DOCSLIB.ORG

THE* RELATIONSHIP of Drosophila Rdgrospiracula AND'erwinia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
THE* RELATIONSHIP of Drosophila Rdgrospiracula AND'erwinia The relationship of Drosophila nigrospiracula and Ervinia carnegieana to the bacterial necrosis of Carnegiea gigantea Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Graf, Penelope Ann, 1941- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 26/09/2021 16:49:18 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/318458 THE* RELATIONSHIP OF Drosophila rdgrospiracula AND'Erwinia. carnegieana TO THE BACTERIAL NECROSIS OF Carnegiea gigantea. by Penelope Ann Graf A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 6 5 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: & / c/ /(/& WILLIAM B. HEED Date ' ^ Associate Professor of Zoology ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. William B. Heed, my major professor under whom this work was done, for his constant encouragement, suggestions and criticisms during the research and writing of this paper. I also wish to thank Dr. Stanley Alcorn for his helpful criticisms and suggestions concerning the taxonomy of Erwinia carnegieana, and Dorothy Prest and Dr. Adelaide Even son for their help in the identification of the yeasts. The general encouragement, laboratory facilities and financial aid made available in the form of a graduate research assistantship through Dr s. Hugh H. Smith and Robert J. Janssen is greatly appreciated. Special thanks also go to Paul A. Judge, Superintendent of the Saguaro National Monu­ ment, for granting approval to use the study area within the monument. I also extend my thanks to Mr. and Mrs. Fredrick Cooper for their encouragement and technical assistance, to Dorothy McKenrick, Estella Woods and Ida Williams for their help in media and glassware preparation; and to the many other persons who have contributed so graciously of their time. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES.............................................................. vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ........................ viii ABSTRACT. ........................................................................... ix INTRODUCTION............................................................................................. 1 ECOLOGY ......... ................................................................... 5 Drosophila nigrospiracula ........................ 5 Erwinia carnegiean.a. 6 Carnegiea gigantea .................. 13 Pachycereus pringlei .................. 16 Ferocactus wislizenii ....................... 17 MATERIALS AND METHODS . ........................ 18 Collection and Analysis of Cactus Samples ........ 18 Collection of Drosophila nigr ospiracula ......... 21 Techniques for Collecting and Sterilizing Drosophila nigr ospiracula Eggs ....................... 23 Bacteriological Techniques Involved in Testing the External and Internal Microflora of Drosophila nigr ospiracula for Erwinia carnegieana ....... 27 Nutrition Tests on Drosophila nigr ospiracula. .. 28 SAGUARO AND CARDON SLIME FLUX ANALYSES...................... 30 Bacterial Analyses . 30 Yeast Analyses .................... 45 EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL MICROFLORA ANALYSES OF Drosophila nigr ospiracula ............................ 49 Laboratory Stocks ............................ 49 Field Populations ............................ 50 iv V TABLE OF CONTENTS- -Continued Page NUTRITIONAL TESTS ON Drosophila nigrospiracula ..... 53 Erwinia carnegieana. 53 Candida mycoder ma .... .............. 56 Sterols ............................ 58 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. ................................ 62 LITERATURE CITED .................................. 65 APPENDIX A ................................................ ................................................ 69 APPENDIX B ........................ 70 APPENDIX C ....................... 71 APPENDIX D . .. 73 LIST OF TABLES Table, Page 1. Some differences between Erwinia carnegieana and soft rOt collfor m 7 Z. Host-range of Erwinia carnegieana (from Alcorn, 1961). 11 3. Host-range of culturally similar bacilli isolated from other cacti or soil (from Alcorn, 1961) ............................ 12 4. Laboratory stocks of Drosophila nigrospiracula used during this study ............................ 24 5. Biochemical, cellular and colonial morphology of bacteria isolated from Carnegiea gigantea, Pachy- cereus pringlei and Drosophila nigrospiracula . » 34 6. Frequencies of Drosophila nigrospiracula, Carnegiea gigantea and Pachycereus pringlei found to possess the following bacteria: Aerobacter aerogenes (B-7), A. cloacae (B-l) and Erwinia carnegieana (B-3) . 44 7. The yeast flora associated with the slime fluxes of saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea) and cardon (Pachy- cereus pringlei) ................. 46 8. Comparison of the yeast flora associated with the saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea) as presented by Lamb (1964) and determined in this study .................................. 47 9. Summary of the nutritional studies of Erwinia carnegieana on seven strains of Drosophila nigro- spiracula under aseptic conditions ......... 54 10. Summary of the nutritional studies of Candida myco- derma on seven strains of Drosophila nigrospiracula under aseptic conditions ................................. 57 vi vii LIST OF TABLES--Continued Table Page 11. Percentage deviation from the cactus control (considered 100% development) with the addition of Beta-sitosterol,, cholesterol and stigmasterol to normal banana food; and from the normal banana food which served as the noncactus control on eight stocks of Drosophila nigr o spir acula * . * * * o * « ° » * * » o » * * * » 60 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Map of the Sonoran Desert showing the distribution of Carnegiea gigantea and Pachycereus pringlei (from Shreve and Wiggins, 1964) . ............................... 15 2* Collection apparatus ........................... 22 3c Car don (Pachycer eus pringlei) from the west side of Star Mountain, San Felipe, Baja California, Mexico showing necrotic lesions from which Erwinia carnegieana was isolated . 31 4c Car don (Pachycereus pringlei) from the south side of Star Mountain, San Felipe, Baja California, Mexico showing necrotic lesions from which Erwinia carnegieana was isolated o , • 32 viii ABSTRACT The relationship of Drosophila nigrospiracula to slime fluxes of saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea) and cardon (Pachycereus pringlei) was investigated. The bacterium Erwinia carnegieana was isolated from 32 of 34 saguaros and from five of six cardon specimens. Drosophila nigro- spiraclxla collected on areas of slime flux had Erwinia carnegieana on them in 100% of the cardon samples and 94. 2% of the saguaro samples. Young saguaros cut with a sterile scalpel and exposed to flies directly from the field showed signs of bacterial necrosis when the flies were carrying Erwinia carnegieana. An analysis was made of other microorganisms found in the slime fluxes of cardon and saguaro. One yeast (Candida mycoderma) and three bacteria (B-3 Erwinia carnegieana, B-7 Aerobacter aerogenes and B-1 Aerobacter cloacae) were found common to both. The effects of Erwinia carnegieana and Candida mycoderma were tested On aseptic eggs. The Erwinia and Candida did not harm the development of the Drosophila but it cannot be said conclusively that they in any way added to their development. Several common sterols including Beta-sitosterol, the com­ mon sterol of saguaro, were tested as to their nutritional value to D. nigrospiracula. In general the flies did as well on sterols as on cactus. INTRODUCTION Slime flux is the infected sap exudate from trees or plants which may have been injured by insects, microbes or weather (Lamb, 1964). The slime flux of the saguaro, the giant cactus Carnegiea gigantea (Engelmann) Britton & Rose, has been associated with the bacterium Erwinia carnegieana Lightle, Standring and Brown since Standring?s original studies (1940) and the later studies of Lightle, Standring and Brown (1942). In 1939 Heinrich discussed the associa­ tion of the nocturnal moth Cactobrosis with the saguaro, and Boyle (1949) indicted the larvae of Cactobrosis fernaldialis Hulst as a vector of the bacterium. Boyle also noted other insects associated with the slime flux and indicated that they may play some part in the progress of the disease. These insects included Volucella sp. and Hololepta yucateca Marseuh Santana (1961) studied immature, cyclorrhaphous Diptera associated with the bacterial necrosis of the saguaro and found the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Excerpted From
    Excerpted from © by the Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. May not be copied or reused without express written permission of the publisher. click here to BUY THIS BOOK CHAPTER ›3 ‹ ROOT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Joseph G. Dubrovsky and Gretchen B. North Introduction Structure Primary Structure Secondary Structure Root Types Development and Growth Indeterminate Root Growth Determinate Root Growth Lateral Root Development Root System Development Adaptations to Deserts and Other Arid Environments Root Distribution in the Soil Environmental Effects on Root Development Developmental Adaptations Water and Mineral Uptake Root Hydraulic Conductivity Mineral Uptake Mycorrhizal and Bacterial Associations Carbon Relations Conclusions and Future Prospects Literature Cited rocky or sandy habitats. The goals of this chapter are to re- Introduction view the literature on the root biology of cacti and to pres- From the first moments of a plant’s life cycle, including ent some recent findings. First, root structure, growth, and germination, roots are essential for water uptake, mineral development are considered, then structural and develop- acquisition, and plant anchorage. These functions are es- mental adaptations to desiccating environments, such as pecially significant for cacti, because both desert species deserts and tropical tree canopies, are analyzed, and finally and epiphytes in the cactus family are faced with limited the functions of roots as organs of water and mineral up- and variable soil resources, strong winds, and frequently take are explored. 41 (Freeman 1969). Occasionally, mucilage cells are found in Structure the primary root (Hamilton 1970).Figure3.1nearhere: Cactus roots are less overtly specialized in structure than Differentiation of primary tissues starts soon after cell are cactus shoots.
    [Show full text]
  • S1 the Three Areas of Importance for the Fruticose Ramalinaceae.FINAL
    Supplementary Data S1 Three Major Ecogeographic Areas of Evolution in Fruticose Ramalinaceae Three geographical areas appear significant to the evolutionary history of lichens in arid regions. We focus on three fruticose genera of the Ramalinaceae: Nambialina (gen. nov.), Niebla, and Vermilacinia. They have adapted to obtaining moisture from fog in the following coastal regions of our study: (I) California-Baja California coastal chaparral and Vizcaíno deserts (II) South America Atacama and Sechura deserts (III) South Africa coastal fynbos and Namib Desert The botanical significance of each of these will be briefly discussed. Chapter (I) further includes updates on the ecogeographical data and evolutionary interpretation for the genera Niebla and Vermilacinia in Baja California. (I) California and Baja California Coastal Chaparral, Chaparral-Desert Transition and Vizcaíno Deserts 1. California and Baja California Coastal Chaparral The lichen flora of the Baja California peninsula (Mexico, Baja California and Baja California Sur) is pretty well known as a result of the many splendid contributions by lichenologists to the « Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region » (Nash et al. 2002, 2004, 2007). The « Greater » portion extends the lichen flora to chaparral, oak woodlands, and conifer forests in southern California, northern Baja California and southern Nevada and all of Arizona; to the deserts of Mojave, Arizona, Vizcaíno, and Magdalena; and to the subtropical vegetation in Baja California Sur and Sonora, Mexico that include lowland mixed deciduous-succulent bushlands, open deciduous montane woodlands/forests, and the evergreen pine-oak woodlands/forests. California, a botanically rich and diverse region with many endemic species (Raven and Axelrod 1978 ; Calsbeek et al.
    [Show full text]
  • The Aboriginal Utilization of the Tall Cacti in the American Southwest
    University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository UNM Bulletins Scholarly Communication - Departments 1937 The ba original utilization of the tall cacti in the American Southwest Edward Franklin Castetter Willis Harvey Bell Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/unm_bulletin Recommended Citation Castetter, Edward Franklin and Willis Harvey Bell. "The bora iginal utilization of the tall cacti in the American Southwest." University of New Mexico biological series, v. 5, no. 1, University of New Mexico bulletin, whole no. 307, Ethnobiological studies in the American Southwest, 4 5, 1 (1937). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/unm_bulletin/28 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Scholarly Communication - Departments at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in UNM Bulletins by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. t11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111III The University of New Mexico Bulletin Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I IV. The Aboriginal Utilization ofthe Tall Cacti in the American Southwest By EDWARD F. CASTETTER, Professor of Biology University of New Mexico and WILLIS H. BELL, Associate Professor of Biology . U '. ....1-. Uni~e?ity of New Mexico :II ~~I-D6. U.,IV/,;it, .&-'-;1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Giant Columnar Cactus Pachycereus Pringlei Adaptively Modifies Its Stem Shape from the Dry Tropics Into the Arid Mid-Latitude Deserts
    Journal of Arid Environments xxx (2017) 1e8 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Arid Environments journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jaridenv The giant columnar cactus Pachycereus pringlei adaptively modifies its stem shape from the dry tropics into the arid mid-latitude deserts * Mariana Delgado-Fernandez a, Pedro P. Garcillan a, , Exequiel Ezcurra b a Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Politecnico Nacional 195, La Paz, Baja California Sur 23096, Mexico b University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA article info abstract Article history: Because of the lack of leaves, the distributions of columnar cacti are limited by their capacity to trade off Received 30 September 2016 their photosynthetic chlorenchyma and their non-photosynthetic storage parenchyma. For species with Received in revised form wide latitudinal ranges, variations in stem surface area:volume ratios could play an adaptive role. Based 13 April 2017 on the fact that Pachycereus pringlei spans more than a 1000 km along the Baja California Peninsula, we Accepted 3 July 2017 used this species to analyze changes in stem allometry between populations. We selected six sites, from Available online xxx latitude 23e31 N, ranging from 518 to 55 mm of annual rainfall. We used an allometric model to analyze the diameter-to-height relationship, estimating the parameters through linear modeling. The Keywords: fi Allometry height of the main stem when the rst branch emerges was estimated by regressing the height of the Branching height plant against the number of lateral shoots. The solar radiation intercepted by an unbranched 6-m-tall Cardon cardon was estimated using an irradiance model.
    [Show full text]
  • The Giant Columnar Cactus Pachycereus Pringlei Adaptively Modifies Its Stem Shape from the Dry Tropics Into the Arid Mid-Latitude Deserts
    Copyright Notice This electronic reprint is provided by the author(s) to be consulted by fellow scientists. It is not to be used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research. Further reproduction or distribution of this reprint is restricted by copyright laws. If in doubt about fair use of reprints for research purposes, the user should review the copyright notice contained in the original journal from which this electronic reprint was made. Journal of Arid Environments 146 (2017) 10e17 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Arid Environments journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jaridenv The giant columnar cactus Pachycereus pringlei adaptively modifies its stem shape from the dry tropics into the arid mid-latitude deserts * Mariana Delgado-Fernandez a, Pedro P. Garcillan a, , Exequiel Ezcurra b a Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Politecnico Nacional 195, La Paz, Baja California Sur 23096, Mexico b University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA article info abstract Article history: Because of the lack of leaves, the distributions of columnar cacti are limited by their capacity to trade off Received 30 September 2016 their photosynthetic chlorenchyma and their non-photosynthetic storage parenchyma. For species with Received in revised form wide latitudinal ranges, variations in stem surface area:volume ratios could play an adaptive role. Based 13 April 2017 on the fact that Pachycereus pringlei spans more than a 1000 km along the Baja California Peninsula, we Accepted 3 July 2017 used this species to analyze changes in stem allometry between populations. We selected six sites, from Available online 12 July 2017 latitude 23e31 N, ranging from 518 to 55 mm of annual rainfall.
    [Show full text]
  • Cacti, Biology and Uses
    CACTI CACTI BIOLOGY AND USES Edited by Park S. Nobel UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley Los Angeles London University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England © 2002 by the Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cacti: biology and uses / Park S. Nobel, editor. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN 0-520-23157-0 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Cactus. 2. Cactus—Utilization. I. Nobel, Park S. qk495.c11 c185 2002 583'.56—dc21 2001005014 Manufactured in the United States of America 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 10 987654 321 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48–1992 (R 1997) (Permanence of Paper). CONTENTS List of Contributors . vii Preface . ix 1. Evolution and Systematics Robert S. Wallace and Arthur C. Gibson . 1 2. Shoot Anatomy and Morphology Teresa Terrazas Salgado and James D. Mauseth . 23 3. Root Structure and Function Joseph G. Dubrovsky and Gretchen B. North . 41 4. Environmental Biology Park S. Nobel and Edward G. Bobich . 57 5. Reproductive Biology Eulogio Pimienta-Barrios and Rafael F. del Castillo . 75 6. Population and Community Ecology Alfonso Valiente-Banuet and Héctor Godínez-Alvarez . 91 7. Consumption of Platyopuntias by Wild Vertebrates Eric Mellink and Mónica E. Riojas-López . 109 8. Biodiversity and Conservation Thomas H. Boyle and Edward F. Anderson . 125 9. Mesoamerican Domestication and Diffusion Alejandro Casas and Giuseppe Barbera . 143 10. Cactus Pear Fruit Production Paolo Inglese, Filadelfio Basile, and Mario Schirra .
    [Show full text]
  • Crafting and Consuming an American Sonoran Desert: Global Visions, Regional Nature and National Meaning
    Crafting and Consuming an American Sonoran Desert: Global Visions, Regional Nature and National Meaning Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Burtner, Marcus Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 02/10/2021 04:13:17 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/268613 CRAFTING AND CONSUMING AN AMERICAN SONORAN DESERT: GLOBAL VISIONS, REGIONAL NATURE AND NATIONAL MEANING by Marcus Alexander Burtner ____________________________________ copyright © Marcus Alexander Burtner 2012 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2012 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Marcus A. Burtner entitled “Crafting and Consuming an American Sonoran Desert: Global Visions, Regional Nature, and National Meaning.” and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy ____________________________________________________________Date: 1/7/13 Katherine Morrissey ____________________________________________________________Date: 1/7/13 Douglas Weiner ____________________________________________________________Date: 1/7/13 Jeremy Vetter ____________________________________________________________Date: 1/7/13 Jack C. Mutchler Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement.
    [Show full text]
  • The Population Dynamics of Columnar and Other Cacti: a Review Taly Dawn Drezner* and Barbi Lynn Lazarus Department of Geography, York University
    Geography Compass 2/1 (2008): 1–29, 10.1111/j.1749-8198.2007.00083.x TheBOxford,GECOGeography17©J0810.Dec0129???Originalournal ??? la 49-8200731111/j c empopulation k w 198ber e ComT UK llArt.1749-8198.2007.he P2007 Com uiclesAut pilat b li dynamics shho passio irs ng © Lt 2007d of0008 columnarBlackw 3.x ell and Publishing other cacti Ltd The Population Dynamics of Columnar and Other Cacti: A Review Taly Dawn Drezner* and Barbi Lynn Lazarus Department of Geography, York University Abstract In this article, we review the population cycles of cacti, with an emphasis on the large, often keystone columnar cacti of the North American deserts. These and many other cacti often experience dramatic increases and declines in their numbers. Seeds that germinate in years that provide favourable conditions for regeneration and subsequently survive establish a cohort. We first review the limitations to estimating the age of any given individual; without this information, we cannot reconstruct the age of a population and reconstruct its age structure and demo- graphy. We then discuss the techniques for so doing, the data that are available, and the work that has been carried out on a few limited and isolated populations, primarily of Carnegiea gigantea. We then link century-scale population fluctuations with micro, local, regional and global climate factors, which include nurse-plant relationships, periodic freezing and El Niño events, and proceed to elaborate on the factors that influence cactus demographics, such as dispersal, pollination, human impacts and climate change. Introduction and Distribution The cactus family (Cactaceae) is widely distributed from Canada, across the USA, and south to Mexico, Central and South America, including the Galápagos Islands and the West Indies (Anderson 2001; Benson 1982; Kearney and Peebles 1960).
    [Show full text]
  • The Plant Press the ARIZONA NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY Volume 42, Number 1 Spring/Summer 2019
    The Plant Press THE ARIZONA NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY Volume 42, Number 1 Spring/Summer 2019 In this Issue 3 Arizona’s Magnificent Trees Program 5 Message from a Big Tree Hunter 10 Observations on Plant Life of the Cienega Creek Natural Preserve, Pima County, Arizona 13 Chronicling Place-based Plant Diversity Back in the early 2000s, Ken Morrow and Bob Zahner (L–R), then co-coordinators of the Arizona Register of Big Trees, took a hike in the Santa Catalina Mountains to visit the Arizona Cypress Plus (Cupressus arizonica) Champion Tree. Photo courtesy Glenda Zahner. 17 Save the Date: Botany 2019, AZNPS 16th Annual Meeting The Fascination with Trees 19 Volume 17 of Flora of North by Douglas Ripley, Arizona Native Plant Society, Cochise Chapter America Published With Regular Features What native plant lover does not have a special fondness and appreciation for Arizona’s fascinating trees? From the fragrant conifers and hardwoods of our moist 2 President’s Note mountains to the rich and colorful trees occurring along our streamsides and other 8 Book Review: Catalina riparian areas, to the highly adapted, drought-tolerant trees of our deserts, there is Mountains much for the observant individual to discover, study, and appreciate in our 9 Who’s Who at AZNPS arboreal diversity. 14 Book Review: C.G. Pringle Realizing the benefits of raising the public’s awareness of the State’s trees, as well as 17 Spotlight on a Native Plant in an effort to enlist their support of tree conservation, the Arizona Department of Forestry and Fire Management established the Arizona Magnificent Trees 18 Book Review: The Natural History of the San Francisco Program, which is described in the next two articles.
    [Show full text]
  • 57.2-3 8 Dolby Et Al Si1.Pdf
    Figure S1. Maps showing sampled localities for genetic markers in all taxa (A: N = 85 taxa), and spatial overlap of Evolutionary Significant Units (ESUs) from haploid (i.e., mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA) genetic markers in all taxa (B: N = 72 taxa), reptiles (C: N = 28 taxa), mammals (D: N = 14 taxa), amphibians (E: N = 4 taxa), invertebrates (F: N = 17 taxa), birds (G: N = 7 taxa), and plants (H: N = 2 taxa). Figure S2. Maps showing sampled localities for genetic markers in all taxa (A: N = 85 taxa), and spatial overlap of Evolutionary Significant Units (ESUs) for diploid (i.e., nuclear) genetic markers in all taxa (B: N =20 taxa), reptiles (C: N = 4 taxa), mammals (D: N = 3 taxa), amphibians (E: N = 2 taxa), invertebrates (F: N = 4 taxa), birds (G: N = 2 taxa), and plants (H: N = 5 taxa). Figure S3. Map showing spatial overlap of Evolutionary Significant Units (ESUs) from haploid genetic markers in volant animals (A: N = 16 taxa) and non-volant animals (B: N = 54 taxa) Table S1. Studies describing the geographic distribution of Evolutionary Significant Units (ESUs) based on genetic criteria for haploid and diploid markers on the terrestrial biota from the Baja California peninsula. For each taxa (N = 85), we include ID, name, markers employed, total number of samples analyzed (N), and where applicable the size (in base pairs, bp) of the DNA fragment analyzed. For non-sequence data, the total sample size (N) and the number of loci analyzed are indicated. CB = cytochrome, CR= control region, A= allozymes, MS = microsatellites. Table S2.
    [Show full text]
  • Resource-Island Soils and the Survival of the Giant Cactus, Cardon, of Baja California Sur
    1Plant and Soil 218: 207-214, 2000. 207 Ó 2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. Resource-island soils and the survival of the giant cactus, cardon, of Baja California Sur Angel Carrillo-Garcia1, Yoav Bashanl and Gabor J. Bethlenfalvayl,2,* 1Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, AP 128, La Paz, BCS 23000, Mexico, and 2U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 3420 NW Orchard Avenue, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA Received 26 January 1999. Accepted in revised form 22 October 1999 Key words: facilitation, nurse-plant effect, Pachycereus pringlei, plant survival, Prosopis articulata, resource island, revegetation, soil temperature. Abstract Early survival and growth of some plants in arid environments depends on facilitation by a nurse plant. Amelioration of soil temperature extremes through shading and accumulation of mineral nutrients near nurse-plants are mechanisms of facilitation. We investigated the effects of shading (soil temperature) and soil type on survival and growth of the giant columnar cactus, cardon (Pachycereus pringlei). Cardon was grown either in a sandy clay-loam soil obtained from resource islands formed under mature mesquite (Prosopis articulata) or in the loamy-sand soil from plant-free bare areas that surround the islands. Seedlings were potted in these soils and the pots were buried to ground level in the open. We also determined plant responses to fertilization with N, P, K or NPK in the bare-area soils. Enhancement of survival and growth in the resource-island soils compared to that in the bare-area soils was highly significant. Plants survived and grew better in resource-island soils than in bare-area soil, an effect that was enhanced by shading (one-half of full sun).
    [Show full text]
  • In Vitro Propagation of Three Species of Columnar Cacti from the Sonoran
    PROPAGATION & TISSUE CULTURE HORTSCIENCE 37(4):693–696. 2002. that in vitro cultured plants of Coryphantha minima grew 7-fold larger than plants cultured under similar ex vitro conditions. This may be In Vitro Propagation of Three Species due to high humidity, plant growth regulators, and high sugar concentration in the culture of Columnar Cacti from the media. In vitro propagation of Mexican species of Sonoran Desert cacti has been demonstrated for Mammillaria san-angelensis (Martínez-Vázquez and Rubluo, Eugenio Pérez-Molphe-Balch1, Martha Evelia Pérez-Reyes, 1989), M. candida (Elias-Rocha et al., 1998), Obregonia denegrii and Coryphantha minima Carlos Antonio Dávila-Figueroa, and Enrique Villalobos-Amador (Malda et al., 1999b). In a previous study, Dpto. de Química. Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes Av. Universidad Pérez-Molphe-Balch et al. (1998) developed 940 20100 Aguascalientes, Ags. México systems for micropropagation of 21 species of Mexican cacti belonging to the genera Additional index words. areole activation, cactaceae, Carnegiea gigantea, cytokinin, Astrophytum, Cephalocereus, Coryphantha, Pachycereus pringlei, Stenocereus thurberi, tissue culture Echinocactus, Echinocereus, Ferocactus, Mam- millaria, Nyctocereus, and Stenocactus. In this Abstract. In vitro propagation systems were developed for Carnegiea gigantea (Engelm.) work, we describe methods for in vitro propa- Britt & Rose, Pachycereus pringlei (Berger) Britt & Rose and Stenocereus thurberi gation of three columnar species: C. gigantea, (Engelm.) Buxb, three North American species of columnar cacti. In vitro germinated P. pringlei and S. thurberi. These methods seedlings were used as a source of explants. Multiple shoot formation from areoles was could become valuable for the conservation and achieved for three types of explants (apical, lateral, and transverse) cultured on Murashige commercial production of these species.
    [Show full text]