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Ijass-2014-4(12)-1191-1201.Pdf International Journal of Asian Social Science, 2014, 4(12): 1191-1201 International Journal of Asian Social Science ISSN(e): 2224-4441/ISSN(p): 2226-5139 journal homepage: http://www.aessweb.com/journals/5007 THE RULE OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN SUSTAINABLE DESIGN PROCESS 1 2† Vida Norouz Borazjani --- Mahmoud Abedi 1, 2 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran ABSTRACT In this article, we looked at a certain gap in the design process, namely, the question of how to participate users in the design process, analysis, synthesis and evaluation should be done. We have shown that Quality Function Deployment tool exists that deals with this question. Our paper attempts to challenge the process because of the importance of this question for the successful implementation of the design process and as a result, the design and planning for sustainability. The research question: Citizen Participation in what stage of the design process should be done? Qualitative Research Method is adopted in this paper which being supported by depth interview technique with questionnaire. The success of design clearly depends on the relationship between the design and the participation in three stages of design process. Many landscapes designed for further use to customers where as this research suggests that the introduction of participation into design can lead to a universal process without a loss of creativity or synthesis. © 2014 AESS Publications. All Rights Reserved. Keywords: Participation, Design process, Sustainability. Contribution/ Originality This paper is to propose a systematic guideline to find participant requirements on the relationship between the design and the participation in three stages of design process. In order to developing a sustainable landscape design, This model developed to meet sustainability in architecture and planning, which is examined in case of Iran, Tehran. 1. INTRODUCTION Sustainable design has a lot to do with society, economy and environment's principles, and these elements should be considered in design process. Social aspects of sustainability, is in need of † Corresponding author ISSN(e): 2224-4441/ISSN(p): 2226-5139 © 2014 AESS Publications. All Rights Reserved. 1191 International Journal of Asian Social Science, 2014, 4(12): 1191-1201 community participation. Participation in the design process especially in landscape architecture and design is one of the most important factors which are emphasized in recent years and new theories .Based on this; we can answer the question of how to achieve sustainability in the use of participatory design. Participatory design is considered activity based on the distribution of power among designers and people and interest groups (Mahdavinejada and Abedi, 2011). Every designer has a different way of working. This research started from personal questions about designing with people and the process was also a personal experience as well as a self-experiment in the field of Design Participation to understand the practice of other participation practitioners (Lee, 2006). Effect of traditional thinking and functional design flexibility to respond to new needs and sometimes exclusive emphasis on synthetic, leading to neglect or pay enough attention to the notion of historical, social and economic environment reflections of the physical form ignore of native knowledge and traditions are like them. In the past these processes follow organic process that the result of human interaction with the environment. In recent years this process are transformation and forced follows of the pattern. Low attention patterns due to natural conditions, sometimes in conflict with the social and economic characteristics. This subject often leads to the formation of process of the unstable cycle. In contrast to this process, a wide range of ideas aimed at sustainable development and reduce the effects of this instability has been adjusted. Issues, encourage architects, interior designers and landscape architects to identify participation as an essential component for design processes (Armestrong, 1993) (Shibley and Schneekloth, 1995) (Ife, 2002) (Milburn and Brown, 2003) (Lawson, 2005) (Lee, 2006) (Project for Public Spaces, n.d.) (Mahdavinejada and Abedi, 2011) (Lombard, 2014). According to the principles of the design of such a dialectical approach based onreciprocal link of environmental and social and holistic approach cannot purely designtreat physical activity. But in addition to being physical, environmental issues, which in itself is a reflection of the social - economic. This activity since can follows the relatively stable conditions that reflect the characteristics of the environment, socio - economic and aesthetic. It since manifest of which is the interaction with people and native knowledge. Public participation in this process can provide a good substrate for the subjective and objective. This paper is to propose a systematic guideline to find participant requirements on the relationship between the design and the participation in three stages of design process. In order to developing a sustainable landscape design, This model developed to meet sustainability in architecture and planning, which is examined in case of Iran, Tehran. 2. RESEARCH QUESTION AND RESEARCH METHOD 2.1. Research Tools Quality Function Deployment has been defined as a method for developing a design aimed at satisfying the customer and then translating the customer's demands into design targets and major quality assurance points to be used throughout the production phase (Akao, 1992). It is a highly effective and structured planning tool to deal with customer demands more systematically. In a refurbishment project, contractors' services may not always satisfy the residents' needs, expectations and quality standards, because refurbishment involves complicated and intensive work that is difficult to integrate. Problems in terms of refurbishment styles, delays due to incomplete © 2014 AESS Publications. All Rights Reserved. 1192 International Journal of Asian Social Science, 2014, 4(12): 1191-1201 designs, misunderstanding of client expectations, rework, etc. are often observed (Dikmen et al., 2005). QFD is a pro-active ‘customer-driven planning process’ so that problems could be found and solved at the very beginning of the product development and fewer people have to deal with the problems at the later stages (Day, 1993). Some research has demonstrated the benefits of QFD in reducing quality related problems (Ahmed et al., 2003). Mahdavinejad and Abedi used QFD in implementation stage of design process for comparing two parks. QFD is a new technique in the field of engineering and a method used to identify critical customer attributes and to create a specific link between customer attributes and design parameters. Our investigations show that the applicability of QFD as a strategic decision-making tool in the field of sustainable design process. The demands of people as the most determining element in design process, may guarantee the success in operation stage. The developed model of QFD is to prioritizing demands and requirements of citizens regarding neighborhood parks (Mahdavinejada and Abedi, 2011). Qualitative Research Method is adopted in this paper which being supported by depth interview technique with questionnaire. 2.2. Research Question How can the users and potential users to participate in design processes are involved? When can users take part of the design process that optimized? 2.3. Participant The first step in the application is to identify the expectations of park users. To achieve this purpose, several methods can be used to establish customers' expectations: survey, interviews; questionnaires; observation, etc. A pilot questionnaire survey was made based on literature review and observation, and it was given to 36 park users. The final survey questionnaire was modified based on the pilot study. Results of customer surveys, interviews with park users have constituted the entries of House of Quality. 3. LITERATURE REVIEW 3.1. Sustainable Landscape Process Methods 3.1.1. Community and Advantages of Participation Concepts such as ‘community’ and ‘community participation’ have been intensively problematized in recent decades in both developed and developing countries. Contexts are indeed different and varied (Guha, 2000). The word ‘community’ is an umbrella term that is defined and applied in a myriad of ways (Ife, 2002). Citizen participation is, however, a lot more than just consulting people for the successful resolution of social, cultural and economic issues related to environmental conflicts. The primary goal of participation is to give proper responsibility to people for, and control over, their lives (Lahiri-Dutt, 2004). The importance of community participation has been emphasized in the 5th Development Plan of Islamic Republic of Iran that highlighted the necessity community-oriented approaches, especially in landscape architecture. © 2014 AESS Publications. All Rights Reserved. 1193 International Journal of Asian Social Science, 2014, 4(12): 1191-1201 3.1.2. Placemaking In the U.S., research on communities began earlier and ‘Placemaking’ was proposed to efficiently plan and design a community in 1995 (Shibley and Schneekloth, 1995). Placemaking is a quiet movement that reimagines public spaces as the heart of every community, in every city. It’s a transformative approach that inspires people to create
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