Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42530-8 — Under Caesar's Sword Edited by Daniel Philpott , Timothy Samuel Shah Index More Information

Index

al-Abadi, Haider, 39 African Union Mission in Somalia Abdelati, Rabie, 97 (AMISOM), 75 Abdollahi, Rasoul, 137 Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 136 Abducted in Iraq: A Priest in Baghdad, Ahmadis, 378, 382 37 aid neutrality, 474, 482 Abdullah (king of Saudi Arabia), 159 Aid to the Church in Need, 463, 465, 487 Abdullah, Abdul Aziz bin, 148 Aikman, David, 347, 352 Abdullah II (king of Jordan), 47 Akinola, Peter, 20 Abedini, Saeed, 140 Al-Azhar, 58 academic dialogue in Pakistan, 251 Alderstein, Yitzchok, 130 accommodation strategies Aleksei (patriarch of Moscow), 196 in China, 348, 354 Alencherry, George, 275 in Sri Lanka, 285 Aleppo, Syria, 40, 45 of Western Christians, 445 Ali, Suryadharma, 382, 384 ACCORD, 444 Alito, Samuel, 441 ACT Alliance, 465, 473 All India Catholic Union (AICU), 270 Ad Scapulam (Tertullian), 18 All India Christian Council (AICC), 270 Adaktusson, Lars, 466, 487 All Pakistan Minorities Alliance (APMA), 2, ADRA (Adventist Development and Relief 254 Agency), 185 Allen, John, 396, 421 Advisory Council of Heads of Protestant Allende, Salvador, 403 Churches of Russia, 225 Alliance Defending Freedom, 443 advocacy Alliance Defending Freedom International religious freedom advocacy by Christian (ADF), 273 TANs, 483 alliance with authoritarians, 60 in Vietnam and Laos, 324, 330 All-Union Council of Evangelical Christian- Afghanistan Baptists, 209 blasphemy, 242 Al-Monitor’s The Pulse of the Middle East, 52 kidnapping and forced conversion, 241 Al-Mushir, 252 political landscape, 236, 240 al-Shabaab, 70, 73 religious demographics, 231 Christian persecution by, 76 Afkham, Marzieh, 136 origins of, 74 Alaq, Michael, 36 responses to persecution by, 89

501

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42530-8 — Under Caesar's Sword Edited by Daniel Philpott , Timothy Samuel Shah Index More Information

502 Index

Ambon violence (Indonesia), 373, 374, 387 Ba’ath Party, 36 Ameruni, Mehdi, 137 Babroudi, Hormoz Aslani, 154 Amirizadeh, Marziyeh, 138 Baghdad, Iraq, 56 al-Amri, Hamoud bin Saleh, 143 al-Baghdadi, Abu Bakr, 38, 67 animism, 316 Bahadur, Dewan, 248 Ansar al Sharia, 110 Ballin, Camillo, 144 apolitical stance, 181 Baloch, Umar, 238 Apologia (Tertullian), 18 Bangura, Zaomab, 38 Apostolic Reformation, 406 Bannon, Steve, 426 “Arab Spring”, 69 Barber, Matthew, 35, 36, 37, 44, 46, 48, 51, Central Asian response to, 170 52, 56 Egypt, Christian response in, 104, 124 Barrett, David, 231 Gaza, Christian response in, 113, 124 Bartella, Iraq, 55 Libya, Christian response in, 108, 124 Bashir, Omar, 82, 97, 100 architectural protest in Pakistan, 256 Bashiri, Shahin, 137 armed resistance, 19 “The Basic Viewpoint and Policy on Armenian Apostolic Church, 181 the Religious Question during Our Armenian Christians in Iran, 134 Country’s Socialist Period” (CCP), Arns, Paulo Evaristo, 398 341 Arora, Tehmina, 273 basij militia, 155 ARPA Canada, 453 Bauman, Chad M., 7, 9, 17, 23, 24, 28 Ashafa, Muhammad, 20 chapter by, 259 al-Assad, Bashar, 15, 40, 44, 45, 61, 476 Bay of Pigs invasion, 402 al-Assad, Hafez, 40, 61 Bazi, Douglas al, 480 association strategies, 4 Beauvois, Xavier, 450, 451 by country, 12 Beckwith, Francis, 452 intensity of persecution and, 26 beheading of mainline denominations, 23 of Coptic Christians in Libya, 58, 110 as proactive, 15 in Saudi Arabia, 148 Assyrian Christians Beijing Shouwang Church, 352 in Iran, 134 Belgium, 438 ISIS attacks on, 43 Beltran, Arnel, 144 tension with Kurds, 53 Belz, Mindy, 59 Assyrian Confederation of Europe, 54 Benedict XVI (pope), 435, 449, 455 atheist indoctrination and propaganda in Bennett, Andrew, 487 China, 340 Betkolia, Yonathan, 151 Athenagoras of Athens, 18 betrayal of Christian TANs by non-Christians, at-risk youth programs in Russia, 216 482 Audo, Antoine, 30, 42, 48, 60 Betto, Frei, 404 Augustine (saint), 59 Bhagwat, Mohan, 262 authoritarian states Bhatti, Nazir S., 231, 240 alliance with, as response to Bhatti, Paul, 2, 16, 29, 254 persecution, 60 Bhatti, Shahbaz, 1, 16, 18, 29, 244, 254 Christian persecution in, 5 Bibi, Asia, 243, 244 church ententes with, 122 Bibi, Shama, 243 Ayariga, Matthew, 58 bin Laden, Osama, 236

Index 503

Bipartite Commission, 399 Carlson-Thies, Stanley, 443, 444, 448, 453, “Bishops Conference of the Catholic Church 454 in China”, 338 Cassidy, Bill, 487 BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party), 260, 261, 262, caste distinctions in Pakistan, 230, 237, 255 263, 269, 271 Castro, Fidel, 401, 402, 403 blasphemy in Afghanistan, 242 Castro, Raúl, 406, 407 Blasphemy Law (Pakistan), 242, 243, 255 Catholic Bishops Conference, 338, 409, 412, Bodu Bala Sena, 281 417 Boko Haram, 70, 73, 99 see also Nigeria Catholic Bishops’ Conference of origins of, 74 India, 273 refugees from, 75 Catholic Bishops Conference of Vietnam, responses to persecution by, 82 331 Borji, Mansour, 150 Catholic Church Bougary, Eissa, 68 after Sinhalese–Tamil civil war, 292 Boutros, Deacon, 477 capacity for religious freedom advocacy, Brasil: Nunca Mais (Arns), 398 475 Brazil in Columbia, 408 military regimes in, 397 cooperation with evangelical and Pentecos- persecution versus defence of religious tal Christians in Sri Lanka, 292 freedom, 415 in Cuba, 401 responses to military repression, 399 in Mexico, 410 “bridging social capital”, 16 military regimes in Latin America, 396 Buck, Pearl S., 346 religious demographics in Latin Buddhism, favoritism in China, 339 see also America, 391 Sri Lanka religious freedom advocacy, 484 Buddist–Christian relationships in response to persecution in Central Sri Lanka, 286 Asia, 181 bureaucracy in Central Asian response to persecution in India, 270 republics, 170 strategy in Indonesia, 373 in Vietnam and Laos, 301, 320, 324 Caicedo, José María Torres, 393 women’s role in, 467, 476 Caldwell, Melissa, 217 Catholic Near East Welfare Canada Association, 465 cooperation strategies, 445 Catholic Patriotic Association (CPA), 337, eficacy of response strategies, 453 338, 342, 349, 350, 353 Latin America, compared, 424 Catholic Relief Services, 464, 473, 475, 479, legal strategies, 442, 444 490 Canadian Council of Christian Charities, Catholic Sabha, 271 453 Catholic University of America, 487, 488 Cardenal, Ernesto, 397 Catholic University of Erbil, 481 Cardus, 453 Catholic-Protestant relations in Latin Caritas, 183, 463, 464, 479 America, 411 Caritas International, 473 Cavish Development Foundation Caritas North Korea, 475 (CDF), 252 Caritas Pakistan, 254 Center for Public Justice, 453 Caritas Sri Lanka-SEDEC, 288 Central African Republic, 20

504 Index

Central Asian republics, 162 see also non-Orthodox communities’ strategies in Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Central Asia, 175 Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan Christian Concern, 443 consequences of strategies for religious Christian Development Organization, freedom, 196 254 differences among republics, 162 Christian Institute, 443 history of Christianity in, 163 Christian Labour Association of Canada, 453 against “new Christians”, 173 Christian Leadership Alliance, 444 non-Orthodox communities’ strategies, 175 Christian Legal Society, 454 post-Soviet era, 169 Christian militias see also resistance Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) strate- in Iraq and Syria, 51 gies, 192 as response to persecution, 81 Soviet era, 167 Christian persecution targeting of evangelical and Pentecostal challenge of minorities in Middle East, 32 Christians, 24 by Christians, 469 Central Highlands (Vietnam) repression deinition of, 301 story, 312 experiential gap in West, 10 Chaplin, Shirley, 438 Latin America in global context of, 422 Chaplin, Vsevolod, 208 origins of Christianity, 468 Chardooli, Mona, 137 reasons for studying, 3 Charity Commission, 446 in “tenth parallel”, 9 Charney, Israel, 33 varieties of, 5 Chavara, Kuriakose Elias, 275 worldwide statistics, 130 Chiapas, Mexico, 412, 413 Christian persecution, responses to, 3 see China, 334 also names of speciic countries/regions; accommodation strategies, 348, 354 transnational advocacy networks atheist indoctrination and (TANs) propaganda, 340 association strategies, 15 consequences of responses for religious Christian militias, 81 freedom, 354 confrontation strategies, 17 cooperation strategies, 346, 353 creative pragmatism, 3, 28 economic punishment, 344 endurance (coping strategy), 79 growth of Christianity, 355 of evangelical and Pentecostal political landscape, 335 Christians, 23 political repression, 342 light, 80 resistance, 350, 354 government, appeal to, 80 responses to persecution, 346 intensity of persecution, 26 targeting of evangelical and Pentecostal international networks, appeal to, 81 Christians, 24 moderates of persecutors’ religion, appeal types of persecution, 340 to, 80 China Christian Council (CCC), 338, 347 nonviolence, 19 China Soul for Christ Foundation, 352 reactive to proactive responses, 11 Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 335, 341, success of, 27 342, 346, 353 survival strategies, 14 Christian Alliance for Orphans, 444 theology and, 22, 78, 92 Christian communities Christian political organizations in deinition of, 11 Pakistan, 253

Index 505

Christian separation, as reason for intensity of persecution and, 26 persecution, 7 as proactive, 17 Christian Solidarity International, 486 Confucianism, 337, 339 Christian Solidarity Movement, 287 Congress Party (India), 261, 262 Christian Solidarity Worldwide, 272 conscience, suppression of, 439 Christian Study Centre in Rawalpindi, 251 Conseil national des évangéliques de France Christian TANs see transnational advocacy (CNEF), 449 networks (TANs) Constantine (emperor), 29, 459 Christianity cooperation strategies global demographics, 458, 467 in China, 346, 353 growth in China, 355 by Russian Orthodox Church, 192 history in Central Asian republics, 163 of Western Christians, 445 history in Indonesia, 360 coping strategies see also survival strategies history in Kenya, Nigeria, and Sudan, 72 of churches, 122 history in Middle East, 31 dual discourse, 119, 126 origins of, 468 in Egypt, 104, 124 Christianity Today, 450 factors in, 102, 123 Christian-majority populations, persecution in Gaza, 113, 124 of, 6 indigenous patriotism, 122 Christmas celebrations in Pakistan, 248 in Iran and Saudi Arabia, 149 The Chronicles of Narnia (Lewis), 450 in Libya, 108, 124 Church World Service, 475 minimizing rights violations, 121 churches multiplicity of, 120 ententes with authoritarian regimes, 122 of non-Orthodox communities in Central in Gaza, 117 Asia, 175 non-Orthodox communities’ strategies in as response to persecution, 79 Central Asia, 175 of Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) in in Saudi Arabia, 147 Central Asia, 192 Clarion Project, 250 short-term versus long-term, 123 Clark, Robert, 232 Coptic Christians Clinton, Bill, 437 beheading of, 58, 110 Cole, Matt, 130 in Egypt, response to “Arab Spring”, 104 Collins, Kathleen, 6, 9, 15, 26 in Libya, response to “Arab Spring”, 106 chapter by, 162 return to Egypt from Libya, 112 “Color Revolutions”, 170 Corbon, Jean, 157 Columbia, 408 Cornelius, Alvin Robert, 248 Commission of Ethnic Affairs (China), 337 Council of Churches in Indonesia, 375 Communist China see China Council of Europe’s Parliamentary Assembly, Communist regimes, Christian persecution 452 in, 5 see also names of speciic countries/ Council of Indonesian Ulama (MUI), 368, regions 376, 378, 382, 384 Communist Youth League, 341 Cragg, Kenneth, 152 Concerned Women, 375 creative pragmatism, 3, 28 confrontation strategies The Cross: Jesus in China (Yuan), 352 by country, 12 Cuba, 401 of evangelical and Pentecostal Cui Quan, 352 Christians, 23 cultural inluence of Western Christians, 449

506 Index

cultural pressure in Vietnam and Laos, 316 Dominican Sisters of St. Catherine of Siena Cultural Revolution, 336, 346, 347, 349, in Iraq, 461, 482, 487, 491 356 Douthat, Ross, 450 Cuong (Kinh pastor), 309 DOVA International Charities, 250 Dowd, Robert A., 16, 26 Dabiq, 39 chapter by, 70 Dadkhah, Mehdi, 136 Dreher, Rod, 451 Dadkhah, Mohammed Ali, 160 Drott, Carl, 53 Daesh see ISIS (Islamic State in Iraq and drug addiction, combating in Russia, 216, 218 Syria) dual discourse, 119, 126 Dai, Nguyen Van, 325 Dunajeva, Jekatyerina, 14, 17, 28 Dalit Freedom Network, 272 chapter by, 199 Dalits, 25, 230, 232, 267 see also caste Dung (Kinh pastor), 309 distinctions in Pakistan Durham, Cole, 438 Damazhan House Church, 344 Danforth, John, 485 Early Rain Blessing Reform Church, 352 Daoism, 337, 339 Easter in Pakistan, 249 Darul Islam (DI), 360 Eastern Christian Communities Effort, 488 Dawronoye, 53 Eastern Mennonite University, 464 Dayal, John, 262, 272, 276 economic development Dayr al-Zor, Syria, 48 by Christian TANs, 478 De Kadt, Emanuel, 153 as response to persecution, 93 democracy, perceived decline in economic punishment in China, 344 Russia, 219 Ecumenical Institute for Study and denominations see also theology; speciic Dialogue, 286 Christian denominations ecumenism, theology of, 127 differential impact of persecution education on, 23 atheist indoctrination and propaganda in in Pakistan and Afghanistan, 233 China, 340 “sheep-stealing”, 25 in Central Asian republics, 172 Department of Ethnic Minorities and by Christian TANs, 480 Religion (Laos), 306 Dominican Sisters of St. Catherine of Destro, Robert, 465, 489 Siena in Iraq, 462 dhimmi status, 56, 63, 134, 152 in Gaza, 117 Dia, Sung Phia, 298 in Indonesia, 369 Dias, Lakshan, 290, 293 in Pakistan, 239 diaspora of Pakistani Christians, 249 as response to repression, 447 “Dignitatis Humanae”, 22, 485 Egypt, 102 Dignitatis Humanae Institutis, 444 Christianity in, 34 Ding Guangxun, 347, 349 church entente with authoritarian Dinh Thien Tu, 322 regime, 122 Diocletian (emperor), 18, 29 Coptic Christians’ return from Libya, District Inter-Religious Committees 112 (DIRC), 288 dual discourse response, 119 Djotodia, Michael, 20 factors in coping strategies, 123 Do Quang Hung, 305, 306 indigenous patriotism response, 122 ‚ Đ oˆ ’i Mói (renovation), 309 methodology of research, 127

Index 507

minimizing rights violations, 121 Evangelical Council for Financial multiplicity of coping strategies, 120 Accountability, 444 policy recommendations, 126 Evangelical Fellowship of Canada, 453 response to “Arab Spring”, 104, 124 Evangelical Fellowship of India, 273 El Salvador evangelism military regimes in, 397 avoiding in Iran and Saudi Arabia, 151 responses to military repression, 400 in Central Asian republics, 176 Elahi, Fazal, 248 in China, 355 ELN, 409 in India, 268 emigration see light from persecution as reason for persecution, 9, 25 Encheridon (Augustine), 59 relief work and, 294 endurance see also coping strategies underground proselytism, 179 as response to persecution, 79 evangelization, theology of, 86 in Vietnam and Laos, 320, 328 exclusion of religion from public life, 438 Equal Treatment Directive (EU), 445 exile see light from persecution Equality and Human Rights exit strategies see light from persecution Commission, 446 expanding role of state, 433 Eshoo, Anna, 465 expatriate laborers in Saudi Arabia, 143 Esposito, John, 159 Ethiopia, 25 Fakki, Abdul Hamid al, 149 Ethnic Affairs Bureau (China), 338 Fallaahi, Esmayeel, 137 Ethnic and Religious Affairs Commission family values in Russia, 223 (China), 338 Fan Yafeng, 344 Europe see Western Christians Fan Zhongliang, 349, 350 European Centre for Law and Justice FARC, 409 (ECLJ), 251 Femen, 436 European Court of Human Rights Fernandes, Sujatha, 8 (ECHR), 211 ighting see Christian militias European Evangelical Alliance Finke, Roger, 7 (EEA), 444 light from persecution European Parliament Working Group on in Central Asian republics, 191 FoRB, 426 Christian TANs decision-making process, European Platform on Religious Intolerance 476 and Discrimination (EPRID), 446 factors in, 102 European Religious Liberty in Gaza, 113 Forum, 446 of Hmong believers, 312 Evangelical Christians humanitarian aid for, 473 accommodation strategies in in India, 266 Sri Lanka, 285 in Iran and Saudi Arabia, 156 in Brazil, 416 in Iraq and Syria, 46 cooperation with Catholics and Protestants in Kenya, 95 in Sri Lanka, 292 in Libya, 112 in Iran, 137, 138, 139 in Nigeria, 88 likelihood of persecution, 23 as response, 80 in Vietnam and Laos, 301, 307, 321, 322 short-term versus long-term coping Evangelical Church of Vietnam strategies, 123 (South), 321, 330 in Vietnam and Laos, 322, 329

508 Index

forced conversion Giddens, Anthony, 277 in Afghanistan, 241 Gill, Pervez Henry, 256 in Pakistan, 240 GKI Yasmin Church, 382 “foreign agents” law (Russia), 202 glasnost, 169 Forghi, Roxana, 137 Global Charter of Conscience, 447 forgiveness global religious demographics, 458 as association strategy, 16 globalization, effect on TANs, 470 by Iraqi and Syrian Christians, 58 Gomez, Mario, 290 Forman Christian College (FCC), 253 Göndör, Eli, 440 Fortenberry, Jeff, 64, 465 Gong Pinmei, 349, 351 Forum Demokrasi, 370 Gorra, Joe, 447, 454 Forum for Life, 287 government Fox, Jonathan, 3, 7, 441 appeal to end persecution, 80 France, exclusion of religion from public collaboration by Russian Orthodox life, 438 Church, 192 Francis (pope), 6, 228, 292, 407, 414, 465, local government relationships, 184 467, 487 Government Committee on Religious Freedom House, 486 Affairs (CRA) (Vietnam), 305, Freston, Paul, 6, 7 306 chapter by, 391 Gozarto Protection Force (GPF), 54 fundamentalists, 153, 483 Gracias, Oswald (Cardinal), 262, 276 Graham, Lindsay, 155 Gaddai, Muammar, 15, 108, 109, 110, 127, Grant, George, 433 150 grass-roots dialogue in Pakistan, 252 Ganni, Ragheed, 59 “great national unity”, 303 Gao Feng, 356 Gregorios III (patriarch of Antioch and All the Garis, Josef, 436 East), 151 Garissa University, 90, 93 Grim, Brian, 7, 447 Gaza, 102 Grimmark, Ellinor, 440 dual discourse response, 119 Griswold, Eliza, 9 factors in coping strategies, 123 Guomindang, 334 indigenous patriotism response, 122 methodology of research, 127 Ha (Kinh pastor), 309, 329 multiplicity of coping strategies, 120 Haaland, Eilif, 446 policy recommendations, 126 Habib, Akram, 129 response to “Arab Spring”, 113, 124 Habib Rizieq, 380 short-term versus long-term coping Habibie, B. J., 371, 380 strategies, 123 Hagaighi, Bijan Foarokhpour, 137 Gazdar, Haris, 237 Haghnejad, Matthias, 139 genocide of Christians Hakkani, Vahid, 137 destruction of religious sites by ISIS, 39 Hamas, 113, 115, 117, 127 international resolutions concerning, Hamel, Jacques, 436 487 Hammond, Laurie, 8 in Ottoman Empire, 33 Hanna, Maria, 456 Georgia, USA, 421 Hanna, Saad Sirop, 37, 59 Gerardi, Juan José, 396 Hansen, Peter, 331 Gibbon, Edward, 8 Hasakah, Syria, 52, 53

Index 509

hate speech, 434 Humanitarian Nineveh Relief Hatemi, Amir, 136 Organization, 466 Hatta, Muhammad, 365 Hunter, James, 451 Hefner, Robert W., 7, 17, 27, 28 Hussein, Saddam, 15, 30, 34, 35, 36, 61 chapter by, 358 Hendrik, Margareth, 375 Ibrahim, Yohanna, 44 Henry, Carl F. H., 450 Iddamalgoda, Sarath, 287, 290 hidden narratives see dual discourse Idegard, Thomas, 448 Hilarion, 113 Idergard, Thomas, 437 Hill, Kent R., 7, 15 imprisonment, as confrontation strategy, 18 chapter by, 30 In Defense of Christians, 465, 487, 488 Hinduism see India India, 259, 260 Hindutva, 261, 275 comparison and contrast with Sri Lankan Hirohito, 364 Christians, 295 historical epochs, Christian responses to consequences of responses, 277 persecution in, 21 light from persecution, 266 history of Christianity historical context, 260 in Central Asian republics, 163 interfaith dialogue, 266 in Kenya, Nigeria, and Sudan, 72 nature and extent of repression, 263 in Middle East, 31 political and legal activism, 269 Hizb ut-Tahrir, 381 responses to persecution, 265 Hizbullah, 388 self-sequestration, 273 Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia, 376, 377 targeting of evangelical and Pentecostal HKBP Filadelia Church, 382 Christians, 24, 25 Hmong believers indigenous patriotism, 122 Dia’s story, 298 Indonesia, 358 light from persecution, 323 current challenges, 370 Minh’s story, 317, 329 early years of independence, 364 repression story, 311 future strategies for Christians, 379 Ho Chi Minh, 321 historical context, 360 Hollande, François, 437 legal repression, 381 Homs, Syria, 41, 48 “New Order” government to early 2000s, Hong Kong, 334, 339 366 “honor-shame” cultures, 158 pluralist citizenship strategies, 383 Horowitz, Michael, 486 religious demographics, 359 Hosanna–Tabor case, 443, 452 violence between Christians and Muslims, house churches in Cuba, 405 see also 371, 376 underground churches Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), 365 housing solutions for refugees, 479 Indonesian Council for Islamic Propagation Howell, Richard, 268 (DDII), 367 Huang Lei, 352 Institute for Congregational Development, Huang Yizi, 355 374 Hudood Ordinances, 236 Institute for Global Engagement (IGE), 327, human autonomy, 432 331 Human Rights Watch, 1 Institute of World Religions, 339 humanitarian aid see transnational advocacy Institutional Religious Freedom Alliance, networks (TANs) 454

510 Index

institutional strategies of non-Orthodox Iran, 132 Christians in Russia, 209, 226 emigration, 156 intellectual engagement, as response to evangelism, avoiding, 151 repression, 447 international networks, appeal to, 140 intensity of persecution, Christian responses language strategies, 150 to, 26 missionary groups, 138 interdenominational networks in Muslim converts to Christianity, 138, 158 India, 269 politics, avoiding, 152 interfaith dialogue see also Muslim–Christian prayer, 159 relationships responses to persecution, 149 in Central Asian republics, 189 targeting of evangelical and Pentecostal in India, 266 Christians, 24, 137, 138, 139 in Indonesia, 374 tension with Saudi Arabia, 131 in Pakistan, 246, 251 Irani, Behnam, 139 in Sri Lanka, 286 Iraq, 30 Interfaith Dialogue Initiative, 159 alliance with authoritarians, 60 Interfaith Network of Pakistan (INP), 238 causes of, 34 Interfaith Youth in Action (IYA), 253 Christian militias, 51 International Conference of Catholic Christian population remaining, 30 Legislators, 465 Christian–Muslim relationships, 65 International Covenant on Civil and Political current persecution, 35 Rights (UN), 338 Dominican Sisters of St. Catherine of International Covenant on Economic, Social, Siena, 461 and Cultural Rights (UN), 338 light from, 46 international networks, appeal to end jizya payments, 56 persecution, 81 see also transnational martyrdom, 58 advocacy networks (TANs) return of refugees, 49 in Brazil, 399 safe haven, creation of, 64 in Central Asian republics, 186 violent Christian responses in, 20 in India, 272 Irfan, David, 249 in Iran, 140 “Isa”, 248 in Pakistan, 249 Isaac, Prabhu, 145 international relations research, 469 ISIL (Islamic State of Iraq and Levant) see international religious freedom see religious ISIS (Islamic State in Iraq and Syria) freedom ISIS (Islamic State in Iraq and Syria), 34, 37, International Religious Freedom Act (1998, 43, 48, 56, 110, 116, 380, 436, 456, 461, US), 486 473, 476, 477, 482, 487 International Society of Human Rights, 4 Islamic Defenders Front, 377, 380 interreligious cooperation see Muslim– Islamic Republic of Iran see Iran Christian relationships Islamic State see ISIS (Islamic State in Iraq Introvigne, Massimo, 435 and Syria) Investigation Body for Preparatory Work for Islamiyat (Islamic education), 236 Independence (BPUPKI), 364 Islamization IPPFoRB (International Panel of in Afghanistan, 236 Parliamentarians for Freedom of in Gaza, 115 Religion or Belief), 417, 418, 419, 422, in Pakistan, 233 465, 487 policy recommendations concerning, 127

Index 511

isolation, as persecution strategy, 16 Kaartveit, Bard Helge, 120 Israel Kamel, Beshir, 58 blockade in Gaza, 115 Kamel, Bishoy, 58 Christians in, 114 Kamel, Samuel, 58 Kandhamal riots, 264, 266, 278 Jabhat al-Nusra, 41, 42, 43 Kashgari, Hamza, 149 Jackson, G. B., 286 Kashkumbayev, Bakhytzhan, 173, Jahangir, Asma, 272 190, 197 Jamaah Ansor ut-Tauhid, 380 Kazakhstan see also Central Asian Jamaat-i-Islami (JI), 235 republics Janda, Ruel, 144 differences with other Central Asian Japan, 9 republics, 162 Jathika Hela Urumaya (JHU), 281 history of Christianity in, 163 Jehovah’s Witnesses see also “new post-Soviet era repression, 169 Christians”; non-Orthodox Kenya, 70 Christians consequences of responses for religious discrimination in Russia, 212 freedom, 99 legal strategies in Russia, 211 responses to persecution, 82, 89 Jemaah Islamiyah (JI), 360, 380 state of religious freedom, 72 Jenkins, Philip, 32, 152 Kerry, John, 488, 489 Jesuit Refugee Services (JRS), 464, Khalid, Haroon, 239 477 Khamidov, Alisher, 180 Jesus of Nazareth, 460, 468 Khan, Akhtar Hamed, 242 Jews Khawaja, Ahmen, 238 in Baghdad, 37 Khawasi, Abdul Sattar, 251 survival in Middle East, 51 Khrushchev, Nikita, 168 Jin Luxian, 349, 351 kidnapping and forced conversion Jin Mingri, 352 in Afghanistan, 241 Jin Tianing, 352 in Pakistan, 240 Jin Tianming, 343 King, Tomas, 479 Jindo, David, 54 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) see Saudi Jinnah, Mohammed Ali, 233, 245, Arabia 248 Kinh people repression story, 309 jizya payments, 56 Kirill (patriarch of Moscow), 228, 467 Jodhka, Surinder S., 237 Knights of Columbus, 465, 487, 488 John Paul II (pope), 27, 179, 195, 351, Kobia, Samuel, 250 398, 400 Koesel, Karrie J., 14, 17, 28 Johnson, Todd, 9, 10, 23 chapter by, 199 Jones, Sidney, 379 koinonia, 118 Joseph, John, 255 Kokkinakis v. Greece, 443 Jubilee Campaign, 486 Kolbe, Maximilian, 400 Juridical Statute of Religious Freedom Koyzis, David, 437, 453 (Brazil), 416 Kraemer, Hendrik, 363 Justice and Peace Commission Kudors, Andis, 220 (Brazil), 398 Kugler, Gudrun, 455 Justin, Martyr (saint), 18 Kukah, Matthew, 85, 478 just-war doctrine, 20 Kurds, 53

512 Index

Kurien, P. J., 274, 275 religious demographics, 391 Kyrgyzstan see also Central Asian republics responses to military repression, 398 differences with other Central Asian Latter Day Saints Charities, 475 republics, 162 Law on Belief and Religion (Vietnam), 304, history of Christianity in, 163 308, 327, 328, 332 post-Soviet era repression, 169 Law on National Education (Indonesia), 369 Lawyers’ Christian Fellowship, 449 Lactantius, 18 Le Quoc Quan, 325 Ladies in White, 405 Lebanon, 33 Lahore Waste Management Company Leech, Tamara, 23 (LWMC), 238 legal repression Lahouti, Shahin, 137 in India, 263 laïciste tradition (Mexico), 410 in Indonesia, 381 Lall, Philip, 239 of non-Orthodox Christians in Lam Dong Province, raid at, 320 Russia, 201 Lamb, Samuel (Lin Xiangao), 344, 351, in Sri Lanka, 282 353 in Vietnam and Laos, 304, 314 Landis, Joshua, 47, 61, 63 legal strategies Landrum, John, 446 of Indian Christians, 269 language strategies in Iran and Saudi of Jehovah’s Witnesses in Russia, 211 Arabia, 150 as response to persecution, 181 Lao Evangelical Church (LEC), 315, 331 of Sri Lankan Christians, 284 Lao Front for National Construction of Western Christians, 442 (LFNC), 304 Leiberman, Joseph, 486 Laos, 298 Lenin, Vladimir, 167 advocacy, 324, 330 Letter to Diognetus, 15 characteristics and illustrations, 307 Lewis, C. S., 450 consequences of responses for religious LGBT rights in Russia, 221 freedom, 328 lianghui, 338, 342, 347 endurance (coping strategy), 320, 328 Libya, 102 light from persecution, 322, 329 factors in coping strategies, 123 future of, 332 indigenous patriotism response, 122 history and demographics, 301 methodology of research, 127 legal repression, 304 minimizing rights violations, 121 motivators and drivers of persecution, 302 policy recommendations, 126 resistance, 324 response to “Arab Spring”, 108, 124 responses to persecution, 319 short-term versus long-term coping theology in responses to persecution, 22 strategies, 123 Las Dos Américas (Caicedo), 393 Lien, Le Thi Hong, 326 Laskar Jihad, 372, 373, 375 Lin Xiangao (Samuel Lamb), 344, 351, 353 Latin America, 391 see also names of speciic Liu Aixin, 344 countries/regions Liu Liangmo, 346 Catholic-Protestant relations in, 411 lobbying, as political strategy, 444 current persecution, 400 local government relationships, 184 in global context of Christian Locke, John, 431 persecution, 422 long-term coping strategies, 123 military regimes and Christian Lopez, Juan Carlos, 439 persecution, 396 The Lord of the Rings (Tolkien), 450

Index 513

Love, Maryann Cusimano, 16 Maududi, Maulana Abul Ala, 235 chapter by, 456 Mead, Walter, 51 Lucena, Roberto de, 418, 420 Medellín conference, 396, 402 Lutheran Church, response to persecution in media usage Central Asia, 181 in Cuba, 403 in Pakistan, 246 Ma Daqin, 350 medical malpractice charges in Laos, 316 Maaloula, Syria, 42 memorialization of Christian igures in Macau, 334, 339 Pakistan, 247 MacIntyre, Alasdair, 451 Menghis, Eskinder, 145 Magdangal, Oswaldo “Wally”, 146 Mennonite Central Committee, 463, 465, Magnis-Suseno, Franz, 377 475 mainland China see China Meouchy, Nadine, 61, 63 Majelis Mujahidin Indonesia, 373, 376, Mexico, 410 377 MFS (Syriac Military Council), 53 Malayeri, Farshid Fathi, 160 Michael, Yat, 97, 98 Malick, Terrence, 450 Middle East see also names of speciic Malik, Alexander, 238 countries/regions Malik, Habib, 45, 63 challenge of minorities in, 32 Maluku violence (Indonesia), 372, 375, 387 Christian–Muslim relationships, 65 Manchin, Joe, 487 history of Christianity in, 31 Manif pour Tous, 440 Middle East Concern (MEC), 158 Mansour, Adley, 104 migration see light from persecution Mao Zedong, 347 military regimes in Latin America Mar Elian, Syria, 476 Christian persecution and, 396 Mar Musa, Syria, 476 Christian responses to, 398 Marrakesh Declaration, 67 militias see Christian militias Marshall, Paul, 5, 6, 8, 133 Miller, Donald E., 26 chapter by, 428 Miller, Duane Alexander, 120 Martin, Alberto Ortega, 466 Mina, Anba Antonios Aziz, 58 Martin, David, 8 Ministry of Christian Affairs (MCA), 289 Martin, Reverend, 232 Ministry of Civil Affairs (China), 337 Martínez-Torrón, Javier, 434, 435, 437, 439, Ministry of National Harmony (Pakistan), 254 452 Ministry of Public Security (China), 337 martyrdom Ministry of Religious Affairs (MORA), 366, as confrontation strategy, 18 368 in Iraq and Syria, 58 Ministry of State Security (MSS) in Latin America, 400 (China), 337 as successful strategy, 27 minorities in Middle East, challenge of, 32 Marx, Karl, 167 Missionaries of Charity, 254 Maseeh, Sajjid, 243 missionary groups “Masih”, 249 in Central Asian republics, 171, 176 Masih, Barkat, 241 in Iran, 138 Masih, James, 240 in Sri Lanka, 279 Masih, Rimsha, 243 Mitri, Tarek, 132 Masih, Shamim, 249 Mneimneh, Hassan, 66, 67 Maspero Youth movement, 106 Modi, Narendra, 260, 261, 262, 274, 275, Mataic, Dane R., 7 276, 277

514 Index

Mokhtari, Morad, 156 al-Mutairi, Fatima, 148 Mombasa Republican Council (MRC), 74 Mutaween, 155 Momeka, Diana, 50, 465, 466, 491 Montagnard Evangelicals, 308 Nadarkhani, Youcef, 139 light from persecution, 322 Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), 369, 370, 374, 379, repression story, 310 380, 381 Moras, Bernard, 267, 267 Nasser, Amina bint, 149 Morsi, Mohamed, 104, 106, 109, National Assembly in Pakistan, 235 112, 121 National Association of Evangelical Jurists Mosul, Iraq, 52, 56 (Anajure), 416 Moucarry, Chawkat, 62 National Association of Evangelicals, 486 Mourad, Jacques, 477 National Bishops’ Conference (CNBB), Movement for National Land and 398 Agricultural Reform, 287 National Commission for Justice and Peace, Mubarak, Hosni, 15, 104, 105, 122, 127 254 Muhammadiyah, 369, 374, 378, 379, 380, National Council of Churches, 486 381 National Council of Churches in India, Mujahedeen Shura Council, 42 273 Murray, William, 472 National Council of Churches of Kenya Muslim Brotherhood, 109, 116, 127 see also (NCCK), 90 Hamas; Morsi, Mohamed National Peace Council for Interfaith Muslim converts to Christianity Harmony of Pakistan, 252 in Central Asian republics, 174, 192 National Peace Council (NPC), 288 in Iran, 138, 158 Natsir, Mohammad, 367 in Saudi Arabia, 148, 158 Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 173 Muslim World League, 367 Nazir Ali, Michael, 250 Muslim–Christian relationships Nê´u Môt Mai (“What if Tomorrow?”), 322 in Central Asian republics, 189 New Apostolic˙ Church, 181 in early years of Indonesian “new Christians” see also non-Orthodox independence, 364 Christians future strategies in Indonesia, 379 history in Central Asian republics, 164 in Gaza, 115 repression in Central Asian republics, 173 improving in Middle East, 65 Newman Institute, 448 in Iran and Saudi Arabia, 159 Ngai, Hoang Van, 326 in Kenya, 92, 99 Nguyen Xuan Phuc, 314 “New Order” government to early 2000s Nhan, Le Thi Cong, 325 Indonesia, 366 Niamat, Amjad, 248 in Nigeria, 86, 88, 99 Nicaragua, 397 in Pakistan, 251 niches of non-Orthodox Christians in pluralist citizenship strategies in Russia, 216 Indonesia, 383 Nigeria, 70 in Russian Orthodox Church, 192 consequences of responses for religious violence in Indonesia, 371, 376 freedom, 99 Muslim-majority countries see also names of nonviolent Christian responses in, 19 speciic countries/regions responses to persecution, 82 Christian persecution in, 5 state of religious freedom, 72 Christian–Muslim relationships, 65 theology in responses to persecution, 22 Muslims, global persecution of, 427 violent Christian responses in, 20

Index 515

Nineveh Plain Protection Units (NPU), 52 Of Gods and Men (ilm), 450, 451 Nineveh Plain, safe haven in, 64 Ofice of Religious Affairs (ORA), 405 Nixon, Richard M., 425 Oglio, Paolo Dall, 476 Niyazov, Saparmurat, 180 Omidi, Mehdi Reza, 136 Noel, Sr., 287 “On Freedom of Conscience and Religious non-Orthodox Christians, challenges in Associations” (Russia, 1997), 210 Russia, 200 “On Further Strengthening the Work of inluence of Russian Orthodox Church, Research and Propagative Education of 204 Marxist Atheism” (CCP), 341 legal uncertainty, 201 Onaiyekan, John, 478 quiet repression, 204 O’Neill, Onora, 422 non-Orthodox Christians, strategies in Oommen, T. K., 262, 263 Central Asia, 175 “Opinions about Atheist Propaganda and consequences of strategies for religious Scientiic Education Propaganda freedom, 196 through Radio and Television” (State emigration, 191 Ministry of Radio and Television), 341 interfaith dialogue, 189 Ordinance on Belief and Religion (Vietnam), international networks, appeal to, 186 304, 308, 309, 313, 318 legal and apolitical, 181 Organization for Legal Aid (OLA), 251 local government relationships, 184 Organization for Security and Cooperation in religious revivalism and missionary out- Europe, 452 reach, 176 Ortner, Sherry, 277 state-religious dialogue, 188 Ottoman Empire, genocide of Christians in, underground proselytism, 179 33 non-Orthodox Christians, strategies in Russia Our Last Stand (ilm), 52 institutional strategies, 209, 226 political response strategies, 219, 227 Page, Richard, 439 social engagement strategies, 214, 227 Pakistan, 229 nonstate actors, Christian persecution by, 7 Bhatti assassination, 1 reasons for, 7 Blasphemy Law, 242, 243 via isolation, 16 caste distinctions, 230, 237, 255 nonviolence, 19 Christian political organizations, 253 North American Free Trade Agreement Christmas celebrations, 248 (NAFTA), 411 Easter, 249 North Korea, 475 interfaith dialogue, 246, 251 Norway international networks, appeal to, 249 cooperation strategies, 446 kidnapping and forced conversion, 240 Latin America, compared, 424 media usage, 246 Norwegian Church Aid, 465, 473 memorialization of Christian igures, “Nostra Aetate”, 485 247 al-Nusra see Jabhat al-Nusra political landscape, 233, 240 Nusra Front, 110 political protest, 246, 254 poverty discrimination, 239 Obama, Barack, 407, 426, 488, 491 religious demographics, 231 Obergefell v. Hodges (US), 441 responses to persecution, 245 Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT) see societal persecution, 236 Gaza sociopolitical visibility, lack of, 245 O’Connor, Brian, 144 violence against women, 240

516 Index

Pakistan Christian Congress, 253 Polizogopoulos, Albertos, 451 Pakistan Christian Post, 247 Ponniah, James, 7, 9, 17, 24, 28 Pakistan Muslim League (PML), 234 chapter by, 259 Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF), 39 (PML-N), 247 post-Soviet era, Christian repression during, Pakistan People’s Party (PPP), 234, 247 169 Pakistan Tehreek Insaf (PTI), 247 Potiical Council for Justice and Peace, 485 Palestine see Gaza Pounthapanya, Khamphone, 28, 331 Pancasila (“Five Principles”), 358, 386 poverty discrimination in Pakistan, 239 party-state ruling system (China), 335 prayer in Iran and Saudi Arabia, 159 Paul (saint), 468 Prince Alwaleed bin Talal Center for Muslim- Pax Christi, 465 Christian Understanding, 159 “peaceful evolution”, 303 proactive responses to persecution, 11 Penning, Ray, 440, 453 in association strategies, 15 Pentecostal Christians in confrontation strategies, 17 accommodation strategies in in survival strategies, 14 Sri Lanka, 285 pro-Putin, pro-family, pro-Russia strategies cooperation with Catholics and Protestants of non-Orthodox Christians in Russia, in Sri Lanka, 292 219, 227 likelihood of persecution, 23, 26 proselytism see evangelism People’s Political Consultative Conference Prosperous Justice Party (PKS), 382, 385 (PPCC), 343 protest see political strategies People’s Republic of China (PRC) see China Protestant Church of Maluku (GPM), 374 Perera, Jehan, 288, 290 Protestant Reformation, 468 Persecution see Christian persecution Protestants see also Evangelical Christians; Peshmerga, 456 non-Orthodox Christians Peter (saint), 468 Catholic-Protestant relations in Latin Phillips, Dick and Lil, 320 America, 411 Philpott, Daniel, 151, 154, 489 in China see Three-Self Patriotic Move- Pieris, Aloysius, 286 ment Committee (TSPM) pluralist citizenship strategies in in Columbia, 409 Indonesia, 383 in Cuba, 405 “polite persecution”, 6 human rights defence in Latin political landscape America, 397 in Afghanistan, 236, 240 strategy in Indonesia, 374 in China, 335 women clerics, 467 in Pakistan, 233, 240 Protestants at the Service of Russia, 224 political organizations for Pakistani pro-Western perception of Christians, 8 Christians, 253 Public Chamber of the Russian political repression in China, 342 Federation, 210 political strategies public life, exclusion of religion from, 438 of Indian Christians, 269 Puebla, Mexico, 413 of non-Orthodox Christians in Russia, 219, Purnama, Basuki Tjahaja (“Ahok”), 385 227 Putin, Vladimir, 196, 205, 216 in Pakistan, 246, 254 pro-Putin, pro-family, pro-Russia strategies, of Western Christians, 444 219, 227 politics, avoiding in Iran and Saudi Arabia, 152 Putnam, Robert, 16

Index 517

Qadri, Mumtaz, 244 religious demographics, global, 458 ul-Qadri, Tahir, 247 religious discrimination, reasons for studying Quang, Nguyen Hong, 326 Christians, 3 quiet repression of non-Orthodox Christians religious freedom in Russia, 204 advocacy by Christian TANs, 483 Quintão, Leonardo, 416, 418, 420 in Afghanistan, 236 in Brazil, 415 Rabban, Bishop, 480 capacity of Catholic Church for Rahao, Paulus Faraj, 58 advocacy, 475 Rajapaksha, Mahinda, 260, 281, 282, 283, Catholic-Protestant relations in Latin 294, 295, 297 America, 411 Ram, Rochi, 237 in Central Asian republics, 170 Ramdey, Khalil, 240 eficacy of response strategies in Western Raqqa, Syria, 42, 56 society, 452 Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), future recommendations for Western 261, 277 Christians, 454 Rassam, Suha, 36 historical context in Western Ratzinger, Josef see Benedict XVI (pope) society, 430 reactive responses to persecution, 11, in Kenya, Nigeria, and Sudan, 72, 99 14 Latin America in global context of, 422 refugees, Christian origin of term, 18 from Boko Haram, 75 in Pakistan, 233 Dominican Sisters of St. Catherine of political theologies of, 21 Siena in Iraq, 461 reasons for responses in Western in Europe, 436 society, 451 housing solutions, 479 responses to restrictions in Western from Iraq, 46 society, 442 in Jordan, 47 restrictions on Western Christians, 428, 434 return to Iraq and Syria, 49 in Russia, 201 in Syria, 40, 47 in Sri Lanka, advocacy for, 289 UNHCR (United Nations High Commis- Religious Freedom Coalition, 472 sion for Refugees), 473 Religious Freedom in the World (Marshall), registration in Vietnam and Laos, 318 395 Regulations on Religious Affairs Religious Freedom Project, 1 (China), 308 Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) Reimer, Reginald E., 15, 18, 22, 28 (US), 437 chapter by, 298 Religious Liberty Commission (RLC), 287, Release International, 272 289 religion religious nationalism, Christian persecution exclusion from public life, 438 and, 5 expansion of state roles, 433 religious revivalism in Central Asian restricting scope of, 431 republics, 176 Religion, the Missing Dimension of repression see Christian persecution, Statecraft (Johnson and Samson), responses to 470 Republic of China, 334, 339 Religious Affairs Bureau (RAB) (China), 337, research, as response to repression, 447 342 “reservation” system (India), 264

518 Index

resistance see also Christian militias Sabella, Bernard, 114, 118 in China, 350, 354 Sadad, Syria, 43 factors in, 102 Saddam Hussein see Hussein, Saddam in Vietnam and Laos, 324 Saeed, Nasir, 250 responses to Christian persecution see safe haven in Nineveh Plain, 64 Christian persecution, responses to Sahlin, Mona, 435 restricting scope of religion, 431 Sako, Louis, 37 return of refugees to Iraq and Syria, 49 Salais, 116, 146, 367, 372 Rezai, Eskinder, 137 Salloum, Sa’ad, 66 Rezai, Masood, 137 Samaritan’s Purse, 463, 475 Ribeiro, Julio, 262, 276 same-sex marriage, 441 Riblah, Syria, 41 San Egidio, 465 Riccardi, Andrea, 332 sanitation work, stigma in Pakistan, 238 rights-based rule-of-law, 305 Sanskrit, 275 Rivers, Julian, 428, 437 Santana, Uziel, 417, 419 Roghangir, Mohammad, 137 Saperstein, David, 491 “Rome Model”, 435 Saraie, Suroush, 137 Romero, Oscar, 396, 400 Saraswati, Lakshmanananda, 265, 295 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 346 Saudi Arabia, 141 Rostampour, Maryam, 138 beheading, 148 Rouhani, Hassan, 135 churches, 147 Rukhnama, 172 emigration, 156 Rumalshah, Manowar, 250 evangelism, avoiding, 151 Russia, 6, 199 expatriate laborers, 143 institutional response strategies, 209, 226 lack of TANs in, 475 non-Orthodox Christians, challenges language strategies, 150 of, 200 Muslim converts to Christianity, 158 political response strategies, 219, 227 politics, avoiding, 152 social engagement response strategies, 214, prayer, 159 227 responses to persecution, 149 targeting of evangelical and Pentecostal tension with Iran, 131 Christians, 24 Saul of Tarsus, 31 Russian Christian Social and Political Saydnaya, Syria, 52 Union, 211 Scandinavian Human Rights Lawyers Russian Orthodox Church (ROC), 163, 199 Association, 443 consequences of strategies for religious Schirrmacher, Thomas, 429, 446 freedom in Central Asia, 196 schools see education coping strategies in Central Asia, 192 Schutten, Andre, 453 “foreign agents” law, 202 Scott, James, 119 history in Central Asian republics, 163 Sebastián, Fernando, 439 inluential position in Russian Second Vatican Council see Vatican II society, 204 secularism political strategy of, 226 changing views in Western society, Russian Union of Evangelical Christian- 430 Baptists, 209, 223–224 Christian persecution and, 5 Russian United Council of Evangelical Seiple, Chris, 193 Christians (Pentecostals), 209 self-sequestration in India, 273

Index 519

“seven words” (Jakarta Charter), 364, 367 South Asian Institute of Human Rights Shah, Ghanshyam, 237 Affairs, 254 Shahadah, 76 South Sudan, 82, 96 Shaheed, Ahmed, 141 southeast Asia see Indonesia Shahtakhtinski, Ismail, 192 sovereign states, transnational advocacy Sharaf, Nicodemus Daoud, 59 networks (TANs) as predating, 457 Shareed, Ahmed, 137 Soviet era, Christian repression during, 167 Sharif, Nawaz, 254 Spain, 439 Shea, Nina, 56, 486 Specter, Arlen, 486 “sheep-stealing”, 25 sports programs in Russia, 216 Shenouda III (pope, Coptic), 122 “squeeze” oppression, 298 Shevchenko, Imma, 437 Sri Lanka, 259, 279 short-term coping strategies, 123 accommodation strategies, 285 Si Jus, 443 collaboration in aftermath of Sinhalese– Silva, Marina, 421 Tamil civil war, 288 Simanjuntak, Marsillam, 389 comparison and contrast with Indian Singh, Ajay, 272, 273 Christians, 295 Singha, Sara, 17, 28 consequences of strategies for religious chapter by, 229 freedom, 291 Sinhalese–Tamil civil war, Christian historical context, 279 collaboration after, 288, 292 interfaith dialogue, 286 Sirisena, Maithripala, 260, 281, 282, 295 legal strategies, 284 al-Sisi, Abdel Fattah, 15, 58, 104, 107, 122 motivations for Christian responses, 290 sleeping districts (Moscow), 206 nature and extent of repression, 282 “smash” oppression, 298 religious freedom advocacy, 289 Smith, Steve D., 5 responses to persecution, 284 social hostility social services, 287 in Brazil, 415 targeting of evangelical and Pentecostal in Europe, 428 Christians, 24 social services Stalin, Joseph, 168, 178 as association strategy, 16 Standing Strong Through the Storm (SSTS), 98 of Indian Christians, 267 Stang, Dorothy, 396 of non-Orthodox Christians in Russia, 214, state 227 expanding role of, 433 of Sri Lankan Christians, 287, 294 increasing control in Western society, 437 societal persecution State Administration of Religious Affairs in Kenya and Nigeria, 71, 73 (China), 337, 338 in Pakistan, 236 state collaboration by Russian Orthodox sociopolitical visibility, lack in Church, 192 Pakistan, 245 state power, Christian persecution by, 6 see Soekarno, 365 also Iran; Saudi Arabia Soma Thero, Gangodawila, 280, 283, 295 reasons for, 7 Somalia, 74 in Sudan, 71, 73 Sorrow and Blood: Christian Mission in via isolation, 16 Contexts of Suffering, Persecution and state-religious dialogue Martyrdom (Reimer), 300 in Central Asian republics, 188 Soudah, Roumell, 117, 118 in Cuba, 401

520 Index

Stefanus Alliance International, 272 jizya payments, 56 stereotyping, 434 martyrdom, 58 Stockholm Syndrome, 63 return of refugees, 49 strategies of association see association safe haven, creation of, 64 strategies violent Christian responses in, 20 strategies of confrontation see confrontation Syria Comment (Landis), 47 strategies Syrian Social Nationalist Party strategies of survival see survival strategies (SSNP), 55 “Strong Family” initiative (Russia), 223 Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, 274 subbotniki, 216 success of responses to persecution, 27 Taalipsanad, Behzad, 136 Sudan, 70 Tadros, Mariz, 15 consequences of responses for religious chapter by, 102 freedom, 99 Tafti, Hassan Dehqani, 153 responses to persecution, 82, 96 Taimoorazy, Juliana, 50, 64 state of religious freedom, 72 Taiwan, 334, 339 Suharto, 358, 370 Tajikistan see also Central Asian Sukarno, 381 republics Sumartana, Theo, 387 differences with other Central Asian Sumpter, Philip, 120 republics, 162 suppression of conscience and traditional history of Christianity in, 163 ethics, 439 post-Soviet era repression, 169 survival strategies see also coping Talabani, Jalal, 64 strategies Talal, Alwaleed bin, 159 by country, 12 Talal, Hassan bin, 160 of evangelical and Pentecostal Christians, Taliban, 236 23 Tamarod, 105 intensity of persecution and, 26 Tartaglia, Philip, 433 reactive and proactive elements of, 14 Taseer, Salman, 244 Sutoro, 53 TAT (Hmong believer), 311 Sweden Tawadrous II (pope, Coptic Church), 15, 58, research, education, intellectual engage- 105, 107, 122 ment, 448 Taylor, Charles, 433, 449 suppression of conscience and traditional Tehreek-e-Minhajul Quran, 247 ethics, 440 Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan Jamaatul Ahrar Swedish Evangelical Alliance, 448 (TTP-JA), 244 symbolic violence in Brazil, 417 Tehrik-i-Taliban, 244 Syria, 30 Tel Nasri, Syria, 54 alliance with authoritarians, 60 “tenth parallel”, 9 causes of, 34 terrorism, 19 Christian militias, 51 Tertullian, 18, 27 Christian population remaining, 30 Thalib, Jafar Umar, 372, 373 Christian TANs decision to stay or lee, Thelakat, Paul, 262 476 theology Christian–Muslim relationships, 65 of ecumenism, 127 current persecution, 40 of evangelization, 86 light from, 46 of nonviolence, 20

Index 521

of religious freedom, 21 history of Christianity in, 163 in responses to persecution, 22, 79, 92 post-Soviet era repression, 169 Theophilos III (patriarch of Jerusalem), 115, 200 Churches Program, 206 118, 128, 129 They Say We Are Inidels: On the Run from Ubaedillah, Achmad, 388 ISIS with Persecuted Christians in the UK Evangelical Alliance, 446, 448 Middle East (Belz), 59 Umpqua Community College, 435 Thomas the Apostle (saint), 260 underground churches Three-Self Patriotic Movement Committee in Central Asian republics, 179 (TSPM), 337, 338, 342, 346, 348, 351 in China, 338, 350 Tieszen, Charles, 301 UNHCR (United Nations High Commission Tin, Stephen Chan, 331 for Refugees), 473 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 7 United Christian Forum for Human Rights, Tolkien, J. R. R., 450 269 tongluren, 354 United Front Department (UFD) (China), traditional Christian ethics, suppression 337, 342 of, 439 United Kingdom transnational advocacy networks (TANs), 456 cooperation strategies, 446 activities of, 460 exclusion of religion from public life, 438 aid neutrality, 474, 482 research, education, intellectual engage- betrayal by non-Christians, 482 ment, 448 decision to stay or lee persecution, 476 suppression of conscience and traditional deinition of, 456 ethics, 439 Dominican Sisters of St. Catherine of United Methodist Committee on Relief, 475 Siena in Iraq, 461 United States economic development, 478 cooperation strategies, 445 funding Christian activities, 483 exclusion of religion from public life, 439 genocide resolutions, 487 international religious freedom movement globalization, effect of, 470 in, 423, 426 historical context, 467 Religious Freedom Restoration Act humanitarian aid operations, 472 (RFRA), 437 in international relations research, 469 research, education, intellectual engage- as predating sovereign states, 457 ment, 447 religious freedom advocacy, 483 same-sex marriage, 441 women’s role in, 459, 476 suppression of conscience and traditional Treaty of Westphalia (1648), 457 ethics, 440 The Tree of Life (ilm), 450 Universal Declaration of Human Rights Trinity Western University, 442, 444 (UN), 306, 338, 367, 419, 438, 456, 483 Trump, Donald, 426 Urgench, Uzbekistan, 194 Tu, Dinh Thien, 19 US Commission on International Religious Tulana Research Centre for Encounter and Freedom, 486 Dialogue, 286 US Conference of Catholic Bishops, 485, 486 Turkey, 32 Uzbekistan see also Central Asian republics Turkmenistan see also Central Asian differences with other Central Asian republics republics, 162 differences with other Central Asian history of Christianity in, 163 republics, 162 post-Soviet era repression, 169

522 Index

Vadakkumpadan, Sebastian, 275, 276 Wahid, Abdurrahman, 370, 389 van der Lugt, Frans, 44 Wanbang Church, 352 Van Gorder, Christian, 14, 15 Wang Mingdao, 351, 353 chapter by, 130 Wang Yi, 352 Vang Pao, 323 Warda, Bishop, 480 Vara, Vasantha Sekhar, 146 Weigel, George, 17 Varela, Antonio Maria Rouco, 436 Wenzhou Christians, 350 Vatican II, 396, 402, 469, 485 Western Christians, 428 see also names of Velasco, Silvia Meseguer, 435 speciic countries/regions Verrilli, Donald B., Jr., 441 cooperation strategies, 445 Vietnam, 298 cultural inluence, 449 advocacy, 324, 330 eficacy of response strategies, 452 characteristics and illustrations, 307 experiential gap in persecution levels, 10 consequences of responses for religious future recommendations, 454 freedom, 328 legal strategies, 442 endurance (coping strategy), 320, 328 political strategies, 444 light from persecution, 322, 329 reasons for response strategies, 451 future of, 332 religious freedom restrictions, 428, 434 history and demographics, 301 research, education, intellectual engage- legal repression, 304 ment, 447 motivators and drivers of persecution, responses to restrictions, 442 302 violence against, 435 resistance, 324 Western society responses to persecution, 319 exclusion of religion from public life, 438 theology in responses to persecution, 22 historical context of religious freedom, Vietnam War, 302 430 Vietnam’s Christians: A Century of Growth in increasing state control, 437 Adversity (Reimer), 300 perceived decline in Russia, 219 viliication, 434 suppression of conscience and traditional violence ethics, 439 in Columbia, 408 Widjaya, Paulus Sugeng, 388 as confrontation strategy, 19 Widodo, Joko, 28, 385, 386 against Indian Christians, 264 Wolf, Frank, 486 in Indonesia, 371, 376 women in Mexico, 410 brutalization by ISIS, 38 relative rarity as Christian response to role in Catholic Church institutions, persecution, 19 467, 476 against Sri Lankan Christians, 283 role in Christian transnational networks, symbolic violence in Brazil, 417 459 against Western Christians, 435 violence against, in Pakistan, 240 against women in Pakistan, 240 “work sessions”, 314 Virgin of Guadalupe, 410 World Council of Churches, 473 Vladimir (Orthodox archbishop of World Vision, 465, 473 Kyrgyzstan), 195 World Youth Day (2011), 435 “Voice of the Spirit” (Lin), 352 Wu Yaozong, 346, 347

Index 523

Wuye, James, 20 Yousei, Namatollah, 137 Wuzhuang Christians, 344 Youth Development Foundation (YDF), 253 Xi Jinping, 339 YPG (Peoples Protection Union), 54 Xiashang Church, 352 Yuan Xiangchen, 351, 353 Yuan Zhiming, 352 Yang, Fenggang, 15, 19, 27 Yudhoyono, Susilo Bambang, 382 chapter by, 334 Yusuf, Mohammed, 74 Yang Yudong, 349 Yasin, Chaudhry Muhammad, 238 Zabad, Ibrahim, 50, 69 Yazigi, Boulos, 44 Zan Aizong, 344 Yen, Peter, 97, 99 Zardari, Asif Ali, 250, 254 Yogarajah, Godfrey, 290 Zhang Kai, 343 Yohan, Nese, 146 Zhao Zichen, 347 Younan, Ignace Joseph II, 38 Zhou Enlai, 346 Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA), Zia-ul-Haq, General, 235, 245 346, 348 Zion Church, 352 Young Pioneers, 341 Zou Hui, 344