var. lutea, and the and near Albany, the polyploidsare more widespread. small fish Lepidogalaxias salamandroides. The This euploid complexis of greatinterest to studentsof distribution of thesespecies is entirelyrestricted 10 the geneticsystems and evolution. lower south-westarea, The south-easternsector of the surveyarea, on the The Perup/Tone River area containsfive mammal rich that are listed as rare and in need of special Hay and Mitchell Rivers, is another botanically species h region. This area forms the largest block of protection (Wildlife Conservation Act, 1950): 'ii comparatively undisturbed vegetation near the Bettongia penicillata (Plate 38), Macropus eugenii, I junction of the threebotanical districts of Gardnerand Myrmecobius Jasciatus (Plate 39), Daslurus geofroii, Bennetts(1956): the Darling, Stirling and Warren. It and Pseudocheirus peregri nus.

63 These two areas are, therefore, of exceptional scientific interest, the former for the number of restrictedspecies, and the latter for the populationsof rare and endangeredanimals in the area. A feature of interest is the comparatively poor vertebratefauna of the high open karri and tingle forests.It might be expectedthat theseunique forests would have a distinct fauna, such as that of similar high open forestsin the EasternStates of Australia. The latter forests are optimum habitat for several marnmal specieswhich are also considered to be dependent residents viz. Phascolsrctos cinereus, Acrobates pygmaeus, Gymnobelideus leadbeateri, Pelaurus breviceps, P. australis, Schoinobqtes yolans and.Trichosurus caninus (Tynd,ale-Biscoeand Calaby, 1975).Why are similar speciesabsent from the karri forests? One possible explanation might be the fire frequency in this habitat. Fire is believed to be a Plate 38^' Brush-tailedBettong or Woylie (Bettongiapenicillata). comparatively frequent event in the karri forests (Underwood,1978). Frequent fire encouragesspecies of animals suited to an unstable environment: r- selectivespecies, which display short life span, early sexual maturity, and high fecundity. Such animals, which are adaptedto a wide range of habitats, are preciselythe sortsof speciesfound in the karri forests.

Pl&le 39 V N\mbat (M! r mecob ius fasc iatus), The karri, however, is unsuitable for many species Ordination of the data, in particular the mammal, which inhabit the more mesic high open forests of the reptile and all species'data, indicatesfairly consistent eastern States, where fire is a less frequent event. The clumping of the surveysin to four groups (Figs. 14a, dependent species of these forests display k-selective 14b, 14c). The surveyswere allotted to four zones traits: longevity, late sexual maturity and low basedon the resultsof their ordinations(Table 3). (Tyndale-Biscoe - fecundity and Calaby, 1975) Zone I includesall the south coastalsurveys to the more stable adaptations that are suited to a south of the main karri belt centredin the areaaround possible for lack of environment. Another reason Walpole. This is the coolestand moistestpart of the is that the karri and tingle forests of the diversity south, the only area that receivesany significant too small an area for dependent south-west occupy summerprecipitation. Zone II surveysinclude a larger have in them residents to evolved area but they are mostly within what is generally ANALYSIS OF TRENDS IN THE DISTRIBUTION referred to as the southern forests, the area to the OF FAUNA south of the Blackwood River; a region with a cool which The unique assemblage of restricted species mild climate. The surveysin the Sunklands, inhabiting the southern flats, and the distinctive havea very similar climate, also fall into this zone. mammalian fauna of the Perup area suggested that Zone lll surveys all occur within the region there might be distinctive faunal zones within the generallyreferred to as the northern jarrah forests, survey area. including the wandoo area to the east, a much drier Several schemes for phytogeographic regions or region with longer and hotter summers. Zone IV districtshave been proposed for W.A. (Beard, 1981);a surveysare all within the dry woodland areasto the few authors have also attempted to establish north of Perth. regions or zones (Littlejohn, 1981). zoogeographic There is a broad relationship betweenthese four on Partitioning in all cases has been based zonesand the phltogeographicscheme proposed by physiography, geology, soils, climate, combinations of Gardner and Bennetts (1956) - districts and sub- rainfall and vegetation. divisions related to rainfall, climate, soils and Botanists generally acknowledge the existence of vegetation.The two northerngroups of surueys,Zones phytogeographic regions or zones, though they may III and IV, and the two southerngroups, Zones I and dispute the exact location of boundaries. Many II, fit the Darling and the Warren dislricts zoologists on the other hand do not accept the concept respectively,of Gardner and Bennetts.How do these of zoogeographic regions, and the subject seems to zonescompare with regardto fauna? have fallen out of favour in recent times. Litrlejohn (1981) does, however, consider that the south-west Inspectionof the fauna data by the surveygrouping area of Australia justifies recognition as a faunal sub- or zonesreveals several distinct differencesbetween region for Anura (frogs and toads). the four zones.Zone IV, the north coastalarea, has the richest fauna in terms of total speciesnumbers The data collected on these surveys provides an (Table 4). This is becauseof the high number of bird opportunity to examine the concept of faunal districts and reptile speciesrecorded on the surveyswithin that or zones, albeit at a regional level. To broaden the data zone.The two forestzones, II and III, containthe base we included information from another eight highestnumbers of mammalianspecies. Most of these biological surveys which have been carried out to the occur in the two easternwoodland areasof the Perup north of the area treated in this publication. These and Dryandra forests.The wetter south coastalzone surveys include: The Northern Swan Coastal Plain and the southernforests, Zones I and II, containthe (W.A. Museum, 1978), Dryandra (Butler, 1964; and highestnurnbers of fish and amphibianspecies. Burbridge, 1977), Sampson (Nichols, O., personal communication* ), Harris River, Kelmscott, TABLE 3 Jarrahdale, Tuafl and Julimar (F.D., unpublished SurveysAllotted to Faunal Zones data). ZONE I ZONE II ZONE III ZONE IV fauna data collected on all of these surveys were South Soulhern Northern No h The Coastal Forcst J|rrah Coastal analysed by means of reciprocal averaging, using the Woolbales Yeagarup Kelmscotl Nofthern Swan programme RECAV (Hill, 1973; and Morton, n.d.), Dombakup Boranup Dryandra coasialPlain which gives ordination of individuals and attributes at Soho Sunklands Sampson Julimar the same time. By this means the relationship of the Mitchell Pines Harris River Shannon Milleannup Jarrahdale to one another was examined using species surveys Gjants Perup present data in separate ordinations of each of the Karri major animal groups - mammals, birds, snakes, Mitchell River skinks, amphibia and fish. Tuart Frankland *Dr O. Nichols. Alcoa of Australia Ltd. Pinjarra. 65 t;-i There is a considerable degree of overlap between SOUTHCOASTAL ZONE I the four zones in terms of species' composition. However, the number of speciesin common in any of the major taxa between any zones rarely exceeds50 per a MrcN{r cent (Table 5). The numbers of reptiles in common aTt)^ar.,/ between any of the four zones is particularly low, .BACA .MtrIE^NIJP never exceeding 35 per cent of the total number of w@B&Es a t/M rc*tr irwR species. The lowest numbers occur between the two JAFRAHFOFESIZON€ I Oniuurro zones which are furthest apart from each other: Zone I on the south coast, and Zone IV to the north of perth.

,,frsrenru woooulrozore rL Each zone contains a number of speciesof animals o," that are restricted to that group of surveys (Table 6). sAw$N a// a Inspection of the list of restricted (Appendix // a ({Mscon species z/ t ums nwn V) suggestssome anomalies, however. These are due rm*u* / ; to the fact that only survey data were used in the analysis, and some speciesare inevitably missed on any Figure 14a: Diagrammaticrepresentalion of rhe resulls of ordinalionof 25 surrels,based on darafor all reflebrare survey. Museum records were not included becauseof specr€s, the bias they would introduce into the analysis. For example, some of the mammals on older records are no longer extant, and collections of other groups have been opportunistic. Records are also heavily biased in -**',"")x'., areas close to the Metropolitan region and other :::""^J:-',NORTN COASTAL ZONE IV populated areas. s8^NNoN. / .**".*^:T[".,,,'a woorBArEs Because of this, the species list in Appendix V should be treated with some caution. For example, the ./' \,*^" -*. Brush-Tailed Phascogale (phascogale BAN(AND tapoatqfs) . occurs throughout /' a suNKLANDs the region and is not restricted to la^saNP Group I as indicated in ' Appendix V. Similarly, _?/ a eoarrueboHAruP the Red-Tailed . PhascogalefP. calura) probably ocatrs ,IRfimALE M rcHar a,wFa ' in Zone IV as well as Zone III. o.n"* sAMPsoN a In spite of the relationships between survey grouping and the botanical districts of Gardner and Bennetts, it would be difficult to argue the case for distinct and separate faunae in any part of the south- west land division. Figure 14b: Diagrammaticrepresentation of the resultsof ordination of 25 su eys,based on mammaldata. The resultsof the analysisof thesesurveys suggests a continuum of fauna distributed along a temperature/moisturegradient, which is particularly strong north/south and weaker in an east,/west direction. The more zeric adapted groups, such as the NORTHCOASTAL ZONE V SOUTHCOASTALZONE I reptiles, are more frequent in the warmer, drier northern forest a sraNNo^ areas. The mesic fauna, such as amphibia and fish, reach a peak of development in the acANrs apoMBAKUP aBouaNLlt cooler, moister south, .KAUR .M[cHEtt, On a smaller scale, information provided in the general text suggeststhat secondary factors affecting o "y,i^o ruLsrn ,onEsr\-'. O distribution includevegetation and soils,which appear to influence faunal distribution at a more local level. For example, sandy areas appear to have rnore abundant and diversereptile fauna.

Some species may be related to certain vegetation associations; however, no known speciesof vertebrate, for example, is restricted to any one single site- Figure 14c: Diagrammaticrepresentation of the resultsof vegetation type. Even species with a very restricted ordination of 25 surveys,based on reptiledala. distribution, such as the Little Brown Snake 66 TABLE 4 Comparisonbetwe€n Faunal Zones: Total SpeciesNumbers Faunal Zones Vertebrrte Group South Soulhern Northern North Total Coastal Forest Jarrah Coast I I IV Native Mammals 14(50) 23 (82\ 23 (82\ 16 (57) 28 Exotic Mammals 1 (64) 11(100) 8 (73) l0 (91) ll Birds 115(63) 120 (66) 110(60) 152(83) 183 Snakes 5 (25) 8 (40) 6 (30) 18 (90) 20 Skinks, Lizards and Turtles t3 (21) 24 (5o) 23 (48) 33 (69) 48 Frogs 15(75) 13 (65) 12 (60) 12 (60) 20 Native Fish 8 (6?) 10 (83) 2 (t1) 6 (50) t2 Exotic Fish 2 (4O\ 4 (80) 1 (20) I 5 TOTALS r79(55) 2t3 (651 185(57) 248 (51) 321

( ) : percentageof total

TABLE 5 Comparisonbetween Faunal Zones:Species in Common Faunal Zones Veflebrrte Group l&lI I&[I I&IY II&III II&IV TI&IV Native Mammals 14 (50) 12(43) 8 (29) 20 (7t) 12 (43' 13 (46) '7 '7 Exotic Mammals (64\ 6 (55) (641 8 (73) 8 (e1) 8 (73) Birds 100(55) 84 (46) 95 (52) 88 (48) 102(56) 90 (46) Snakes 5 (25) 2 (10) 3 (15) 4 (2O\ 6 (30) 6 (30) Skinks, Lizards and Turtles 13 (2',7) 7 (ls) 10(21) 15(31) 14 (29') l7 (35) Frogs l l (55) 9 (45) 9 (45) l0 (50) 8 (40) 8 (40) Native Fish 7 (58) 2 (17\ I (2s) 2 (t1) 5 (42) 2 (t7) Exotic Fish 1 (20) I (20) I (20) 0 I (20) 0 TOTALS 158(48) 123(38) 136(42) 147(45) 156(48) t44 (44)

( ) : percentage of total

TABLE 6 Comparisonbetween Faunal Zones: Numbersof RestrictedSpecies Faunal Zones Verteb.ateGroup South Soulhern Northern North Coastal Forest Jarrah Coast I II lIt IV Native Mammals (4) I (4) '-, Exotic Mammals (e) Birds 1 (2) (l) 8 (4) 31(17) Snakes (4) | (2') 12 (25\ Skinks, Lizards and Turtles 10(50) Frogs 2 (10) I (5) I (5) I (s) Native Fish I (8) I (8) I (8) Exotic Fish 3 (60) TOTALS 7 (2\ 10 (3) l1 (3) 57(17)

Restrictedspecies = speciesrecorded only in that zone on the 23 surveysincluded in lhe analysis. 67 (Elapognsthus minor) and. the Salamander Fjsh Some of the fauna specimenshave been live, some (Lepidogalqxias solamandroides), occur on several dead, and a few long dead and decornposed,but all site-vegetationtypes. The small frog Crinia rosearar. have added to our knowledge and all reasonable Iutea, perhapsthe most site specificspecies, occurs in specimenshave been forwarded to the W.A. Museum severaldistinct site-vegetationtypes. for their records.To all thesepeople, too numerousto mention by name, we extend our thanks for their In summary, the vertebratefauna of the forested interest and the effort they have made to assistour south-westoccur in a faunal continuumwith a strong work. north-south, and lesser east-west influence. This appearsto be relatedto climatic factors.On a smaller We wouldalso like to thankthe W.A. Museumand scale, individual species' distribution may be W.A. Herbariumfor identificationof specimens,Harry influenced by vegetation and soil factors, but all Butler for his assistanceon the original surveys,and species located on these surveys occur across Jim Wilsonfor photographsof reptiles. vegetation and soil gradients. The results of this We extend our thanks to those members of the analysis,therefore, provide little supportfor zoningof ForestsDepartment who from time to time haveput a south-westforest faunae. lot of time and effort, often at very inconvenient hours, into the surveys. In particular the technical staff of the Manjimup ResearchStation, many of Acknowledgements whom haveaccompanied us on someof the surveys. Many people have contributed to this survey over Last, but not least, our thanks go to Fiona Styles the years. Members of the public, farmers, school and Alene Lim for typing and assistancewith drafting, children and persons from all walks of life have to Jenny Liddelow and Liz Bartuccio for valuable brought or sentus specimensof animalsor plants, or laboratory work, and Cefn Ridout and Liana havetelephoned or written in with reportsof sightings. Christensenfor endlessediting.

68 References

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Coy, N.J. (1979). ,F,'eshwaletfishing in south v,estAustrolia. Jabiru KITCHENER.D.J. & VrCKER.E. (1981). Catalogue of modern Books, Perth. mammolsin the WeslernAuslralian Museum 1895-1981.\Nesterr Australian N,luseum,Perth. FrsHERrEsand wrLDLIFE, DEPARTMENT oF (1980). Have poisonous plants helped save some of our native wildlife from extincrion? LrrrLEJoHN,M.J. (1931).The Amphibia of Mesic Southern SWANS 10, l, Deparrment of Fisheriesand Wildliit, Pefth, Ausrralia: A ZoogeographicPerspective ir? Keast, A. Ed. Western Australia. EcologicalBiogtuph! of Auslrulia. y2. JUNK, THE HACUE. 69 (n.d.). LoNG, J.L. Introduced birds and mammals in Western RyE. B.L. and HoppER,S.D. (1981).A Guide ro the cazetred Rare Alstralia. TechnicalSeies No. I AgricultureProtection Board of Flora.of W€stetn Ausvalia. Repo No. ?2, Department of WesternAustralia. Fisheries and Wildlife, Western Ausrralia. (1963). MAIN, A.R. A new speciesof Crinia (Anura; SAUNDERS,D.A. (1974). Subspeciation in the White-tailed Black Leptodacttlidae), fiom national park, Nornalup. ttleslel/' Cockatoo, Calyptoth))nchus baudinii. in Western Australia. Austru[ianNaturalist, 8, 6, 143-144. Austnlian Wildlife Resesrch, 1, t, 55,69.

MAIN, A.R. (1965). Frogs of Southern l,lestem Australia. SauNDERs,D.A. (1977). Red-tailed Black Cockaroo breeding rwice a Handbook No. 8, WesternAustralia Naturalists Club, Perth. year in the south-west of Western Australia. tnu, jj,3,107-ll1.

MAsrERs,K.B. (1979). Feral pigs in the south-westof Western SAUNDERS,D.A. (1979). Disrribution and of the White- Arrstralia - Final report to the Feral pig Committee. tailed and Yellow-tailed Black Cockatoos Cal)ptorh!nchus spp. Unpublished Report. Emu 79, 4,215-227. MCARTHUR,W.M. & CLTFToN,A.L. (1975). Forestry and SA\L-r.F.M. tl97q). Habilal componenr! of Antechnius flavipes (Warerhou.e. l8l8) in lhe katri (Euc(lllplus dtversicotol toiest agriculturein relation to soilsin the Pembertonarea of Western (oulh-$esl Australia. Soi/srnd Zand UseSeies No. J4. Division of Soils, of Wellern Au,tralia, Honours lhcais,DeDa ment ol C.S.LR.O.,Australia. Fnvironmcnt ond Lifc Scrcncet.Murdoch Lniver.iiy, Wesrerir Australia. \,1'DowAl L R.\4.(1978). A newgenus (pecies and ofCalaxiidtish SERVENTY,D.L. (1954). The recent increase lrom Au.tralja (Salmoniformes:Calariidae). in the rarer native Journ.rloJ th? mammals. Western Austrulian Naturalist, 4, 128 Royal Societyof New Zealand,S, (1), ll5-124. 6, 41. SERvENry, D.L. (1979). History of Zoology in Western McDowALL,R.M- & FRANKENBURa,R.S. (1981). Australia. The Calaxiid Joutnal afthe RoJal Societ! of rt'estem Australia, 62, l-4,33-43. fishesof Australia.Recods oJ the AustratianMuseum, 33, ,l0). SERvENry, DI. and WHrrrELL, H.M. (1976). MEAD,R.J., OLrvER, (1979). Bids of Western A.J. & KrNc,D.R. Merabolismand Austalia. sth edition. University of Western Austrilia press, defluorination of Fluoroacetatein the Brush tailed Possum (Trichosurus yulpeculo), Australian Joutnal of Biologicat Sciences,32,1,15-26. SHEA, S.R. (1979). Forest Management and phytophthoru cinnamomi in Arstralla. ID Old, K.M., phftophthora MEES,G.F. (1977).The statusof cambusia (Baid and Forcst affinis & GiIaft, Management in Australrr. C.S.LR.O., Canbarra. in South-WesternAustralia. Recordr of the ll/esten Australian Museum,6, 1,27-31. SHEA,S.R. and Kirr, R.J. (19?6). 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Bureauof Mefeorology,Melbourne. Sv||'r R (l95lar.Soil,or Margaretand lo$er BldckwoodRiveJ., \N.A Bt lletin262. (.5.1.R.O., \4elbourne. MET-EoRoLo,cy,BURE,\u oF (1962).Clim(ttological surrc!, Regionl2 Alban! WesternAustratia, MeteorclogicatSummary. Buieau of SMITH, R. (l95lb). Pedogenisisin the Frankland River Valley, Meteorology,Melbourne. WesternAustralia. Bultetin 165. C.S.LR.O., Melbourne. ME'rEoRoLocy.BUREAU oF (1965).Climatic surye!, Region 16 _ STRAHAN,R ED. (1983). The Australian Museum Cofiptete Book South-westWestern Austlalia, MeteorclogicalSummaT!. Bwea\) of Australian Mammab. Angus & Robertson, Sydney. of Meteorology,Melbourne. Sloea C.M {196-i. fhe genu, Sphenomofphu,tLa,ertltio, MoRToN.A J. (N.d.). ProgrammeRECAV. Department, scin(tdaeJ ir Wesrern Au,lralid and rhe Noithern ferrirory. lmperial College,London. Joutnal of the Rola[ Society of Western Australia, SO,l,10-26. NoRTHcoTE,K.H. (1971).A :factuat ke! fot the recognitionof Sroao C M rl968r.Revi,ion ot lhe tgetnid-Whitei,pecie, group Australiansoils. Rellim Technicalpublishers, Adelaida. /Lacertilto. Sctncldaet Journo! oI the Rofal Soci?tt of W,skrn Auslralia, 51. 2, 5l-62. OLrvER,A.J., KrNc, D.R. & MEAD,R.J. (1979).Fluofoacerate Tolerance, a Genetic marker in some Australian Mammals, SroRR, G.M. (1971). The genus Lerisra (Lacertilia, Scincidae) in Australian Joutnal of ZoologJ, 2T, 3, 363-72. we.lern {u,ltulia. Journol of !h? Rot0t So.rctv af Wesr?rn A utt ralia, 51, j, 59.15. PE^cocK,W.J. (1963). Chromosomenumbers and cyroevolulion in (1972). the, Goodeniaceae.Proceedings SroRR, G.M. Ihe genus Morethja (Lacertitia, Scincidae) in of the Linnean Society of Western Australia. N.S.W.,88, 8 27. "13-79.Journal of the Royal Society oJ tt/esiern Austratia, 55, 3, PE,RRY,D.H. (1973). Somenotes on lhe Declineand subsequent (1973). Recoveryof Mammd Popuiations SroRR, G.M. The genus CtenotLts (Lacertilia, Scincidae) ln in the South-Wesr.Itle;tem the AustralianNaturulist, 12, 6, 128-130. South,west and Eucla Division of Western Australia_ Journat of the Rorat Societ! of Westem Australia,56, 3, 86-93. PuBLrcWoR(s DEP,\RTMENT (1979). Clearingand stream salinity in SIoRR C.\,4. rl9_5r. I he genu. Hemiergi, the Soufh-Westof wesrernAustralia. ,ocwr lLacpdilM, Scincidaet ent No. MDS l /79. lr we.rern Au.,ralid. Recordsof rhe u ?5!?rn4u\trulian Uu\cum Public Works Departmentof Wenern Australia. 3,4,251-260.

PusEy,B.U.J. ( 1981). The life hisioryof rheShannon mud minnow SToRR.G.M. (1976a) Revisionary notes on the LeisLa (Laceftilia, Lepidogalaxiassalamandroides (Mee| with specialreference ro Scincidae) of Wesrern Ausrralia. Recc)tck of the lltesteri aestrvation.Honours thesis.Department of Zoology, University Australian Museum, 4. 3,241-246. of WesternAustralia. SlocR. c.\4..rlq_6br. lhe genu, Ctyptoblephatu,tLacerrilto. RIDE,W.D.L. (1970).A Euideto the nati|e mammalsa:f Australio. Sclnctdaei tn We..ern Au,l-alia. R?cords of rhe Wprrem OxfordUniversity Press, Melbourne. Australian Museum,4, l, 53-63. -The RoyALAuSTRALI,\N ORNrTHoLocisrs UNIoN (1978). Recommended SroRR, G.M. (1976c). genus Menetia (Lacertilia, English Scincidae) i\ namesfor Australian b:)rds.EMu Vot_77, Svpplement we-stef,n_Ausf ralia. Records o.f the Western Auslrolian Museum, May 1978,245313. 4,2, 189 200. 70 SroRR,G.M., HARoLD,G. and BARRoN,C. (1978).The amphibians VALENTEE,A. and WooLLEy,P.A. (1982).Hair structureof some and r€ptiles of the Northern Swan Coastal Plafi. In Faunal western Australian Mamfials. Jownal of the Royal Society oJ Studies of the No hern Swan Coastal Plain: A cotlsideration of WestenAustrulia, 64, 4, l0l-132. Dast and futurc clrarges. WesternAu\lralian Museum for the beoatrmehrof Con:eirationand Environmenr,Perrh, Weslern Auitralia. WESTERNAUSTRALTAN MusEUM (1978): Fau al studies of the Northem Swa Coastal Plain: A consideration of past and fut re SroRR,G.M., SMrrH,L.A. and JoHNsroNE,R.E. (1981).Lizads of changes. Wester[ Australian Museum, for the Department of l+'estern Austrulia: No. 1, Skinks. University of Westen Conse ation and the Environment,P€rth. Australia Press,Pe h.

TIEDEMANN,C.R. and WooDsrDE,D.P. (1978).A collapsiblebat- wHrrE, S.R. (1952).The occurrenceof the quokka in th€ south- traD and a compa son of resultsobtained with the tlap and with west. WestemAustralian Naturulist, 3(5), l0l-3. mlit-nets. Australian Wildlife Research,5, 3,355-62. TYNDALE-BISCoE,C.H. and CALABY,J.H. (1975).Eucalyp for€sts as refugelor wildlife.,4rstralian Forestry,38, ll7-133. WooLLER,R.D., RENFREE,M.B., RussELL,8.M.,DUNNING, A., GREEN,S.W. and DuNcAN,P. (1981). Seasonalchanges in a UNDERwooD,R.J. (1978). Natural fire periodicity in the karri population of the nectar-feeding marsnpial Tarsipes spence/ae (Eucalyptus diversicolor F. Muell.) forest. ResearchPaper No (Marsupialia: Taryipedidae), Joumal of ZooloE , London, 195, 41, ForestsDepartment of WesternAustralia. 261-219.

71 ra-

APPENDIX I

Resultsfrom Fauna Survevs r972-1982 TABLE A.I. (a) Number of trap nights* for all trap typesin eacharea surveyed

Nnmber of trap nights per trap type

Survey Mixed Box E iott Snap Pit Pit with Totals Area Trapsl Traps Drift Fence

Yeagerup 80 208 162 450 woolbales 400 ,{00 943 320 2N 520 Dombakup '- Perup t) 200 200 415 Boranup 3t 324 328 683 Sunklands 638 638 Pines 630 630 t5tzl Milyeannup 60 t032 t, 1444 Soho 1596 1696 Mitchell Block tt 1496 1272 2876 Shannon I' 351 354 793 Karri 179 148 2482 3708 71175 Mitchell River u4 489 820 110 1533 Giants I4I 40 286 499 51 1017 Frankland 300 540 540 toz 1482 Total 2964 1336 2138 8596 7512 263 23lL9

* A trap night is definedas one trirp set for one night, thus 30 traps set for one night equals30 trap nights. t Mixed traps consistof someor all of the 4 main types.No breakdownavailable. + Includes3 separatesurveys in this area. $ lncludesseveral surveys in different areasof kard forest.

TABLE A.I. (b) Fauna type and caplurerate per trap type

Fauna type and capturente (Eo)*

Trap Type Mammals -Repti/es Amphibians Total

Box 2.t0 0.15 n 2.25 Ellion 0.42 0.18 8.26 Snaptrapi 8.47 2.15 0.07 10.69 Pit trap 0.l5 1.04 1.80 2.99 Pit trap with drift fence* 1 .22 t2.93 34.98 55.l3

* Numbersof animalscaught per 100tmp nights i.e. qo capturerate = No. animalsx 100 No. lrap nights 1 t Includesbreakback and conibeartypes. Use and proportionsof differenttrap rypeshave va ed from surveyto survey.Se€ Appendix II, Table A.IL (a).

I Pit traps with drifr fenceswere only usedon 263trap nights.All olherswere used on 1000+ trap nighls. SeeTable A.I. (a).

72 Y

TABLE A.I. (c) Time spenton typesof surveywork

Survey Method

Area Searching Spotlighting Bird Counting (houts) (hours) (hours)

Yeagarup 63 8 l5 '72 woolbales 4 l6 Dombakup 8 Perup l0 10 .Boranup t6 Sunklands 105 Pines 156 40 40 Milyeannup 11 16 Soho 80 l6 16 Mitch€ll Block 96 12 Shannon 92 9 Karri 49 l4 72 Mitchell River 95 9 26 ciants 62 8 l6 Frankland 78 8 16 TOTALS I138 208

73 APPENDIX II Resultsfrom Other ResearchStudies within the SurvevArea. 1970-1982 TABLE A.II. (a) Number of trap nights* for all trap typesin eachstudy

Trap nights per tnp type

Study and Area Box Elliott Snap Other Tnps

Perup Woylie study (1974-1976) 18953 2412 9 Perup woylie study (1977-1982) 4401 1290 Bush Rar study (WarrenBlock) 15900 Quokka study (DombakupBlock) 538 Mardo Study (Big Brook) 7055 500 Phascogaletrapping (west Manjimup) t10 MiscellaneousTrapping 1183 60 t26 TOTAL 24707 23010 560 4366 9

* A trap night is definedas one trap set for one nighl

TABLE A.II. (b) Number of capturesfor eachfauna type, and the total capturerate for all studies

No. of Capturesper Fauna Type

Study and Arca Mammal Reptile CaptureRate* qo

Perup woylie study (1974-1976) 2581 2 12.08 Perup woylie study (1977-1982) 1493 26.23 Bush Rat study (WarrenBlock) 2448 96 16.00 '7.25 Quokka study (DombakupBlock) 39 Mardo Study (Big Brook) 188 10.36 Phascogaletrapping (WestManjimup) -6 0 Miscellaleoustrapping ,t 11.25 '7231 TOTAL 292 t4.92

* Number of animalscaught per 100rrap nights i.e. q0 capturerate = No. animalsx 100 \o. Irap ilght, \f TABLE A.II. (c) Spotlight surveyresults from other researchstudies in the suryeyarea, 19'10-1982

No. of Animals Sighted

Area Hours Btushtail Ringtail Grcy Brush Woylie Tammar Native Birds Other* Spenl Possum Possum Walaby Cat

North Perup - Possum Study 32 180 142 60 22 22 I 8 I CeneralSurveyst 91 3',76 354 304 53 tt2 18 3 4 18 38 '75 TOTALS 123 556 496 364 t34 l8 4 4 39

* lncludes animals seen but not positively identified, and exotic species. t lncludes school tours, and surveys done ior film teams etc.

TABLE A.II. (d) Resultsof eveningvehicle transects from other researchstudies in the surveyarea, 1970-1982

Number of Animals Sishted

Arca Hours Kangaroos Brus} Emu Brumby Other Exotic Spent Wallaby Narive Species Specjes*

Poorginup(Lake Muir) 86 924 l0 4 Perup 72 t6t1 4',74 t79 4 GeneralForest Survey (1970) 44 210 44 19 I 6 TOTALS 202 .281I 605 224 IO 9 t2

' \umbat. woylie.lammar. bru"hlail po'sum.

TABLE A.II. (e) Time spent on bird counts in the survey arca, 19'7l-1982

Year and Hours Spent

Area t97t 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Total

l. Warren Block (karri forest) l5 38 99 2. Crowea(karri forest) 9 5 8 8 l6 3. Iffley Block oarrah forest) 12 32 32 32 32 I8 210 4. Perup (jarrah forest) 30 30 30 90 5. West Manjimup Nurserycarrah forest) t2 12 '70 TOTAL 50 23 4\ 32 3',7 78 18 457

75 APPENDIX III Plant SpeciesCollected in the SurveyArea Since1968 Plants listed include all those collected on surveys, together with speciescollected in the arca dufing the cource of other work. All specieshave been identified by the W.A. Herba um.

Plants are listed undet families following the system used in Blackall and Gfieve (1954). Speciesnames are as identified by the w.A. Herbafium at the time of collection. For each specieswe indicate the vegetation typesin which it hasbeen found- For plants collected on surveys we indicate the surveys on which they were collected. This infomation is given in the form of a numerical and letter code as indicated below.

Coding usedfor plant speciesoccurrence: LEGEND

Surveys VegetationTypes a, Yeagarup Soho l. High Open Forest b. Woolbales j. Mitchell 2. Open Forest c. Dombakup k. Shannon 3. woodland d. Perup L Karri 4. Low Woodland e. Boranup Mitchell River 5. ClosedScrub f. Sunklands Giants 6. Open Scrub g. Pines o, Frankland 7. Sedgelands h. Milyeannup 8. Granite 9. Wat€rwaysand Wetlands 10. Pines

Plant Family and Species Surveys Vegetation Types

POLYPODIACEAE Adiantum aethiopicumL. gijlo t29 Aspleniumadiantoides Lam. I t2 Aspleniumflabellifolium Cav. t2 Cheilanthestenuifolia Swartz. dghijklo t2348 Lindsayalinearis Swartz. dfghijklmno t23 Pteridium esculentumNakai. abcdefghijklmno 1234tO Lastreopsissp. I 129 SCHIZAEACEAE Schizaeafistulosa 7 LYCOPODIACEAE Lycopodiumserpentimrm ,7 IOSETACEAE Isoetessp, I t8 CYCADACEAE Macrozamiariedlei C.A.Gardn. abcdefghijklmno 234 PODOCARPACEAE Podocarpusdrouyniana F.Muell. defghijklmno 1234 CUPRESSACEAE Actinostrobuspyramidalis Miq. 46 TYPHACEAE Typha angustifoliaLinn. ghil 9 NAIADACEAE Naias marina Linn. 9 SCHEUCHZERIACEAE Triglochin proceraR.Br. egjjklmn 9 CRAM]NAE Alopercurusgeniculatus e Amphipogon amphipogonoides(Steud) VicKery t2 Amphipogonsp. mo 2 Danthoniacaespitosa lm t2 Danthoniapilosa R.Br. d 2 Danthoniasemiannularis ij 3

76 !-

Plant Famiiyand Species Surveys VegetationTypes

Danthoniasetacea R.Br. Echinopogonovatus f t2 Microlaenastipoides I Neurachnealopecuroides d 23 Poa caespitosa h 3 Poa ma-{welli I Poa nodosa Poa poa€formis 1 Stipa parbata I Stipa campylachne 2 Stipa compressa 6 Slipa scabraLindl. 3 Stipa semibarbata 2 Tetrarrhaenalaevis 12 Vulpia bromoides d 2

CYPERACEAE Cladium articulatum k 49 Cyathochaeteazvenacea kdijklmno 2341 Evandraaristata R.Br. ijkmo Evandrapauciflora i 3 cahnia preisssiiNees. I cahnia trifida Labill. dkjklmno 1247 Juncelluslaevigatus (Rottb) C.B. Clarke f 2 Lepidospermaangustatum R.Br. dfgijlno t253 Lepidospermabrunoniquum Ne€s. dij 23 Lepidospermaef fusum Benth. gijklmno t192 Lepidospermagracile I t Lepidospermaleptostachyum Benth. cijl t23 10 Lepidospermalongitudindale dm Lepidospermatenue I t2 Lepidospermatetraquetrum fghijkilmno 12679 Mesomelaenauncinata dijkm 5 MesomelaenareLragona R.Br. F. Muell. dfiljkmo 23467 Reediaspathaceae F.Muell. jk 579 Schoenusgrandiflorus gl Schoenussp, f 2 Scirpussp. 2 Tetra opsisoctandra fl T costularianeesii Lehm. I

RESTIONACEAE Anarthria gncilis R.Br. 561 Anarthria laevisR.Br. 3 Anarthria prolifera R.Br. fij 4 Anarthria scabn R.Br. fijlmo 467 Ecdeiocoleamonostachya F.Muell. I Hypolaenaexsulca R.Br. f 6 Leptocarpuscanus Nees, ij 61 Leptocarpusscariosus R.Br. fl 12 Leptocarpustena"x (Labill.) R.Br. f 2 Leptocarpussp. Loxocaryafasciculata (R.Br.) Benth. dlo 2 Loxocaryaflexuosa (R.Br.) Benth. fklmo 2367 Lyginia tenax (Labill.) C.A.Gardn. f 6 Restioleptocarpoides Benth. . 3 Restiosp. 241 Restiotremulus 6

XYRIDAECAE Xyris gracillimaF.Muell. I 619 Xyris sp. 679 Xyris lanata R.Br. 1u 79

PHILYDRADEAE Pritzeliapygmara (R.Br.) F.Muell. df 34

77 Plant Family and Species Suryeys vegetationTypes

JUNCACEAE Juncuscaespititius E.Mey. t9 Juncuscapitatus Juncusholoschoenus R.Br. 19 Juncuspallidus R.Br. dgijlm LILIACEAE Agrostoc num scabrum(R.Br.) Bail. djm 238 Borya nitida Labill. dijlo 48 Burchardiamultifl ora Lindl. fhl t23 Burchardiasp. 2 Caesiaparviflora R.Br. n 2 Cal€ctasiacyanea R.Br. d Chamaescillacorymbosa (R.Br.) F.Muell. d 2 Johnsonialupulina R.Br. dhijklmno 23461 Lasemanniaminor I Stypandn impricataR.Br. dsijklmn 123 Sowerbaealaxifl ora Lindl. deijn Dianellarevolutos R.Br. d Thysanotusdichotomus R.Br. t2 Thysanotusisantherus R.Br. Thysanotusmyltifl orus R.Br. Thysanotuspatersoni R.Br. l2 Thysanotuspaucifl orus R.Br. Thysanotusthyrsoides Baker. 2 Thysanotustriandrus R.Br. I Thysanotustuberosus d 3 Tricorynehumilis Endl. d 2

XANTHORRHOEACEAE Dasypogonbromeliaefolius R.Br. dfijklmo 2347 Dasypogonhookeri Drummond. fh 234 Kingia australisR.Br. fhijklmn 2346',7 Lomandraendlicheri F.Muell. dijl 1234 Lomandraodora (F.Muell.) Ewart. k 7 Lomandraordii (F.Muell.) Ewart. Lomandrasp. dfhijk 234 Lomandrasonderi Baker. 3 Xanthorrhoeagracilis Endl. O*tj*,-o 23461 Xanthorhoea preissiiEndl. defghijklmno 23467

HAEMODORACEAE Anigozanthosbicolor Endl. dij 23479 Anigozanthosflavida Red & D.C. defghijklmno t234679 Anigozanthosmanglesii D.Don. dfh 2346 Anigozanthospreissii Endl. i 234 conostylis aculeataR.Br. j 23461 Conostyliscynosa 2 Conostylisserrulata R.Br. 3 conostylis setosaLindl. hii 2346'l Conostylissetigera R.Br. dfhijl 23467 Conostylissp. 9 Haemodorumsparsifl orum F.Muell. I 8 Haemodorumspicatum R.Br. Hypoxis glabellaR.Br. I Hypoxis occid€ntalisBenth. d 2 Phlebocaryaciliata R.Br. f Tribonanthesaustmlis Endl. d Tribonanthesuniflora Lindl.

XRIDACEAE Orthrosanthuslaxus Endl. 1239 Orthrosanthusmultiflorus Sweet. I t23 Orthrosanthuspolystachyus Benth. I t23 Patersoniaoccidentalis R.Br. dfl 123 Patersoniadrummondii (F.Muell.) Benth. I I Patersoniajuncea Endl. 2

7A Plant Family and Species Su eys VegetationTypes

Patersoniapygmaea Lindl. d 3 Patersoniaumbrosa Endl. Patersoniaxanthina F.Muell. fghjl 234 ORCHIDACEAE Acianthusreniformis (R.Br.) Schtechter dl t23 Acianthusrenilormis var. huegelii(Endl. A.S. George) d 23 Caladeniaaphylla Benth. ijklmo Caladeniabarbarossae Reichb. d 2 Caladeniacairnsiana F.Muell. 2 Caladeniacoryhrephora A.S.George jl I Caladeniadeformis R.Br. dfl t23 Caladeniadilatata R.Br. 23 Caladeniadilatata var. falcataw.Nicholls 23 Caladeniadiscoidea Lindl. Caladeniafilamentosa R.Br. 23 Calad€niaflava R.Br. dfhjlo Caladeniagemmata Lindl. dfhij Caladeniahirta Lindl. I t23 Caladeniahuegelii Klotsch. df Caladenialatifolia R.Br. dfijl Caladenialongiclavata Coleman. ijk Caladeniamacrostylis R.Fitzg. dg 239 Caladeniamaryinata Lindl. 2 Caladeniamenziesii R.Br. dl 23 Caladenianana Endl. t Caladeniapatersonii R.Br. dfhl 23 Caladeniasericea Lindl. I Caleananigrita Lindl. dl Calochilusroberstonii Benth. I 6 Cryptostylisovata R.Br. ijlo 128 Diu s laxiflora Lindl. dl 23 Diuris longifolia R.Br. I Diuris purdiei Diels. f 23 Diuris emarginataR.Br. d 23 Drakea elasticaLindl. 234 Drakea glyptodonFitz. d 234 Corybasdilatatus Rhipp. et Nicholls. dijl 123 Elythrantherabrunnonis (Endl.) A.S.George dfj 23 Elythrantheraemarginata (Lindl.) A.S.Ceorge df 23 Eriochilusdilatatus Lindl. dkl 123 Eriochilusscaber Lindl. I castrodia sesamoidesR.Br. I r28 Lyperanthusserratus Lindl. df Lyperanthusnigricans R.Br. df 23 Microtis alba R.Br. dl Microtis unifolia (Forst.) Reichb. I Microtissp. hi Prasophyllumaustrale R.Br. I 12 Prasophyllumbrownii Reichb. I Prasophyllumfimbria Reichb. dl Prasophyllumgibbosum R.Br. I ; Prasophyllumparviflorum Lindl. d 4 Prasophyllumregium R.S.Rogers. I l2 Pterostylisbarbata Lind1. I l2 Pterostylisnana R.Br. dfhijln 23 Pterostylisrecurva Benth. dfhij 23 Pterostylisvittata Lindl. flo Thelymitra antennifera(Lindl.) Hook. t Thelymitra aristataLindl. 23 Thelymitra campunalataLindl. 23 Thelymitra crinita Lindl. ; 23 Thelymitra flexuosaEndl. I 12 Thelymitra fuscoluteaR.Br. d Thelymitra nuda R.Br. I l2 Thelymitra paucifloraR.Br. d Thelymitra villosa Lindl. d

79 Plant Family and Species Surveys Vegetation Typ€s

CASUARINACEAE Casuarinadecussata Benth. ijklmno t23 Casuarinadrummondiana Miq. f Casuarinafraseriana Miq. Casuarinahumilus Ptto. et Dietr. dfmo 234 Casuarinahugelii d 4 Casuarinathuyoids Miq. 2 Adenanthosbarbigera Lindl. fh 2346 Adenanthoscuneata Labill. lm 346 Adenanthosdetmoldii F.Muell. 7 Adenanthosmeissneri Lehm. fh 346 Adenanthosobovata Labill. dfhijklmno 23461 Banksiaattenuata R.Br. efhijkm 4 Banksiagrandis Willd. defghijkilmno 2346 Banksiailicifolia R.Br. fhijkmno 234',7 Banksialittoralis R.Br. abdefghijklmno 124679 Banksiameissneri Lehm. 3 Banksiaoccidentalis R.Br. 6 Banksiaprostrata R.Br. m 34 Banksiaquercifolia R.Br. fijkmo 34567 Banksiasphaerocarpa R.Br. dfhmo 2341 Banksiaverticillata R.Br. b 4 Conospermumcaeruleum R,Br. dfhij 23 Conospermumcapitatum R.Br, t 6 Conospermumacerosum Lindl. f Conospermumflexuosum R.Br. df 234 Conospermumteretifolium R.Br. i Dryandra armataR.Br. dJ Dryandrabipinnatafida R.Br. df 23 Dryandm carduac€aLindl. lhm 23 Dryandra formosaR.Br. fijmo r2341 Dryandranivea R.Br. dfgijkmo Dryandraserra R.Br, 2 Dryandra sessilis(R.Br.) Druce. def 236 Dryandra stupposaLindl. t Dryandra subpinnatifida d Franklandiafucifolia R.Br. fmo 234',7 Franklandiatriaista Benth. f Crevilleabipinnatifida R.Br. g 2 Grevilleabrachystylis Meissn. f 23 Grevilleabrevicuspis Meissn. flo Grevilleabrownii Meissn. m 2 Grevilleadrummondii Meissn. i 1Z Grevill€afistulosa A.S.George m 34',7 Grevillealeptobotrya f Grevilleamanglesioides Meissn. fh 23 Crevilleaoccidentalis R.Br. fjm Grevilleaornithopida Meissn. f Grevilleapilulifera (Lindl.) C.A.cardn. d ; Grevilleapulchella Meissnj. dfl 23 Grevilleaquercifolia R.Br. dfjlo Grevilleatrifida (R.Br.) Mejssn. h crevillea umbellulataMeissn. f Hakea amplexicaulisR.Br. dfghijklmno iro Hakea ambiguaMeissn. fhj 234 Hakea ceratophylla(Sm.) R.Br. 23467 Hakea cyclocarpaLindl. ft 23 Hakea florida R.Br. ijo 23467 Hakeaincrassata R.Br. d 23 Hakealasiantha R.Br. fijklno t23 Hakealinearis R.Br. fhijk 234 Hakealissocarpa R.Br. dfghijmo 2346 Hakea marginataR.Br. f Hakea oteifolia (Sm.) R.Br. dlmo 123

80 T:

Plant Family and Species Surveys Vegetation Types

Hakea prostrataR.Br. dem Labill. defhijmno 2346'l Hakea sulcataR.Br. d 3 (Sm.) R.Br. d Hak€a undulataR.Br. dmo 234 R.Br. dfijmo Isopogonattenuatus R.Br, dfh lsopogonaxillaris R.Br. fk 6'.7 lsopogonformosus R.Br. fijo Isopogonsphaerocephalus Lindl. fj Isopogonteretifolius R.Br. d Lambe ia multiflora Lindl. f Lambertiararifl ora Meissn. f 34 Persooniaelliptica R.Br. fhijmo Persoonialongifolia R.Br. dfghijklmno t23 Persooniamicrocarpa R.Br. ijkm 56 Persooniasaccata R.Br. f Petrophilediversifolia R.Br. fhijklmno t234',1 Petrophilelongifolia R.Br. dijm 6',7 Petrophilelinearis R,Br. f Petrophil€serruriae R.Br. df Petrophilesquamata R.Br. f Petrophilestriata R.Br. f Strangeastenocarpoides (F.Muell. ex Benth. C.A Gardn.) fgh ; Synapheafavosa R.Br. dts 234 Synapheapetiolaris R.Br. dfh 234 Synapheapolymorpha R.Br. m Synapheapreissii Meissn. df Synapheareticulata (Sm.) C.A.Gardn. dfh Synapheasp. fmo Stirlingialatifolias (R.Br.) Stead. I iu Stirlingiasimplex Lindl. dfh 234 Stirlingiateretifolia f Xylomelum occidentaleR.Br. fht 214

SANTALACEAE Choretrumlaterifolium R.Br. I 12 Exocarpossparteus R.Br. I 12 Leptomeriacunninghamii Miq. dfijlmo t23 Leptomeriaspinosa (Lehm.) D.C. 3 Leptomeriasquarrulosa R.Br. Santalumspicatum (R.Br.) D.C. ;

LORANTHACEAE Loranthusmiquelii Lehm. 2 Nuytsia floribunda (Labill.) R.Br. fhijkmno 3467

OLACACEAE Olax benthamiiMiq. d OIax phyllanthi (Labill.) R.Br. lkmo

POLYAONACEAE Rhagodiaradiata Nees.

AMARANTACEAE TrichiDummanglesii Lindl. d

PHYTOLACCACEAE Gyrostemonsheathii w.V.Filz.

AIZOACEAE Carpobrotusaequilatemlis (Haw.) N.E.Br. id

PORTULACACEAE Calandriniacalyptrata Hook i

8'1 l-

Plant Family and Species Surveys Vegetation T)pes

RANUNCULACEAE Clematispubescens Hueg. dfghijl 123 Ranunculuscolonorum Sm. dgl 12359 Ranunculusmu catusL, f 2 LAURACEAE Cassytharacemosa Nees. I CRUCIFERAE Cardaminehirsuta L. I DROSERACEAE Droserabulbosa Hook. di Drosemgigantea Lindl. dfl Droserahuegelii Endl. 2 Droseraleucoblasta 12 Droseramacrantha Lindl. Dros€ramenziesii R.Br. Droseramodesta Diels. Droserapallida Lindl. Droseraplatypoda Trucz. 1 3 Droseraplatystigma d 3 Droserastolonifera Endl. d 5 Droserasulphurea Lehm. d ,_ Droserasp. fgh CEPHALO'TACEAE Cephalotusfollicularis Labill. ijkr 561 ROSACEAE Acaenaovina A.Cunn. t2 PITTOSPORACEAE Billardieracandidus Hueg. ef Billardieracoerulea-puncrarus Klol/sch. I I Billardieradrummondiana (Putterl.) Benth. I 12 Billardierafloribunda (Putterl.) Muell. dfl t23 Billardi€ralatifolia (Turza.) Druce. Billardiem parviflora D.C. ld 2 Billardieravariifolia Trucz. dfl t23 Billardierasp. fgm 2 Sollya fusiformis (Labill.) Briq. dgl 2 MIMOSACEAE Acacia alata R.Br. efghl t2 l0 Acacia browniana fghijklmno 123 Acacia cochlearisLabill. 5 Acacia chrysocephala d 3 Acacia d€cipiensR.Br. ef 45 Acacia dentiferaBenth. E Acacia divergensBenth. fhijlmno t25 Acacia drummondii Lindl. dfhm 23 Acacia cyclopisA.Cunn. 6 Acacia extensaLindl. dfhiilmno Acaciagilbertii Meissn. fjl Acacia hastulataSmirh. il r23 Acaciahorridula Meissn. 67 Acacia incuwa Benth. d Acaciainsoliata E. Pitzel. d Acacia latipesBenth. d 23 Acacia microbotryaBenth. d Acacia pilosaBenth. m 3 Acacia mooreanaW.V.Fitzg. f 3 Acacia mytifolia wild. abcdefhijklmno Acacia nervosaD.C. dft Acacia obovataBenth. i Acacia peDtadeniaLindl. dijklmn ; Acacia preissiana(Meissn.) B.R. Maslin f

82 Plant Family and Species Surveys vegetationTypes

Acacia pulchellaR.Br. defshijklmno 12346810 Acacia salignaWendl. dg 2356 Acacia scalp€lliformisMeissn. jl t2 Acacia stenopteraBenth, dj 23 Acacia sulcataR.Br. I Acacia triptycha (F.Muell.) Benth. um 23 Acacia urophylla Benth. dfshijkln 123 Acacia wildenowniana dfh Albizzia lopantha(Vent.) McBoide. ijklmn 1289 CAESALPINIACEAE Labicheapunctata Benth. dfh 23 PAPILIONACEAE Aotus ericocoides h Aotus genistoidesTurcz. 4 Aotus passerinoidesMeissn. l 5 Aotus tietkensiiF.Muell. I 4 Aotus villosa Sm. f 23 Bossiaeaaquifolia Benth. g 2 Bossiaeadisticha Lindl. ei Bossiaeaeriocarpa Benth. d 3 Bossiaealaidlawiana Tovey & Morris. ijkln 123 Bossiaealinophylla R.Br. d€fghijklmno t23 Bossiaeaornata (Lindl.) Benth. dfghijklmno 234 Bossiaeapulchella Meissn. f Bossiaearufa R.Br. c Bossiaeawebbii F.Muell. ij t2 Bmchysemapraemorsum Meissn, dfm Brachysemasericeum (Sm.) Domin. do 23 Burtonia confertaD.C. f 3 Burtoniascabra R.Br. fh 2 Burtonia villosa Meissn. fij 23 Chorizemaaciculare (D.C.) C.A.Cardn. d Chorizemacordatum Lindl. .i Chorizemadiversifolium D.C. fijln ; Chorizemaclycinifolium (Sm.) Druce. fd 23 Chorizemailicifolium Labill. ijln t2 Chorizemarhombeum R.Br. dijl 23 Daviesiaalternifolia Endl. fm 23 Daviesiabrevifolia Lindl. 3 Daviesiacordata S. Moore. dfghijlno 23 Daviesiadivaricata Benth. fijl 23 Daviesiahorrida Meissn. llo 238 Daviesiaincrassata Sm. dfijo Daviesiapectjnata Lindl. fij 234 Daviesiapolyphylla Benth. f 23 Daviesiapreissii Meissn. df Daviesiaquadilatera Benth. f 23 Daviesiarhombifolia Meissn. d 3 Dillwynia cinerascensR.Br. f Dillwynia uncinata(Turcz.) C.A.Gardn. fi EuchilopsisLinearis 3 Eutaxia densifoliaTurcz. U 234 Eutaxiaepacridioides Meissn. th 234 Eutaxiaobovata (Labill.) C.A.Gardn. fijl 23 Eutaxiavirgata Benth. 234 castrolobium bennettsianumC.A.Gardn. Oastrolobiumbilobum R.Br. *.o 1235 Gastrolobiumbrownii Meissn. m 3 Gastrolobiumforrestii Ewart, jm Gastrolobiumovalifolium Henfr. d 3 Castrolobiumspinosum Benth. 23 Gastrolobiumvillosum Benth. d 23 compholobium amplexicauleMeissn. Gompholobiumaristatum Benth. f 34 compholobium burtonioidesMeissn.q df 46

83 Plant Family and Species Su eys Vegetation Types

Compholobiumcapitatum A.Cunn.q f 23 compholobium knightianumLindl. df Compholobiummarginatum R.Br. d 23 Gompholobiumovatum Meissn. dfijl 23 Gompholobiumpolymorphum R.Br. t1 t2 Gompholobiumtomentosum Labill. f Gompholobiumvenustum R.Br. fm 23 Goodia latifolia Salisb. d Hardenbergiacomptoniana Benth, defl 123 Hovea chorizemifolia(Sweet) D.C. dftjkmlo t23 Hovea elliptica(Smith) D.C. dfghijklno t23 Hovea trispermaBenth. dfhl 23 Isotropis cuneifolia(Sm.) Domin. dfhijl Jacksoniaalata Benth. d 3 Jacksoniafurcellata (Bonpl.) D.C. dijk 23 Jacksoniahor da D.C. f Jacksoniasp. gmo 23 Kennedyacariruta (Benth.)Domin. I t23 Kennedyacoccinea Vent. dfshl 123 Kennedyaprostrata R.Br. dl t23 Kennedyastirlingii Lindl. f 23 Latrobeadiosmilolia Benth. 4 Latrobeagenistoides Meissn. 46 Latrobeatenella Meissn. 46 Mirbelia dilatata R.Br. ,rntiO, Mirbelia scabraR.Br. dj Oxylobium capitatum fl 234 Oxylobium lanceolatum abcfghklo 1258 Oxylobium linearfolium (Don.) Domin. dt 238 Oxylobium spathulatum fl 12 Phyllota barbataB€nth. 5 Pultenaeaandrewsi f Pultenaeabarbata C.R.Andrews i 6',7 Pultenaeadrummondii Meissn. t Pultenaeaericifolia Benth. d 3 Pultenaeaochreata Meissn. d 3 Pultenaeareticulata (Sm.) Benth.) abcfhijklm 345 Pultenaeaskinneri F.Muell. f 23 Pultenaeastrobilifera Meissn. t 23 Sphaerolobiumalatum Benth. i 23 Sphaerolobiummedium R.Br. dfijlo 23 Sphaerolobiummacranthum Meissn. fl 123 Sphaerolobiumgrandiflorum (R.Br.) Ber. I 23 Sphaerolobiumracemulosum Benth. c Sphaerolobiumscabriusculum Meissn. f 23 Sphaerolobiumvimineum Smith. fl 123 Sphaerolobiumsp. Templetoniaretusa (Vent.) R.Br. 12 Viminaria juncea Sm. delhijklm 6 OXALIDACEAE Oxalis corniculataL. dgl 1210

GERANIACEAE Erodium cygnorum(Nees.) Carol. g 10 Geraniumretrorsum L.Hex. ex. D.C. fijk Geraniumsolandri Carol. d 3 Pelargoniumaustrale willd. dfl 123 Pelargoniumhavlasae Domin. I 123 Pelargoniuminodorum Willd. 2 Pelargoniumlittorale Hueg. 2 Pelargoniumrodneyanum Lindl. - t23

RUTACEAE Boronia alata Sm, el 6 Boronia crenulataSm, defhijl Boronia defoliataF.Muell f

84 r-

Plant Family and Species Surveys Vegetation Types

Boronia denticulataSm. ijr T2 Boronia IanguinosaEndl. klo Boronia fastigataBenth. fhl t23 Boronia gracilipesF.Muell. fhijkln t2 Boronia heterophyllaF.Muell. f 5 Boronia junceaBartl. fijk 6 Boronia m€gastigmaNe€s, flm Boronia molloyaeDrumm. fijl 12 Boronia nematophyllaF.Muell. dij 4 Boronia spathulataLindl. 234 Boronia stricta Benth. I'j" 6 Boronia ternataEndl. fij Chorilaenaquercifolia Endl. ekl 12 Croweaangustifolia Turcz. f 2 Croweadentata (R.Br.) Benth. ijklo t2 Diplolaenadampieri Desf. 5 Diplolaenamicrocephala 1 t2 Eriostemonnodiflorus Lindl. df 34 Eriostemonspicatus A.Rich. f Phebaliumargenteum Sm. I t2 Urocarpuspallidus (B€nth.) P.G.Wilson fh 2 Urocarpussquamuligera (Hook.) P.C.Wilson f TREMANDRACEAE Platythecaverticillata (Hueg.) Baill. dfhlmo Tetrathecaaffinis Endl. dglo 23 t0 Tetntheca setigeraEndl. fhijlo Tetrathecaviminea Lindl. f Tremandradiffusa R.Br. 123 Tremandrastelligera R.Br. gijklmo 123 POLYCALACEAE Comespermacalymega Labill. I t2 Comespermaconfertum Labill. dfml 2 Comespermaflavum D.C. 6 Comespermascoparium Steetz, f Comespermavirgatum Labill. fl 12 Comespermavolubile Labill. dfijl t2 EUPHORBIACEAE Beyeriasp. d 34 Phyllanthuscalycinus Labill. dfgl Porantherahuegelii Klotzsch. Pseudoanthusvirgatus (Klotzsch.) Muell.-Arg. I'j' 3 Ricinocarpuscyanescens Muell.-Arg. f Ricinocarpusglaucus Endl. dfhjl 123 Ricinocarpustuberculatus Muell.-Arg. f Monotaxislurida (Muell.-Arg.) Benth. I

LINACEAE Linum marginaleA.Cunn. ex Planch. d 2 RHAMNACEAE Cryptandrapungens Steud. d 34 Spyridiumglobulosum (Labill.) Benth. 5 Trymalium ledifolium Fenzl. dfhijmo 234 Trymalium spathulatum(Labill.) Ostf. defghijklmno t2 MALVACEAE Sida hookerianaMiq. I t2 STACKHOUSIACEAE Stackhousiabrunonis Benth. dfh 23 Stackhousiahuegelii Endl. dfsl 123

SAPINDACEAE Dodoneaattenuata A. Cunn. 9 Dodoneaaptera Miq. I 23 Dodoneaceratocarpa Endl. dlk 3

85 Plant Family and Species SuIveys V€getationTypes

STERCULIACEAE Lasiopetalumcordif olium Endl. Lasiopetalumfl oribundum Benth. ijkl 12 Ruelingiacorylifolia crah. ijklm \2 Ruelingiacygnorum (Steud.) C.A.cardn. kl 128 Sterculiaundescribed sp. Thomasiafoliosa J. cay. d 2 ThomasiagrandifloE Lindl. fd Thomasiala"\ifl ora Benth. f Thomasiapauciflom Lindl. ijkl Thomasiapurpurea (Ait.) J. cay. d 23 Thomasiaquercifolia (Andr.) J.cay. ijkln t23 Thomasiatriloba Turcz. lm t23 Thomasiatriphylla (Labill.) J.cay. 1 Thomasiasp. hk t23 DILLENIACEAE Hibbertia amplexicaulisSteud. dfghlmo t23 r0 Hibbertia aureaSt€ud. f Hibbertia commutataSteud. ij t23 Hibbertia cuneiformisLabill. abcdel t23 Hibbertia cunninghamiiBenth. iI 123 Hibbertia furfuracea(R.Br.) Benth. I 12 Hibbertia glaberima (Steud.)cilg. fo 23 HihhFrrie ar^meDr, fo Hibbertia grossulariaefolia el 12 Hibbertia huegelii(Endl.) F.Muell. f Hibbertia hypericoides(D.C.) Benth. 23 Hibbertia inconspicuaOstf. lo l2 Hibbertia lasiopusBenth. f 21 Hibbertia pachyrrhizaSteud. fh Hibbertia perfoliataEndl. fl 39 Hibbertia pulchra Ostf. d Hibberlia quadricolorDomin. dfh 234 Hibbertia racemosa(Endl.) cilg. f Hibbertia rhadinopodaF.Muell. df 23 Hibbertia serrataHotchk. I 12 Hibbertia stellarisEndl. dfij 46',7 Hibbertia sylvestrisDiels. I I Hibbertia tetrandraLindl. cilg. I l2 Hibbertia vaginata(Benth.) F.Muell. f VIOLACEAE Hybanthuscalycinus (Steud.) F.Muell. I t2 Hybanthusdebilissimus F.Muell. fjl 123 Hybanthusfloribundus (Walp.) F.Muell. df 23 Pimeleaangustifolia R.Br. fl 123 Pimeleaclavata Labill. eikl 12t0 Pimeleaferruginea Labill. 6 Pimeleaimbricata R.Br. ijl Pimelealongifolia R.Br. fhl 234 Pimelealehmanniana Meissn. I Pimeleamicrocephala R,Br. 6 Pimeleanervosa (Walp.) Meissn. d 23 Pimelearosea R.Br. dfhl r23 Pimeleaspectabilis (Fisch. & Mey.) Pimeleasuaveolens (End1.) Meissn. dfhl r23 Pimeleasylvestris R.Br. cle Pimeleasp. m MYRTACEAE Actinodium cunninghamiiSchau. dJO 679 Agonis ciliatum lm t2 Agonis flexuosa(Spreng.) Schau. abcefghijkln t29 Agonis hypericifoliaSchau. kt 4579

86 Plant Family and Species Surv€ys Vegetatjon Types

Agonis juniperina Schau. abc{hijkln 129 Agonis linearifolia (D.C.) Schau. abcdfghijklmno t29 Agonis marginata(Labill.) Schau. m 129 Agonis parvicepsSchau. abcdfghijklmno 2346 Agonis undulataBenth. im 2 Astarteafascicularis (Labill.) D.C. dfkm 346 Baeckeacamphorosmae Endl. Beaufortiaandisandra Schau. m 34 Beaufortiadecussata R.Br. ijm 3 Beaufortiamicrantha Schau. :^... Beaufortiasparsa R.Br. Drnuxmno 3467 Beaufortiasquarrosa Schau. f 346 Callistemonspeciosus (Sims.) D.C. bfhijkmno 3419 Calothamusgracilis R.Br. t Calothamuslateralis Lindl. djk 36',7 Calothamussanguineus Labill. df Calothamussp. mo 67 Calythrix sp. 2 Calythrix asp€rulaSchau. m 3 Calythrix brachyphyllaTurcz. df 23 Cal,'thrix,flavescens A.Cunn. dfm Callthrix leschenaultiiSchau. 2 Calythrix variabilisLindl. f 3 Chamaelauciumforrestii j 68 Darwinia citriodora (Endl.) Benth. fgm 468 Darwinia oederoides(Turcz.) Benth. 46 Darwinia vestita(Endl.) Benrh. dfh 346 Darwinia sp. Eremeapauciflora (Endl.) Druce. df Eucalyptusanceps (R.Br. ex Maiden.) m Eucalyptusangulosa Schau. m 4 Eucalyptuscalcicola Brooke. 45 Eucalyptuscalophylla R.Br. defghijklmno 1234 Eucalyptuscornuta Labill. dem 238 Eucalyptusbrevistylis Brook. 12 Eucalyptusdecipiens Endl. dmo 4 Eucalyptusdecurva F.Muell. m Eucalyptusdiversicolor F.Muell. eijklmn l2 Eucalyptusdoratoxylon F.Muell. Eucalyptusfalcala Turcz. m Eucalyptusficifolia F.Muell. Eucalyptusguilfoylei Maiden. ij l2 Eucalyptushaematoxylon Maiden. f 34 Eucalyptusjacksonii Maiden. l2 Eucalyptusmarginata Sm. abcdefghijklmno 1234 Eucalyptusmegacarpa F.Muell. fhijklmno 234 Eucalyptusoccidentalis Endl. 23 Eucalyptuspatens B€nth. dlghijklmno r234 Eucalyptusrudis Endl. abcdfgijklmno 2389l0 Eucalyptusstaeri Maiden. ijmo Eucalyptuswandoo Blakely. 234 Hypocalymmaangustifolium Endl. dfgh Hypocalymmacordifolium (Lehm.) Schau. fghijlno t237 Hypocalymmaericifolium Benth. k 4 Hypocalymmapuniceum C.A.Gardn. 456 H)pocalymmarobustum Endl. fh Hypocalymmastrictum Schau. fijkmo 3467 Kunzeamicrantha Schau. d 3 Kunzeamicromera Schau, il 34 Kunzearecurva Schau, defijmo Kunzeavestita Schau. ijmn 459 Leptospermumcnssipes Lehm. fijmo Leptospermumellipticum Endl. df Leptospermumerubescens Schau. d 3 Leptosp€rmumfirmum (Schau.)Benth. fijlmn 59 Lhotzkya acutifolia Lindl, I t2

87 Plant Family and Species Surveys VegetationTypes

Melaleucaacerosa Schau. de 5 Melaleucacuticularis Labill. jkmo Melaleucadensa R.Br. I 56 Melaleucaaff. globiferaR.Br. 3 M€laleucahamulosa Turcz. Melaleucahuegelii Endl. - Melaleucaincana R.Br. d i Melaleucalanceolata Otto. 5 Melaleucalateritia Otto. dm 59 Melaleucamicromera Schau. d 3 Melaleucamicrophylla Sm. 1 t29 Melaleucaparvifl ora Lindl. dfijk Melaleucapolygaloides Schau. dfl 56 Melaleucapubescens Schau. 't9 Melaleucarhaphiophylla Schau. do Melaleucascabra R.Br. df 23 Melaleucaspathulatum Schau. 3 Melaleucastriata Labill. m Melaleucathymoides Labill. dfhmo 23 Melaleucaviminea Lindl. dlo Verticordiadensiflora Lindl. fd Verticordiahabrantha Schau. do "u Verticordialindleyi Schau. d 2 Verticordiapennigera Endl. d Verticordiaplumosa (Desf.) Druce. jkl 8 Verticordiasp. 23 HALORRHAGACEAE Glischrocaryonaureum (Lindl.) Orch. f 23 Glischrocaryonsp. d Haloragodendronracemosum (Labill.) Orch. 9 Halorrhagisdif fusa Diels. I Halorrhagisracemosa Labill. I Halolrhagisrotundifolia Benth. ijl ; Myiophyllum propinquumA.Cunn. I 9 APIACEAE Actinotus omnifertilis (F.Muell.) Benth. 6 Daucusglochidiatus Sieb. dl 3 Eryngium pinnatifidum Bunge. 45 Hydrocotylediantha D.C. l Hydrocotylehirta R.Br. I 12 Hydrocotyleplebeia R.Br. I 12 Pentapeltissilvatica (Diels.) Domin. dflmo 123 Platysacecompressa (Labill.) Norman. dl 2 Platysacetenuissima (Benth.) Norman. dfl 23 Trachymeneanisocarpa (Turcz.) B.L. Burtt. 12 Trachymenecaerulea (Reichb.) Crah. 2 Trachymenecompressa Labill. 12 Trachymenecyanopetala (F.Muell.) Benth. 36 Trachymenepilosa Sm. def 36 Trachymenesp. I t2 Xanthosiaatkinsoniana F.Muell. df Xanthosiacandida (Benth.) Steud. ex Bung dflo 23 Xanthosiapeduncularis Benth. Xanthosiarotundifolia D.C. ijlmo Xanthosiasilvatica Diels. fl 23 Xanrhosiahuegelii (Benth.) Steud. lo t23 Xanthosiapilosa I l2 EPACRIDACEAE Acrotrichecordata (Labill.) R.Br. 6 Andersoniacaerulea R.Br. 234 Andersoniainvolucrata Sond. T": 23 Andersonialongifolia (Benth.)L. Watson fm Andersoniasprengelioides R.Br. ijk 238 Andersoniasp, mo 23

88 Plant Family and Species Surveys VegetationTypes

Astroloma ciliatum (Lindl.) Druce. dijo 23 Astroloma drummondii Sond. m z Astroloma epacridis(D.C.) Druce. f Astroloma pallidum R.Br. dfho 234 Astroloma sp, Bachylomapreissii Sond. d 23 Conostephiumpendulum Benth. fh 34 Cosmeliarubm R.Br. ijmok Leucopogonaustralis R.Br. dfhijklmno t23479 Leucopogoncapitellatus D.C. dfghijklno 23 Leucopogonconcinnus Benth, Jml Leucopogoncorilolius Endl. f 23 Leucopogondistans R.Br. 67 Leucopogongibbosus Stschegl. d 2 Leucopogongilbertii Stschegl. fj 45 Leucopogonglabellus R.Br. fijml 3456 Leucopogonhirsutus Sond. I Leucopogonovalifolius Sond. dm 3 Leucopogonoxycedrus Sond. m Leucopogonparviflorus (Andr.) Lindl. f 6 Leucopogonpendulus R.Br. dfl 23 Leucopogonaffin ovalifolius Sond. m Leucopogonpolymorphus Sond. f 23 Leucopogonpropinquus R.Br. dsijlo 123 Leucopogonpulchellus Sond. d 23 Leucopogonracemulosus D,C. fij Leucopogonreflexus R.Br. ij 23 Leucopogonrevolutus R.Br. 1 Leucopogonstriatus R.Br. f Leucopogontenuis D.C. --.. Leucopogonverticillatus R.Br. i, Lysinemaciliatum R.Br. iijkmo 6',7 '7 Lysinemaconspicuum R.Br. Needhamiapumilio R.Br. 2 Sphenotomacapitatum (R.Br.) Lindl. fh 3 Sphenotomagracile (R.Br.) Sweet . 67 Sphenotomasquarrosum (R.Br.) G.Donn. .l 46 Stypheliatenuiflora Lindl. df 234

LOGANIACEAE Loganiabuxifolia F.Muell. 6 Loganiaserpyllifolia R.Br. dghlo Loganiavaginalis (Labill.) F.Muell. efhl t2 Mitrasacmeparadoxa R.Br, I l2

GENTIANACEAE Centauriumaustrale (R.Br.) Ostf. dsikl Villarsia albiflora F.Muell. fl 9 villarsia lasiospermaF.Muell. eikl 79 Villarsia parnassifolia(Labill.) R.Br. i villarsia latifolia Benth. I Villarsiasp. ijl

VERBENACEAE Pityrodia bartlingii (Lehm.) Benth.

LAMIACEA Hemiandrapungens R.Br. df 31 Hemiandrarubrifl ola O.H.Sargent. a 6 Hemigeniacanescens (Bartl.) Benth. il 12 Hemigeniadrummondii Benth. 2 Hemigeniaincana (Lindl.) Benth. dfejl 23 Hemigeniaigida Benth. flm 23 Hemig€niasericea e 2 westringia dampieriR.Br. 6

89 t--

Plant Family and Species Surveys VegetationTypes

SCROPHULARIACEAE Gratiola peruviana Linn. l2 Veronicaplebeia R.Br. 2 OROBANCHACEAE Orobancheaustraliana F.Muell. l0 LENTIBULARIACEAE Polwompholyx multifida (R.Br.) F.Mue[. sp. liit MYOPORACEAE Myoporum oppositifoliumR.Br, I 12 Myoporum serratumR.Br. 2 Myoporum tetrandrum t 2 RUBIACEAE Operculaliahispidula Endl. 12to Opercula a volubilis (R.Br.) Benth. I t2 Opercula a sp.

CAMPANULACEAE Wahlenbergiacommunis Carolin.

LOBELIACEAE Isotomahypocrate formis (R.Br.) Druce. fijlm Lobelia alata Labill. I t2 Lobelia ancepsThumb. Lobelia gibbosaLabill. 4 Lobelia heterophyllaLabill. 2 Lobelia rhombifolia De Vriese. ; 46 Lobelia tenuior R.Br. d 2

GOODENIACEAE Anthotium humile R.Br. 4 Dampietacuneata R.Br. DampieG hederaceaR.Br. t2 Dampieralinearis R.Br. r23 Dampierasacculata (F.Muell.) Benrh. Dampierase cantha(F.Muell.) Benth. Dampierasp. 23 Diaspisfilifolia R.Br. 6 GoodeDiaeatoniana F.Muell. t2 Goodeniaclaytoniaceae Poole. l8 Goodeniafilif ormis R.Br, 23 Leschenaultiabiloba Lindl. 23 Leschenaultiaexpansa R.Br. 236 Leschenaultiaformosa R.Br. ; 2 Scaevolaglobulifera Labill. 6 Scaevolahumifusa De Vriese t2 Scaevolalongifolia De Vriese t 3 Scaevolamicrophylla Benth. 6 Scaevolanitida R.Br. 6 Scaevolast ata R.Br. *o,o r23 Vellia macrophylla(Lindl.) Benth. 9 V€llia pilosella I 12 Vellia trin€rvisLabill. .9

STYLIDIACEAE Levenhookiapreissii 2 Levenhookiapusilla R.Br. dfl t23 Stylidiumadnatum R.Br. delo 46'l Stylidiumassimile R.Br. 23 Stylidiumamoenum R.Br. lo 1236 Stylidiumbarleei F.Muell. f 2 Stylidiumbreviscapum R.Br. t23 Stylidiumbrunonianum Benth. d Stylidiumcalcaratum R.Br. cdijkl 23

90 Plant Family and Species Surveys VegetationTyp€s

Stylidiumca€spitosum R.Br. d 46 Stylidiumcaricifolium Lindl. d carnosumBenth. f Stylidium ciliatum Lindl. fd Stylidium emarginatumSond. d Stylidium fasciculatumR.Br. el ; Stylidium falcatum R.Br. I l2 Stylidiumguttatum R.Br. 2 Stylidium imbricatumBenth.q k 23 Stylidiumjunceum R.Br. efl 236',7 Stylidium laciniatumC.A.Gardn. I t2 Stylidium piliferum R.Br. Stylidium pilosum Labill. Stylidium pritzelianumMildbr. ' t2 Stylidium rehensR.Br. dlk Stylidium rhyncocarpumSond. I 2 Stylidium scandensR.Br. cfhijkln 123 Stylidium schoenoidesD.C. fd 23 Stylidium sp. d Stylidium sp. Stylidium sp. im 23 Stylidium squamellosum d ASTERACEAE Athrixia pulverulenta(Lindl.) Druce. Brachycomeiberidifolia Benth. dfl Cotula coronopifoliaL. Craspediaglauca (Labill.) Spreng. dftkmo 234 Gnaphalodescondensatum A.Grav. 2 Gnaphaliumgymnocephalum D.C. 3 Cnaphaliumindicum L. 3 cnaphalium luteo-albumLinn. i. t2 Cnaphaliumsphaericum Willd. f 234 Cnephosispygmea (A.Gray) Benth. 1 t2 Helichrysumbracteatum (Venl.) Andr. df Helichrysumcordatum D.C. Helichrysumramosum D.C. dlo ; Helipterumcotula (Benth.)D.C. Ixiolaenaviscosa Benth. I t2 Lagenophorahuegelii Benth. dl 23 Lagenophon stipitata(Labill.) Druce f 23 Milatia mysotidifolia(Benth.) Steetz. 456 Oleariaaxillaris (D.C.) F.Muell. 6 Oleariacassiniae F.Muell. ; 69 Oleariapaucidentata (Steetz.) F.Muell. el Oleariapimelioides (D.C.) Benth. I 12 Oleariast gosaBenth. I 12 Pithocarpacorymbulosa Lindl. Podolepisgracilis R.Grah. e Podolepislessonii (Cass.) Benth. d 3 Seneciogilbertii Turcz. Seneciolautus Soland. 236 Seneciominimus Poir. d 23 Seneciovar. pieridoides(Turcz.) Belther. m Senecioquadridentatus Labill. 12 Senecioramosissimus D.C. 12 Seneciosp. 12 Tichocline spathulala(A.Cunn.) g1m 123 Waitzia citrina (Benth.)Steetz. dl r23

91 t-

APPENDTXIV

LIST OF YERTEBRATES RECORDED ON SURVEYS Speciesin each of the major taxa arc listed according to the authority vrhosenomenclatule we havefollowed (seeintroduction). Thepresence or absenceof a speciesin each oJ the sune! areas is indicated, LEGEND Sulveys I Yeagarup 9 Soho 2 Woolbales l0 Mitchell 3 Dombakup ll Shannon 4 Perup 12 Kari 5 Baranup 13 Mitchell River 6 Sunklands 14 ciants / rlnes 15 Frankland 8 Milyeannup

APPENDIX IV(A) (Mammols) SURYEY AND OCCURRENCE

SPECIES Western Grey kangaroo X (Macrcpus fuliginosus) ^ ^ r_r,(- ' (a western Brush wallabv Q.Uent' (Macropus ima) Tammar Wallaby (Macropus eugenii) Quokka X (Setonix brachlurus) Brush-tailed Bettong or Woylie (Bettongia penici ata) Common Brushtail Possum -- (T I i ch 9 su rus. vu lpec u I a ) Common Ringtail Possum (Pseudocheiruspercgrinus) WesternPygmy possum X (Cercartetus concinnus) Honey-possum X XX (Tarcipes rcstntus) i; SouthernBrown Bandicoot X l-^ XX (Isoodon obesulus) l- WesternQuoll or Chuditch irt) (Dasyurus geoffroii) Brush-tailed Phascogale (Phascogaletapoatafa) Yellow-footed Antechinus or Mardo XX (Antechinus flavipes) Common Dunnart XX (Sminthopsis mu na) Numbat (Myr ecobius fasciatus) Bush Rat X x xx (Rattus fuscipes) Water-rat X X (H! dromys chrlsogaster) CreaterLong-eared Bat (Nyctophilrrs timo ensis) LesserLong-eared Bat X (Nyc t ophilus eeofftoy i) could's wattled Bat (Chalino lobus gould ii) Chocolatewattled Bat (Cho lino lo bus ttlo r io) King River Eptesicus I (Epteticus regulus) Great Pipistrelle (Pipist reI lus tasmaniensis) Echidna (Tach! I lossusaculeatus)

92 SURYDY AND OCCURRENCE

Cat XXXXX X XXXXXXX (Felus catus) Dingo XXXX rX (Canis fam i I iat is dineo) Goat (Capra hircus) Hors€ X (Equus cabatl s) House Mouse XX X XXX X XXX (Mus musculus) Black Rat X XX XXX XX (Rattus rattus) Rabbit XX XXX (Orlctolagus cunk lw) Fox XX XX (Vulpes vulpes) Pic (Susscrcfa)

APPENDIX Iv(B) (Birds) Emu XXXXXX (Drcmaius noyaeholla diae) Hoary-headedCrebe (Po I i ocep ha lus po I i ocep ha lus) AustralasianGrebe (Tach! baptus n or aeh oI land iae ) Hutton's Shearwater (Puffinus huttoni) Austnlian pelican x (PeI ica nus conspi c i Ila t us) Darter XX (Anhinga elanoEoster) Great Cormorant XX (Phalacrccoruxcarbo) Pied Cormorant (Pholocrocorux vafius) Little Black Cormorant X (P hoI ac rc co ra x su lc i rostr is) Little Pied Cormoranr X XX X XX (Pha I o c roc orox me la n o I eu cos) Pacific Heron X X X (Ardea pacifica) white-faced Heron XXX XX x X XX XXX (A rdeo no vae h o I la nd iae ) Great Egret x (Egretta alba) Rufous Night Heron X ( NJct icorax coI ad o n icus ) Black Bittern (Dupetor Jlavicollis) AuslralasianBittern X (Bot aurus po icil op t i I us) SacredIbis x (Thrcsk io mis aeth iopic a) Straw-neckedlbis XX (Thrcs k io m is spi ni co I I is) Black Swan X X (CJgnus atrutus) FreckledDuck X (St I ic to nett a naevosa) Australian Shelduck X XX XX (Tadona tadonoides) Pacific Black Duck X XXXX XXXXX XX (Anas superciliosa) Grey Teal XX X (Anas gibberifrons) AustralasianShoveller X (Anos fiynchotis)

93 r

SURYEY AND OCCURRENCE SPECIES 345 10 14 15 Maned Duck XX (Chenonetta jubata) Blue-billedDuck (Oxluru axstralis) Musk Duck X (Bkiurd lobata) Osprey (Pandion haliaet s) Black-shoulderedKite X (Elanus notatus) Square-tailed Kit€ (Lophoictinia isuru) Whistling Kite (Heliastur sphenunts) Brown Goshawk (Accipter Jasciatus) Collared Sparrowhawk (A ccipiter citrhocep halus) White-bellied Sea Eagle x (Haliaeetus leucogaster) wedge-tailed Eagle (Aquila audax) Little Eagle (Iliercaetus morp hnoides) SpottedHar er Pncas assinilis) Marsh Har er XX (Circus aeruginosus) PeregrineFalcon (Fako pereginus) Australian Hobby X (Falco longipennis) Brown Falcon X (Falco beiqora) Australian Kestrel XX (Falco cenchrcides) Malleefowl (Leipoa ocellata) StubbleQuail x (Co tu r n ix novaezela nd iae) Brown Quail (Cotumix austnlis) PaintedButton-quail (Tumix vaia) Spotlesscrake (Porzana tabuensis) Dusky Mooihen (Gallinula tenebrosa) Purple Swamph€n (Porphyrio porphyrio) EurasianCoot (Fulica atra) BandedLapwing (Vanellus tricolor) Red'cappedPlover (Cha rudr ius ruJicapillus) Black-frontedPlover (Charudius melanops) Curlew Sandpiper (Calidris feriueinea) Silver cull X (La rus novae ho I Ia nd iae) Pacific Gull (Larus pacificus) CaspianTern x (Hydrcprognecaspia) CrestedTern (Sterna bergic)

94 T-

SPECIES Common Bronzewing XX xx (Phaps chalcopteru) Brush Bronzewing XXX XXXXXXxxxx (Phaps ekga s) Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo XX XX XX (Callpt orh! nchus magnificus) White-tailedBlack-Cockatoo XX XXXxxx xxxx (Calyp t orh! nchus baudinii) Purple-crownedLorikeet XX XXXXXXX (Glossopsitt a po ryhy rccepha la) Red-cappedParrot X X XX XXXXXXXXX (Pu rpx / ei cepho lus spu r ius) WesternRosella X XXX XXXXXXXXXX (Platycercus icterot is) Port Lincoln Ringneck XXX XXXXXXXXXX (Barnardius zonarius) ElegantParrot XX (Neophema elegans) Rock Parrot (Neophemapetrophila) Pallid Cuckoo X X X X XXXX (Cuculus pallidus) Fan-tailedCuckoo X X XXX XX (Cuculrrspyffhophanus) Horsefield's Bronze-Cuckoo x X (Chrysococcrx basalv ShiningBronze-Cuckoo X XXx XX (Chrysococcyx lucidus) SouthernBoobook x XX (Ninox novaeseelandiae) Bam Owl XX (Ttto atba) MaskedOwl (Ty t o novaeho Iland iae) Tawny Frogmouth XXXXXXXXXXXXX x (Podaryus strigoides) Australian Owlet-nightjar XXXX XXXX X (Aegotheles cistatus) SpottedNightjar (Copr imu Igus gut t atus) LaughingKookabufia XXXXXXX XXXXX XX (Dacelo novaeguineae) SacredKingfisher XXXXX xxx x (Halcron sancta) Rainbow Bee-eater (Me/ops omatus) welcome SwaIIow xx (Hirundo neoxena) Tree Martin XX XXX (Cecrcpis niglicans) Richard'sPipit XXX XX X XXX XXX (A nt hrs nov aeseela nd iae) Black-facedCuckoo-shrike XXX xx XXX XXX (corac ina nov aeho lland iae) White-wingedTriller X (Laloge Sueu i) ScarletRobin XX (Petrcicamulticolor) Red-cappedRobin X (Petroica goodenovii) White-breastedRobin X X X X xx (Eopsalt r ia Eeorgiano) WesternYellow Robin X X x X (EoFo I tria griseogularis) CrestedShrike-tit (Falcunculus frc ntalus) Golden Whistler XXX XX (Pachycep hala pectoralis)

95

I I

SPECIES 15 Rufous Whistler (Pachlcephala ruJitentrk) Grey Shrike-thrush X x XX XXX (Colluricincla hdmo ica) Kesuesstlycarcner XX XX XX (Myiagra inquieta) Grey Fantail x X XXX XXX (Rhipidura fufiginosa) willie wagtail X XXX X (Rhipidura le cophrys) rffhite-browed Babbler X X (Pomatos toftus superciliosus) ClamorousRe€d-Warbler (Acrocephalus stentoreus) Little Grassbird (Megalunts grumineus) Splendid Fairy-wren XXX XXX (Malurus splendens) Red-winged Fairy-wren x X (Malutus elegans) Southern Emu-wren X (S t ip i hl rus ma lac hu ras ) White-browed Scrub-wren X (Seficomis ftontalis) Weebill x X (Sinicrornis bretircst s) W€stern Gerygone XXX xxx (Gerygonefusca) lnland Thornbill xxxx X X XXXXX (Acanthiza apicalis) WesternThombill XX X XXXX (Acanthiza inornota) Yellow-rumpedThornbill XXX X X x XX (Acanthiza chrysonhoa) Varied Sitella XXX X XXXXX (Daphoenos it ta chrysop teru) Rufous Treecreeper x X X X XXXX (Climacteris rufa) Red wattlebird XXX X x X XXXXX (A nt hochaeru caru nculato) Little Wattlebird XXX X X X (An t hoc haeru c hrysopt eru) Yellow-throatedMinor (Manoiha flalligula) White-napedHoneyeater XXx XX (Melithrcptus lunatus) Brown Honeyeater XXX XXX (Lic hmera i ndisti ncta) New Holland Honeyeater XXX XX XX (Phylidont s tloweho \landiae) White-cheekedHoneyeater XX Phylidoht s nigra) Tawny-crowned Honeyeater X X XX (Phtlidonyrk melanops) WesternSpinebill XXX X X X xxxXX (Acan t ho fi Jnchus superciIio sus) Spotted Pardalote XXX X XXXX (Pardalote punctatus) StriatedPardalote XXX X X XXXX (Pordalotus striatus) Silvereye XXX XX x XXXXXX (Zostercpslaterulis) Red-earedFiretail XXX X XXXXXX (Enblema oculata) Australian Magpie-lark XXXX XX (Grallina cyanoleuca) Dusky Woodswallow XX XXXX X XXXXXX (Artamus cJarlopten$) f' 96 Grey Butcherbird (Cractic1ls torq atLrs) Australian Magpie XXXXXXXx x X XXX (Gymnofiina tibicen) Grey Currawong XXXXXXX XXXXXX (Strcpera veryicolor) Australian Raven XXX XX x XXXXXX (Corvus coronoides)

APPENDIX IV(C) (Reptil€s) Blind Snake (Ramphot yp h lo ps austrulis) Dugite XXX XXXXXXXXXX (Pseudonaja affin is afJink) Black Tiger Snake XXX XXXXXXX (No tech is ater occidenta I is) The Black-headedSnake (Unechis gouldii) Crowned Snake X XX (Drysdalia coronata) Little Brown Snake (Elapognathus minor) Mueller's Snake (Rhi nop locephalus bicolo r) Bardick (Echiopsis curta) Marbled Cecko XX (Ph! Ilodacty lus mamo ra tus) The Common Scaly-Foot (Pygopus lepidopodus) Fraser'sScale-footed Lizard (Delna frasefi) Pretty Worm-lizard (Aprcsiapulchella) Mourning Skink XX XX (Egemia luctuosa) Bobtail XXXXX XX XXX (Tiliqua rugosa) Smith's Skink XXX X X XX XXXX (Egernia napoleohb) King's Skink XX X X X XXX (Egemia ki gii) Fry's Skink X X X XXX (Egernia pu lch ru pulc hra) RedleggedSkink XXXXX X XX XXXX (C tehotus labillardieq Ctenotus catenrfer X XX Ctenotus impar Hem ie rgis i nit iaI is init ialb X SlipperySkink X XXX X (Leftta microtis microtis) Sphe no mo rphus austru I is X XXX Burrowing Skink X XXX XXXXXX (Hemie ryis peron ii pero nii) New Holland Skink x X XX XX (Leio Iop isma t i Iinea t uft ) Wood Skink x (CrJpt ob lepha rus p lagiocep ha lus) SandhillSkink XX (More t hia lineo oce | | ata) Morethia obscura X XX X Lerista elegans X Lefista distinguenda X X X Grey's Skink X XX X (Menetio greJii) Bungarra XXX XX XXX (Varanw gouldii) F

SURVEYAND OCCURRENCE SPECIFS 345 lt t2 13 14 15 Long-neckedTortoise XXXXX (Chelodina oblonga)

APPENDIX IV(D) (Amphibians)

Slender Tree Frog XXXX XXXXX (L it oria adelaidensis) Greenand Cold Tree Frog XXX (Litoria moorei) Westem Banjo Frog XX XXXXX (Limnody nastes dorsa lis) Burrowing Frog X X XXX XX (Heleioporus inornatus) Moaning Frog XXXXX X x XXXX (Heleioporus eyeri) He leiop orus psqmmophi lus X x Humming Frog X (Neobat ruc hus pelo bato ides) Pseudophrynenichollsi X X X x Gunther'sToadlet XX XX I (Pseudophrnegu thefi) Cfinia georgiana XX XXXX X X XXX Ranidella glauefti X x x X X XX Ranidella insigniferu X Ra ide\Ia subinsigni"fera X RdnideIla pse dinsigniferu x Geocfinia leai X X Geocinia lutea X

APPENDIX IV(E) (Fresh\yrterFish)

WesternMinnow X X XX (Galaxias occ identa lis) Black-St ped Minnow (Galaxie|la igrostiatas) Mud Minnow X X (Galaxialla munda) SalamanderFish X X X XX (Lepido ga laxis sala mo nd rcides) Night Fish X X X XXX X x XX (Bostockia [)orosa) WesternPygmy Perch X X X XXX X x X (Edelia yittata) Balston'sPygmy Perch X (Na nna t herina baI s t on i) PouchedLamprey X (Geot a austtulis) Hardyhead (A t her i noso ma ede [e ns is) MangroveMullet (Mugil cephalus) Swan River Goby (Pseudogobiusolorum) Mosquito Fish XX (Gambusia affinis) Carp X (Carassiuscarussius) Redfin Perch X (Perca fluyiatilis) Brown Trout (Salmotrufta) Rainbow Trout X (Salrno gairdneri) APPENDIX V

Vertebratesrecorded in eachof the Faunal Zones

Ordination analysis rcsulted in the survels being grcuped into fow faunol zones. Zone J South coastal, Zone II Southem forcsts, Zone III Northernjarruh, Zone Iy North Coastal (Table 3). Each q)ecies ofanimal rccorded on the surveys is listed here according to the zones in which it moy be Jound. To facilitate compa son by zones, specieshave been listed according to their geogruphic location, tuther than in the usual manner. Thus the speciesnear the top of the list are southem species(Zones I and II) and those near the bottom are northen species, (Zones III and IV). Asterisks denote introduced species.

APPENDIX V(A) (Mammals)

Faunal Faunal Faunal SPECIES Zone Zone Zone Zone I TI IV

Brush-tailedPhascogale (Phasco Eale tapoatafa) Goat* X (Captu hircus) The Yellow-footedAntechinus or Mardo (Antechinusfbvipes) Common Dunnaft (Sminthopsis muina) Common Ringtail Possum (Pseu d oc he i rus pereg rin rs) Quokka (Setonix brach!urus) Great pipistrelle X (P ip ist reI Ius I asm a n i ens is) Long-earedBats (NJctophilus species) Bush Rat (Rattus fuscipes) SouthernBrown Bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus) common BrushtailPossum (Tr ich osurus vu I pec u la r) WesternPygmy-possum (Cerc ar t et us conc i nn us) Honey-possum X (Tarsipes rostratus) WesternGrey Kangaroo (Macropus fuhgin^sus) western Brush wallaby (Macropus irma) King River Eptesicus (Eptesicus rcgulus) Gould's Watrled Bat (Chalinolobus eouldii) Chocolatewatlled Bat (Chalinolobus mo o) Water-Rat (H! drc mls ch ryso gaste r) Cat* (Felis cotus) Dingo* (Cank lamilia s) Cow* (Bos taurus) Mouse* (Mus musculus)

99 t--

Faunal Faunal Faunal Faunal SPECIES Zohe Zone Zone Zohe I II III IV

Black Rat* X (Rattus ruttus) Rabbit* (Ory cto lagus cuniculrs) Fox* (Vulpes vulpes) Horse* (Equus cabollus) Feret* (Mustela putori, Short-beakedEchidna (Tachy glossus aculeatus) WesternQuoll or Chuditch X (Dasyurus geoffroii) White-stripedMastiff-bat (Tadafida austnlis) Little Mastiff-bat (Mo rmoptetus p laniceps) Felal Pig* (Sus soofa) Red-tailedPhascogale (Phascogalecalurc) Numbat (MJ lr ecob ius fascia tus) Tammar Wallaby (Macrcpuseugenii) Brush-tailedBettong (Bett ongia penk illata) FaFtailedDunnart (3mint hopsis crossicaudata) Ash-greyMouse (PseudomJ s albocinercus)

APPENDIX V(B) (Birds)

Hutton's Shearwater (Puffinus huttoni) Curlew Sandpiper (Calidrk feruginea) Pacific cull X (Larus pacirtcus) SpottedNightjar (Caprimulgus gu t t atus) SouthernEmu-wren (Stipiturus malachurus) .X Brown Quail (Cotutnix australis) Australian Owlet-Nightjar (A egot heles cr i sta t us) Red-tailedBlack'Cockatoo (Cary p t ofi y nchus magn ificu s) Red-earedFiretail XX (Emblema oculata) White-browedBabbler (Pomat os t omus superci I i o sus) Emu (D ro m aius n o yaeho I land iae)

'100 ---7-

Faunal Faunal Fau al Faunal SPECIES Zone Zone Zone Zone IIIIIY x Australasian Grebe X X X (Tachlbaptus n o vaeho lland iae) DarterXXXX (A nhinga melano Sast er) X Pied Cormorant X X X (Phalacroconx vaius) Litile Black Cormoranl X X X x (Pha lac rcco rux sulciros t I is) Little Pied Cormorant X X X X (P halacroco rax melano leucos) Pacific Heron X X X X (Ardea pacifica) White-faced Heron X X X X (A rdea nowe ho llandiae) Rufous Night Heron X x X x (Nyct iconx colado n icus) Black Swan X X X X (CJgnus atratus) AustratianShelduck X X X X (Tadorna tadomoides) Pacific Black Duck x x X X (Anas superci[iosa) Maned Duck X X X X (Chenonettajubata) Musk Duck X X X X (Biziuru lobdta) Black-should€redKite X X X x (Elanus notatus) Square-tailedKite X X X x (Lophoictinia isura) Whistling Kite X x X x (Haliastur sphenurus) Brown Goshawk X X X X (Accipiter fasciatus) Collared Sparrowhawk X X X X (Accipiter cirrhocephalus) Wedge-tailedEagle X X X X (Aquila audax) Little Eagle X X X x (H ieruaetus m orp hno ides) Austraiian Hobby X x X x (Falco longipennb) Brown lalcon X X X X (Falco beigoru) Australian Kestrel X X X X (Falco cenchrcides) Eurasiancoot x x x x (Fulica atra) Common Bronzewing X X X X (Phaps chalcopteru) Brush Bronzewing X x X X (Phaps elegans) White-tailedBlack-Cockatoo X X X X (Calypto tnchus baudinii) Purple-crownedLorikeet X X X X (Glossops i t t a porp hJroc epha la) Red-cappedParot X X X X (Purpurc icephalus spuius ) WesternRosella X X X X (Platycercus icterc t is)

101 r

Faunal Faunal Faxnal SPEClES Zone Zone Zone Zone I T m U Port Lincoln Ringneck x X (Bdmafdius zonarixs) ElegantParrot x (Neophema elegans) Pallid Cuckoo (Cuculus pallidus) Fan-tailedCuckoo (Cuctlus plrfiophanus) Horsefield'sBronze-Cuckoo X X (Chrysococcyx basalis) ShiningBronze-Cuckoo X x (Chrtsococctx luc idus) SouthernBoobook x X (Ninox novaeseelandiae) Tawny Frogmouth X X (Podaryw strigoided LaughingKookabura X x (Dacelo novaeguineae) SacredKinglisher x x (Hakron sancta) welcome Swallow x X (Hirundo neoxena) Tree Martin X X X (Ceoopis nigicans) Richard'sPipit X X X (A t1thus noraeseelandiae) Black-facedCuckoo-shrike X X (Concina novaehollandiae) ScarletRobin X x X (Petrcicamulticolor) White-breasted Robin X X X X (Eopsaltfia georyiana) WestemYellow Robin X X x (EopsaI t r ia griseogu la ris) Colden Whistler X X (Pach! cep ha la pectorc I is) Grey Shrike-thrush X X (Co lluric incla harmo nica) RestlessFlycatcher X x (Myiaeru inquieta) Grey Fantail X X X x (Rhipiduru fuliginosa) Willie Wagrail X X (Rhip idu ra leucophrys) SplendidFairy-wren x X (Malurus splendens) Red-wingedFairy-wren X (Malurus elegans) white-browed Scrub-wren X X (Se comis Jro talis) Weebill X X x X (Si nicro r n is brcy i rcst r is) WesternGerygone x (Cerygone fusca) Inland Thornbill X X X (Acanthiza apicalis) westem Thombill X (Acanthiza inornata) Yellow-rumpedThornbill X x X (Acanth i

102 -T*==

Faunal Faunal Faunal Faunal SPECIES Zone Zone Zone Zone I 1I TI IY

Varied Sitella (Daphoenos i t t a chrysop tetu) Rufous Treecre€per X (Climacteris rula) Red wattlebird X (A nt hochaera carunculata) Little Wattlebird X (Anthochaen chrysopten) White-napedHoneyeater (Melithrcptus lunatus) Brown Honeyeater X (Lichmerc indistincta) New Holland Honeyeater X (Pht lido n! rk novae ho llandiae) white-cheekedHoneyeater X X (PhJlidonyfis nigtu) Tawny-crownedHoneyeater X (PhJ|idony s me|anops) WesternSpinebill X (A cont ho rh! nchus superc il iosus) SpottedPardalote X (Pa rdo lotus p unctat us) StriatedPardalote X X (Pardalotus sniatus) Silvereye X X X (Zoslerops latetulis) Australian Magpie-lark (Gnllina cyanoleuca) Dusky Woodswallow x X (Artamus cyonopterus) Grey Butcherbird (Cracticus torquatus) Australian Magpie X (Cjmnohina tibicen) Grey CurrawoDg X (Strepen vercicolor) Australian Raven X X :, (Corvuscoronoides) Great Egret X X x i (Egretto alba) ,, Marsh Harrier X X (Hircus aeruginosus) SpotlessCrake X (Porzana tabuensis) Purple Swamphen (Porphtrio porphlrio) Red-cappedPlover (Charud i vs ruficapillus) Silver cull (Larus no vaeho I land iae) CaspianTern X (Hydrcprogne caspia) crested Tem X X (Stema bergii) Rock Parrot X (Neophemapetrcphila) Little Grassbird x (Megolurus grumineus) Hoary-headedGrebe X (Po liocephalus po liocephalus)

103 Faunal Faunal Fa nal Faunal SPECIES Zone Zone Zone Zone IIIIIV Crey Teal (Anas superciliosa) PeregdneFalcon (Falco peregrinus) Banded Lapwing (Yanellus tricolor) Yellow-throatedMiner (Manorinaflatiguld) Black Bittern (Dupetor flavico is) Malleefowl (Leipoa ocellata) Crested Shrike-tit (Falcunc lus flontalus) Australian Pelican (Pelicanus conspic illatus) Great cormorant (Phalacrccorux carbo) . Lnestnut I eal (Anas castanea) Australian Shoveller (Anas /hJnchotis) Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) White-bellied Sea-Eagle X (Haliaeetus leucogaster) SpottedHar er (Circas assinilis) Masked Owl X (Ty t o no,,ae ho Iland iae) Straw-neckedIbis (Thrcskio mis spinico II is) Barn Owl X (Trto alba) RainbowBee-eater (Merops omatus) white-wingedtriller X (Lalage suewii) Red-cappedRobin (Petrcicagoodenol)ii) Rufous Whistler (Pachycephals ruf b ent rb) Pailted Button-quail (Tumix vafia) AustmlasianBittern (Bo taurus poici lopt i lus) SacredIbis (Thrcsk io mis aethipica) FreckledDuck (Stictonetto haeYosa) Bluc-billedDuck (Oxruru austlalis) Dusky Moorhen (Gallinula tenebrcsa) ClamorousReed-warbler (Aerccephalus stentoreux) Black-frontedPlover (Charadius melanops) Feral Pigeon (Columbo liria)

104 r

Faunal Faundl Faunal Faunal SPECIES Zo e Zone Zone Zone ITIIV SpottedTurtle-dove (Strcpto pel ia chinensis ) Laughing Turtle-dove (Strcptope lia senegole ns is) CrestedPigeon (Oclphaps lophotes) Galah (Cacatua roseicapil la) Little Corella (Cacatua sanguinea) RegentParrot (Poly t elis ant hopeplus) Budgerigar (Melo ps it tacus undulatus) Fork-tailedSwift (Apus pacirtcus) Fairy Martin (Cecropis ariel) Hooded Robin (Melanod ryos cucuI lata ) CrestedBellbird (Oreoica guttwalis) RulousSonglarl (Ci ncI or hamp hus maI hew si ) Brown Songlark (Ci ncI or hamp hus cruru | is) qinoino H^nFwFrrcr (L ichenosto m us virescens) Yellow-plumedHoneyeater (Lic henostom us omat us) White-frontedChat (Ephthionurualbiftons) Mistletoebird (Dicaeum hirundinoceum) Black-faced woodswallow (Artomuscinercus) Little Crow (Corvus bennetti) Little Button-quail (Turnix velox) Bush Thick-knee (Burhinusfiagnircst s) ChestnulQuailthrush (Ci ncloso rn a casta n oI um ) Blue-breastedFairy-wren (Malurus pulcheftimus) White-earedHoneyeater (L ichenos to mus [euc o t is) Brown-headedHoneyeater (MeI i t hrcp t us brcv i r ost r is) white-f ronted Honeyeater (Phr Iid onyfis alb ifrons) Creat CrestedGrebe (Podiceps cristatus) Little Bittern (IxobrJchus minutus) Clossy lbis (Plegadisfalcinelus) Yellow-billedSpoonbill (Platalea flavipes)

105 r

Faunal Fa nal Faunal Faunal SPECIES Zone Zone Zone Zone I III IV Magpie Goose (Ansera as semipalr ata) Garganey (Anas querquedula) Pink-earedDuck (Ma lacor h! nchus membranaceus) Hardhead (Arthya australis) Buff-banded Rail (Ra us philippensis) Black-tailedNative-hen (Gallinula ventrali, Australian Bustard (Ardeotis ot ttralis) Red-kneedDotterel (ErJ t hro Eotlys cinc tus) Black-wingedStilt (Himantopus himantopus) Red-neck€dAvocet (Recurvirost ru no weho lland iae) Creenshank . (Tfinga nebularia) Sharp-tailed Sardpiper (Calidfis acuminata) WhiskeredTern (Chlidonias hrbrida) White-wingedTern (Chl ido nias leucopte tu) Sulphur-crestedCockatoo (Cacatua galerita) White-backedSwallow (Cheratuoeca leuc os t ernum) VariegatedFairy-wren (Malurus lamberti) White-wingedFairy-wren (Malurus le copterrs) Calamanthus (Seficor nis fu Iigin osus)

APPENDIX V(C) (Reptiles)

Little Brown Snake (Elapognathus minor) Mueiler'sSnake X (Rh inop Io c ep ha lus bic o lo r) Blind Snake IRa mpho t Jp hl o ps austtuI is) Dugite (Pseudonaja affints affi n i s) Black Tiger Snake (Notechis atet occidentalis) Crovr'nedSnake X (Dr!sdalia corcnata) The Black-headedSnake (V echis gouldii) Bardick (Echiopsis curta) Carpel Python (Morelia spilota variegata)

106 1-

Faufial Fau al Faunal Faunal SPECIES Zone Zone Zone Zone IIIIIIry

Half-Girdled Snake (Simoselapssemdasciatus semtfasciatus) DesertBanded Snake (Simoselaps berthold i) Black-napedSnake (Neelops bi aculatus) western Black-stripedSnake (Neelaps calanotos) Common Death Adder (Acant hop his antarcticus) Children'sPython (Liasis childreni) Mulga Snake (Pseudechisawtrulis) Narrow Banded Snake (Rhlnc hoelapsfasc io latus) Whip Snake (Dem ansia psammop his ret iculota) Gwadar (Pseudonaja nuchalis) Ramphotrp hlops bi t ube rculata Fry's Skink X (Egernia pu lch tu pulc hra) Ctenotus cater ifer X x crey's Skink x X (Menetia greyii) Mourning Skink (Egernia luctuosa) SlipperySkink X (Lefista microtis microtis) Sphenomo rp hus australe Marbled Gecko (Phy llodnct ! lus marmorat us) Scale-footedLizard (Pygopus lepidopodus) Pretty Worm Lizard (Aprusia pulchella) Bobtail (Tiliqua rugosa) smith's Skink (Egemia napoleonis) King's Skink (Egenia kingii) RedleggedSkink (Ctenotus labillardieri) Burrowing Skink il (Hemieryis perc ni i perc nii)

New Holland Skink Il (Leio I opisma trili neatu m ) Bungarra (Vatu us gouldii) Salmon-belli€dSkink (Egemia nitida) Hemiergis init ialis i nit iaI is Morcthia obscuru X x Lerista dktinguenda X X FestoonedGecko X (Dip lodactyhts vitt atus)

107 r

Faunal Faunal Faunal Faunal SPECIES Zone Zone Zone Zone ITIIIU Fraser's Scale-footed Lizard (Delma fraseri) Onate Dragon (amphibolurus o atus) SandhillSkink (Mo ret hia Iineocellata) Wood Skink X (Crypto blepharus p lagiocephalus) Ctenotus fallens X Ctenotus gemmula Ctenotus lesueufti Le sta praepedita Beautiful Gecko (Diplodacty lus pu lcher) Common SnakeLizard (Lialk burtonii) Western Jew Lizard (A mp hibo lurus barbatus mino r) Mountain D€vil (Moloch hor dus) SandhillDragon (Moret hia lineocellata) Blue Tongue XX (Tiliqua occipitalb) Soft Spinedcecko (D iplodac t, hrs spinigerus) IIemieryis perc nii quadfi Ii neata X Netted Dragon (A mp hibo lurus rct iculatus) cunther's Skink (Tiliqua brcnchialis) SlenderSnake Lizard (Pletholat grucilis) Dtella (Peropus variegotus varie gatus ) Black Goanna (Yarunus tristk) Large Spiny-tailedSkink (Egemia stokesii) White's Skink (Egemia v'hitii) KeeledSkink (Spheno morp hus monot rcp is) Metallic skink (Leio lepis ma metallicum) Long-neckedTortoise (Chelodina oblonga) Short-neckedTortoise (Pseudemldura uft bI ina)

APPENDIX V(D) (Amphibians)

Geoctinia lutea X Ranide I la sub insign ife ru Melacrinia nicholli X Helioporus inomatus X Pseudophyme guenthefi X x Cfinia leai + 108 'iF F

Faunal Faunal Fa nal Fau al SPECIES ; zo e Zone Zone Zone IIIIIV SlenderTree Frog (Hfla adelaidensis) Green and Gold Tree Frog (HJla mooreei) Western Banjo Frog (L im n odynas t es do rsoI k) Moaning Frog (Heleioporus eJrei) Crinia georyiana Cri ia g[auertia Crinia insiEni.fera X Cfi nia pseudinsignifera X Heleioporus psam mop hilus x X Neobat rachus pelobato ides x Heleiopo rus aI b opunctatus He leiopo rus bar! cragus Mtobatrachus gouldii

APPENDIX V(E) (FreshwatcrFish)

PouchedLamprey (Geotriaaustrutis) Mud Minnow (Galaxiella undo) SalamanderFish (Lepidogalaxias salama nd ro ides) MangroveMullet (Mucil cephalus) Black-StripedMinnow (Ga loxie lla n igrcs t r iat us) Brown Trout* (Solmo trutta) Rainbow Tiout* (Solmo gairdnefi) Redfin Perch* (Perca flu|iatilb) WesternMinnow (Galaxias occide nt aI is) Nightfish X (Bostockia porosa) WesternPygmy Perch (Edelia vittata) Mosquito Fish* (Gambusia affiais) Balston'sPygmy Perch (Nan atherina balstoni) Swan River Goby (Pseudoqobiusolorum) Swan River Hardyhead (A t her i noso ma edele ns is) cary* (Carussiuscarassius) FreshwaterCobbler (Tandanus bostocki)

109