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The Role of Aramaic in Syrian Orthodox Ethnic and Religious Identity

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The Role of Aramaic in Syrian Orthodox Ethnic and Religious Identity The Role of Aramaic in Syrian Orthodox Ethnic and Religious Identity Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Miller, Kerith Miriam Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction, presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 29/09/2021 11:52:14 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/634272 THE ROLE OF ARAMAIC IN SYRIAN ORTHODOX ETHNIC AND RELIGIOUS IDENTITY by Kerith Miriam Miller __________________________ Copyright © Kerith M. Miller 2019 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF ANTHROPOLOGY and the SCHOOL FOR MIDDLE EASTERN AND NORTH AFRICAN STUDIES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2019 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For their help and support through this project, I am profoundly grateful to the following people. First I thank the families in Tur ‘Abdin who welcomed me in and shared ideas and concerns about their language, encouraging me to choose this topic. I thank the (anonymous) Suryoye with whom I worked in Istanbul, Berlin (and anywhere!) with all my heart: all who participated in my study, all who helped me think about what their language means to them, all who taught me, and especially all who became my friends. I am still in awe of the hospitality the Suryoye showed me throughout this work and hope that I can learn from it and carry it forward. There are several Suryoye who helped me with organizational aspects of the project whose names I will mention. I thank Dr. Naures Atto for her initial suggestions, and my supervisor for DAAD, Dr. Shabo Talay for taking a chance to work with someone he had never met. I am grateful to them both and to the whole staff of the Aramaic Online Project for inviting me to participate and for all they have taught me. I am thankful to the bishop Mor Polycarpus Augin Aydin for his encouragement and thoughtful advice. Warm thanks to Dr. George Kiraz for writing a letter of support (in Syriac) for me to the community in Istanbul, and for the lively Syriac classes in New Jersey. Additionally, I am grateful to Murad Can and the Be Piro family for their generosity with books, and to Dr. Sina Tezel for her support and encouragement. I am deeply grateful to those who helped me at the planning stages of the project – to Mija Sanders, Dr. Mark Soileau, and Kirsten Voris for their assistance during pre-dissertation research in Mardin. A thousand thanks to my writing group Bekah and Ufuk Coşkun and Julie Tippens for invaluable assistance in writing the applications for funding and initial IRB writing, and to the dear friends and colleagues who assisted me with my seemingly endless IRB translations into Arabic, Turkish and German: Mahmoud Azaz, Nadia Hamrouni, and John Khouri; Meltem Odabas, Sibel Demir and Deniz Tat; Cosima Langer, Stefanie Rudolf and Ninos. Additionally, I thank the American Research Institute in Turkey for Turkish training, my Syrian Arabic teacher, Ghada Housen, whose patient attention in CASA enabled me to carry out interviews in Arabic, and Dr. Chantelle Warner for help in the DAAD application process. Thank you to the Orient-Institut Istanbul, the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies, the School of Anthropology, and the Haury Dissertation Fellowship for enabling me to carry out this work. Warm thanks to each member of my dissertation committee. To Dr. Anne Betteridge for her excellent grant writing class and her insightful comments at my defense. To Dr. Ed Wright for introducing me to Aramaic study, and for his support, encouragement and insight. To Dr. Jennifer Roth-Gordon for for her wise advice throughout the process. Many thanks to my advisors Dr. Qing Zhang for her support as well as her sensitive and perceptive critiques, and Dr. Samira Farwaneh, for her support and guidance from my MA through this dual-degree PhD. Additionally, thanks to Dr. Leila Hudson and Dr. David Gramling for their confidence and encouragement in this project. I cannot express thanks to every wonderful friend and colleague on this short page, but I do give a special thanks to Jessica Nelson, for enormous emotional support and clear-headed advice. Thank you to my cubicle neighbor Amy Schott, for Anna Marie’s Teas and the Forest App to help us get through the stress of writing. Many thanks to Jonna and Landon Yarrington for bringing my 4-footed writing assistant Princess Tiny Feet into my life. Heartfelt thanks to the following friends who have given significant support to me in this process: Jill Calderon, Gail Godbey, Neşe Kaya, Maya Klein, Aliyeh Metin, Dana Osborne, Kamilia Rahmouni, Maisa Taha, and Megan Young. Finally, enduring thanks to my current writing group, Allison Stuewe and Talya Atallah who have helped to make this past year so much more livable. 4 DEDICATION ܗܠ ܟ ܐܝ ܢ ܒܬ ܟܘ ܐܝ ܪܘܛ ܘܕ ܐ ܦܘܠ ܝ ܝ ܐܘ ܐ ܢ ܦܠ ܡ ܡܐܠ l am malfone w ay yolufe du Turoyo w Kthobonoyo kulle To all learners and teachers of Turoyo and Kthobonoyo 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................7 LIST OF TABLES ...........................................................................................................................8 ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................................9 PROLOGUE ..................................................................................................................................10 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................11 “If someone is Aramaic, where are they from?” ........................................................................12 The Syrian Orthodox Church and Tur ‘Abdin .........................................................................14 Oppression in the homelands ...................................................................................................16 The Syrian Orthodox as a diasporic community ......................................................................18 Historical background summary ...............................................................................................21 Terminology ..............................................................................................................................32 Degree of language endangerment ............................................................................................36 Theoretical underpinnings .........................................................................................................37 On transcription, translation and transliteration ........................................................................45 Methodology .............................................................................................................................46 Summary of chapters .................................................................................................................49 CHAPTER 2. THE SYRIAN ORTHODOX LINGUISTIC CULTURE .....................................52 Linguistic culture .......................................................................................................................54 Time, space and identity: linguistic and chronotopic perceptions ............................................56 Aramean or Assyrian? Chronotope of origin ............................................................................60 Heartland, homeland, and other important locations of origin ..................................................70 Flags ..........................................................................................................................................73 Name selection ..........................................................................................................................75 Aramaic language varieties .......................................................................................................76 Music and dance ........................................................................................................................77 Permeable chronotopic ‘boundaries’ .........................................................................................78 Liturgical and colloquial varieties .............................................................................................87 Turoyo/Surayt/Suryoyo .............................................................................................................94 Chapter summary .......................................................................................................................99 CHAPTER 3. THE PRESERVATION AND TRANSMISSION OF PLACE THROUGH LANGUAGE ......................................................................................................101 Syrian Orthodox place and time ..............................................................................................102 Ethnographer’s orientation ......................................................................................................104 Place carried by religious ritual ...............................................................................................107
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