<<

Geoturystyka 1 (20) 2010: 51-63

Atrakcje geoturystyczne grupy wulkanów Kluczewskiej Sopki, 3yáQRFQD.DPF]DWND5RVMD Geotouristic attractions of the Klyuchevskoy group volcanoes, North Kamchatka,

0DUHNàRG]LĔVNL

AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, Department of General Geology, Environmental Protection and Geotourist Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland e-mail: [email protected]

:VWĊS

Morze Czukockie .DPF]DWNDMHVWSyáZ\VSHPRQLHGRFHQLRQ\FKLQLHZ\NR - U]\VWDQ\FKZDORUDFKJHRWXU\VW\F]Q\FK3RWHQFMDáJHRWXU\ - Stany Rosja Zjednoczone VW\F]Q\WHJRREV]DUXMHVWRJURPQ\]HZ]JOĊGXQDWR ĪH .DPF]DWNDZFKRG]LZVNáDGW]ZÄRNRáRSDF\¿F]QHJRSLHU - Alaska Kanada ĞFLHQLDRJQLD´F]\OLSLHUĞFLHQLDZRNyá3DF\¿NX]GXĪąLORĞFLą F]\QQ\FKZXONDQyZ QD.DPF]DWFHMHVWZXONDQyZ FR Morze a ĞFLĞOH]ZLą]DQHMHVW]MHMJHRWHNWRQLF]Q\PSRáRĪHQLHPQD k Beringa t a JUDQLF\Sá\WOLWRVIHU\F]Q\FKSDF\¿F]QHMLPLNURSá\W\RFKRF - z c n y m j kiej (Turner et al .RQVWDQWLQRYVNDLD*DHGLFNH a k o K p o O c e a n S et al *RORQND et al .R]KXULQ.R]KXULQ et al 3RUWQ\DJLQ et al   )LJ 3RZV]HFKQLH ]ZDQDWHĪMHVWÄNUDLQąRJQLDLORGX´LVWąGZ\QLNDMHMQLH]Z\ - 7UHĞü $UW\NXáSU]HGVWDZLDZDORU\JHRWXU\VW\F]QHJUXS\ZXONDQyZ NáRĞüMDNRRELHNWXJHRWXU\VW\F]QHJRJG\ĪRGVáDQLDZ\MąW - .OXF]HZVNLHM6RSNLQD3yáQRFQHM.DPF]DWFH3RND]DQH]RVWDáR NRZRGREU]H]DFKRZDQHUyĪQRURGQHIRUP\L]MDZLVNDZXO - SRáRĪHQLHSyáZ\VSX.DPF]DFNLHJRQDWOHDNWXDOQ\FKJUDQLFSá\W NDQLF]QHRUD]IRUP\DNXPXODFMLLHUR]MLORGRZFRZHM OLWRVIHU\F]Q\FKRUD]Z\MDĞQLRQRJHQH]ĊLEXGRZĊW]Z.RUMDFNR :DUWRSRGNUHĞOLüĪHZUD]]DUFKLSHODJLHPZ\VS.XU\O - - .DPF]DFNLHJRSDVDZXONDQLF]QHJR*HRWHNWRQLF]QHSRáRĪHQLH.DP VNLFKMHVWWRQDMEDUG]LHMDNW\ZQ\SRáRĪRQ\QDOąG]LHIUDJPHQW F]DWNLZVWUH¿HÄRNRáRSDF\¿F]QHJRSLHUĞFLHQLDRJQLD´XPRĪOLZLD ÄRNRáRSDF\¿F]QHJRSLHUĞFLHQLDRJQLD´ZNWyU\PQDVWRVXQ - ]DSR]QDQLHVLĊQDW\PREV]DU]H]SU]HMDZDPLZVSyáF]HVQHJRZXO - NDQL]PX ZXONDQ\WDUF]RZHVWUDWRZXONDQ\NRSXá\HNVWUX]\ZQH NRZRQLHZLHONLPREV]DU]HJUXSXMHVLĊDNW\ZQ\FKZXOND - NDOGHU\SRNU\Z\LJQLPEU\WRZHSRWRNLEáRWQH ODKDU\ HNVKDODFMH QyZWMZV]\VWNLFK]QDQ\FKQD=LHPL )HGRWRY0DVX - JD]yZLSDUF]\Z\NZLW\VLDUNRZH 2ERNG]LDáDOQRĞFLZXONDQLF]QHM UHQNRY :\U]XFDQ\SU]H]QLHPDWHULDáVNDOQ\ZFLąJX RQLH]Z\NáHMDWUDNF\MQRĞFLJHRWXU\VW\F]QHMWHJRREV]DUXĞZLDGF]\ URNXZ\QRVLRNRáRPOQWRQFRVWDQRZLREMĊWR - WHĪXUR]PDLFRQDU]HĨEDJyUVNDPRGHORZDQDSU]H]ORGRZFHJyUVNLH ĞFL]HZV]\VWNLFKOąGRZ\FKZXONDQyZQD=LHPL *XVKFKHQ- SURFHV\ZLHWU]HQQHLHUR]MĊU]HF]Qą NR .DPF]DWND]DMPXMHMHG\QLHGáXJRĞFLÄSLHU - 6áRZDNOXF]RZH .DPF]DWNDZXONDQ\.O\F]HZVNL3áDVNL ĞFLHQLDRJQLD´DQDMHMREV]DU]HZ\VWĊSXMHF]\QQ\FK - .DPLHĔ%H]LPLHQQ\=LPLQD:LHOND8GLQD7RáEDF]LNVWUDWR ZXONDQyZ ]HZV]\VWNLFKF]\QQ\FKZW\PSLHUĞFLHQLX  ZXONDQ\NRSXá\HNVWUX]\ZQH )HGRWRY0DVXUHQNRY  $EVWUDFW 7KHSDSHUGHVFULEHVWKHJHRWRXULVWLFYDORXUVRIWKH .DPF]DWNDZUD]]&]XNRWNąVWDQRZLQDMEDUG]LHMQD Klyuchevskaya group of volcanoes in the Northern Kamchatka. ZVFKyGZ\VXQLĊWąF]ĊĞüNRQW\QHQWXD]MDW\FNLHJR )LJ = 7KHUHODWLRQVKLSVDUHSUHVHQWHGEHWZHHQWKH.DPFKDWND DQG MHGQHMVWURQ\QLHWDNGDOHNR NLONDQDĞFLHJRG]LQORWX]SU]H - WKHUHFHQWERXQGDULHVRIFUXVWDOSODWHVWKHQWKHJHQHVLVDQGWKH VLDGNąZ0RVNZLH DOHGODSRGUyĪQLNDQLHFRGDOHM JRG]LQ VWUXFWXUHDUHH[SODLQHGRIWKH.RU\DN.DPFKDWNDYROFDQLFEHOW MD]G\NROHMąWUDQVV\EHU\MVNą]'ZRUFD-DURVáDZVNLHJR Z The geotectonic position of Kamchatka as a part of the “Circum- 0RVNZLHGR:áDG\ZRVWRNXDQDVWĊSQLHRNRáRJRG]LQ SDFL¿F5LQJRI)LUH´HQDEOHVXVWRUHFRJQL]HWKHPDQLIHVWDWLRQV VWDWNLHPSU]H]PRU]H-DSRĔVNLHLFLHĞQLQĊ/D3HURXVHCDGR of the recent volcanism (shield volcanoes, stratovolcanoes, lava 3LHWURSDZáRZVND.DPF]DFNLHJR 7HQGUXJLZDULDQWMHVW GRPHVFDOGHUDVLJQLPEULWHVODKDUVJDVDQGYDSRXUH[KDODWLRQV DWUDNFMąJHRWXU\VW\F]QąVDPąZVRELHJG\ĪNROHMWUDQVV\EH - QDWLYHVXOSKXUHQFUXVWDWLRQV $SDUWIURPYROFDQLFDFWLYLW\WKH exceptional tourist value of the Northern Kamchatka is the high- U\MVNDSU]HFLQDUyĪQHVWUXNWXU\LMHGQRVWNLJHRORJLF]QH PRXQWDLQUHOLHIVKDSHGE\JODFLHUVZHDWKHULQJDQGULYHUHURVLRQ ZFKRG]ąFHJRZVNáDGSá\W\HXUD]MDW\FNLHM .H\ZRUGV Kamchatka; volcanoes: Klyuchevskoy, Krestovsky, 3yáZ\VHS.DPF]DFNLVNáDGDVLĊ]QDSU]HPLDQOHJá\FK 8VKNRYVN\.DPHQ%H]\PLDQQ\=LPLQD%ROVKD\D8GLQD REV]DUyZREQLĪRQ\FKLPRUIRORJLF]QLHZ\QLHVLRQ\FK6ąWR 7ROEDFKLNVWUDWRYROFDQRHVVKLHOGYROFDQRHVH[WUXVLYHGRPHV NROHMQRRG]DFKRGX1L]LQD=DFKRGQLRNDPF]DFND*yU\ ODYDÀRZV .DPF]DFNLH *U]ELHWĝURGNRZ\ 1L]LQDĝURGNRZRNDPF]DF -

51 $WUDNFMHJHRWXU\VW\F]QHJUXS\ZXONDQyZ.OXF]HZVNLHM6RSNL

%XGRZDJHRORJLF]QDREV]DUX A LJHQH]D.RUMDFNR.DPF]DFNLHJR B pasa wulkanicznego 50 km :\VRNDDNW\ZQRĞüZXONDQyZNDPF]DFNLFKRUD]EXGRZD JHRORJLF]QDSyáZ\VSXĞFLĞOH]ZLą]DQHVą]SRáRĪHQLHPJHR - WHNWRQLF]Q\PQDJUDQLF\Sá\W\SDF\¿F]QHMLPLNURSá\W\ RFKRFNLHM )LJL ĝZLDGHFWZHPWHMJUDQLF\QD.DPF]DW - FHQDSRZLHU]FKQL=LHPLMHVWW]Z.RUMDFNR.DPF]DFNLSDV ZXONDQLF]Q\RUD]áDĔFXFKZXONDQLF]Q\Z\VS.XU\OVNLFKD SRGSRZLHU]FKQLąRFHDQXZ\UDĨQLH]D]QDF]DMąFHVLĊZPRU - IRORJLLGQDRFHDQLF]QHJRURZ\WHNWRQLF]QHNXU\OVNLLNDP - F]DFNLGRFKRG]ąFHGRJáĊERNRĞFLNP )LJ =URZDPL W\PL]ZLą]DQDMHVWVWUHIDRJQLVNWU]ĊVLHĔ=LHPLQDFK\ORQDQD ]DFKyGSRGNąWHP]ZDQDVWUHIą%HQLRIIDDUR]SR]QD- QDGRJáĊERNRĞFLNP:PLHMVFXNROL]MLREXSá\WZ 1 2 3 4 VWUH¿H%HQLRIIDQRWRZDQHVąOLF]QHRJQLVNDWU]ĊVLHĔ=LHPL 5 6 10 9 7 SU]\F]\PJáĊERNRĞüLFKKLSRFHQWUXPREQLĪDVLĊ]HZVFKRGX 8 Eastern RGNLONXNLORPHWUyZ QD]DFKyG GRNP SRGSyá - - Central Range Z\VSHP.DPF]DFNLP]JRGQLH]NLHUXQNLHPUXFKXVXEGXNR ZDQHMSá\W\SDF\¿F]QHM )LJ ĝUHGQLHWHPSRUXFKXSá\W\ SDF\¿F]QHMZW\PUHMRQLHZ\QRVLFPURN =RQHQVKDLQ et al  

Range ,VWQLHMąZ\UDĨQHIDNW\JHRORJLF]QHĞZLDGF]ąFHRW\PĪH ZSU]HV]áRĞFLQDREV]DU]HSyáQRFQRZVFKRGQLHM$]ML]QDMGR - ZDáRVLĊNLONDVWUHIVXEGXNFML =RQHQVKDLQ et al 7XUQHU et al .RQVWDQWLQRYVNDLD*DHGLFNH et al 

OKHOTSK PLATE

KOMANDORSKY PLATE

Klyuchevskoy

Aleutian Trench

)LJ0DSDSRáRĪHQLDJUXS\ZXONDQyZ.OXF]HZVNLHM6RSNLQD .DPF]DWFH3XQNWDPLR]QDF]RQRRELHNW\JHRWXU\VW\F]QHRSLV\ - ZDQHZWHNĞFLH±ZXONDQ.UHVWRZVNL±ZXONDQ8V]NRZVNL ±ZXONDQ.OXF]HZVNL±ZXONDQ.DPLHĔ±ZXONDQ%H]L - 500 PACIFIC PLHQQ\±ZXONDQ2ZDOQD=LPLQD±ZXONDQ2VWUD=LPLQD PLATE ±ZXONDQ:LHOND8GLQD±3áDVNL7RáEDF]LN±ZXONDQ2VWU\ 400 7RáEDF]LN$±QHRJHĔVNLHZXONDQLW\LZXONDQRVHG\PHQW\%± Kuril-Kamchatka Trench F]ZDUWRU]ĊGRZHZXONDQLW\ QDSRGVWDZLH)HGRWRY0DVXUHQNRY 50o N 300 ]PLHQLRQH ‡0DSRIWKH.O\XFKHYVND\D6RSNDLQ.DPFKDWND 100 km o 180 80 60 40 165 S 3RLQWVPDUNWKHYROFDQRHVGHVFULEHGLQWKHWH[W±.UHVWRYVN\ 140 100 ±8VKNRYVN\±.O\XFKHYVN\±.DPHQ±%H]\P\DQQ\L )LJ3RáRĪHQLH.DPF]DWNLQDWOHJáyZQ\FKMHGQRVWHNJHRWHNWR - ±2YDOQD\D=LPLQD±2VWUD\D=LPLQD±%ROVKD\D8GLQD± QLF]Q\FK QDSRGVWDZLH)HGRWRY0DVXUHQNRY*RUEDWRY et 3ORVN\7ROEDFKLN±2VWU\L7ROEDFKLN$±1HRJHQHYROFDQLFVDQG al 3RUWQ\DJLQ et al ]PLHQLRQH &LHQNLHFLąJáHOLQLH YROFDQRFODVWLFV%±4XDWHUQDU\YROFDQRHV PRGL¿HGDIWHU)HGRWRY ZVND]XMąJáĊERNRĞü]DQXU]RQHMSá\W\SDF\¿F]QHMZNP‡/RFDOL]D - 0DVXUHQNRY  WLRQRI.DPFKDWNDUHIHUUHGWRWKHPDLQJHRWHFWRQLFXQLWV PRGL¿HG DIWHU)HGRWRY0DVXUHQNRY*RUEDWRY et al 3RUWQ\DJLQ ND ]ZDQDWHĪGHSUHVMąĝURGNRZRNDPF]DFNą *U]ELHW et al  7KLQVROLGOLQHVDUHLVREDWKVWRWKHVXEGXFWHG3DFL¿F :VFKRGQLVWURPRVFKRG]ąF\ZNLHUXQNX3DF\¿NX plate (in km)

52

$WUDNFMHJHRWXU\VW\F]QHJUXS\ZXONDQyZ.OXF]HZVNLHM6RSNL

Range Range OKHOTSK MICROPLATE PACIFIC NW

Central SE KK Eastern OC IVN VT GS KM KVA AVA KRA 0 km 0 km OKM SM

100 100

200 200 0 100 km

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 )LJ3U]HNUyMJHRORJLF]Q\SU]H]ĞURGNRZą.DPF]DWNĊ QDSRGVWDZLH.RQVWDQWLQRYVNDLDXSURV]F]RQH 3DV\ZXONDQLF]QRSOX - WRQLF]QHW\SXDQG\MVNLHJR2&±2FKRFNR&]XNRFNL..±.RUMDFNR.DPF]DFNL.0±.RQL0XUJDO±WHUUDQ\Z\VSRZH.ZDFKRQD .9$ $F]DMZDMDP:DODJLQVNL $9$ .URQRFNL .5$ ±ZDUVWZDJyUQHJRSáDV]F]D±VNRUXSDRFHDQLF]QD±VNRUXSDVXENRQ - W\QHQWDOQD±VNDá\SU\]P\DNUHF\MQHM±PLNURNRQW\QHQW2FKRFNL 2.0 ±PLNURNRQW\QHQW*U]ELHWXĝURGNRZHJR 60 ,91± SáDV]F]RZLQD,UXQHM:DWXQD97±QDVXQLĊFLH:HWORZND*6±V]HZNROL]\MQ\*UHF]LV]NLQ‡*HRORJLFDOFURVVVHFWLRQWKURXJKWKH&HQWUDO .DPFKDWND VLPSOL¿HGDIWHU.RQVWDQWLQRYVNDLD $QGHDQW\SHPDJPDWLFEHOWV2&±2NKRWVN&KXNRWVN\..±.RU\DN.DPFKDWND .0±.RQL0XUJDO±LVODQGWHUUDQHV.YDNKRQD .9$ $FKDLYD\DP9DODJLQVND\D $9$ .URQRWVND\D .5$ ±XSSHUPDQWOH ±RFHDQLFFUXVW±FRQWLQHQWDOFUXVW±DFFUHWLRQDOSULVP±2NKRWVNPLFURFRQWLQHQW 2.0 ±&HQWUDO5LGJHPLFURFRQWLQHQW 60 ,91±,UXQH\9DWXQDQDSSH97±9HWORYNDRYHUWKUXVW*6±*UHFKLVKNLQVXWXUH

Konstantinovskaia, 2001, Golonka et al .R]KXULQ Z]GáXĪ.XU\OVNR.DPF]DFNLHJRURZXNWyUHJRSRF]ąWNL .R]KXULQ et al 3RUWQ\DJLQ et al  ]ZLą - GDWRZDQHVąQDROLJRFHQ 0D  )LJL 3DVMHVWGHIRU - ]DQ\FKPLQ]NROL]MDPLEORNX.Rá\PVNR2FKRFNLHJRF]\ PRZDQ\ZNLONXHSL]RGDFKJyURWZyUF]\FKRGĞURGNRZHM Sá\W\&]XNRWNL =RQHQVKDLQ et al *RORQND et al   NUHG\DĪGRFKZLOLREHFQHM-HVWVWUXNWXUąDNUHF\MQąEĊGąFą )LJL ,FKĞODGHPVąREHFQLHUR]SR]QDZDQHZWHUHQLH DJORPHUDWHPOLF]Q\FKERDĪHJ]RW\F]Q\FKPLNURWHUUDQyZ SDV\ZXONDQLF]QRSOXWRQLF]QHQS2FKRFNR&]XNRFNL 2&  :EXGRZLHSDVDPRĪQDZ\UyĪQLüNRPSOHNV\VWUXNWX - .RUMDFNR.DPF]DFNL .. F]\.RQL0XUJDO .0 RUD] UDOQROLWRORJLF]QHNWyU\FKZLHNPDOHMH]]DFKRGXQDZVFKyG V]HUHJ]DPDOJDPRZDQ\FKPLNURWHUUDQyZMDNQS*U]ELHWX 6WDYVN\ et al YLGH=RQHQVKDLQ et al  6ąWR NRP - ĝURGNRZHJR 60 .URQRFNL .5$ .DPF]DFNL0\VDOH SOHNVZXONDQLF]Q\ GDZQDNUDZĊGĨNRQW\QHQWDOQDSDVD WHĪWHUUDQ\NWyUHQLHVąMHV]F]HGRáąF]RQHMDNQS WHUUDQ ZXONDQLF]QHJR  NRPSOHNVÀLV]RZ\LWXIRZRNODVW\F]Q\ .DUDJLĔVNL GDZQ\EDVHQSU]HGáXNRZ\ L WHUUDQ\RWRF]RQHNRPSOHNVHP :HZF]HVQHMNUHG]LHSá\WD&]XNRWNLNROLGRZDáD]WHUUDQHP ÀLV]RZ\PLPHODQĪHPVHUSHQW\QLWRZ\P SU\]P\DNUHF\MQH  :LHUFKRMDĔVNLP EORN.Rá\PVNR2FKRFNL EĊGąF\PF]ĊĞFLą 1DMVWDUV]\PLIUDJPHQWDPL3DVD.DPF]DFNLHJRVą*U]ELHW 6\EHULL2GDOEXDĪGRSyĨQHMNUHG\ĞODGHPDNW\ZQHMNUD - ĝURGNRZ\LPDV\Z*HQDO]EXGRZDQH]PHWDPRU¿F]Q\FK ZĊG]LQDSyáQRFQRZVFKRGQLPNUDĔFXSá\W\HXUD]MDW\FNLHM áXSNyZLJQHMVyZRQLHSHZQ\PZLHNX0D .X]PLQL MHVW2FKRFNR&]XNRFNLSDVZXONDQLF]QRSOXWRQLF]Q\ 3DU - &KHNKRQLQ  fenov et al %RFKDURYD et al  :NLHUXQNXWHM ']LDáDOQRĞüZXONDQLF]QDQD.DPF]DWFHUR]SRF]ĊáDVLĊZ DNW\ZQHMVWUHI\RGZVFKRGXSU]HPLHV]F]Dá\VLĊQLHZLHONLH NUHG]LHDMHMQDVLOHQLHSU]\SDGDQDJyUQ\SOLRFHQLWUZDGR WHUUDQ\LáXNLZ\VSRZHMDNPLQ.RQL0XUJDO.RUMDN&KD- GQLDG]LVLHMV]HJR.ODV\F]Q\PSU]\NáDGHPZVSyáF]HVQHJR W\UNDNWyUHNROLGRZDá\LSU]\UDVWDá\GRSá\W\HXUD]MDW\FNLHM ZXONDQL]PXMHVW*U]ELHW:VFKRGQLZUD]]PDV\ZHPZXO - DQDVWĊSQLHSá\W\RFHDQLF]QH,]DQDJLL.XOD =RQHQVKDLQ et NDQLF]Q\PJUXS\.OXF]HZVNLHMZNWyU\PGRPLQXMHZXOND - al 'LGHQNR et al /HYDVKRYD et al  : QL]PDQGH]\WRZ\ )LJ  NLHUXQNXEDUG]LHMSRáXGQLRZ\PEORN6LFKRWH$OLQXUyZQLHĪ *U]ELHW:VFKRGQLUR]FLąJDVLĊZ]GáXĪZVFKRGQLHJRZ\ - SU]HPLHV]F]DáVLĊZVWURQĊSá\W\HXUD]MDW\FNLHM:SyĨQHM EU]HĪDSyáZ\VSXQDGáXJRĞFLNPLPDV]HURNRĞüPLĊG]\ NUHG]LHLSDOHRFHQLH]DF]ĊáDUR]ZLMDüVLĊVWUHIDVXEGXNFML DNP:XONDQLW\F]ZDUWRU]ĊGRZH]DMPXMąSRZLHU]FK - Z]GáXĪ.RUMDFNR.DPF]DFNLHJRSDVDZXONDQLF]QHJR QLĊFRQDMPQLHMW\VNP 2DLFKREMĊWRĞüVWDQRZLW\V 3DV.RUMDFNR.DPF]DFNLREHMPXMHVWUXNWXU\OHĪąFHSR - km 3 )HGRWRY0DVXUHQNRY 3RGZ]JOĊGHPFKHPLF] - PLĊG]\SDVHP2FKRFNR&]XNRFNLPD3DF\ILNLHP3DV Q\PVąWRVNDá\PDJPRZHZ\OHZQHRVNáDG]LHRERMĊWQ\P .DPF]DFNLSRZVWDáZZ\QLNXVXEGXNFMLSá\W\SDF\¿F]QHM ED]DOW\DQGH]\W\ LNZDĞQ\P GDF\W\LULROLW\ 

53 $WUDNFMHJHRWXU\VW\F]QHJUXS\ZXONDQyZ.OXF]HZVNLHM6RSNL

Opisy wulkanów

*UXSDZXONDQyZ.OXF]HZVNLHM6RSNL]ZDQDWHĪPDV\ - ZHP.OXF]HZVNLHMZFKRG]LZVNáDGZXONDQLF]QHJRSDVPD ±*U]ELHWX:VFKRGQLHJR )LJL =QDMGXMHVLĊQDSUDZ\P EU]HJXU]HNL.DPF]DWNLLZ]QRVLVLĊRGZ\VRNRĞFLNLONXG]LH - VLĊFLXPQSPDĪGRZ\VRNRĞFLPQSP.OXF]HZVND 6RSNDMHVWQDMZ\ĪV]\PF]\QQ\PZXONDQHP(XUD]ML0DV\Z ZXONDQLF]Q\RG:L1MHVWZ\UDĨQLHREFLĊW\SU]H]U]HNĊ .DPF]DWNĊ )LJ DRG(L6SU]H]MHMGRSá\Z\RGSRZLHG - QLR:LHONą&KDSLFĊL7RáEDF]LNG]LĊNLF]HPXZ\UDĨQLH JyUXMHQDGQL]LQą -HVWWRZ\PDJDMąF\RELHNWJHRWXU\VW\F]Q\ àRG]LĔVNL  JG\ĪSU]HMĞFLHFDáHJRPDV\ZX]1]PLHMVFRZRĞFL .OXF]HQD6LQDVWĊSQLHQD:GR.R]\ULHZVND QD]ZDSRFKR - )LJ3U]HSUDZDSURPRZDQDU]HF]H.DPF]DWNDQDJáyZQHMGURG]H G]LRGQD]ZLVNDSROVNLHJR]HVáDĔFD  .XF]\ĔVNL  SyáZ\VSX.DPF]DFNLHJRPLĊG]\$WODVRZHPD.R]\ULHZVNLHP ]DMPXMHSU]\QDMPQLHMNLONDGQL:PDV\ZLHEUDNMHVWMDNLHM - IRW0àRG]LĔVNL‡)HUU\RQWKH.DPFKDWND5LYHUWKHPDLQURDG RIWKH.DPFKDWND3HQLQVXODEHWZHHQ$WODVRYDQG.R]\U\HYVN NROZLHNED]\WXU\VW\F]QHM*HQHUDOQLHZV]\VWNLHZXONDQ\Z SKRW0àRG]LĔVNL

156o 160 o 164 o E JUXSLH.OXF]HZVNLHMVąRVLąJDOQHZSRU]HOHWQLHMGODWXU\VW\ 60o N ]GREUąNRQG\FMąZ\PDJDQDMHVWXPLHMĊWQRĞüFKRG]HQLDZ Northeast UDNDFK OLF]QHORGRZFHLV]F]HOLQ\ RUD]DNOLPDW\]DFMD Asia /RGRZFH]QDMGXMąVLĊQDZXONDQDFK.UHVWRZVNLP .UH - VWRYVN\  )LJ 8V]NRZVNLP 8VKNRYVN\ .DPLHĔ .D - 56o N PHQ 2ZDOQDMD=LPLQD 2YDOQD\D=LPLQD L2VWU\7RáEDF]LN Kamchatka 2VWU\7ROEDFKLN RUD]QDMZLĊNV]HXSRGQyĪDZXONDQX.OX - Klyuchevskoy F]HZVND6RSND .O\XFKHYVNR\ ±RG1:MHVWWRORGRZLHF group of volcanoes 52o N (UPDQDLĝURGNRZ\DRG6:ORGRZLHF%RJGDQRZLF]D: PDV\ZLH.OXF]HZVNLHM]QDMGXMąVLĊF]\QQHZXONDQ\.OX - 0 250 km F]HZVND .O\XFKHYVNR\ L%H]LPLHQQ\ %H]\PLDQQ\ RUD] GXĪ\FKQLHF]\QQ\FK.UHVWRZVNL .UHVWRYVN\ 8V]NRZVNL 8VKNRYVN\ .DPLHĔ .DPHQ 2ZDOQDMD=LPLQD 2YDOQD\D =LPLQD 2VWUDMD=LPLQD 2VWUD\D=LPLQD %ROV]DMD8GLQD %ROVKD\D8GLQD 3áDVNL7RáEDF]LN 3ORVN\7ROEDFKLN L2VWU\ 7RáEDF]LN 2VWU\7ROEDFKLN RUD]NLONDG]LHVLąWPQLHMV]\FK )LJ 

4 WULKAN KLUCZEWSKI 6 .OXFKHYVNR\.OXF]HZVNDMD6RSND  PQSP 5 ]PLHQQDZ\VRNRĞüSRNDĪGHMHUXSFML 7 =QDMGXMHVLĊQD1:RGZXONDQX.DPLHĔLQD6(RGZXO - 19 13-15 NDQX8V]NRZVNLHJR ƒC1ƒC1ƒ C(ƒ C(  20 18 8 16 3RZVWDáRNRáRW\VLĊF\ODWWHPX-HVWWRV\PHWU\F]Q\Z 12 9 SU]HNURMXVWUDWRZXONDQRQDFK\OHQLX]ERF]\GRƒZ JyUQ\FKSDUWLDFKGRƒRĞUHGQLF\NPSU]\SRGVWDZLH 21 17 10 Z\U]XFDMąF\QDSU]HPLDQSURGXNW\HNVSOR]\ZQHLHIX]\ZQH 11 *XVKFKHQNR  )HGRWRY 0DVXUHQNRY   )LJ   1DOHĪ\GRQDMEDUG]LHMDNW\ZQ\FKZXONDQyZQD.DPF]DWFH Z\U]XFDMąFĞUHGQLRZVNDOLURNXPOQWRQSURGXNWyZSL- URNODVW\F]Q\FKLODZ2GMHJRSRZVWDQLDQLHPDGRZRGyZQD RNUHV\]DQLNXDNW\ZQRĞFL(UXSFMHRGE\ZDMąVLĊ]NUDWHUX FHQWUDOQHJRL]OLF]Q\FKVWRĪNyZSDVRĪ\WQLF]\FKLV]F]HOLQ 10 km QD1(L6(]ERF]XJáyZQHJRVWRĪND QSZODWDFK  )LJ7UDVDZ\SUDZ\ZUHMRQJUXS\ZXONDQyZ.OXF]HZVNLHM6RSNL  %U]HJLNUDWHUX]EXGRZDQHVą]HVNDáED]DOWRZ\FK ]]D]QDF]RQ\PLJHRVWDQRZLVNDPL1XPHUDFMDQDPDSLH]JRGQDMHVW DQGH]\WRZ\FKLSRSLRáyZSLURNODVW\F]Q\FKRSU]HUyĪQ\FK ]SRGSLVDPLSRGIRWRJUD¿DPL‡0DSRIWKHWULSWRWKH.O\XFKHYVND\D EDUZDFK6ąWRED]DOW\LDQGH]\WRED]DOW\ERJDWHZ0J2 6RSNDYROFDQRHVZLWKJHRVLWHV1XPEHUVRQWKHPDSFRUUHVSRQGWR Al 223.UDWHUZ\JOąGDMDNSU]HFLĊW\WRUW]ZDUVWZDPLZ H[SODQDWLRQVRISKRWRJUDSKV NRORU]HF]HUZLHQLEUą]XLF]HUQL:RNyáV]F]HOLQ]NWyU\FK

54 $WUDNFMHJHRWXU\VW\F]QHJUXS\ZXONDQyZ.OXF]HZVNLHM6RSNL

)LJ:LGRNQDZXONDQ\.OXF]HZVNL PQSP  SROHZHM L.UHVWRZVNL PQSP  SRSUDZHM RG1IRW0àRG]LĔVNL ‡9ROFDQRHV.O\XFKHYVN\ PDVO  OHIW DQG.UHVWRYVN\ PDVO  ULJKW YLHZHGIURPWKHQRUWKSKRW0àRG]LĔVNL

Z\GRE\ZDVLĊVLDUNRZRGyUNU\VWDOL]XMHVLDUNDURG]LPD =ERF]DZXONDQXUR]FLĊWHVąSU]H]HUR]\MQHEUX]G\W]ZEDU - UDQFRV1DGNUDWHUHPVWDOHXQRVLVLĊJRUąFDFKPXUDSDU\ ZRGQHMLLQQ\FKJD]yZ:LHU]FKRáHNSRNU\W\MHVWĞQLHJLHP LORGHPNWyU\WRSQLHMHW\ONRZF]DVLHSRGZ\ĪV]RQHMDNW\Z - QRĞFLZXONDQLF]QHMJyU\

:8/.$13à$6., 3ORVN\ 6NáDGDVLĊ]GZyFKVWRĪNyZ.UHVWRZVNLHJRL8V]NRZVNLH - JR *XVKFKHQNR)HGRWRY0DVXUHQNRY  Wulkan .UHVWRZVNL .UHVWRYVN\3ORVNDMD%OLĪQDMD  P QSP ]QDMGXMHVLĊQD1:RGZXONDQX.DPLHĔL.OXF]HZ - VNDRUD]QD1(RGZXONDQX8V]NRZVNLHJR ƒC1ƒC1 ƒ C(ƒ C( -HVWWRW\SRZ\VWUDWRZXONDQRVWURPR QDFK\ORQ\FK]ERF]DFKZFDáRĞFLSRNU\W\ORGRZFHPQLHDN- W\ZQ\RGF]DVyZKLVWRU\F]Q\FK )LJ  Wulkan Uszkowski 3áDVNL  8VKNRYVN\3ORVNDMD'DOQDMD  PQSP ]QDMGXMHVLĊQD1:RGZXONDQX.DPLHĔL.OXF]HZVNDRUD] QD6:RGZXONDQX.UHVWRZVNLHJR ƒC1ƒC1 ƒ C(ƒ C( 3U]\NU\W\MHVWF]DSąORGRZąNWyUDSR - NU\ZDV]HURNąQLHPDOSáDVNąNDOGHUĊRZ\PLDUDFK[ NPSRZVWDáąRNRáRODWWHPX:XONDQQLHWZRU]\NOD - V\F]QHJRVWRĪNDZXONDQLF]QHJR:NDOGHU]H]QDMGXMąVLĊGZD )LJ'\PLąF\VWRĪHNZXONDQX.OXF]HZVNLHJR PQSP  PDáHVWRĪNLSRSLRáRZHSRNU\WHORGHP:SU]HV]áRĞFLZXONDQ RG1:]SU]HáĊF]\SRPLĊG]\ZXONDQDPL.UHVWRZVNLP P Z\U]XFDáPDWHULDáSLURNODVW\F]Q\ZVSRVyEHNVSOR]\ZQ\D QSP DĝUHGQLą PQSP IRW0àRG]LĔVNL‡7KHVWHDPLQJ ]NUDWHUXZ\GRVWDZDáDVLĊODZDQS]KLVWRU\F]QHJRVWRĪND .O\XFKHYVN\YROFDQR PDVO VHHQIURPWKHQRUWKZHVWIURP ±/DZRZHJR6]F]\WX2VWDWQLDHUXSFMDPLDáDPLHMVFHZ WKHSDVVEHWZHHQWKH.UHVWRYVN\ PDVO DQGWKH6UHGQD\D URNX3RPLĊG]\ZXONDQHP.UHVWRZVNLP8V]NRZVNLPL PDVO YROFDQRHVSKRW0àRG]LĔVNL

55 $WUDNFMHJHRWXU\VW\F]QHJUXS\ZXONDQyZ.OXF]HZVNLHM6RSNL

)LJ:LGRNQDZXONDQ\.UHVWRZVNL PQSP ±SRSUDZHM L8V]NRZVNL PQSP ±SROHZHMRG6(]SU]HáĊF]\.DPLHĔ .OXF]HZVND:GROHSROH¿UQRZHORGRZFD(UPDQDL%RJGDQRZLF]D IRW0àRG]LĔVNL‡7KH.UHVWRYVN\ PDVO  ULJKW DQG WKH8VKNRYVN\ PDVO  OHIW YROFDQRHVYLHZHGIURPWKH VRXWKHDVWIURPWKHSDVVEHWZHHQWKH.DPHQDQGWKH.OXFKHYVN\ YROFDQRHV%HQHDWK±WKH¿UQ¿HOGRIWKH(UPDQ%RNKGDQRZLFK JODFLHUSKRW0àRG]LĔVNL )LJ)UDJPHQWUR]HUZDQHMNDOGHU\ZXONDQX.UHVWRZVNLHJR  PQSP ZLGRF]Q\RG(Z\SHáQLRQHMORGRZFHPIRW0àRG]LĔVNL =QDMGXMHVLĊQD6:RG.OXF]HZVNLHM6RSNLLQD6RGZXO - ‡$IUDJPHQWRIGLVUXSWHGFDOGHUDRIWKH.UHVWRYVN\YROFDQR  C C PDVO ¿OOHGZLWKJODFLHUYLHZIURPWKHHDVWSKRW0àRG]LĔVNL NDQX.DPLHĔ ƒC1ƒC1ƒ (ƒ (  )LJ  -HVWW\SRZ\PVWUDWRZXONDQHPSRZVWDá\PRNRáRODW WHPXQDNRSXOHODZRZHMSyĨQRSOHMVWRFHĔVNLHJRZXONDQX GDWRZDQHJRQDODW *XVKFKHQNR)HGRWRY 0DVXUHQNRY =ORNDOL]RZDQ\MHVWQDXVNRNXRUR]FLą- JáRĞFL1(6:-HJRDNW\ZQRĞüFHFKXMąJZDáWRZQHHNVSOR]MH SRáąF]RQH]SRZVWDZDQLHPNDOGHULRNUHVDPLVSRNRMXWUZD - MąF\PLW\VLąFODW 9ORGDYHW]3LLS%RJR\DYOHQVND\D 7RUOH\6LPNLQ6LHEHUW  QSZODWDFK  :F]DVLHQDMEDUG]LHMJZDáWRZQHMHUXSFMLZODWDFK QDVWąSLáRZáDĞQLHWDNLH]DSDGQLĊFLHVLĊVWRĪND ZXONDQLF]QHJRSRZVWDQLHNDOGHU\RĞUHGQLF\[NPD ZMHMZQĊWU]XSR6(VWURQLHSRZVWDáDNRSXáDHNVWUX]\ZQD ]EXGRZDQD]NZDĞQ\FKZXONDQLWyZNWyUDE\áDZ\SLĊWU]DQD GRJyU\DQDVWĊSQLH]RVWDáDUR]HUZDQDSU]H]NROHMQąHUXSFMĊ =NUDWHUXZ\U]XFDQ\E\áPDWHULDáSLURNODVW\F]Q\$NWXDOQLH - )LJ)RUP\DEODFMLORGRZFRZHMQDSROX¿UQRZ\PORGRZFD(UPD FLHNDZ\PRELHNWHPJHRWXU\VW\F]Q\PVąSRWRNLODZRZH]OR - QDL%RJGDQRZLF]D2VWDĔFHORGRZHSRZVWDMąZPLHMVFDFKJG]LH PDWHULDáZXONDQLF]Q\RVáDQLDOyGSU]HGSURPLHQLDPLVáRQHF]Q\PL NDOL]RZDQHZGROLQDFKU]HF]Q\FKSR(L:VWURQLHZXONDQX IRW0àRG]LĔVNL‡)RUPVRIJODFLDODEODWLRQRQWKH¿UQ¿HOGRIWKH RUD]GUREQHXáRĪRQHOLQLMQLHV]HUHJLNRSXáSRVWURQLH6L: (UPDQ%RNKGDQRZLFKJODFLHU,FHSHGHVWDOVIRUPZKHUHYROFDQLF :SU]HV]áRĞFLSURGXNWDPLHUXSFMLE\á\FLHPQHDQGH]\W\]D - URFNIUDJPHQWVSURWHFWLFHIURPLQVXODWLRQSKRW0àRG]LĔVNL VREQHZDXJLWREHFQLHMDVQHDQGH]\WRED]DOW\]DVREQH Z

KRUQEOHQGĊERJDWHZ$O 223RUD]DQGH]\W\GDF\W\LWHIUD .OXF]HZVNLP]QDMGXMHVLĊSROH¿UQRZHGODORGRZFyZ(UPD - QDL%RJGDQRZLF]D )LJL  WULKAN -HVWROEU]\PLPVWUDWRZXONDQHPRáąF]QHMREMĊWRĞFL :8/.$1.$0,(ē .DPHQ  PQSP km 3VNáDGDMąF\PVLĊ]GZyFKVWRĪNyZ2ZDOQHML2VWUHM =QDMGXMHVLĊQD6:RGZXONDQX.OXF]HZVNLHJRLQD1RG =LPLQ\ 0DUKLQLQ6WUDWXOD)HGRWRY0DVXUHQNRY ZXONDQX%H]LPLHQQHJR ƒC1ƒC1ƒ C(ƒ C(    :XONDQ2ZDOQD=LPLQD 2YDOQD\D=LPLQD   )LJ -HVWZXONDQHPQLHF]\QQ\PDMHJRV]F]\WVWDQRZL PQSP SRáRĪRQ\MHVWQD6RGZXONDQX%H]LPLHQQHJRQD IUDJPHQWUR]HUZDQHMNDOGHU\RG:1:L1SRNU\W\MHVW 1RGZXONDQX:LHOND8GLQDLQD1(RGZXONDQyZ3áDVNLH - ORGRZFHP=GRE\FLHZXONDQX.DPLHĔZ\PDJDXPLHMĊWQRĞFL JRL2VWUHJR7RáEDF]LND ƒC1ƒC1ƒ C(ƒ C(  ZVSLQDF]NLVNDáNRZHMLORGRZHMVWąGMHVWQLH]E\WF]ĊVWR )LJ -HVW]HURGRZDQ\PVWUDWRZXONDQHPRZLHNXKROR - RGZLHG]DQ\SU]H]WXU\VWyZ FHĔVNLPZ\UDĨQLHJyUXMąF\PQDGRNROLFą2G1REFLĊW\MHVW GROLQą6XFKHM&KDSLF\DRG6GROLQąU]HNL3UDZ\M7RáEDF]LN :8/.$1%(=,0,(11< %H]\PLDQQ\  P =ERF]DRG1:L1SRNU\ZDF]DSDORGRZD1D]ERF]DFK QSPR]PLHQQHMZ\VRNRĞFLSRNDĪGHMHUXSFML ZXONDQXZLGRF]QHVąOLF]QHVSá\Z\UXPRV]RZHSRZVWDáH]

56 $WUDNFMHJHRWXU\VW\F]QHJUXS\ZXONDQyZ.OXF]HZVNLHM6RSNL

)LJ:LGRNQDV]F]\W.DPLHQLD PQSP EĊGąFHJRIUDJPHQWHPUR]HUZDQHMNDOGHU\ZXONDQLF]QHMRG1:IRW0àRG]LĔVNL ‡6XPPLWRIWKH.DPHQYROFDQR PDVO IURPWKHQRUWKZHVWDIUDJPHQWRIGLVUXSWHGFDOGHUDSKRW0àRG]LĔVNL

)LJ-HGHQ]QDMEDUG]LHMDNW\ZQ\FKZXONDQyZJUXS\.OXF]HZVNLHM]EXGRZDQ\]DQGH]\WRED]DOWyZ±ZXONDQ%H]LPLHQQ\ P QSP :LGRNRG6:IRW0àRG]LĔVNL‡7KH%H]\P\DQQ\LYROFDQR PDVO VHHQIURPWKHVRXWKZHVW±RQHRIWKHPRVWDFWLYH YROFDQRHVRIWKH.O\XFKHYVN\JURXSFRPSRVHGRIDQGHVLWLFEDVDOWVSKRW0àRG]LĔVNL

 $WUDNFMHJHRWXU\VW\F]QHJUXS\ZXONDQyZ.OXF]HZVNLHM6RSNL

)LJ:LGRN]SáDVNRZ\ĪXZXONDQLF]QHJRQD6:RGZXONDQX )LJ%U]HJNUDWHUXZXONDQX.OXF]HZVNLHJR PQSP  %H]LPLHQQ\ZVWURQĊ6(ZNLHUXQNXZXONDQX2ZDOQD=LPLQD SRNU\W\SRSLRáHPLĪXĪOHPZXONDQLF]Q\PIRW0àRG]LĔVNL‡7KH PQSP IRW0àRG]LĔVNL‡9LHZWRWKHVRXWKZHVWIURP HGJHRIWKH.O\XFKHYVN\FUDWHU PDVO FRYHUHGZLWKWXII WKH%H]\P\DQQ\LYROFDQRWRZDUGVWKH2YDOQD\D=LPLQDYROFDQR DQGODSLOOLSKRW0àRG]LĔVNL PDVO SKRW0àRG]LĔVNL

)LJ:QĊWU]HNUDWHUXZXONDQX.OXF]HZVNLHJR PQSP  )LJ:LGRNQDZXONDQ\2VWU\7RáEDF]LN PQSP ±SR RG6IRW0àRG]LĔVNL‡9LHZIURPWKHVRXWKLQWRWKH.O\XFKHYVN\ SUDZHML3áDVNL7RáEDF]LN PQSP ±SROHZHMSRNU\W\ FUDWHU PDVO SKRW0àRG]LĔVNL F]DSąORGRZąRG1(]ORGRZFD%RJGDQRZLF]DIRW0àRG]LĔVNL ‡:LGRNQDZXONDQ\2VWU\7RáEDF]LN PDVO ±SRSUDZHML 3áDVNL7RáEDF]LN PDVO ±SROHZHMSRNU\W\F]DSąORGRZą ƒ C(ƒ C( -HVWW\SRZ\PKRORFHĔVNLPVWUDWRZXO - RG1(]ORGRZFD%RJGDQRZLF]DSKRW0àRG]LĔVNL NDQHPREFLĊW\P]HZV]\VWNLFKVWURQGROLQDPLU]HF]Q\PL QSRG:GROLQąU]HNL7ROXGRG1(L6GROLQąU]HNL3UDZ\M XSá\QQLHQLDPDWHULDáXRUyĪQHMIUDNFMLSU]H]SU]HSRMHQLHJR 7RáEDF]LN:XONDQ8GLQDVNáDGDVLĊ]GZyFKUHJXODUQ\FK ZRGą]WRSQLHMąFHJRORGRZFD1D:RGZXONDQX]QDMGXMąVLĊ VWRĪNyZSRáRĪRQ\FKQDZ]QLHVLHQLXRUR]FLąJáRĞFL(6( QLHZ\VRNLHVWRĪNLSDVRĪ\WQLF]H]NUDWHUDPLQSRZ\VRNRĞFL :1:]NWyU\FKZ\ĪV]\]DFKRGQL]ZDQ\MHVW:LHONą8GLQą PHWUyZ±-XSLWHUSU]\SRPLQDMąFHNVLĊĪ\FRZ\NUDMREUD] DQLĪV]\ZVFKRGQL0Dáą8GLQą PQSP  0DUKLQLQ :XONDQ2VWUD=LPLQD 2VWUD\D=LPLQD  RNRáRP 6WUDWXOD)HGRWRY0DVXUHQNRY :LHOND8GLQD QSP JUDQLF]\QD1:]2ZDOQą=LPLQąSRáRĪRQ\MHVWQD ]EXGRZDQDMHVW]DQGH]\WyZNWyUHZ6:QDURĪXWZRU]ą 6RGZXONDQX%H]LPLHQQHJRQD1RGZXONDQX:LHOND8GL - NRSXáĊ-HM]ERF]DVLOQLHVąSRFLĊWHVLHFLąHUR]\MQ\FKSDURZyZ QDLQD1(RGZXONDQyZ3áDVNLHJRL2VWUHJR7RáEDF]LND VFKRG]ąF\FKZGyáSURVWRSDGOHGRSR]LRPLF0DáD8GLQD ƒC1ƒC1ƒ C(ƒ C( -HVWW\SRZ\PRVWUR - XWZRU]RQDMHVW]ODZED]DOWRZ\FK:XONDQQLHE\áDNW\ZQ\ P\FK]ERF]DFKVWUDWRZXONDQHPRZLHNXKRORFHĔVNLPWZR - ]F]DVDFKKLVWRU\F]Q\FK3URGXNWDPLMHJRHUXSFMLE\á\DQGH - U]ąF\PZUD]]2ZDOQą=LPLQąJU]ELHWRUR]FLąJáRĞFL1:6( ]\W\ED]DOW\LGDF\W\ :VFKRGQLH]ERF]HZXONDQXSRNU\WHMHVWOLF]Q\PLVWRĪNDPL SDVRĪ\WQLF]\PLQSMHGQ\P]OHSLHM]DFKRZDQ\FKMHVW3RYR - :8/.$172à%$&=,. URWQD\D6RSRFKND2EDZXONDQ\RGF]DVyZKLVWRU\F]Q\FK 7ZRU]\PDV\ZRUR]FLąJáRĞFL:(LVNáDGDVLĊ]GZyFK QLHZ\U]XFDMąMXĪODZED]DOWRZ\FKLGDF\WRZ\FK NRQWUDVWXMąF\FK]HVREąPRUIRORJLF]QLHVWRĪNyZ VWUDWRZXO - NDQXLZXONDQXWDUF]RZHJR 2VWUHJRL3áDVNLHJR7RáEDF]LND :8/.$1:,(/.$8',1$ %ROVKD\D8GLQD   )LJ  :XONDQ2VWU\7RáEDF]LN 2VWU\7ROEDFKLN   PQSP PQSP  ]QDMGXMHVLĊQD1:RG:LHONLHM8GLQ\QD:RG =QDMGXMHVLĊQD6(RGZXONDQyZ3áDVNLHJRL2VWUHJR7Rá- =LPLQ\LQD6:RG%H]LPLHQQHJR.DPLHQLDL.OXF]HZVNLHM EDF]LNDRUD]QD6:RG=LPLQ\ ƒC1ƒC1 6RSNL ƒC1ƒC1ƒ C(ƒ C(: -HVWVWUDWR -

58 $WUDNFMHJHRWXU\VW\F]QHJUXS\ZXONDQyZ.OXF]HZVNLHM6RSNL

)LJ&]RáRSRWRNXODZRZHJR]EXGRZDQH]ODZDQGH]\WRED]DO - WRZ\FKQD6RGZXONDQX8V]NRZVNLHJR PQSP :JyUQ\FK SDUWLDFKSRWRNXZLGRF]QHVąODZ\WU]HZLRZHDZGROQ\FKODZ\ EORNRZHIRW0àRG]LĔVNL‡)URQWRIDQGHVLWLFEDVDOWLFODYDÀRZ VRXWKIURPWKH8VKNRYVN\YROFDQR PDVO 3DKRHKRHODYD RFFXUVLQWKHXSSHUSDUWRIWKHÀRZDQGDDODYDLVVHHQLQWKHORZHU SDUWSKRW0àRG]LĔVNL

)LJ.UDZĊGĨG\PLąFHJRNUDWHUXZXONDQX.OXF]HZVNLHJR  PDVO :LGRNQD(IRW0àRG]LĔVNL‡(GJHRIWKHVWHDPLQJ FUDWHURIWKH.O\XFKHYVN\YROFDQR PDVO YLHZIURPWKH HDVW SKRW0àRG]LĔVNL 

ZXONDQHPNWyUHJRV]F]\WSRNU\W\MHVWORGRZFHPVSRG NWyUHJRPRĪQDGRSDWU]\üVLĊJĊVWHMVLHFLEDUUDQFRVZ\ĪáR - ELRQHMZED]DOWRZ\PSRGáRĪX :XONDQ3áDVNL7RáEDF]LN )LJ'ROLQDU]HNL6WXGHQQDMDZ\Sá\ZDMąFD]ORGRZFD%RJ - 3ORVN\7ROEDFKLN  PQSP  SRáRĪRQ\MHVWQD(RG GDQRZLF]DLSU]HFLQDMąFDSáDVNRZ\ĪZXONDQLF]Q\XWZRU]RQ\ ] PLĊNNLHJRPDWHULDáXSLURNODVW\F]QHJRQD6:RGZXONDQX%H]L - 2VWUHJR7RáEDF]LND ƒC1ƒC1ƒ C(ƒ C(  PLHQQ\ PPQS 1DEU]HJXZLGRF]Q\MHVWQLHGĨZLHGĨIRW 3áDVNLMHVWED]DOWRZ\PZXONDQHPWDUF]RZ\P3yáQRFQHMHJR 0àRG]LĔVNL‡7KH6WXGHQQD\D5LYHUYDOOH\VRXWKZHVWIURPWKH ]ERF]DSU]\NU\ZDORGRZLHF:MHJRNUDWHU]H]QDMGXMHVLĊ %H]\P\DQQ\LYROFDQR PDVO 7KHULYHUÀRZVRXWRIWKH ]DSDGQLĊWDNDOGHUDW\SXKDZDMVNLHJRRĞUHGQLF\NPSR - %RNKGDQRZLFKJODFLHUDQGHURGHVWKHYROFDQLFSODWHDXEXLOWRIVRIW ZVWDáDRNRáRODWWHPX (UOLFK)HGRWRY0DVXUHQ - S\URFODVWLFV%HDUFDQEHVHHQDWWKHULYHUEDQNSKRW0àRG]LĔVNL NRY :HZQąWU]WHMNDOGHU\]QDMGXMHVLĊPQLHMV]DNDO - GHUDRĞUHGQLF\NPZ\SHáQLRQDMH]LRUHPNUDWHURZ\P QRZ\FKPLQHUDáyZPLQEUDGDF]HNLW )LODWRYHWDO  RUD]QDMHMGQLHXWZRU]RQ\]RVWDáZURNXZHZQĊWU]Q\ burnsyt (Krivovichev et al  L¿ODWRYLW 9HUJDVRYD et NUDWHURĞUHGQLF\GRPLZ\VRNRĞFLP:WHG\WHĪ al   SRZVWDá\VWRĪNLSRSLRáRZHDSRNU\Z\ODZRZH]DMĊá\SR - ZLHU]FKQLĊNP 2 )HGRWRY0DUNKLQLQ :\OHZ\ODZ 3U]HMDZ\ZXONDQL]PX ED]DOWRZ\FKRGE\ZDá\VLĊZ]GáXĪV]F]HOLQ\RUR]FLąJáRĞFL 1(66:FKHPLF]QLHE\á\WRSODJLR¿URZHED]DOW\ERJDWHZ :PDV\ZLH.OXF]HZVNLHMQDMSRVSROLWV]\PLSU]HMDZDPL

Al 223RUD]DXJLWRZRROLZLQRZHED]DOW\ERJDWHZ0J2&Dá\ ZXONDQL]PXVąVWURPRQDFK\ORQHVWUDWRZXONDQ\FKDUDNWH - PDV\Z7RáEDF]LNDSRSU]HFLQDQ\MHVWSU]H]GDMNLED]DOWRZH U\]XMąFHVLĊZLHONLPLNUDWHUDPL )LJ JZDáWRZQ\PL :SU]HV]áRĞFLHUXSFMHE\á\W\SXODWHUDOQHJRLV]F]HOLQRZHJR HUXSFMDPLSRáąF]RQ\PL]UR]U\ZDQLHPNUDWHUyZ]PLDQDPL DREHFQLHJáyZQLHFHQWUDOQHJR W\SKDZDMVNL SRSU]HU\ZDQH Z\VRNRĞFLZXONDQXL]DSDGDQLHPVLĊGQDNUDWHUyZWZRU]ąF NUyWNLPLHSL]RGDPLHNVSOR]\ZQ\PL QSZODWDFK NDOGHU\QSQLHF]\QQ\ZXONDQ.DPLHĔOXEF]\QQ\ZXONDQ  :XONDQ7RáEDF]LN %H]LPLHQQ\3RGZ]JOĊGHPFKHPLF]Q\PZXONDQ\Z\U]XFD - MHVWPLHMVFHPJG]LHZRVWDWQLPRNUHVLHF]DVXRGNU\WRZLHOH MąVNDá\Z\OHZQHRVNáDG]LHRERMĊWQ\P ED]DOW\DQGH]\W\ 

 $WUDNFMHJHRWXU\VW\F]QHJUXS\ZXONDQyZ.OXF]HZVNLHM6RSNL

)LJ0RUHQDERF]QDORGRZFD%RJGDQRZLF]D]OLF]Q\PLV]F]HOL - QDPLORGRZFRZ\PLVLOQLH]DVLODQDPDWHULDáHPZXONDQLF]Q\PIRW 0àRG]LĔVNL‡/DWHUDOPRUDLQHRIWKH%RNKGDQRZLFKJODFLHUZLWK QXPHURXV¿VVXUHVLQWHQVLYHO\VXSSOLHGZLWKWKHYROFDQLFPDWHULDO SKRW0àRG]LĔVNL

LNZDĞQ\P GDF\W\LULROLW\ 5]DG]LHMVSRW\NDQHVąZXONDQ\ WDUF]RZHRáDJRGQLHMV]\FK]ERF]DFKZ\U]XFDMąFHODZ\EDU - G]LHMSá\QQHRFKDUDNWHU]HEDUG]LHM]DVDGRZ\PLZPRUIR - ORJLLWZRU]ąFHZ]QLHVLHQLDRáDJRGQLHMV]\FK]ERF]DFKDLFK HUXSFMHQLHVąWDNJZDáWRZQH2SUyF]Z\UDĨQLH]D]QDF]DMą - F\FKVLĊZPRUIRORJLLGXĪ\FKVWUDWRZXONDQyZGRLQWHUHVX- MąF\FKRELHNWyZJHRWXU\VW\F]Q\FKQDOHĪąSRáRĪRQHQDLFK ]ERF]DFKIRUP\PQLHMV]HMVNDOLMDNVWRĪNLSDVRĪ\WQLF]H ]EXGRZDQH]PDWHULDáXSLURNODVW\F]QHJRRUyĪQHMIUDNFMLQS )LJ-Ċ]RUORGRZFD%RJGDQRZLF]DUR]FLĊW\SU]H]U]HNĊORGRZFR - SRSLRáXF]\ĪXĪOX,QWHUHVXMąFHRELHNW\]QDMGXMąVLĊWHĪZ ZąQLRVąFąPDWHULDáZXONDQLF]Q\LSLURNODVW\F]Q\RUyĪQHMIUDNFML QDWXUDOQ\FKSU]HNURMDFKQSZDUVWZRZDQLDPDWHULDáXSLUR- 1DSRZLHU]FKQLORGRZFDRVLDGDZGXĪ\FKLORĞFLDFKSRSLyáZXOND - QLF]Q\]SREOLVNLHJRZXONDQX.OXF]HZVNLHJRIRW0àRG]LĔVNL‡ NODVW\F]QHJRZSU]HNURMDFKNUDWHUyZF]\V\VWHP\LQWUX]ML 7KH%RNKGDQRZLFKJODFLHUGLVVHFWHGE\JODFLDOULYHUZKLFKFDUULHV QLH]JRGQ\FK±GDMHNL]JRGQ\FK±VLOOyZSU]HFLQDMąFH]ERF]D YDULRXVIUDFWLRQVRIYROFDQLFDQGS\URFODVWLFPDWHULDO *ODFLHU ZXONDQyZLJáĊERNLHNDQLRQ\:UHV]FLHPQLHMXUR]PDLFRQH VXUIDFHFRYHUHGZLWKWXIIGHULYHGIURPWKH.O\XFKHYVN\YROFDQR PRUIRORJLF]QLHSRWRNLLSRNU\Z\ODZRZH )LJ RUD]SR- SKRW0àRG]LĔVNL NU\Z\LJQLPEU\WRZHLWXIRZH )LJ NWyUHQLHNLHG\SR- UR]FLQDQHVąSU]H]JáĊERNRZFLĊWHNDQLRQ\NWyU\PLSá\Qą U]HNLRNUHVRZHWZRU]ąFHPDORZQLF]HZRGRVSDG\JG\U]HND SU]HFLQDZDUVWZ\VNDOQHR]QDF]Q\FKUyĪQLFDFKZRGSRUQR - ĞFLQDHUR]MĊ:ZDUXQNDFKNOLPDW\F]Q\FK.DPF]DWNLVNDá\ WHSRGOHJDMąLQWHQV\ZQHPXZSá\ZRZLZLHWU]HQLD¿]\F]QHJR LFKHPLF]QHJRDWDNĪHHUR]MLORGRZFRZHMLU]HF]QHM-XĪQD ]ERF]DFKZXONDQyZSRMDZLDMąVLĊUHJXODUQHV\VWHP\EUX]G HUR]\MQ\FK]ZDQHEDUUDQFRV1DVWĊSQLHXSRGQyĪDZXONDQyZ ZGROLQDFKORGRZFRZ\FKZ\VWĊSXMąUyĪQHMVNDOLIRUP\HUR]ML LDNXPXODFMLORGRZFRZHMMDNQSPRUHQ\F]RáRZHERF]QH VLOQLH]DVLODQHPDWHULDáHPZXONDQLF]Q\PZ\JáDG\ORGRZ- FRZHIRUP\DEODFMLORGRZFRZHMLWS )LJ  =DNRĔF]HQLH )LJ:LGRNQD6:QDORGRZLHF%RJGDQRZLF]DZ\SHáQLDMąF\GR - OLQĊPLĊG]\ZXONDQDPL.OXF]HZVNLPL.DPLHĔQD(L8V]NRZVNLP =ZLHG]DQLHZXONDQyZPDV\ZX.OXF]HZVNLHMRGE\ZDVLĊ QD:6WUHIDDEODFMLORGRZFDZSRU]HOHWQLHMRG]QDF]DVLĊEDUG]R EH]MDNLFKNROZLHNRJUDQLF]HĔLWRMHVWFK\EDQDMZVSDQLDOV]ą GXĪąLORĞFLąQLHVLRQHJRPDWHULDáXZXONDQLF]QHJRLZLHORPDV]F]H - FHFKąJHRWXU\VW\NLQD.DPF]DWFHĪHZRGUyĪQLHQLXRGZXO - OLQDPLORGRZFRZ\PLIRW0àRG]LĔVNL‡9LHZWRWKHVRXWKZHVW WRZDUGVWKH%RNKGDQRZLFKJODFLHUZKLFK¿OOVWKHYDOOH\EHWZHHQ NDQyZL]MDZLVNZXONDQLF]Q\FK(XURS\7XUFMLF]\6WDQyZ WKH.O\XFKHYVN\DQGWKH.DPHQYROFDQRHVLQWKHHDVWDQGWKH =MHGQRF]RQ\FKPRĪQDVWDQąüQDNUDZĊG]LG\PLąFHJRNUDWH - 8VKNRYVN\YROFDQRLQWKHZHVW,QVXPPHUWKHDEODWLRQ]RQHRIWKH UXL]DMU]HüGRMHJRZQĊWU]D JODFLHUVKRZVODUJHTXDQWLWLHVRIYROFDQLFPDWHULDODQGQXPHURXV *UXSDZXONDQyZ.OXF]HZVNLHM6RSNL]QDMGXMHVLĊZSREOL - ¿VVXUHVSKRW0àRG]LĔVNL ĪXJáyZQHMLQIUDVWUXNWXU\GURJRZHMDOHGRMĞFLHGRNUDWHUyZ

 $WUDNFMHJHRWXU\VW\F]QHJUXS\ZXONDQyZ.OXF]HZVNLHM6RSNL

)LJ3LHUZV]HSU]HMDZ\Ī\FLDQDJOHELHZXONDQLF]QHMVNáDGDMąFHM )LJ%DVHQJHRWHUPDOQ\ZX]GURZLVNRZHMPLHMVFRZRĞFL(VVRZ VLĊ]ERPELSRSLRáXZXONDQLF]QHJRIRW0àRG]LĔVNL‡)LUVWVLJQV *U]ELHFLHĝURGNRZ\P&LHSáRZyGJHRWHUPDOQ\FKZ\NRU]\VW\ZDQH RIOLIHDWWKHVXUIDFHRIYROFDQLFVRLOIRUPHGRYHUWKHODSLOOLDQGWXII MHVWGRNąSLHOLOHF]QLF]\FKDOHSU]HGHZV]\VWNLFKGRRJU]HZDQLD SKRW0àRG]LĔVNL GRPyZLXSUDZV]NODUQLRZ\FKSU]H]FDá\URNIRW0àRG]LĔVNL ‡*HRWKHUPDOSRROLQWKH(VVRVSD &HQWUDO5LGJH *HRWKHUPDO HQHUJ\LVXWLOL]HGQRWRQO\IRUWKHWKHUDSHXWLFEDWKVEXWPRVWO\IRU ZXONDQyZZ\PDJDNLONXGQLRZHJRWUHNLQJX1DMSURVWV]\P WKH\HDUURXQGKRXVHDQGJUHHQKRXVHKHDWLQJSKRW0àRG]LĔVNL OHF]NRV]WRZQ\PVSRVREHPGRWDUFLDGRQLFKVąSU]HORW\KHOL - NRSWHUHP'ODRVyEPDMąF\FKZLĊFHMF]DVXPRĪOLZHVąWUHNLQ - Q\EáRWQHLWS  JLOXEHVNDSDG\NRQQHDWDNĪHVSá\Z\SRQWRQDPL&]DV .DPF]DWNDPLPRĪHNRMDU]RQDMHVWQLHPDOZ\áąF]QLH] WUZDQLDWDNLFKZ\SUDZZ\QRVLRGNLONXGRNLONXQDVWXGQL ZXONDQDPLMHVWWHĪLQWHUHVXMąFDJHRORJLF]QLHSRGLQQ\PL 3DUDGRNVHPQD.DPF]DWFHMHVWWRĪHUHJXODUQLHFRNLOND Z]JOĊGDPL:U]HNDFK.DPF]DWNLZ\VWĊSXMąDOXZLDOQH]áR - ODWGRFKRG]LWXWDMGRJZDáWRZQHMHUXSFMLMHGQHJR]ZXONDQyZ ĪD]áRWDSODW\Q\LLQQ\FKFLĊĪNLFKPLQHUDáyZ 7ROVW\NK et DPLPRWRQDMZLĊNV]HPLDVWDLNXURUW\Z\SRF]\QNRZH]QDM- al  DWDNĪH]áRĪDVUHEUDLUWĊFL:VNDáDFK]PHWDPRU - GXMąVLĊXSRGQyĪDF]\QQ\FKZXONDQyZ:XONDQ\SU]\FLą - IL]RZDQ\FKSRGZSá\ZHPPHWDPRUIL]PXNRQWDNWRZHJR JDMąOXG]L6WROLFD.DPF]DWNL GZXVWXW\VLĊF]QHPLDVWR±3LH - VSRW\NDQHVąNDPLHQLHSyáV]ODFKHWQHMDNQS]LHORQHJUDQDW\ WURSDZáRZVN.DPF]DFNL SRáRĪRQHVąSRSRáXGQLRZHMVWURQLH GHPDQWRLG\ F]\QQHJRZXONDQX$ZDF]\ĔVNLHJR/LF]QHZVLHQS$QDZJDM 1DMZLĊNV]\PZDORUHPPDV\ZX.OXF]HZVNLHMMHVWPRĪOL - (VVR )LJ 0DáNL1DF]LNL3DUDWXQND3DXĪHWND7HUPDO - ZRĞüREHMU]HQLDL]UR]XPLHQLDUyĪQ\FKSURFHVyZJHRORJLF] - Q\SRZVWDá\W\ONRGODWHJRĪHZ\NRU]\VWXMąFLHSáRJHRWHU- Q\FKQDVWRVXQNRZRQLHZLHONLPREV]DU]HNWyU\FKSU]HMDZHP PDOQHGRRJU]HZDQLDGRPyZGRSURGXNFMLHQHUJLLLFDáRURF] - VąUyĪQHIRUP\ZXONDQLF]QHLHUR]\MQHGREU]H]DFKRZDQHL QHMXSUDZ\SáRGyZUROQ\FKZV]NODUQLDFKPLPRĪHSU]H] RGVáRQLĊWHZQDWXUDOQ\FKSU]HNURMDFKZĞFLDQDFKNDOGHUF]\ ZLĊNV]ąF]ĊĞüURNXQD]HZQąWU]SRODSRNU\WHVąĞQLHJLHP ZSU]HáRPDFKU]HF]Q\FK2SUyF]ZDORUyZJHRWXU\VW\F]Q\FK =ZLHG]DMąFZXONDQ\.DPF]DWNLNDĪG\PDV]DQVĊQDWNQąü PDV\Z.OXF]HZVNLHMRE¿WXMHZDWUDNFMHSU]\URGQLF]H±Z\ - VLĊQDSU]HMDZ\ZVSyáF]HVQHJRZXONDQL]PX ZXONDQ\WDU - VRNRJyUVNDÀRUDNWyUD]DVLHGODJOHE\ZXONDQLF]QH )LJ  F]RZHVWUDWRZXONDQ\NRSXá\HNVWUX]\ZQHNDOGHU\SRNU\ - OLF]QHPFK\LSRURVW\WXQGUDLZQLĪV]\FKSDUWLDFKPDV\ZX Z\LJQLPEU\WRZHSRWRNLEáRWQH ODKDU\ HNVKDODFMHJD]yZ WDMJD]ZLHZLyUNDPLVXVáDPLOLVDPLQLHGĨZLHG]LDPLVRER - LSDUZ\NZLW\VLDUNRZHLRLQQ\PVNáDG]LHJHM]HU\ZXOND - ODPLLURVRPDNDPL ˆ

6XPPDU\ FORVHO\FRQQHFWHGZLWKWKHERXQGDU\EHWZHHQWKH3DFL¿FSODWH DQGWKH2NFKRWVNPLFURSODWH 7XUQHU et al .RQVWDQWL - Geotouristic attractions of the QRYVNDLD*DHGLFNH et al *RORQND et al  Klyuchevskoy group volcanoes, .R]KXULQ.R]KXULQ et al 3RUWQ\DJLQ et al  1RUWK.DPFKDWND5XVVLD   )LJ  7KHFRPPRQQDPHRI.DPFKDWNDLV³WKH/DQGRI)LUHDQG ,FH´*HRJUDSKLFDOO\WKHSHQLQVXODFRPSULVHVDOWHUQDWLQJ àRG]LĔVNL0 PRUSKRORJLFDOGHSUHVVLRQVDQGKHLJKWV IURPWKHZHVW WKH 7KH.DPFKDWND3HQLQVXODLVDQDUHDRIIDUXQGHUHVWLPDWHG :HVWHUQ.DPFKDWND/RZODQGWKH.DPFKDWND0WV WKH&HQ - DQGXQGHUGHYHORSHGJHRWRXULVWLFYDOXHV7KHSRWHQWLDORIWKLV WUDO5LGJH WKH&HQWUDO.DPFKDWND/RZODQG DOVRNQRZQDV DUHDUHVXOWVIURPWKHSRVLWLRQRIWKHSHQLQVXODZLWKLQWKH WKH&HQWUDO.DPFKDWND'HSUHVVLRQ DQGWKH(DVWHUQ5LGJH &LUFXPSDFL¿F5LQJRI)LUHLHWKH]RQHURXJKO\IROORZLQJ VWHHSO\GHVFHQGLQJWRZDUGVWKH3DFL¿FFRDVW WKHFRDVWVRIFRQWLQHQWVDURXQGWKH3D¿FLF2FHDQLQZKLFKD 7KHKLJKDFWLYLW\RIWKH.DPFKDWNDYROFDQRHVDQGWKH ODUJHQXPEHURIDFWLYHYROFDQRHVLVORFDWHG RQO\LQWKHDUHD JHRORJLFDOVWUXFWXUHRIWKHSHQLQVXODDUHFORVHO\FRQWUROOHG RI.DPFKDWNDWKHUHDUHYROFDQRHV 7KLVSRVLWLRQ LV E\WKHERXQGDU\EHWZHHQWKH3DFL¿FSODWHDQGWKH2NFKRWVN

61 $WUDNFMHJHRWXU\VW\F]QHJUXS\ZXONDQyZ.OXF]HZVNLHM6RSNL

PLFURSODWH )LJ ,Q.DPFKDWNDWKHVXUIDFHPDQLIHVWDWLRQ FKDWND(UXSWLRQVSURFHGHIURPWKHFHQWUDOFUDWHUDQGIURP RIWKLVERXQGDU\LVWKHVRFDOOHG³.RU\DN.DPFKDWNDYROFD - QXPHURXVSDUDVLWLFFRQHVDVZHOODVIURP¿VVXUHV,Q WKH QLFEHOW´DQGWKH.XULOHYROFDQLFLVODQGDUF$WWKHRFHDQÀRRU FUDWHUZDOOVEDVDOWVDQGHVLWHVDQGPXOWLFRORXUHGS\URFODVWLFV WKHERXQGDU\DSSHDUVDVWKH.XULODQGWKH.DPFKDWNDFRQWL - FDQEHREVHUYHG7KHYROFDQLFVDUHPRVWO\KLJK0J2KLJK

QHQWDOWUHQFKHVZHOOUHFRJQL]DEOHLQWKHRFHDQÀRRUUHOLHIDV Al 223 EDVDOWVDQGDQGHVLWLFEDVDOWV HDFKRIWKHPUHDFKHVNPGHSWK )LJ $ORQJWKH The Plosky LQFOXGHVWZRFRQHV Krestovsky WUHQFKHVWKH3DFL¿FSODWHGLSVWRWKHZHVWDWƒDQGFRQWLQXHV PDVO  ƒC1ƒC1ƒ C(ƒ C( DQG GRZQWKHXSSHUPDQWOHWRNPGHSWK$ORQJWKH%HQLRII 8VKNRYVN\ PDVO  ƒC1ƒC1 ƒ C( ]RQHWKHQXPHURXVHDUWKTXDNHVZHUHUHFRUGHGRIK\SRFHQWHUV ƒ C(  *XVKFKHQNR)HGRWRY0DVXUHQNRY  GHVFHQGLQJIURPVHYHUDONLORPHWHUVLQWKHHDVWGRZQWR 7KH¿UVWLVDW\SLFDOVWUDWRYROFDQRRIVWHHSVORSHVFRYHUHG NPEHQHDWKWKHSHQQLVXODFRQFRUGDQWO\ZLWKWKHVXE - ZLWKLFH )LJ ZKHUHDVWKHVHFRQGLVDEURDG [NP  GXFWHG3DFL¿FSODWH )LJ $YHUDJHVXEGXFWLRQUDWHLVFP DOPRVWÀDWFDOGHUDDOVRFDSSHGZLWKLFH%RWKYROFDQRHVZHUH URN =RQHQVKDLQ et al   H[SORVLYHUHOHDVLQJODYDDQGS\URFODVWLFV5HFHQWO\EHWZHHQ *HRORJLFDOUHFRUGHYLGHQFHWKHH[LVWHQFHRIVHYHUDOIRVVLO ERWKFRQHVWKHUHLVD¿UQ¿HOGRIWKH(UPDQDQGWKH%RNKGD- VXEGXFWLRQ]RQHVLQWKHQRUWKHDVW$VLD =RQHQVKDLQ et al  QRYLFKJODFLHUV )LJ  7XUQHU et al .RQVWDQWLQRYVNDLD*DHGLFNH 7KH.DPHQ9ROFDQR PDVO  ƒC1ƒC1 et al .RQVWDQWLQRYVNDLD*RORQND et al  ƒ C(ƒ C(  )LJ LVUHFHQWO\LQDFWLYHLWVVXPPLW .R]KXULQ.R]KXULQ et al 3RUWQ\DJLQ et al  FRYHUHGZLWKLFHLVDIUDJPHQWRIGLVUXSWHGFDOGHUD,QWKH  UHODWHGWRWKHFROOLVLRQVRIHJWKH.RO\PD2NFKRWVN YLFLQLW\WKHUHH[LVWVDQRWKHUYROFDQR %H]\P\DQQ\L  EORFNRUWKH&KXNRWNDSODWH =RQHQVKDLQ et al *RORQ - PDVOHOHYDWLRQFKDQJHVDIWHUHUXSWLRQ  ƒC1 ka et al   )LJ 7KHLUUHPDLQVDUHUHFHQWO\UHFRJ - ƒC1ƒ C(ƒ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

7KH.RU\DN.DPFKDWNDEHOWLQFOXGHVVWUXFWXUHVORFDWHG FHQWO\WKHVHDUHOLJKWDQGHVLWHVULFKLQKRUQEOHQGHDQG$O 223, EHWZHHQWKH2NFKRWVN&KXNRWVN\LEHOWDQGWKH3DFL¿F2FHDQ GDFLWHVDQGWXIIV ,WZDVIRUPHGGXULQJWKHVXEGXFWLRQRIWKH3DFL¿FSODWHDORQJ 7KH=LPLQD9ROFDQR LVDKXJHVWUDWRYROFDQREXLOWRIWZR WKH.XULO.DPFKDWNDWUHQFKZKLFKKDVFRPPHQFHGLQWKH cones: 2YDOQD\D=LPLQD PDVO  ƒC1ƒC1 2OLJRFHQH 0D  )LJ 7KHEHOWKDVEHHQGHIRUPHGLQ ƒ C(ƒ C(  )LJ DQG 2VWUD\D=LPLQD DERXW VHYHUDORURJHQLFHYHQWVVLQFHWKH0LGGOH&UHWDFHRXVXQWLO PDVO  ƒC1ƒC1ƒ C(ƒ C( %RWK UHFHQW,WLVDQDFFUHWLRQDOVWUXFWXUH±DQDJJORPHUDWHRI DUHHURGHGEDVDOWLFDQGDQGHVLWLFVWUDWRYROFDQRHVZLWKQXPHU - PLFURWHUUDQHV RXVZHOOYLVLEOHSDUDVLWLFFRQHVVFDWWHUHGRQWKHVORSHV%RWK The Koryak-Kamchatka belt embraces three structural- YROFDQRHVKDYHEHHQLQDFWLYHGXULQJWKHKLVWRULFDOWLPHV OLWKRORJLFDOFRPSOH[HVRIVXFFHVVLYHO\\RXQJHUDJHV 6WDYVN\ 7KH%ROVKD\D8GLQD9ROFDQR PDVO  ƒC1 HWDOYLGH=RQHQVKDLQ et al  )URPWKHZHVWWKHVHDUH ƒC1ƒ C(ƒ C( LVDW\SLFDOVWUDWRYROFDQRZLWK  YROFDQLFFRPSOH[ IRVVLOFRQWLQHQWDOPDUJLQRIWKHYROFDQLF WZRUHJXODUFRQHVDQGHVLWLF%ROVKD\D8GLQDDQGEDVDOWLF EHOW  À\VFKDQGS\URFODVWLFFRPSOH[ IRVVLOIRUHDUFEDVLQ  0DOD\D8GLQD 0DUKLQLQ6WUDWXOD)HGRWRY0DVXUHQ- DQG WHUUDQHVVXUURXQGHGZLWKWKHÀ\VFKFRPSOH[DQGWKH NRY  VHUSHQWLQLWHPHODQJH DFFUHWLRQDOSULVPV  The Volcano IRUPVD:(WUHQGLQJPDVVLI 7KHROGHVWSDUWVRIWKH.DPFKDWNDEHOWDUHWKH&HQWUDO FRPSRVHGRIWZRFRQWUDVWLQJFRQHVWKHVWUDWRYROFDQROstryi 5LGJHDQGWKH*HQDO0DVVLIFRPSRVHGRIVFKLVWVDQGJQHLVV - 7ROEDFKLN PDVO  ƒC1ƒC1 ƒ C( HVRILQIHUUHGDJH*D .X]PLQ&KHNKRQLQ  ƒ C(: DQGWKHVKLHOGYROFDQR 3ORVN\7ROEDFKLN  ,QWKH.DQFKDWNDDUHDYROFDQLFDFWLYLW\KDVFRPPHQFHG PDVO  ƒC1ƒC1ƒ C(ƒ C(  )LJ  LQWKH&UHWDFHRXV,WVFOLPDFWLFHUXSWLYLW\KDVVWDUWHGLQWKH 7KHFUDWHURIWKH3ORVN\LVDFROODSVHGFDOGHUDRI+DZDLDQ 8SSHU3OLRFHQH7KHW\SLFDOH[DPSOHRIUHFHQWYROFDQLVPLQ W\SHNPLQGLDPHWHU (UOLFK)HGRWRY0DVXUHQNRY

.DPFKDWNDLVWKH(DVWHUQ5LGJHZLWKWKH.OXFKHYVND\DJURXS  7KHYROFDQRHUXSWVSODJLRSK\ULF$O 223 ±ULFK DQG GRPLQDWHGE\DQGHVLWHV )LJ 7KHJURXSERUGHUHG DXJLWHROLYLQH0J2ULFKEDVDOWV IURPWKHZHVWDQGWKHQRUWKE\WKH.DPFKDWND5LYHU )LJ  ,QWKHZKROH.O\XFKHYVN\0DVVLIWKHPRVWFRPPRQDUH WRZHUVRYHUWKHDGMDFHQWORZODQG7KHYROFDQRHVDUHFRYHUHG VWHHSVORSHGVWUDWRYROFDQRHVZLWKODUJHFUDWHUV )LJ  E\QXPHURXVJODFLHUV )LJ  FKDUDFWHUL]HGE\YLROHQWHUXSWLRQVFDOGHUDFROODSVHV DQG 7KH.OXFKHYVN\9ROFDQR PDVOHOHYDWLRQ GLVUXSWLRQVUHVXOWLQJLQFKDQJHVRIHOHYDWLRQVRIWKHFRQHV changes after each eruption),  ƒC1ƒC1ƒ C( ,QWKHYLFLQLW\RIWKHFRQHVWKHYLVLWRUFDQH[DPLQHPRUSKR - ƒ C( LVDV\PPHWULFVWUDWRYROFDQRRIVORSHLQFOLQDWLRQ ORJLFDOO\GLYHUVHODYDÀRZV )LJ DVZHOODVLJQLPEULWHDQG ƒDQGNPLQGLDPHWHUDWWKHEDVH7KHH[SORVLYHHI - WXIIEHGV )LJ VRPHWLPHVLQFLVHGLQWRGHHSFDQ\RQV$W IXVLYHYROFDQR *XVKFKHQNR)HGRWRY0DVXUHQNRY the foot of volcanoes, in glacial valleys various forms of   )LJ EHORQJVWRWKHPRVWDFWLYHLQWKHZKROH.DP - JODFLDOHURVLRQDQGDFFXPXODWLRQDUHYLVLEOHWHUPLQDODQG

62 $WUDNFMHJHRWXU\VW\F]QHJUXS\ZXONDQyZ.OXF]HZVNLHM6RSNL lateral moraines built of pyroclastic material, roches mouton- VHWWOHVWKHYROFDQLFVRLOV )LJ ZLWKDYDULHW\RIPRVVHV QpHVYDULRXVIRUPVRIJODFLDODEODWLRQHWF )LJ  DQGOLFKHQVWKHWXQGUDHFRV\VWHPDQGDWWKHORZHUSDUWVRI 7KHOHDGLQJYDORXURIWKH.O\XFKHYVN\0DVVLILVWKDWD WKHPDVVLIWKHWDLJDHFRV\VWHPZLWKFKDUDFWHULVWLFIDXQD YDULHW\RIJHRORJLFDOSURFHVVHVFDQEHH[DPLQHGRYHUDUHOD - VTXLUUHOVJRSKHUVIR[HVEHDUVDQGYROYHULQHV WLYHO\OLPLWHGDUHD'HVSLWHWKHJHRWRXULVWLFDWWUDFWLRQVWKH 7KLVUHVHDUFKZDVVXSSRUWHGE\$*+8QLYHUVLW\RI6FLHQ - PDVVLISURYLGHVRWKHUDPHQLWLHVKLJKPRXQWDLQÀRUDZKLFK FHDQG7HFKQRORJ\JUDQW'6

/LWHUDWXUD 5HIHUHQFHV

%RFKDURYD1<*RORQND-0HLVOLQJ.(7HFWRQLFHYROXWLRQDQG .XF]\ĔVNL$ 6\EHULDODWSROVNLHMGLDVSRU\ :\G.XEDMDN VHGLPHQWDU\EDVLQVRIWKHHDVWHUQUHJLRQVRI5XVVLD American Associa- .U]HV]RZLFHSS WLRQRI3HWUROHXP*HRORJLVWV%XOOHWLQ  .X]PLQ9,&KHNKRQLQ$32QWKH3UHFDPEULDQDJHRIJQHLVVHVLQ %RJR\DYOHQVND\D*<7RUOH\5\HDUVRIDFWLYLW\DW%H]\PLDQQ\ WKH.DPFKDWNDPDVVLI 'RNO$16665  Volcano News  /HYDVKRYD10%D]KHQRY0/6KDSLUR01/DWH&UHWDFHRXV 'LGHQNR$+DUEHUW:6WDYVN\$3DOHRPDJQHWLVPRI.KDW\UND SDOHRPDJQHWLVPRIWKH(DVW5DQJHVLVODQGDUFFRPSOH[.DPFKDWND DQG0D\QLWVN\VXSHUWHUUDQHV.RU\DN+LJKODQGVIDUHDVWHUQ5XVVLD LPSOLFDWLRQVIRUWHUUDQHPRYHPHQWVDQGNLQHPDWLFVRIWKHQRUWKZHVW Tectonophysics ± -RXUQDORI*HRSK\VLFDO5HVHDUFK6ROLG(DUWK ± (UOLFK(*HRORJ\RIFDOGHUDVRI.DPFKDWNDDQG.XULOH,VODQGVZLWK àRG]LĔVNL0*HRWRXULVWLFDWWUDFWLRQVRIWKH.O\XFKHYVNR\JURXS FRPSDULVRQWRFDOGHUDVRI-DSDQDQGWKH$OHXWLDQV$ODVND 2SHQ)LOH YROFDQRHV.DPFKDWNDRURJHQLFEHOW1(5XVVLD´,9 ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 5HSRUW86'HSWRIWKH,QWHULRU*HRORJLFDO6XUYH\  &RQIHUHQFH±*HRWRXU.UDNyZ3RODQG±%RRNRI )HGRWRY6$0DUNKLQLQ $O=Q 2 $V6L 22@DQHZPLQHUDOVSHFLHVIURPWKH 6DNKDURY$7HQJRQFLDQJ$8\+7UHQFKLQJVWXGLHVRIDFWLYH 7ROEDFKLNYROFDQR.DPFKDWNDSHQLQVXOD5XVVLD Eur. J. Min  IDXOWVLQ.DPFKDWNDHDVWHUQ5XVVLD3DODHRVHLVPLFWHFWRQLFDQGKD]DUG  LPSOLFDWLRQV Tectonophysics ± 9ORGDYHW]9,3LLS%, Catalog of active volcanoes of the world. .R]KXULQ$,$FWLYHIDXOWLQJDWWKH(XUDVLDQ1RUWK$PHULFDQDQG 3DUW9,,,.DPFKDWNDDQGFRQWLQHQWLDODUHDVRI$VLD 5RPH,$9&(, 3DFL¿FSODWHVMXQFWLRQ Tectonophysics   .ULYRYLFKHY699HUJDVRYD/36WDURYD*/)LODWRY6.%ULWYLQ61 =RQHQVKDLQ/3.X]PLQ0,1DWDSRY/0 *HRORJ\RIWKH8665 ) 5REHUWV$&6WHHOH,0%XUQVLWH.&G&X 22 6H2 3 2&O DQHZ A plate-tectonic synthesis ,Q%03DJH (G *HRG\QDPLFHVHULHV PLQHUDOVSHFLHVIURPWKH7ROEDFKLNYROFDQR.DPFKDWND3HQLQVXOD :DVKLQJWRQ'&$PHULFD*HRSK\VLFDO8QLRQ 5XVVLD Canadian Min 

63