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International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development 15 Hamid Majedi 3 “P.D. is now considered as a critical requirement for successful successful for requirement critical as a is now considered “P.D. design, on the premise that the resulting product will be days, ”These users”(Goldenberg,1995). by all usable more communication and information within user participation through practiced and accepted is widely design technology and such as mock-ups techniques design use of iterative the impact of becoming technologies on the health and rights of on the health technologies of becoming impact in and user involvement emphasizes democracy workers. P.D. the design process. organization Responsibility Professionals for Social Computer assessment, the to approach “an as design participatory defined and organizational of technological design, and development of systems that places a premium on the active involvement users of or current (usually potential practitioners workplace the system) in design and decision-making processes.” Hossein Zabihi, 2 Iran. University, Tehran, Iran. Tehran, University, articipatory Design; articipatory Recieved 08.22.2013; Accepted 01.22.2014 Recieved 08.22.2013; P Shahab Mirzaean Mahabadi, Shahab Mirzaean Mahabadi, 1 * The following study aims to present an innovative approach for Design. Participatory Design is for Design. Participatory approach an innovative to present study aims following The Participatory design, Democratization, Public space, Regeneration Participatory design, Democratization, Public space,

A New Approach to Regenerate the Public Space to Regenerate the Public Approach New A [email protected] Associate Professor, Tehran Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Tehran, University, Azad Branch, Islamic and Research Science Tehran Associate Professor, 3 Associate Professor, Department of Art and Architecture, Tehran Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad Branch, Islamic Science and Research Tehran Architecture, Art and Department of Associate Professor, 2 Ph.D., Department of Art and Architecture, Tehran Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Tehran, Azad University, Branch, Islamic Science and Research Tehran Architecture, Art and Ph.D., Department of 1 Keywords: and as an evolving practice among designer. Architecture as a professional design are social constructs and the way for the and constructs social are design professional as a Architecture designer. among practice evolving as an and humans to consider the physical world in which they exist, and as social constructs, both reflect and shape the culture approache new a achieve to order in Design Participatory of definitions the through go authors The arise. they which in and identity cultural on emphasizing by illustrated are fabrics social the in inherent are which values various design. in as a case study is considered. landscape design of bazaar in mahallat the concept of this approach, illustrate To activity. practical and goes some way to providing to identify and analyze the local participation, This research will attempt on of the principles of sustainable development application effective solutions to tackle the local problems, utilizing an both environmental and architectural aspects. ABSTRACT: social tools to environments, social groups in the design from functional of different the model of direct involvement by involvement to support this direct developed has been of practices and businesses. Diverse collection institutions process; and creative phases of an innovative during different to participate are invited Design. People Participatory from initial exploration to problem definition and users and their Design answers questions about proposed solutions. Participatory evaluate help they development, defining the problem and creatingas a maturing area of research ideasDesign is characterized Participatory tasks and goals, then help users to make decisions. for solutions. During International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development and Urban Architecture of Journal International Autumn 2014 No.4, Vol.4,

*Corresponding Author Email: Actually P.D. is a Scandinavian approach, presented by is a Scandinavian Actually P.D. the about concerned who were practitioners and academics now call the P.D. countries, during “In several Scandinavian now call the P.D. the 1960s and 1970s, it was rooted in work with trade unions; Action research and socio technical also includes its ancestry design.” their own practices. known as the became as part of what later Scandinavia what we in was pioneered movement democracy workplace the political and civil rights movements the 1960s and 1970s. the political activities these in participated researchers design Designers and to relate might how they some also responded by investigating INTRODUCTION back to traced Design (P.D.) Participatory The contemporary prototyping” (Robertson&Simonsen, 2012). the year. Also this project won the first prize of Memar awards During all stages of process design, the user’s involvement in 2012. is the most important key to P.D. This process help people to represent their own activities to others; “various forms of Democratization mock-ups, prototypes and enactment of current and future Britannica defined the term of Democracy literally, rule by the

Vol.4, No.4, Autmn 2014 Autmn No.4, Vol.4, activities used to coordinate the design process; and iterative people. The term is derived from the Greek dēmokratiā, which prototyping so that participants can interrogate developing was coined from dēmos (“people”) and kratos (“rule”). Space designs and ground their design conversations in the desired can be used as a tool but the only guarantee of democratic outcomes of the design process and the context in which these space is democratic behavior. Space is secondary. will be used.” (Robertson &Simonsen, 2012) Democratic design is an approach that strives to establish the A participatory approach is used to investigate the nature of theoretical grounding for a new ethical discourse informing design discussion during the early stages of design. It is shown decision-making in the built environment, and develop a new that the ideology of inclusive design is similar to the ideology form of practice. It raises important questions about how of P.D. The ability of language-use to reveal user preference is environment should be produced and how this might become explored through the analysis of architect–user conversations.” a reality. Investigating architect and user interaction revealed that Considering the democratic process and emancipatory is basic International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development Urban and Architecture of Journal International tacit knowledge can be made explicit and the difficulty of demand for P.D. Active participation needs to define to make a generalizing user-needs from user statements”(Luck, 2003). systematic design based on P.D. (Fig.1) Three reasons for user participation in design are normally The widespread use of participatory design has meant that given, e.g., (Bjùrn-Andersen & Hedberg, 1977): different approaches and conceptualizations exist in this field ”Improving the knowledge upon which systems are built; today (Iversen et al., 2012). Participatory design deals with the Enabling people to develop realistic expectations, and reducing problem of enabling users to participate in the design process resistance to change; and with the task of generating ideas by means of generative Increasing democracy by giving the people the right toolkits and workshops. (Baek & Lee, 2008) to participate in decisions that are likely to affect their environment.” The first two reasons are rather practical, and they can be found in several system development approaches. The third reason is culturally and politically biased. Bjerknes and Bratteteig summarize the fundamental conflict by comparing "the political system developer to the ethical system developer." They describe the political system developer as "an emancipator" who would give weak parties knowledge they can use to increase their power and one who works to strengthen established institutions such as trade unions. Bjerknes and

Bratteteig describe the "ethical system developer" as one takes Fig.1: Participatory design no conscious effort to support political efforts, but operates according to his own ethical codex.” We will consider if the loss of the political objectives in a P.D. approach severely MATERIALS AND METHODS inhibits that approaches ability to achieve that which P.D. This research aims at investigating Design method in the aims for - the equal opportunity for workers to influence what Contemporary architecture. This method is based on public system is used and how that system is designed.” (Bjerknes & participation to design. In this method the role of designer Bratteteig, 1995) blur and the user becomes a critical component of the design “The Collective Resource approach is based on the assumption process. that there is a connection between a democratic process Achieving sustainability in architecture design and construction and a democratic result. The democratic result should be a is emphasized, especially in recent decade. The P.D. seeks the workplace—and a working life—in which everybody has a method to achieve sustainability through the public design voice and in which all voices are heard and have an impact. process. A democratic process is a process in which everybody has a The redesign of landscape of bazaar in Mahallat was studied as voice and in which all voices are heard and have an impact the case study. The project is a contemporary attempt to create a ”(Bjerknes & Bratteteig, 1995). public space based on P.D. this project was highly commended in global cityscape awards 2011 in Islamic architecture as well Design for Experiencing as shortlisted in Middle East awards for sustainable project of User’s environmental experience as a clue can be source of

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Fig.3: relationship between landscape and regeneration plan is made. An important characteristic of the regeneration plans of the regeneration An important characteristic is made. for one zone does plan is that they are unique and regeneration motives and factors affect not work for another zone. Different the regeneration plan of a particular zone. is an old city in which places with The city of mahallat social and environmental economical, cultural, different When designer arrives at a decision to regenerate a city or a a city or When designer arrives at a decision to regenerate determined be will landscape future the zone(environment), an plan. From a system point of view, in the regeneration a or inconsistent landscape leads to developing imperfect of a regeneration plan and the result of execution regeneration plan is in fact the future landscape .(Fig.3) objectives and needs the landscape, a organize to order In is an Regeneration plan. regeneration should be seen in the The urban planning; there are a variety part of indispensable of reasons for which the present landscape does not satisfy the regeneration upon decision the As a result, society. needs of the Participatory Design Consideration Participatory Defining a flexible framework to consider thesocial contexts Participation on participation. process design based lead can include aspect of design. Methods for P.D should occur in every future users, people who use and techniques for involving development parts of the the environment, in all experiment process: technical) only (not social on design objectives Determining bases; of and co-construction situation Analysis of the current designing of design, conceptualization formulation; problem design solutions; and evaluating possible people for new changes including training Implementing practices; Evaluation, maintenance and ongoing improvements; Iterative design. from participation cross-discipline allowed process “The on which focused designers, and industrial architects planners, and the sharing if ideas and stories, as opposed to collaboration 2007). ridged and singular design outcomes“ (Kuiper, AND DISCUSSION RESULTS Regeneration Plan -

sented by authors) Fig.2: what people say, do & make(source: Sanders, 2002, 4; repre do & make(source: Fig.2: what people say, The design team includes multidisciplinary skills and perspectives. The design is driven and refined by user-centered evaluation. The design is driven and refined by user-centered The process is iterative. The design addresses the whole user experience. The design is based upon an explicit understanding of users, understanding upon an explicit design is based The tasks and environments. Users are involved throughout design and development. systems (ISO 9241-210, 2010) The ISO standard describes systems (ISO 9241-210, 2010) 6 key principles that will ensure a design is based on user participation. refers to standards or other rules. ISO as an international ISO as an rules. or other standards to refers on customers’ based for Standardization organization satisfaction can provides the criteria. interactive for design ISO standard the follow approaches All Participatory Design Evaluation designer of P.D., effect the result and predict achieve a better To may This criteria the design goals. to evaluate needs a criteria more easily understand and establish empathy with the people the with empathy establish and understand easily more (Sanders, 2002). who use products and information systems” understand what people really want. what people say, “When all three perspective (what people one can make) are explored simultaneously, think, what people However, in contemporary design approach, designer and in contemporary design approach, However, what people make. In this approach, planner focused on from the past to new architecture vernacular studding the to designer can lead by people which is created environment can use different methods and tools to access their experience methods and tools to can use different were approaches research design Traditional imagination. and say and think.) people studies. (What focused on observational use is not enough” (Sanders, 2002). (Fig.2) use is not enough” (Sanders, It perception. their reveals experience people the Discovering Designer and planner of future environment. to image may lead experiences. “Each route to experience reveals a different story. story. different a reveals experience to route “Each experiences. they are able to express” what say, Listening to what people do and say/think, people knowing what (Sanders, 2002). ”But inspiration to designers. Designers can learn from people about about people from learn can designers. Designers to inspiration ideal as well as their experiences their current their memories,

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Fig.4: Strategy and framework to regeneration

values exist together. However, because of its old context and in some points. This pedestrian walkway links two main the vulnerability of materials in various parts of the city, a arteries of the city. Two other paths, each of 80 meters length, regeneration plan is sooner or later needed.bazaar as the main also join the main path. core of the city is proposed to regenerate by designer.in the One of these corridors is the old bazaar and has a historical proposed design method, the goal is to find a regeneration plan value. The bazaar’s area is of 4000 square meters altogether. for bazaar which is optimizes the resulting landscape due to The main idea is to shape the waterway, providing various evaluation criteria described before. visual qualities in combination with the green spaces through the site. Project Description Since Mahallat is the chief flower exporter of Iran, focus on Bazaar is the economical heart, and main core of development plants is one of prime design purposes of Mahallat bazaar. of the city. Mahallat market also enjoys a unique natural This is achieved by shaping the green spaces inside the property: A roof of blue the sky with a border of tree branches bazaar resulting in stopping spots. Rehabilitation of the old as well as a waterway beneath the middle path. However, due bazaar which nowadays mostly includes storing buildings for to negligence of planners to the water element, only the sound other commercial parts of the market is other purpose of the of water can be heard in the bazaar. design. This is realized by distinguishing the flooring of the The major path of the market is 260 meters in length and old bazaar’s path as well as allocating trade of handicrafts, and minimum of 8 meters in width which increases up to 10 meters local-cultural productions to this part of the bazaar.

International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development 19 front of the mosque in order to form a plaza to the mosque. (Fig.5) Quality and Resource Environmental Efficiency-Planet Shortages of the existing bazaar are as following: Understanding new environment will be used, as active will be used, as Understanding new environment means that the process are in the design project participants more likely to be accepted and sustained. Shortages of the existing bazaar are as following: At connections across the water way. Lack of facilitating over the water way present, bazaar residents have used blocks to satisfy their pedestrian needs. elderly. Lack of rest spots for buyers specifically the in resulted has which bazaar old the of settlers to Negligence lowering visual quality of their living place. for of walkways for vehicles which is a threat Accessibility pedestrians and can destroy the flooring. mostly who are for people places religious to Negligence religious. Such deficiencies are considered to be solved in the design: filters which beneath path water over paths linking of Provision and water treatment systems are located. telephones, fountains, public Provision of resting spots, public and alms box-related to the religious spirit of the city. from storing bazaar of the part historical of Trans-function run supply cultural and of handicrafts center the to buildings by the locals. Prohibition of motor-vehicle traffic through the except bazaar, from access of motor-vehicle and provision for emergencies, the back end. in design as bazaar with the same Provision of an open area who will use design, while end-users and other participants participants other end-users and design, while who will use Mutual possible options.” strive to learn about in the process with participants process provides all throughout the learning users Potential knowledge and understandings: increased and their people designers about is being designed; what about its process, design the about participants all and practices; the and live we ways the influence can both how and outcomes & Simonsen, 2012) choices we can make.”(Robertson and Social Equity-People Ethical Standard it is the as a social activity; Design should be understood community that definesit accomplish to means and what it intervention environmental a given ensure to is P.D. domain in factor difficult most the of One successfully. of design and development long enough through the continue people that and learning mutual the explore fully to of new environment to both reflect on and otherwise evaluate the process and its outcomes. from environment in problems current the Considering problems the and overcoming to the most complicated simplest long enough through the people continue can guaranty that development of new environment. Designer strive to learn about the practices and contexts of those of contexts and practices the about learn to strive Designer activities intended for the rehabilitated old bazaar. Marketers old bazaar. for the rehabilitated intended activities in power historical with population, class of wealthy the as as a support for also be considered changes, can political Iran’s achievement of this goal. living part of the bazaar has resulted in a special type of is achieved management Such a social social management. in cultural-economical part to take people by encouraging of presence of water for aesthetical features as well as irrigating as well features for aesthetical of water of presence agricultural and floral areas. settlers as another to bazaar paying attention In addition, are being expressed. chains results in a Integration of natural and economical dynamic framework. Natural cycle consists of making benefit process“ (Robertson & Simonsen, 2012) Design processes that in issues of representation concern user participation involve needs and expectations stages of design, when users’ early the design. projects are always driven by ongoing and systematic “P.D. reflection on how to involve users as full partnerscan unfold throughout the design and how this involvement in design Deep commitments to democracy and democratization; futures; Discussions of values in design and imagined How conflict and contradictions are regarded as resources in Then the shortages categorized. These categories made the These categories Then the shortages categorized. principles that design strategies which focused on three participatory design: To distinguish design approaches bazaar delegates to consulate about shortage of bazaar. Some about shortage of bazaar. to consulate delegates bazaar in design, were approach which should be considered critical determined during discussion with delegates. fundamental to distinguishing P.D. from the more common to distinguishing P.D. fundamental approaches.”(Robertson & Simonsen, 2012) and first the is want they what and say people what to Listening called designer step, first the at P.D. of stage important most the “While some areas of design pay at least service to service least at of design pay some areas “While the question of how participation participation, people’s is being negotiated and defined (and by whom) is aesthetic impact (proficiency) are factors. (Fig.4) Ability-Progress Innovationand Transfer standards and social equity (people), 3) Environmental quality 3) Environmental (people), equity social and standards and resource efficiency (planet), 4) Material,and Contextual 6) (prosperity), compatibility and performance 5) Economic and examine the method to achieve the best result are listed are result best the achieve to method the examine and below: (progress), 2) Ethical and transferability 1) Innovation Competencies and interests is challenging and therefore and and interests is challenging Competencies designers need frameworks. were six factors based on P.D., in Mahallat design bazaar To a framework which evaluate These factors create considered. environment. Thus central for designers within this field are the are field this within designers for central Thus environment. of people. participation process involving design a of staging people having various collaboration between Organizing P.D is the direct involvement of people in the shaping of future in the of people involvement is the direct P.D Vol.4, No.4, Autmn 2014 Autmn No.4, Vol.4,

Fig.5: Provision of an open area in front of the mosque in order to form a International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development Urban and Architecture of Journal International plaza to the mosque as the delegate’s request

Negligence to the green spaces and planting patterns. Use of various flowers at the least cost –due to the potentials of Lack of a proper irrigation system. At present, irrigation is the region- supported by marketers. done manually by making water barriers. Negligence to line of sight. Existence of tall boxwoods which Materials

has obstructed the sight line. “Exploring practices that involve the use of actual technologies Negligence to the floral diversity of Mahallat, as a principal offers P.D. practitioners valuable opportunities to understand flower exporter of Iran. the fundamental ways in which these, too, rely on the material Such deficiencies are considered to be solved in the design: and social circumstances at hand.” (Robertson & Simonsen, Incorporation of a landscape design which considers the 2012)Using local materials and technologies in designing new waterway as well as development of a variety of plants in order environment can build trustin participating groups. to variegate and brighten the ambience. (Fig.6) Enjoying from great Travertine mines, Mahallat is the biggest Development of inclined flower beds, provision of sound provider of this stone in Iran. Because of this local opportunity, irrigation for trees, and proper design of water passages which results in abundance as well as cost-effectiveness of between flower beds. (Fig.6) Travertine, this material is proposed for the main flooring, Omission of boxwoods (which are not local plants and grow in inclined flower beds, cubic seats, curbs and canals. To reduce most parts of Iran), substituting local plants of shorter height. cost the existing white travertine flooring is polished and

Fig.6: Bazaar in 2012

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well as irrigating agricultural and floral areas. Establishment Establishment of market stalls for vendors in a Brownfield Forbidding vehicular trafficwithin the bazaar, providing Provision of filters and sediment ponds in order to provide such as traditional areas activities’ Provision of night and international of national and management Development Fig. 8: Making benefit of presence of water for aesthetical features as cultivability and happiness in Persian culture to create a unique and happiness in Persian culture to create cultivability ambience. (Fig.8) up is livened element, cultural-architectural another Shadow, under the trees since the bazaar is roofless. Side facades are in patterns architectural local based on traditional renovated (Fig.9) city. order to create a unique landscape in Mahallat CONCLUSION is to understand how design processes The main concern of P.D. by the of the people affected can be based on participation a framework the affects examine and predict To decisions. of emerges this framework basis of The should be considered. area next to mosque within the main market. mosque within the main area next to 5 people). for handcart porters (approximately employment the of end back the at possible only is loading vehicular The in urban design. market which is predicted irrigation purposes. refined water used for as guesthouses, authorized teahouses as well and restaurants by settlers. and trade of handcrafts and provision of tourist attractions cultural productions. (Fig.7) Aesthetic Impact-Proficiency Contextual and has being bazaar of existing Mahallat attractions Visual constructed been have for years. New buildings neglected design In landscape pattern. without a unique local architectural of bazaar, it is firstly tried to arrange such disorders, enabling element ritual a as Water reappear. to attractions natural hidden with plants as symbols of and the symbol of purity is integrated

Fig.7: New Economic and Biological Model Based on P.D. Regeneration of historical market by settler’s participation. market by settler’s of historical Regeneration Negligence to tourist attraction potentials of the bazaar. Negligence to tourist attraction potentials of in the design: Such deficiencies are considered to be solved of outgoing water; raise the in order to Lack of a program for night time activities income; bazaar’s servants, porters, etc; Shortages beyond the urban scale. quality the including management water of proper surface Lack Negligence to settlers in terms of their role in trade chain; Negligence to settlers in terms of their role Negligence to vendors as low-income sellers; jobs such as guards, traditional Negligence to bazaar-relevant his participation. Consequently, as soon as the satisfaction the as soon as Consequently, his participation. Shortages of also increase. his contributions begins to increase, the existing bazaar are as following: Shortages in urban scale; contributing in this manner to a successful design.”(Vimarlund in this manner to a successful design.”(Vimarlund contributing 1998) & Timpka, continue will participant that fact discussion is the An important According to the fundamental principles in P.D., each principles in P.D., According to the fundamental in collaboration from the inducements receives participant "coalition", the to contributions makes he for which return The P.D. allows joint ownership of the development process process development the of ownership joint allows P.D. The economical can also modify previously through Participation chain and the users can benefit from new economical chain.” Prosperity Business dictionary defineto of its success in areas related assessment for an organization economicperformance overall market strength. its assets, liabilities and as an the bazaar’s space, in contrast to trees’ shadow on the bazaar. shadow contrast to trees’ space, in the bazaar’s Ability- and Comp Economic Performance preserved. The choice of white color is proposed to brighten proposed to brighten of white color is The choice preserved. holy places like the mosque and the Saqakhaneh are examples of sustainable design instances. All these resolutions bring spirituality to the society. Considering local residents and utilizing their knowledge and experience is the only sure way to represent the uniqueness of the bazaar.Social and economic

Vol.4, No.4, Autmn 2014 Autmn No.4, Vol.4, cycle of the bazaar but also boost its tourism industry, producing new employment opportunities for the settlers.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT This paper is based on the first author’s Ph.D. thesis in the Science and Research Tehran branch of Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, which was supervised by Dr. Hossein Zabihi and advised by Dr. Hamid Majedi. The landscape design of bazaar was designed by Shahab Mirzaean Mahabadi and Neginshahr consultant engineers was project manager as well as urban designer of Mahallat. International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development Urban and Architecture of Journal International

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and Democracy. A Discussion of Scandinavian Research on System Development. Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems,7 (1), 73-98. Fig. 9: Up:Bazaar in 2012, Down:Bazaar in 2010 Bjùrn-Andersen, N. & Hedberg, B. (1977). Designing information systems in an organizational perspective. Studies in the Management Science: Prescriptive Models of Organizations, 5, 125-142. people’s need or problem. Goldenberg, A. (1995). Participatory Design. Retrieved Participation provides knowledge that could not be anticipated June 15, 2013, from http://www.dcs.ed.ac.uk/home/ag/ at design time, but rather can only be produced at use time proposal/node7.html. in the context of solving problems. P.D. process that aims to Iversen, O. S., Halskov, K., & Leong, T. W. (2012). Values- integrate new information is required for sustainability. From led participatory design. CoDesign, 8(2-3), 87-103. the perspective of the P.D model. Kuiper, G.(2007). Participatory planning and design in the By supporting participation, designers address the fundamental downtown eastside: reflections on Global Studio Vancouver. challenges for P.D to invent and design a culture in which Australian Planner, 44(2), 52–53. all participants in collaborative design processes can express Luck, R. (2003). Dialogue in participatory design. Design themselves in personally meaningful activities. In the case Studies, 24(6), 523–535. of bazaar in Mahallat, delegates and other people felt free to Robertson, T., & Simonsen, J. (2012). Participatory express their feeling and talk about their need and problems. Design. Routledge international handbook of participatory People monitored the process of design and construction. design, 1. Design modified by the people’s point of view as possible. Sanders, E. B. N. (2002). From user-centered to Regeneration of bazaar revive some hidden quality. Social participatory design approaches. Design and the social justice, economic wellbeing for local settlers or citizens, sciences: Making connections, 1-8 respect for nature, reviving local traditions, and respect for Vimarlund, V., & Timpka, T. (1998). Participatory Design in Economic Terms: A Theoretical Discussion. In PDC (11-17).