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Landscape Architects at the Beginning of a Participatory Process

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Landscape Architects at the Beginning of a Participatory Process LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS AT THE BEGINNING OF A PARTICIPATORY PROCESS PARTICIPATORY A OF BEGINNING THE AT ARCHITECTS LANDSCAPE LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS AT THE BEGINNING OF A PARTICIPATORY PROCESS making use of landscape architect’s design skills to start a discussion Making use of landscape architect’s design skills to start a discussion start design skills to architect’s Making use of landscape FABER LISET FABER MSC THESIS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE © Wageningen University, 2014 L. Faber All rights reserved. No part of this publicati on may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitt ed, in any form or any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior writt en permission of the author or the Wageningen University Landscape Architecture Chairgroup. This publicati on is writt en as a fi nal master thesis in landscape architecture by order of the chairgroup of landscape architecture at Wageningen University. Chairgroup landscape architecture Phone: +31 317 484 056 Fax: +31 317 482 166 E-mail: offi [email protected] www.lar.wur.nl Post address Postbus 47 6700 AA, Wageningen The Netherlands Visiti ng address Gaia (building no. 101) Droevendaalsesteeg 3 6708 BP, Wageningen Pressed by Digigrafi , Veenendaal Landscape architects at the beginning of a participatory process Making use of landscape architect’s design skills to start a discussion Author Liset Faber Registration number: 900829-236-060 [email protected] Supervisors Dr. Dipl. Ing. Sanda Lenzholzer Chair group Landscape Architecture Wageningen University and Research centre Dr. Ir. Martijn Duineveld Chair group Cultural Geography Wageningen University and Research centre Examiners Prof. Dr. Ir. Adri van den Brink Chair group Landscape Architecture Wageningen University and Research centre Ir. Annet Kempenaar Chair group Landscape Architecture Wageningen University and Research centre MSc Thesis Landscape Architecture Wageningen University Department of Environmental Sciences Wageningen, September 2014 I PREFACE Participatory processes and civic initiatives are very common in today’s landscape architecture. I am interested in what way landscape architects can contribute to these participatory processes, and how they can improve them with their specific design skills. This report is the final product of an MSc thesis in landscape architecture at Wageningen University. It is the result of a research on landscape architects in participatory design processes, and in particular on the way a landscape architect can start a discussion with his/her design skills at the beginning of these participatory process. This thesis is partly conducted at the case Thialf in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Without the help of the stakeholders in this area, this research could not have been completed. Therefore, I want to thank everyone who provided information, was present at the meeting and/or completed the survey. Furthermore, I would like to thank various other people for their input. The experts and interviewees of Emma’s Hof who shared their expertise and experiences with me. My supervisors Sanda Lenzholzer and Martijn Duineveld for their professional feedback. Friends and family for the help and support they offered. And finally a special thanks to Josien Westgeest for all her support and for being the external observer. With this thesis, I hope to inspire landscape architects to interact with stakeholders, and combine science, designing and user experience. Alone we are strong, together we are stronger. II TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface II Summary V Samenvatting VII Part I 1. Introduction 16 1.1. Fascination 16 1.2. Problem definition 17 1.3. Purpose 18 1.4. Research questions 19 1.5. Research and design strategy 19 1.6. Research methods 21 1.7. Outline of report 24 2. Landscape architects in participatory processes 26 2.1. Evolution of participation in relation to landscape architecture 26 2.2. Current roles of landscape architects in participatory processes 30 3. Landscape architects as designers 32 3.1. Design skills 32 3.2. Design(ing) 34 Part II 4. Thialf, Arnhem 39 4.1. Description of Thialf 39 4.2. Landscape analysis 41 5. Participatory processes 56 5.1. Objectives of participation 56 5.2. Types of participatory meetings 58 5.3. Definition of the participatory process 60 6. Design techniques 61 6.1. Requirements for design techniques 61 6.2. Definition of the design techniques 62 III 7. Design procedures 68 7.1. Requirements for design procedures 68 7.2. Definition of the design procedures 68 Part III 8. Design process 72 8.1. Design options 72 8.2. Design plans 75 8.3. Photorealistic visualisations 78 8.4. Post-its 82 8.5. Discussion 83 8.6. Envisioning participants’ ideas 86 9. Reflection 88 9.1. Role of the landscape architect 88 9.2. Design techniques 90 9.3. Design procedures 94 9.4. Combination of designs, post-its and discussion 96 10. Conclusions 98 10.1. Answer to the research questions 98 10.2. Discussion and recommendations 100 10.3. Further research 102 References 104 Literature references 106 Figure references 114 Appendices 116 Timeline of used literature on participation 118 Flow-chart of the research and design process 119 Evaluation criteria 120 Survey questions (Dutch) 122 Results of the survey 125 Article Vrijstaat Thialf Courant 130 IV SUMMARY Participatory processes and initiatives taken by citizens to improve their own living environment are becoming more common. However, it is unclear in what way the quality of these designs is guaranteed and if landscape architects are able to contribute to these participatory processes with their design skills. Landscape architects are often only involved in participatory processes as facilitators or mediators, while they can distinguish themselves from other disciplines by their design skills. In addition, the designs in participatory processes are only seen as the outcome, instead of a tool that can be used during the entire process. Therefore, this research will give an answer to the following question: What are the experiences of people who are involved in a participatory process with a landscape architect who uses his/her design skills to start a discussion at the beginning of this process? This question will be answered by Research Through Designing (RTD) in case Thialf in Arnhem, evaluated by triangulation with a log by the landscape architect, observation by an external observer and surveys conducted amongst the stakeholders. The involvement of landscape architects in participatory processes started in the sixties, when participation became part of public consciousness. Landscape architects mediated between conflicts and facilitated the process, while before they were seen as designers of scenery. In the eighties and nineties more critical sounds occurred on participation, and designing became more important with an artistic role for landscape architects. However, the search for effective participation was ongoing and the economic growth of the eighties improved the technologies which contributed to the improvement of design techniques. In the nineties, a community oriented approach emerged and even today participation is still popular. Currently there is a pragmatic view on participation and landscape architects can choose between multiple roles. In comparison with other disciplines, landscape architects have specific designs skills and are better able to switch between different scales. As a designer, they understand and use visual media to analyse the landscape, enhance plans, and communicate with clients and users. The power of designers is high because of the use of visual media, as visuals are never objective and can change perceptions. The case Thialf, in which the RTD is performed, is an adventure playground situated between the districts of Spijkerkwartier and Arnhemse Broek in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Various stakeholders who are all related to Thialf but within their own background and focus are involved. In their opinion, Thialf is quite fragmented without an overall view, due to some developments in the last years and needs an overall plan made in cooperation with stakeholders. Participatory processes have several objectives. Participation should increase fairness and justice, represent the society, discover the wishes of the public and create a sense of ownership and community. However, everyone should get the chance to participate and be heard by the initiator. Participation can also reduce time and costs, because protests and long conflicts are avoided, but it can also lead to longer processes with unsatisfied participants. It appears that the successfulness of a participatory process depends of the way the process is organised. The RTD consists of both design techniques and design procedures. The design techniques should be understandable for everyone, provoke reactions and broaden views. A combination of high and low tech methods is used to ensure that they are comprehensible for everyone and illustrate what the area can look like. Three different design techniques – design options, design plans and photorealistic visualisations - should give a clear image of the future possibilities of Thialf and start the discussion. The design options are eight separated elements of a design which are illustrated as two extremes and a middle. These options can be combined in all possible ways which should broaden the views of the stakeholders, and have them think about different combinations and other options. The most extreme V combinations of the design options are transformed
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