The Hebrew Civilization
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
2019-Egypt-Skydive.Pdf
Giza Pyramids Skydive Adventure February 15-19, 2019 “Yesterday we fell over the pyramids of Giza. Today we climbed into the King’s Chamber of the Great Pyramid. I could not think of any other way on (or above) the earth to experience all of the awe inspiring mysteries that this world has to offer.” JUMP Like a Pharaoh in 2019 Start making plans now for our first Tandem Jump Adventure over the Pyramids of Giza! Tandem Skydive over the Great Giza Pyramid, one of the Seven Ancient Wonders of the World. Leap from an Egyptian military Hercules C-130 and land between the pyramids. No prior skydiving experience is necessary….just bring your sense of adventure! Skydive Egypt – Sample Itinerary February 15th-19th, 2019 Day 1, February 15 – Arrival Arrive in Cairo, Egypt at own expense Met by Incredible Adventures Representative Transfer to Mercure La Sphinx Hotel * Days 2, 3 - February 16 – 17 – Designated Jump Days** Arrive at Drop Zone Review and sign any necessary waivers Group briefing and equipment fitting Review of aircraft safety procedures and features Individual training with assigned tandem master Complete incredible Great Giza Tandem Skydive Day 4 (5) – February 18 (19) Free Day for Sightseeing & Jump Back-Up Day - Depart Egypt Note: Hotel room will be kept until check-out time on the 19th. American clients should plan to depart on an “overnight flight” leaving after midnight on the 18th. * Designated hotel may change, based on availability. Upgrade to the Marriott Mena for an additional fee. ** You’ll be scheduled in advance to tandem jump on Day 2 or 3, with Day 4 serving as a weather back-up day. -
Specular Reflection from the Great Pyramid at Giza
Specular Reflection from the Great Pyramid at Giza Donald E. Jennings Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA (retired) email: [email protected] Posted to arXiv: physics.hist-ph April 6, 2021 Abstract The pyramids of ancient Egypt are said to have shone brilliantly in the sun. Surfaces of polished limestone would not only have reflected diffusely in all directions, but would also likely have produced specular reflections in particular directions. Reflections toward points on the horizon would have been visible from large distances. On a particular day and time when the sun was properly situated, an observer stationed at a distant site would have seen a momentary flash as the sun’s reflection moved across the face of the pyramid. The positions of the sun that are reflected to the horizon are confined to narrow arcs in the sky, one arc for each side of the pyramid. We model specular reflections from the pyramid of Khufu and derive the annual dates and times when they would have been visible at important ancient sites. Certain of these events might have coincided with significant dates on the Egyptian calendar, as well as with solar equinoxes, solstices and cross-quarter days. The celebration of Wepet-Renpet, which at the time of the pyramid’s construction occurred near the spring cross-quarter day, would have been marked by a specular sweep of sites on the southern horizon. On the autumn and winter cross-quarter days reflections would have been directed to Heliopolis. We suggest that on those days the pyramidion of Khafre might have been visible in specular reflection over the truncated top of Khufu’s pyramid. -
Architecture and the Pyramids of Giza Known As “The Age of the Pyramids,” the Old Kingdom Was Characterized by Revolutionary
Architecture and the Pyramids of Giza Known as “the Age of the Pyramids,” the Old Kingdom was characterized by revolutionary advancements in architecture. Figure 1: The Pyramids of Giza This view shows all three pyramid structures: the Great Pyramid, the Pyramid of Khafre, and the Pyramid of Menkaure. The Old Kingdom (2686 BC - 2182 BC) was a period of political stability and economic prosperity, during which great tombs were built for Egyptian Kings in the form of pyramids. The first king to launch a major pyramid building project was King Djoser, who built his famous “Step Pyramid” at Saqqara. The Pyramids of Giza are the greatest architectural achievement of the time, and include three pyramid structures and the Great Sphinx monument. It would have taken several thousand workers decades to complete just one pyramid. While we know that the stone for the pyramids was quarried, transported and cut from the nearby Nile, we still cannot be sure just how the massive stones were then put into place. While stone was generally reserved for tombs and temples, sun-baked mud bricks were used in the construction of Egyptian houses, palaces, fortresses, and town walls. Note: Limestone is an abundant rock of marine and freshwater sediments, primarily composed of calcite (CaCO₃). It occurs in a variety of forms, both crystalline and amorphous. To quarry means to obtain (mine) stone from an excavation pit, usually by blasting, cutting, or digging. A quarry is a site for mining stone, limestone or slate. A sphinx was a creature with the head of a human and the body of an animal (commonly a lion). -
"Excavating the Old Kingdom. the Giza Necropolis and Other Mastaba
EGYPTIAN ART IN THE AGE OF THE PYRAMIDS THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART, NEW YORK DISTRIBUTED BY HARRY N. ABRAMS, INC., NEW YORK This volume has been published in "lIljunction All ri~llIs r,'slTv"d, N"l'art 01 Ihis l'ul>li,';\II"n Tl'.ul,,,,,i,,,,, f... "u the I'r,'u,'h by .I;\nl<" 1'. AlIl'll with the exhibition «Egyptian Art in the Age of may be reproduced llI' ',",lIlsmilt"" by any '"l';\nS, of "'''Iys I>y Nadine (:I",rpion allll,kan-Philippe the Pyramids," organized by The Metropolitan electronic or mechanical, induding phorocopyin~, I,auer; by .Iohu Md )on;\ld of essays by Nicolas Museum of Art, New York; the Reunion des recording, or information retrieval system, with Grima I, Audran I."brousse, .lean I.eclam, and musees nationaux, Paris; and the Royal Ontario out permission from the publishers. Christiane Ziegler; hy .lane Marie Todd and Museum, Toronto, and held at the Gaieries Catharine H. Roehrig of entries nationales du Grand Palais, Paris, from April 6 John P. O'Neill, Editor in Chief to July 12, 1999; The Metropolitan Museum of Carol Fuerstein, Editor, with the assistance of Maps adapted by Emsworth Design, Inc., from Art, New York, from September 16,1999, to Ellyn Childs Allison, Margaret Donovan, and Ziegler 1997a, pp. 18, 19 January 9, 2000; and the Royal Ontario Museum, Kathleen Howard Toronto, from February 13 to May 22, 2000. Patrick Seymour, Designer, after an original con Jacket/cover illustration: Detail, cat. no. 67, cept by Bruce Campbell King Menkaure and a Queen Gwen Roginsky and Hsiao-ning Tu, Production Frontispiece: Detail, cat. -
Hawass, Zahi. “Royal Figures Found in Petrie's So-Called Workmen's Barracks at Giza.”
BES17 . BULLETIN OF THE EGYPTOLOGICAL SEMINAR STUDIES IN HONOR OF JAMES F. ROMANO VOLUME 17 2007 James F. Romano 1947-2003 STUDIES IN MEMORY OF JAMES F. ROMANO THE EGYPTOLOGICAL SEMINAR OF NEW YORK PRESIDENT Adela Oppenheim, The Metropolitan Museum ofArt VICE-PRESIDENT Phyllis Saretta TREASURER Stewart Driller EDITOR OF BES Ogden Goelet, Jr., New York University CO-EDITOR OF BES Deborah Vischak Columbia University MEMBERS OF THE BOARD: Matthew Adams, Institute ofFine Arts, New York University Susan Allen, The Metropolitan Museum ofArt Peter Feinman, Institute ofHistory, Archaeology, and Education Sameh Iskander David Moyer, Marymount Manhattan College David O'Connor, Institute ofFine Arts, New York University Copyright ©The Egyptological Seminar ofNew York, 2008 This volume was edited by James P. Allen BULLETIN OF THE EGYPTOLOGICAL SEMINAR (RES) VOLUME 17 2007 Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar (RES) VOLUME 17 (2007) CONTENTS Diana Craig Patch James F. Romano: Scholar, Colleague, and Friend 1-2 Daphna Ben-Tor Scarabs ofthe Middle Kingdom: Historical and Cultural Implications 3-27 Edward Bleiberg The Coffin ofWeretwahset/Bensuipet and "Scribal Errors" on Women's Funerary Equipment 29-46 Madeleine E. Cody An Unusual Faience Group Statuette in the Brooklyn Museum ofArt .47-60 Marianne Eaton-Krauss The Art ofTT 100, the Tomb ofthe Vizier Rekhmire 61-65 Biri Fay Padihor's Block Statue 67-81 Richard A. Fazzini Some New Kingdom Female Images 83-96 Zahi Hawass Royal Figures Found in Petrie's So-called Workmen's Barracks at Giza 97-108 Marsha Hill Hepu's Hair: a Copper-Alloy Statuette in the National Archaeological Museum, Athens 109-34 Jack A. -
Hawass, Zahi. “Pyramid Construction. New Evidence Discovered at Giza.”
STATIONEN Beitrage zur Kulturgeschichte Agyptens RAINER STADELMANN GEWIDMET Herausgegeben von Heike Guksch und Daniel Polz VERLAG PHILIPP VON ZABERN . GEGRUNDET 1785 . MAINZ XVll, 497 Seiten mit 151 Abbildungen, 28 Schwarzwei15tafeln und 3 Beilagen (in Tasche) Diese Festschrift ist ein Geschenk der Franz und Eva Rutzen Stiftung und des Verlags Philipp von Zabem an einen alten Freund des Hauses Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaujnahme Stationen: Beitrage zur Kulturgeschichte Agyptens; Rainer Stadelmann gewidmet / hrsg. von Heike Guksch und Daniel Polz. - Mainz: von Zabern, 1998 ISBN 3-8053-2526-6 Die Druckvorlage fur diesen Band wurde von den Herausgebern auf eigenen Rechnern sowie auf Rechnern des Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures (UCLA) linter Verwendung der Software-Programme Microsoft Word fur Macintosh (v. 5.1 und 6), Word for Windows 97 und Adobe Photoshop (v. 4.0) hergestellt. © 1998 by Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz am Rhein ISBN 3-8053-2526-6 Alle Rechte, insbesondere das der Ubersetzung in fremde Sprachen, vorbehalten. Ohne ausdriickliche Genehmigung des Verlages ist es auch nicht gestattet, dieses Buch oder Teile daraus auf photomechanischem Wege (Photokopie, Mikrokopie) zu vervielfaltigen. Printed in Germany by Philipp von Zabern Pr~ted on fade resistant and archival quality paper (PH 7 neutral) . tcf Inhaltsverzeichnis Tafel Seite Anmerkung der Redaktion IX Vorwort XI Rainer Stadelmann· Verzeichnis seiner Schriften XIII Vorgeschichte, Friihzeit und Altes Reich NICOLE ALEXANlAN Ritualrelikte an Mastabagrabern des Alten Reiches 3 JOSEF DORNER Neue Messungen an der Roten Pyramide 23 GONTER DREYER Der erste Konig der 3. Dynastie 1 31 DINA FALTINGS Ergebnisse der neuen Ausgrabungen in Buto. 35 Chronologie und Fernbeziehungen der Buto-Maadi- Kultur neu iiberdacht NAIRY HAMPlKlAN How Was the Pyramidion Placed at the Top of Khufu 47 Pyramid? ZAlll HAWASS Pyramid Construction. -
A Case Studies of Ancient Egyptian Architecture
International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (IJEAS) ISSN: 2394-3661, Volume-4, Issue-10, October 2017 A Case Studies of Ancient Egyptian Architecture Dr. Mir Mohammad Azad, Abhik Barua Abstract– Ancient Egyptian architecture is the architecture cultivated area of the Nile Valley and were flooded as the of ancient Egypt, one of the most influential civilizations river bed slowly rose during the millennia, or the mud bricks throughout history, which developed a vast array of diverse of which they were built were used by peasants as fertilizer. structures and great architectural monuments along the Nile, Others are inaccessible, new buildings having been erected on among the largest and most famous of which are the Great ancient ones. Fortunately, the dry, hot climate of Egypt Pyramid of Giza and the Great Sphinx of Giza. preserved some mud brick structures. Examples include the village Deir al-Madinah, the Middle Kingdom town at Kahun, Index Terms– Egyptian Architecture, Ancient Egypt and the fortresses at Buhen and Mirgissa. Also, many temples and tombs have survived because they were built on high I. INTRODUCTION ground unaffected by the Nile flood and were constructed of stone. Thus, our understanding of ancient Egyptian Due to the scarcity of wood, the two predominant building architecture is based mainly on religious monuments, massive materials used in ancient Egypt were sun-baked mud brick structures characterized by thick, sloping walls with few and stone, mainly limestone, but also sandstone and granite in openings, possibly echoing a method of construction used to considerable quantities. From the Old Kingdom onward, obtain stability in mud walls. -
The Mastaba of Kaihai Where the Cemeteries of Weserkaf and Teti Meet 348 NAGUIB KANAWATI
INSTITUT DES CULTURES MÉDITERRANÉENNES ET ORIENTALES DE L’ACADÉMIE POLONAISE DES SCIENCES ÉTUDES et TRAVAUX XXVI 2013 NAGUIB KANAWATI The Mastaba of Kaihai Where the Cemeteries of Weserkaf and Teti Meet 348 NAGUIB KANAWATI The mud brick mastaba of Kaihai was discovered in 2008 during the excavations of The Australian Centre for Egyptology in the Teti cemetery at Saqqara. The structure of the mastaba, which is well preserved, is situated in the north-west corner of our concession, where the Teti cemetery ends, and joins an earlier cemetery, probably dating to the Fifth Dynasty. The two cemeteries appear to have been separated along a north-south line by a street, approximately 3m wide, which was paved with a thick layer of smoothed Nile mud.1 On the east side, from south to north, are the Teti pyramid complex, the mastabas of Mereruka, Semdent, unnamed, Tjetetu, Remni and Qar.2 A mud-brick wall abutting the west side of Mereruka’s mastaba may have marked the western limits of the Teti cemetery and may have originally continued to the northern limits of the cemetery. However, the expansion of the Teti cemetery to the north-west, mostly during the reign of Pepy I, appears to have destroyed the mud-brick wall and encroached on the dividing street.3 To the west of this street, two rows of large mastabas are known, and according to A. McFarlane who re-cleared and studied this section of the cemetery, they progressed from south to north.4 The eastern row now contains the mastabas of Kaiemsenu, Sehetepu, unnamed, Pehernefer and fi nally another unnamed mastaba, while the western row contains the mastabas of Kaiem- heset, Kaipunesut,5 and two large now unnamed mastabas. -
A Study on Pyramid Sciences in Egypt
International Journal of Latest Trends in Engineering and Technology Vol.(7)Issue(3), pp. 113-119 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21172/1.73.515 e-ISSN:2278-621X A STUDY ON PYRAMID SCIENCES IN EGYPT Y Sudheer Kumar Chowdary1 and K Ganesh2 I. INTRODUCTION Most of the people who have a basic education have come across the Pyramids of Egypt at least once. Most of the people think of it as the “Tomb of a great Pharaoh” or a religious place. This is a huge misconception and is the biggest barrier between people and their attempt to get to understand the pyramids more deeply. The first stepped pyramid in Egypt in Saqqara was completed in 2620 B.C. for the Third Dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Djoser. It had six levels and an underground burial chamber. Pyramid designers learned that if pyramids were going to be higher and have steeper slopes, their bases needed to be wider. At Dahshur, further upstream along the Nile from Saqqara, laborers started the construction of a pyramid for the Fourth Dynasty pharaoh Sneferu. Unfortunately, the designers chose a poor foundation, and the pyramid began to lean inward upon itself when it was about two-thirds complete. The builders reduced the angle of the upper portion to complete it and make it more stable, and it is now known as the Bent Pyramid (2565 B.C.). Unsatisfied with the Bent Pyramid, Sneferu ordered another pyramid at Dahshur. The designers chose a better foundation and made this pyramid the same height as the Bent Pyramid, but with a wider base and a shallower angle. -
Pyramid Development Continued... Pyramids, Which Were Made of Stone Blocks
66 bricks without straw. Exodus does not say anything about Pyramid Development Continued... pyramids, which were made of stone blocks. Second, according to Ussher and other biblical historians, the Great Pyramids were built around the time of Abraham, long The Pyramid of Khufu into one-foot cubes and lay them end to end, it is estimated before Joseph ever entered Egypt. Third, archaeological that they would wrap the entire way around the coast of digs have unearthed the remains of what appears to be The Great Pyramid or Pyramid of Khufu is the largest Australia – twice. a town for hired workers located directly behind the of the three pyramids, measuring over 750’ on each side Pyramid of Khafre. Egyptologists believe this town housed and originally stood over 480’ high. Stone robbers began The Pyramid of Khafre crews of around 30,000 rotating workers. Trial runs have disassembling it at some point, leaving it at about 450 determined that this number of men, working efficiently, feet today. Even at this height, it is still more than twice The Pyramid of Khafre is the second largest of the could have constructed the Great Pyramid of Khufu in less as tall as Zosser’s step pyramid. Khufu’s pyramid was one three and measures 706’ on each side. Standing about than 20 years while some believe it to have taken as little as of the original Wonders of the World and remained the 448’ high it appears taller than the Great Pyramid but was 3-6 years. This theory is based on markings discovered on world’s tallest structure until the building of England’s built on a bedrock plateau that began 33’ higher. -
Social Change in the Fourth Dynasty: the Spatial Organization Of
Social Change in the Fourth Dynasty: The Spatial Organization of Pyramids, Tombs, and Cemeteries Author(s): Ann Macy Roth Source: Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, Vol. 30 (1993), pp. 33-55 Published by: American Research Center in Egypt Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40000226 . Accessed: 21/04/2011 16:10 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=arce. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. American Research Center in Egypt is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. -
The Giza “Written” Landscape and the Double Project of King Khufu
The Giza “written” landscape and the double project of King Khufu Giulio Magli, Faculty of Civil Architecture, Politecnico di Milano P.le Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy. [email protected] In recent years, different scientific disciplines - from Physics to Egyptology, from Geology to Archaeoastronomy - evidenced a series of clues pointing to the possibility that the original project of the pyramid complex of Khufu at Giza included also the project of the second pyramid complex at the same site, that of Khafra. The aim of the present paper is to discuss this issue in a systematic fashion and to explore its consequences on the way the ancient Egyptians conceived and built monuments and entire landscapes during the Old Kingdom. 1. Introduction The Giza plateau is perhaps the most studied and world-renewed archaeological site on earth. Children easily learn that the kings Cheops, Chepren and Mycerinus (Khufu, Khafra and Menkaura) subsequently built their pyramids there, and this is what is usually considered the established archaeological truth. However, it is not precisely so, and in recent years, a series of new evidences – arising from “hard science” disciplines such as Physics and Geology, as well as from Egyptology itself – came out pointing to a different conclusion, namely that the original project of the pyramid complex of Khufu at Giza included also the project of the nearby pyramid complex of Khafra. It is important to stress from the very beginning that this theory does not negate that the latter was Khafra's tomb. The hypothesis is that, at the (probably premature) death of Djedefra (Khufu's first successor) the second complex, already devised by Khufu's architects, was taken on and finished as his own tomb by Khafra, to whom it is firmly - and in fact, correctly - attributed by Egyptology.