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Routledge International Handbook of Participatory Design

Jesper Simonsen, Toni Robertson

Design

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203108543.ch3 Liam J. Bannon, Pelle Ehn Published online on: 06 Aug 2012

How to cite :- Liam J. Bannon, Pelle Ehn. 06 Aug 2012, Design from: Routledge International Handbook of Participatory Design Routledge Accessed on: 01 Oct 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203108543.ch3

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Liam 42 Design Participatory the on influence of degrees varying had have community. that design studying hsc n biology and Bertalan physics socio- von on studied work as Ludwig be emerging con- organisations should cyberneticist the which the of work systems, came context technical viewing the term this and The colleagues, social From research. distinct domains. action and technical simply via separate not Trist the and completely and by systems, as social technical proposed treated the reframing been where had organisations ceptual work in remained of Alienation aspects work. of experience prah eeoe nteitrwryas ouigo mrvdpronlrltosand relations personnel improved on focusing years, inter-war the management in developed approach, etlfcosivle.TeAsrla eerhrFe mr hl tteTvsoksub- Tavistock the at while Emery Fred researcher this Australian developed The stantially involved. factors mental oksse osse fbt oilsse n ehia ytmitrcigwt an with interacting environ- the system and technical working, a are and people which system the in which social organisation within a the ment both (both environment of external consisted system work hyddntfcso ehooydsg tef u ahro o ehooywsintroduced was technology Tavistock, how the on by rather partici- studied but worker was itself, of work design forms in technology for technology used. on and of and focus 1976) role 1969, not (e.g. the Thorsrud did democracy While industrial and they changes. greater Emery work for de of in need already Norway the pation in something for work not argued the work and Tavistock in researcher, later the the by Also, world. framed perspective a system. was overall the from output optimal an for order hsapoc otaitdtetcnlgcliprtv nwr ein hr okorga- work where design, work in imperative technological the contradicted approach This e etr fti okwsteraiainta h oino ytmwssmtigthat something was system of notion the that realisation the was work this of feature key A ‘ ua relations human – no eoito,hddn itet hnetebscsrcueo osadthe and jobs of structure basic the change to little done had negotiation, union ‘ Scandinavian ’ c npoutvt.Ti e otedvlpeto napoc owork to approach an of development the to led This productivity. on ect a utbe ulse.Ti ihihe h efrgltn n environ- and self-regulating the highlighted This published. been just had fi ‘ systems’ moeae)adta hs ussesnee obe to needed subsystems these that and operates) rm ’ ciiiscudo could activities ’ ‘ system ciedsge rdtos n brie and traditions, designer ective ytm eeomn rdto fKitnNgadadhscol- his and Nygaard Kristen of tradition development systems seto h oi-ehia prah h dawsta a that was idea The approach. socio-technical the of aspect ff ’ 15) hs paper whose (1950), y en sdb h aitc eerhr a eeoe in developed was researchers Tavistock the by used being ‘ pnssestheory systems open ff e n di any set ff rn iw ndsg eerh nldn the including research, design on views erent fi tn epet h eurmnso the of requirements the to people tting ff ffi rn mrvdscoeooi con- socio-economic improved ering ute ihti prah h latter The approach. this with culties ‘ ’ oi-ehia systems socio-technical spougtdb h biologist/ the by promulgated as , ‘ h hoyo pnssesin systems open of theory The fl oeohrapoce to approaches other note y fi e ntenatural the in ned ‘ nbalance in ’ a devel- was ’ in Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 08:25 01 Oct 2021; 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Ehn the 1987; al. project, et UTOPIA (Bødker the issues human design of greater on launch focus for the clear the allow a to but to with led project worked, point, itself Design systems starting technology these a of how was design change worked to applications in attempt fl and launched workers to being computers Supporting was 1987). unions way Bratteteig objective with and the projects Bjerknes understanding similar 1987; Kyng to in and led (Ehn experiment Denmark and Norwegian Sweden The day. this to eaemr ieyue ihntePriiaoyDsg n ytm eincmuiymore community design systems and Design early 7 Participatory an (Chapter the as generally within seen used be widely tools also to design more may order narrative Design, became in provided more Participatory resolution, with approach in work (partial) used the to as their Thus, attempt approach, and system. This interests any design. competing of with between design proceed distinct the dialogue their on support and impact to project, any might ways in this involved how stakeholders and UK of examine variety interests, a the to of designers existence in the engage professional acknowledged University encouraging could projects, Lancaster they Design at how Participatory colleagues several the in and of applied one Checkland was It by 1981). (Checkland developed was approach xblt nteueo ytm.Teraiainta htwsnee a la oeit the into move clear a was needed was what that realisation The systems. of use the in exibility If eta okentitled book uential ‘ ‘ ‘ Scandinavian otsystems ’ soft Scandinavian ‘ ’ systems’ yPtrCekad(91 nteU,adtebook the and UK, the in (1981) Checkland Peter by ’ eeinfl were ec nmn eerhr ntePriiaoyDesign Participatory the in researchers many on fluence praht ytm ein huhsaigmn fteisgt ftesocio- the of insights the of many sharing though design, systems to approach ’ hwn o hs di these how showing , ie ihrpror fsc eintools.). design such of repertoire rich a gives praht ytm design systems to approach h eino nurn Systems Inquiring of Design The fl ‘ users uences eta o atcptr eino h ee fpriiaoytools participatory of level the on Design Participatory for uential ’ ocpino einwsamdligadssescnetfor concept systems and modelling a was design of conception s ’ ntedsg rcs Adre ta.19) h approach The 1990). al. et (Andersen process design the in fi s oeclaoaiePriiaoyDsg methodologies Design Participatory collaborative more rst ‘ PARTICIPATE ecderyPriiaoyDsg were Design Participatory early uenced ff ec h einof design the influence could perspectives erent – ‘ ytm approach systems uha cnro n trbad,wihlater which storyboards, and scenarios as such ’ iwoel riuae utpeframes multiple articulated openly view s ’ iwo ein bet n ytm has systems and objects design, on view s Cucmn17) hl uho the of much While 1971). (Churchman ’ ,aspeci a ), ‘ otsystems soft fi h eino nurn Systems Inquiring of Design The ihlvlobject-oriented high-level c ’ o ayi Participatory in many for ’ fi nlssaddesign and analysis l,adcontinues and eld, fi s Participatory rst ‘ otsystems soft Design 43 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 08:25 01 Oct 2021; For: 9780203108543, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203108543.ch3 xlctMritdsg prah napoc hc okispito eatr,nti the in not departure, of point its took which more approach con a an of of development approach, synthesis the design concerning thinking Marxist Design explicit Participatory early some inspired design svsbei atcptr eintdy ehshdasigni a 2003). had Stolterman not has and is Nelson he Churchman (e.g. of today, researchers work design Design the contemporary Participatory While influential 1988). in (Ehn visible models design as negotiation union trade local efae ntecneto h hlspyo Leibniz of philosophy the of con context the in frames he eortciel Snbr 91.I sas osbet hn bu hseryato research action more early this later, about to think stimulus to a possible interventions. also as is serving It eff orientation 1981). genuine (Sandberg were there ideals general democratic Norwegian In the 1981). example, Sandberg refl For 1975; not to Bergo and peers. needs, and research local (Nygaard their to actions de for geared project knowledge be workers must of work metal production their the that to recognise to simply had researchers Design tory einwr,adwihto nprto rmteMdritmvmn,wsta fteDesign the of that was the movement, of Participatory Modernist early context the influenced the from that in inspiration area took I, Another which War prologue. and the World work, in after Design others, movement and design Bauhaus the the of of work origins the discussed have We Design Participatory and Research Design di Though ‘ harmony in parts its and system a on infl focusing design perspective a instance, philosophical for our contrasting, create, how shows Churchman Ehn Pelle and Bannon J. Liam 44 90 tas nrdcdacutblt susta r tl eta oPriiaoyDesign Participatory to central still on focus are strong a that had issues projects early accountability The introduced 2002). (Suchman also it 1970s to approaches ff e interventionist Scandinavian workplaces. change and changing subsequent systems, socio-technical many on importantly, indirectly, researchers and, Tavistock, or thinking of directly of ways influenced, new launch up the ideas Tavistock opened for approach the responsible research at were this groups society, researchers research by two UK journal their the and the in collaborated, re Lewin developed and and subsequently change (Trist was planning approach concerned, This parties change. the with as working to referred interested change, sometimes with is engage so to research and researchers conditions, action for working/living possibilities their new changing up in opened parties fact- approach and This involved action, 38). approach planning, p. the 1946, of in circle steps a key of The composed 35). p. 1946, (Lewin h odtosade and conditions the cniainssesdsg rdto hrda cinrsac nprto o h idof kind was: approach of the the notion that the wrote for pioneered He US years. inspiration the war in the action-research Lewin during Kurt research an developed. action they shared interventions design tradition and research design systems Scandinavian Design sato eerhbcm ato h al cniainPriiaoyDsg rjcsi the in projects Design Participatory Scandinavian early the of part became research action As fl cigies ikn otedaetclpiooh fHgl hswyo hnigabout thinking of way This Hegel. of philosophy dialectical the to linking ideas, icting c pn n eeo,terl fato-retdrsac,koldepouto and production knowledge research, action-oriented of role the develop, and upon, ect ’ nevnin:isiainfo cinresearch action from inspiration interventions: ff rn npltcloinainw oeta ohtescotcncltaiinadthe and tradition socio-technical the both that note we orientation political in erent ua Relations Human h eerhrbcmseggda n lmn nacag rcs,facilitating process, change a in element one as engaged becomes researcher The . fl cigies u ndaigwt oiladmtra otoese,developing controversies, material and social with dealing in but ideas, icting ff cso aiu om fsca cinadrsac edn osca action’ social to leading research and action social of forms various of ects fi e nweg otiuin skoldeta ol upr local support could that knowledge as contributions knowledge ned fe h a) o ayrsaceswsigt eff to wishing researchers many For war). the after fi ‘ dn bu h euto h action the of result the about nding designerly – ihadsg ouigo ytei of synthesis a on focusing design a with oa accountability local ecswa ido ytm we systems of kind what uences fi ’ ‘ prlo tp,ec fwihis which of each steps, of spiral a atipc ntetikn of thinking the on impact cant and ‘ rsb russc sthe as such groups by orts refl ‘ fl oprtv eerhon research comparative a cigo h rcs of process the on ecting ective ..teParticipa- the i.e. , ’ einresearch design ‘ c hnein change ect doing participatory rsmade orts ’ – ’ These . (Lewin which Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 08:25 01 Oct 2021; For: 9780203108543, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203108543.ch3 ebr17)wihwr o mnbet rcs de precise to so-called amenable were not were with which dealing 1973) Webber were designers problems rhnieatcptr einscience’ design 1984, 1982, anticipatory formalising 1981, prehensive at Cross design 1980). 1966a; attempts Lawson (Gregory on some 1970; think articles, Jones worked designers and 1964; how they books Alexander on of studies 1989; and as also number spaces, designers and a problem issues, developed of of design this studies exploration of of the Out experimental lines that process, problems. under- several oriented 1960s pursued the design Researchers the psychologically systematise the problems. to in of more design attempt UK of models an nature the including in the in investigation, researchers and issues conferences and design designers of of of series standing variety a a in together originated brought This movement. 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(Gregory ’ and fi rgnlydvlpdtento fa of notion the developed originally , fi ehd ae,a eerhr cnwegdta the that acknowledged researchers as faded, methods c ‘ lso h cecsadhmnte.Ace 17)has (1979) Archer humanities. and sciences the of elds einability’ design 2 fi ’ l frsac,adnwmtost study to methods new and research, of eld rhr(91 riuae oino the of notion a articulated (1981) Archer ‘ cec fdesign of science ‘ fi Cos18,19,20) twudbe would It 2001). 1995, 1982, (Cross einscience design iin o eete utbefrthe for suitable they were nor nition, ‘ fl ill-structured ciepatc,ornx topic. next our practice, ective fi ehd osuyeeet of elements study to methods c fi n coal approaches. scholarly and c ’ hthsr-mre nthe in re-emerged has that ’ Geoy19b .323) p. 1996b, (Gregory … ’ rbes(itland (Rittel problems em eae othis to related seems ‘ eino h other the on design einscience’ design ‘ einscience design ec nthe on fluence Design ‘ com- that ’ .It 45 fi c Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 08:25 01 Oct 2021; For: 9780203108543, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203108543.ch3 refl (Schön researchers Design Participatory many for appealing more 1983). seemed Schön, Donald of that as ‘ such notions important einb-lyn GenamadKn 1991). Kyng and (Greenbaum design-by-playing messiness this master practice Schön their applied, in be professionals can ways mathematics the complex to and attention complexity stable rather, logic a and pay standard into or, we messiness thinking, problems that and this systems reduce suggests Schön design and where Both transform of to space design. ways messiness design to suggests Simon and approach This While problem-solving Design. complexity situations. Participatory design rational, the in the many acknowledge to for Simon contrast point in reference important stands an view been has and frameworks, anPriiaoyDsg eineqiysrtge fprototyping of strategies enquiry the design understanding design for Design important but of been Last, rationality Participatory has 2004). hidden perspective Stolterman main the learning-by-doing and has pragmatic Löwgren on It this 2003; Participatory focusing 1990). least, Stolterman Stolterman several not al. and Erik et Nelson by 1991; theorist (Andersen later (Stolterman designers design work and systems by on professional focus used 1983) on a been Lanzara focus with also e.g., a Ciborra, with Claudio (see, researchers, and collaboration Design Lanzara and Francesco Giovanni thinking by design done was setting Design community. play the designers from which solutions re that by possible as on such mechanisms thinking, focusing design the and to approach sketching, and alternative example, An design outset. for of through, possibilities aspects with infl creative its the and underestimates environment task example, the for by Simon to, articulated movement. close approach design design very practice-based modern comes the to design the from order view and removed in rational far this Bauhaus methods a is With the formal as it problem. using conceived but space the science, is problem to computer design a solution approach, searches a this designer achieve In the community. where process, research search design the book on whose impact Simon, Herbert economics in winner the set ihnti rcs.Eprmnsadlann-ydigpatcsaefnaetlto important fundamental are are qualities practices aesthetic learning-by-doing experienced and of Experiments judgement process. 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Linde, P. Jacucci, G. Ehn, P. Michelis, de G. Binder, (T. A.Telier References Notes o who reviewers of number large the thank to like would authors The Acknowledgements Ehn Pelle and Bannon J. Liam 58 enyaaeta ehv o enal orsodt l fterconcerns. their of all to respond to are but able suggestions, been Per-Anders and not textual criticisms their Deshpande, as have of well we many Parag as that board discussions, aware on Emilsson, and take keenly debates to Anders many attempted for have Björgvinsson, We Storni comments. Cristiano Erling and We Seravalli thank Wagner. Anna Ina Hillgren, to and Simonsen Jesper like Robertson, Jeanette Toni would Binder, Karasti, Thomas Helena co-authors: DiSalvo, book Carl include They Blomberg, paper. this of versions several concerning 1 2 abig,M:MTPress. MIT MA: Cambridge, hnre When n ftems in ‘ most the of One o ua cosi h einpoes SeHvraadGrope 01frasotcritique.) short a for 2011 Germonprez and provided Hovorka role (See limited the process. given design stage, the this at in least actors at human community, Design de for Participatory the from the removed to rather relevance appear limited which ways in used is a of notion The te.Teecpblte hrceieterapoc oproblems to approach their problem-focused characterise capabilities These ities. n tes(enre l 04.A mrigI omnt a eeoe rudti concept, their this that is around approach this developed in on has work opinion this initial discuss community critically our to IS but space chapter have emerging not the do of An We DESRIST. context labelled 2004). the series, conference al. new a et in resulting (Hevner others and fl designerly cigojcso ein atcptr einpoet htws otk ntedesign the on take to wish that projects Design Participatory design. of objects icting fl ’ ciguo h eintikn fDnl cö n i e mato Partici- on impact key his and Schön Donald of thinking design the upon ecting ‘ aaiiista einr er n s,di use, and learn designers that capabilities rwn together’ drawing fl ‘ einscience design c.I a ecalnigeog odsg o,b n ihstakeholders, with and by for, design to enough challenging be may It ict. – ‘ n eaet hi nweg fmtras t.(rs 92 2001). 1982, (Cross etc. materials, of knowledge their to relate and ovrainldesign conversational eta faldsg eerhr,NglCos rusta hr sadsic e of set distinct a is there that argues Cross, Nigel researchers, design all of fluential c,btt osrcieyda ihdisagreements with deal constructively to but flict, ’ a eufcdi the in resurfaced has a mrv ute yaotn einrysil rmthe from skills designerly adopting by further improve can ‘ constitution things fl ’ ec fpamts hlspe onDwy utas Just Dewey. John philosopher pragmatist of uence ywihh en ilgewt tkhlesi a in stakeholders with dialogue meant he which by , a nod n cosegg nainet ftheir of alignments in engage actors and unfold, can fi l fifrainssesa euto okb Hevner by work of result a as systems information of eld ’ arpbi)t adecnrvris(Binder controversies handle to republic) (a incnen fCosadohr.Tu tapasof appears it Thus others. and Cross of concerns sign ff ‘ agonistic rn rmohrscienti other from erent – ff ..bigslto-oue ahrthan rather solution-focused being i.e. ’ rnewt osae betof object shared no with erence fl ulcsae(Mouff space public eta nPriiaoyDesign, Participatory in uential ff rdciiusadadvice and critiques ered – ‘ einscience design fi ulccontroversial public n coal activ- scholarly and c things einThings Design 00,not 2000), e . ’ concept , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 08:25 01 Oct 2021; For: 9780203108543, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203108543.ch3 ur .adS økr(2000) Bødker S. and J. 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D 08 loigo,Idaa coe 1– October Indiana, Bloomington, 2008, PDC (eds) Hakken D. and Robertson T. Society h nento Things of Internet The einn neato:Pyhlg tteHuman the at Psychology Interaction: Designing 0 51 10: , odn arneElamAssociates. Erlbaum Lawrence London: , ’ nM ygadL ahasn(eds) Mathiassen L. and Kyng M. in , rfsinlSsesDvlpet xeine da n Action and Ideas Experience, Development: Systems Professional abig,M:MTPress. MIT MA: Cambridge, , – – 87. 53. – – ‘ T. 78. 7. iwo h aueo einresearch design of nature the of view A ‘ ‘ hneb ein o einTikn rnfrsOgnztosadIsie Innovation Inspires and Organizations Transforms Thinking Design How Design: by Change h he Rs three The h ein labs? design: Why ‘ ’ erigadkoigwt riat:a neve ihDnl .Schön A. Donald with interview an artifacts: with knowing and Learning nD cue n .Nmoa(eds) Namioka A. and Schuler D. in , rteeg(1987) Bratteteig l hti oi et noAr h xeineo Modernity of Experience The Air: into Melts Solid is that All ‘ ‘ rmhmnfcost ua cos h oeo scooyadhuman and psychology of role the actors: human to factors human From susi design in Issues ‘ aiet o ewre objects networked for manifesto A ’ eray ulse nhsrsac lgat blog research his on Published February. , 0,Nvme 29 November 10), ildl,N:Lwec rbu soits 25 Associates, Erlbaum Lawrence NJ: Hillsdale, , ‘ From oe nteSnhsso Form of Synthesis the on Notes ‘ rsigitnin npriiaoyinnovation participatory in intentions Crossing ’ , einStudies Design ‘ odsgigfrnwcity new for Co-designing rceig fte1t inilAnvrayCneec nPriiaoyDesign, Participatory on Conference Anniversary Biennial 10th the of Proceedings ‘ ’ aaiga Designing as Managing us ‘ eodteitrae noneigatfcsi use in artifacts encountering interface: the Beyond ,in ‘ min nelgne20 oad yegtcprosperity synergetic towards 2.0: intelligence Ambient – lrnei Wonderland in Florence ’ nJ rebu n .Kn (eds) Kyng M. and Greenbaum J. in , blt a to lab ability optr n eorc:ASadnva Challenge Scandinavian A Democracy: and Computers rceig fte1t inilPriiaoyDsg ofrne PDC Conference, Design Participatory Biennial 11th the of Proceedings oenotes some einInquiries, Design – e ok C,297 ACM, York: New , ,3:3 rceig fte3dCneec nDsgigItrcieSystems: Interactive Designing on Conference 3rd the of Proceedings optr n eorc:ASadnva Challenge Scandinavian A Democracy: and Computers eebr3 00 yny Australia Sydney, 2010, 3, December ,20:EprecsadChallenges, and Experiences 2008: 5, () 18 1(1): , atcptr TDsg:DsgigfrBsns n Workplace and Business for Designing Design: IT Participatory optr n eini Context in Design and Computers – ‘ 11. akt ok eeigodaedsfrcooperative for agendas old renewing work: to Back – ’ – nD omnadS .Dae (eds) Draper W. S. and Norman D. in , 55. “ optrInterface, Computer ‘ optr n eorc:ASadnva Challenge, Scandinavian A Democracy: and Computers atcptr einaddmcaiiginnovation democratizing and Design Participatory eincollaboratorium design ’ R)erhn h iia Bauhaus Digital the (Re)searching nR aqe n .A oel(eds) Powell A. J. and Jacques R. in , – tchl:Nre Conference. Nordes Stockholm: atcptr ein esetvso ytm Design Systems on Perspectives Design: Participatory aoAt,C:Safr nvriyPress. University Stanford CA: Alto, Palo , 20. – e ok McGraw-Hill. York: New , oaiaigwt ien,apisadaibos and arphids pigeons, with cohabitating – iie neato possibilities interaction citizen ulfr:Wsbr os,30 House, Westbury Guildford: , – rceig fte1t inilParticipatory Biennial 11th the of Proceedings ytm eeomn ihnurses with development systems ‘ nlwo Cli Englewood , Ethnographic – 307. 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