DOCSLIB.ORG

The Aboriginal Utilization of the Tall Cacti in the American Southwest

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Aboriginal Utilization of the Tall Cacti in the American Southwest University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository UNM Bulletins Scholarly Communication - Departments 1937 The ba original utilization of the tall cacti in the American Southwest Edward Franklin Castetter Willis Harvey Bell Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/unm_bulletin Recommended Citation Castetter, Edward Franklin and Willis Harvey Bell. "The bora iginal utilization of the tall cacti in the American Southwest." University of New Mexico biological series, v. 5, no. 1, University of New Mexico bulletin, whole no. 307, Ethnobiological studies in the American Southwest, 4 5, 1 (1937). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/unm_bulletin/28 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Scholarly Communication - Departments at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in UNM Bulletins by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. t11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111III The University of New Mexico Bulletin Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I IV. The Aboriginal Utilization ofthe Tall Cacti in the American Southwest By EDWARD F. CASTETTER, Professor of Biology University of New Mexico and WILLIS H. BELL, Associate Professor of Biology . U '. ....1-. Uni~e?ity of New Mexico :II ~~I-D6. U.,IV/,;it, .&-'-;1. ~~.>'<4__ ~ . ~, ~. (!d~dltz-&-L' ~ F: r-J, J l.J?7h'-:X-t'-J? ~~ 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 }7~~JL_/n?7 .::: IIL-l GSW~ The University of New Mexico Bulletin Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest IV. The A bong-inal Utilization OJ the Tall Cacti in the American Southwest By ·EDWARD F. CASTETTER, Professor of Biology University of New Mexico and' WILLIS H. BELL, Associate Professor of Biology University of New Mexico THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO BULLETIN Whole Number 307 June 1, 1937 Biological Series, Vol. 5, No.1 Published twice a month by the University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexi~co Entered as Second Class Matter, May 1, 1906, at the post office at Albuquerque, New Mexico, under Act of Congress of July 16, 1894 UNIVERSITY OF' NEW MEXIOO PRESS 1937 IV. THE ABORIGINAL UTILIZATION OF THE TALL CACTI IN THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEST INTRODUCTION The authors are engaged in a series of investigations on the ethnobiology of the American Southwest, a region variously defined by different investigators. To our concep­ tion of the Southwest, as represented on the accompanying I map, Baja California has been added because of natural ,I botanical affinities oBhe species presented. Culturally, Baja I : California does not belong to the typical central Mexican region nor to the Californian area, hence no particular vio­ L."'f"'nL1 lence is done by this temporary alignment. The choice of the cacti discussed has been guided by the aboriginal utilization of species of tall cacti belonging to the old genus Cereus, and is, therefore, more or less arbitrary. From several lines of evidence it is known that the 30' fruits, seeds, and other plant parts of the species of cacti discussed below were used as food, etc., aboriginally in por­ tions of the American Southwest, and it is our purpose to reconstruct, in so far as possible, the methods and extent of such pre-Columbian utilization by the various Southwestern aborigines. In so doing, our main sources of information have been the distribution of these species of cacti, the study of surviving peoples, and evidence gathered from recorded historical sources. Other lines of attack, valuable to some investigators, have proved practically fruitless in this par­ Map showing the distribution of Carnegiea gigantea, as well as the limits of the ticular study. American Southwest. Adapted from the map in "Garnegiea gigantea Britton & Rose'" by Forrest Shreve, Die Pflanzenareale 3 (1): 7-8, 1931. By permission of author, . As regards the methods of investigation listed it may be editor, and publisher. Limits of the Southwest, as interpreted by the authors. said that the first, namely distribution, was orten valuable shown by the heavy dotted line. in determining the identity of a particular species that was reported used in a given locality.. Thus, when it was known that the fruit of some giant cactus was utilized in an area, the known distribution of the various species made it pos­ sible to ascertain the particular one by eliminating those not distributed in such an area. [ 3 ] I I 4] THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO ETHNOBIOLOGICAL STUDIES [ 5 The second method of attack-study of survlvmg our knowledge, not since Onate, in 1604, traveled from peoples-has been very fruitful. To be sure, European pene­ Moqui down the Colorado of the West had any white man tration in the Southwest wrought pronounced economic seen the Gila River. Hence the rediscovery and first interior changes in some quarters; However, it left other, more exploration were the work of Kino (11: 1,53). isolated, regions relatively unaffected for considerable per­ A differential rate of acquisition of white culture gradu­ iods of time. ally became evident among the Papago as compared with The growing and utilization of cultivated plants by the Pima. Kino labored incessantly to furnish a food supply Indian peoples is much more likely to be modified by white for the Indians of the missions in his territory and even contact than is that of wild plants. Agriculture in the South­ beyond, to the end that these missions might be given a west has been greatly modified by the introduction of foreign basis of economic prosperity and independence (11: I, 57). plants, although the methods of utilizing wild plant products Kino's missions dwindled soon after his death in 1711, and still remain in some places essentially on the aboriginal level. their later history, in spite of the picturesque labors of the The extent of dependence upon these same products hasfre­ saintly Garces, shows no great revival. Thus the Papagos, quently undergone pronounced change because of the gradu­ after a brief Spanish in'fluence, were left to their own devices. ally greater availability of other products within historic They had acquired horses from the Spaniards, and had times; also the persistence of aboriginal utilization among learned to plant wheat and a few imported fruits and vege­ some tribes is much more marked than among others. For tables. Except for these changes, however, their oldeco­ example, the Papago, living in a forbidding land, where com­ nomic life continued (21 :3-4). In sharp contrast, however, paratively little agriculture was possible, and where a sub­ the Pimas dwelling along the rich bottom lands of the Gila sistence had to be wrested with great effort largely from the possessed desirable agricultural lands much coveted by the wildproducts of nature, have, until recently, remained rela­ white man and easy of access. Due to this and constant con­ tively unaffected by white contact. Because of the inhospi­ tact with the argonauts from the United States, Sonora, and tality of their desert land they did not suffer the thorough Chihuahua, in 1848-49, when one of the Southwestern trails conquest which befell the Pima and many of the Mexican to California led through the Gila River country (10), the tribes to the south. Hence they have kept many of their Pima changed much more rapidly, until today they represent ancient customs intact. Kino, who came to Pimerfa Alta in only a vestige of their former selves. 1687, found it to be untouched and unknown, although to Castetter and Underhill (21) made a rather detailed the east in Nueva Vizcaya were the already important study of Papago ethnobiology as reported by the first Span­ reales, or mining camps, of San Juan and Bacanuche, and iards and as seen in the remoter villages of the present day. to the south were many missions, ranches, and mining towns Russell (74) did the same for the Pima, as did Spier (85) (11 :1, 51). Pimerfa Alta, which extended from the Altar for the Maricopa, and so on. The picture drawn, apart from River, in Sonora, to the Gila, and from the San Pedro River the exceptions mentioned above, may be reasonably consid­ to the Gulf of California and the Colorado to (he west, had ered as aboriginal. been entered by Fray Marcos, by Melchior Diaz, and by the The third line of attack, the historical or documentary, m'ainCoronado party between 1539 and 1541. But these ex­ involved the information obtainable from written records, in plorers had passed only' along the eastern and western several languages, made by early explorers, travelers, and borders. Not since that day had Arizona been approached missionaries.' These early intruders had ample opportunity , from the south by a single expedition, while, to the best of to observe and set down the kinds of plants employed and I ETHNOBIOLOGICAL STUDIES [ 7 6 ] THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO cereus Thurberi, and sahuaro or giant cactus to refer to C. the methods of their utilization before European contact fligantea. According to Safford (75 :555) the term pitahaya wrought much, if any, change. IS of Carib or Haytian origin, brought early to Mexico by the By comparing the above three methods with each other Spanish conquistadores. it is felt that a reasonably accurate picture of aboriginal Oviedo1 writing in 1535, described a pitahaya plant economy, as regards these cacti, has been reproduced. Cer­ with its spines and fruit. He referred to it as having a tain facts bearing on utilization presented in the text are thick skin, and that the fruit was filled with little seeds. obviously not aboriginal, and these will be apparent to the The seeds were mixed with the pulp to form a kind of paste . reader as he proceeds. They are included for special reasons. which had a crimson color.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Excerpted From
    Excerpted from © by the Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. May not be copied or reused without express written permission of the publisher. click here to BUY THIS BOOK CHAPTER ›3 ‹ ROOT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Joseph G. Dubrovsky and Gretchen B. North Introduction Structure Primary Structure Secondary Structure Root Types Development and Growth Indeterminate Root Growth Determinate Root Growth Lateral Root Development Root System Development Adaptations to Deserts and Other Arid Environments Root Distribution in the Soil Environmental Effects on Root Development Developmental Adaptations Water and Mineral Uptake Root Hydraulic Conductivity Mineral Uptake Mycorrhizal and Bacterial Associations Carbon Relations Conclusions and Future Prospects Literature Cited rocky or sandy habitats. The goals of this chapter are to re- Introduction view the literature on the root biology of cacti and to pres- From the first moments of a plant’s life cycle, including ent some recent findings. First, root structure, growth, and germination, roots are essential for water uptake, mineral development are considered, then structural and develop- acquisition, and plant anchorage. These functions are es- mental adaptations to desiccating environments, such as pecially significant for cacti, because both desert species deserts and tropical tree canopies, are analyzed, and finally and epiphytes in the cactus family are faced with limited the functions of roots as organs of water and mineral up- and variable soil resources, strong winds, and frequently take are explored. 41 (Freeman 1969). Occasionally, mucilage cells are found in Structure the primary root (Hamilton 1970).Figure3.1nearhere: Cactus roots are less overtly specialized in structure than Differentiation of primary tissues starts soon after cell are cactus shoots.
    [Show full text]
  • Tucson Cactus and Succulent Society Guide to Common Cactus and Succulents of Tucson
    Tucson Cactus and Succulent Society Guide to Common Cactus and Succulents of Tucson http://www.tucsoncactus.org/c-s_database/index.html Item ID: 1 Item ID: 2 Family: Cactaceae Family: Cactaceae Genus: Ferocactus Genus: Echinocactus Species: wislizenii Species: grusonii Common Name: Fishhook Barrel Common Name: Golden Barrel Habitat: Various soil types from 1,000 Cactus to 6,000 feet elevation from grasslands Habitat: Located on rolling hills to rocky mountainous areas. and cliffs. Range: Arizona, southwestern New Range: Limited to small areas in Mexico, limited extremes of western Queretaro, Mexico. The popula- Texas, Sonora, northwest Chihuahua tion had become very low in num- and northern Sinaloa, Mexico bers over the years but is just Care: An extremely easy plant to grow now beginning to increase due to in and around the Tucson area. It re- protective laws and the fact that Photo Courtesy of Vonn Watkins quires little attention or special care as this plant is now in mass cultiva- ©1999 it is perfectly at home in almost any tion all over the world. garden setting. It is very tolerant of ex- Photo Courtesy of American Desert Care: The Golden Barrel has slow- Description treme heat as well as cold. Cold hardi- Plants ly become one of the most pur- This popular barrel cactus is noted ness tolerance is at around 10 degrees chased plants for home landscape for the beautiful golden yellow farenheit. Description in Tucson. It is an easy plant to spines that thickly surround the Propagation: Propagation of this cac- This plant is most recognized by the grow and takes no special care.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Approved Plants
    APPENDIX "X" – PLANT LISTS Appendix "X" Contains Three (3) Plant Lists: X.1. List of Approved Indigenous Plants Allowed in any Landscape Zone. X.2. List of Approved Non-Indigenous Plants Allowed ONLY in the Private Zone or Semi-Private Zone. X.3. List of Prohibited Plants Prohibited for any location on a residential Lot. X.1. LIST OF APPROVED INDIGENOUS PLANTS. Approved Indigenous Plants may be used in any of the Landscape Zones on a residential lot. ONLY approved indigenous plants may be used in the Native Zone and the Revegetation Zone for those landscape areas located beyond the perimeter footprint of the home and site walls. The density, ratios, and mix of any added indigenous plant material should approximate those found in the general area of the native undisturbed desert. Refer to Section 8.4 and 8.5 of the Design Guidelines for an explanation and illustration of the Native Zone and the Revegetation Zone. For clarity, Approved Indigenous Plants are considered those plant species that are specifically indigenous and native to Desert Mountain. While there may be several other plants that are native to the upper Sonoran Desert, this list is specific to indigenous and native plants within Desert Mountain. X.1.1. Indigenous Trees: COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME Blue Palo Verde Parkinsonia florida Crucifixion Thorn Canotia holacantha Desert Hackberry Celtis pallida Desert Willow / Desert Catalpa Chilopsis linearis Foothills Palo Verde Parkinsonia microphylla Net Leaf Hackberry Celtis reticulata One-Seed Juniper Juniperus monosperma Velvet Mesquite / Native Mesquite Prosopis velutina (juliflora) X.1.2. Indigenous Shrubs: COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME Anderson Thornbush Lycium andersonii Barberry Berberis haematocarpa Bear Grass Nolina microcarpa Brittle Bush Encelia farinosa Page X - 1 Approved - February 24, 2020 Appendix X Landscape Guidelines Bursage + Ambrosia deltoidea + Canyon Ragweed Ambrosia ambrosioides Catclaw Acacia / Wait-a-Minute Bush Acacia greggii / Senegalia greggii Catclaw Mimosa Mimosa aculeaticarpa var.
    [Show full text]
  • THE* RELATIONSHIP of Drosophila Rdgrospiracula AND'erwinia
    The relationship of Drosophila nigrospiracula and Ervinia carnegieana to the bacterial necrosis of Carnegiea gigantea Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Graf, Penelope Ann, 1941- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 26/09/2021 16:49:18 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/318458 THE* RELATIONSHIP OF Drosophila rdgrospiracula AND'Erwinia. carnegieana TO THE BACTERIAL NECROSIS OF Carnegiea gigantea. by Penelope Ann Graf A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 6 5 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author.
    [Show full text]
  • S1 the Three Areas of Importance for the Fruticose Ramalinaceae.FINAL
    Supplementary Data S1 Three Major Ecogeographic Areas of Evolution in Fruticose Ramalinaceae Three geographical areas appear significant to the evolutionary history of lichens in arid regions. We focus on three fruticose genera of the Ramalinaceae: Nambialina (gen. nov.), Niebla, and Vermilacinia. They have adapted to obtaining moisture from fog in the following coastal regions of our study: (I) California-Baja California coastal chaparral and Vizcaíno deserts (II) South America Atacama and Sechura deserts (III) South Africa coastal fynbos and Namib Desert The botanical significance of each of these will be briefly discussed. Chapter (I) further includes updates on the ecogeographical data and evolutionary interpretation for the genera Niebla and Vermilacinia in Baja California. (I) California and Baja California Coastal Chaparral, Chaparral-Desert Transition and Vizcaíno Deserts 1. California and Baja California Coastal Chaparral The lichen flora of the Baja California peninsula (Mexico, Baja California and Baja California Sur) is pretty well known as a result of the many splendid contributions by lichenologists to the « Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region » (Nash et al. 2002, 2004, 2007). The « Greater » portion extends the lichen flora to chaparral, oak woodlands, and conifer forests in southern California, northern Baja California and southern Nevada and all of Arizona; to the deserts of Mojave, Arizona, Vizcaíno, and Magdalena; and to the subtropical vegetation in Baja California Sur and Sonora, Mexico that include lowland mixed deciduous-succulent bushlands, open deciduous montane woodlands/forests, and the evergreen pine-oak woodlands/forests. California, a botanically rich and diverse region with many endemic species (Raven and Axelrod 1978 ; Calsbeek et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Peniocereus Greggii) Arizona Barrel Cactus (Ferocactus Wizlizeni) Bea Vertail Cactus ( Opuntia Basilaris)
    $5.oo ) . This novel is a coloi-ful scory of the (Hastings House, New York, $5.00) , is unique Navajos. The setting is panoramic Navajoland. and interesting. Miller spent long hours reading The University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, old Arizona newspapers (some as old as the Oklahoma, ·whose titles are alwavs distinctive, 'Sos ) . From these ancient and musty files he has published Ramon F . Adams' "Come an' Get selected stories that proved to be Arizona his­ It" ($3-75 ) and Oi-err Arnold's "Thunder in the tory "when she was being w1·it' ." "The Arizona­ Southwest" ($3-75 ) . "Come an' Get It" could Story" is illustrated by Ross Santee. be described as a gall9ping cook book, telling, as it does, the story of the old cow boy cook and STATISTICS IN T HE SUN: Ari;;ona Prog­ some of the things he cooked co keep the boys ress, the statistical journal of the Valley Na­ happy. Arnold's bqok, 'lvhich carries the sub­ tional Bank, passes on this interesting informa­ title Echoes from tlie TV itd Frontier, retells true tion from the Census Bureau: Arizona is n ow NOTE S FOR BOOKWORMS: There has been stories"of the West when it w as really the.W /')s t. the fastest growing state in the good old U.S.A. som~ migli'ty interesting i-eading coming off the The author pr oves his point that "the facts 9f in percentage of population, with California and pi-esses lately w hich we think worthy of men­ ,vestern histo}y are wilder than any yarns the Florida second a11d third.
    [Show full text]
  • Epi News San Diego Epiphyllum Society, Inc
    Epi News San Diego Epiphyllum Society, Inc. November 2014 Volume 39 November, 2014 SDES Epi News Page 2 President’s Corner: We are finally getting some seasonal all of you who have prints or can make prints of weather around here after one of the your wonderful epiphyllum photos to bring them hottest summers in memory (in my to the meeting for judging. It’s fun and the more memory, anyway). I don’t know people we get involved, the more fun it will be! about you, but I am welcoming Fall to no end. Also at the November meeting, our membership The cooler half of the year has arrived and that will be voting on the new slate of SDES officers makes for much more pleasant work parties at the for the year 2015 as published in this issue on Safari Park. If the heat has been keeping you page 3. away, now is your chance to participate in this fun SDES activity. Coming up in December will be, of course, our annual Installation Banquet where we will enjoy We are still moving forward with our change a great meal, relax, have a good time and install over to an e-mail version of our newsletter, the the SDES officers for 2015. Mildred Mikas has Epi News. And we are still looking at cutting gone all out once again to organize a fantastic over after the first of the coming year. We are dinner and festivities. Please contact Mildred to planning to do some test e-mailing of the let her know you would like to attend.
    [Show full text]
  • The Giant Columnar Cactus Pachycereus Pringlei Adaptively Modifies Its Stem Shape from the Dry Tropics Into the Arid Mid-Latitude Deserts
    Journal of Arid Environments xxx (2017) 1e8 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Arid Environments journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jaridenv The giant columnar cactus Pachycereus pringlei adaptively modifies its stem shape from the dry tropics into the arid mid-latitude deserts * Mariana Delgado-Fernandez a, Pedro P. Garcillan a, , Exequiel Ezcurra b a Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Politecnico Nacional 195, La Paz, Baja California Sur 23096, Mexico b University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA article info abstract Article history: Because of the lack of leaves, the distributions of columnar cacti are limited by their capacity to trade off Received 30 September 2016 their photosynthetic chlorenchyma and their non-photosynthetic storage parenchyma. For species with Received in revised form wide latitudinal ranges, variations in stem surface area:volume ratios could play an adaptive role. Based 13 April 2017 on the fact that Pachycereus pringlei spans more than a 1000 km along the Baja California Peninsula, we Accepted 3 July 2017 used this species to analyze changes in stem allometry between populations. We selected six sites, from Available online xxx latitude 23e31 N, ranging from 518 to 55 mm of annual rainfall. We used an allometric model to analyze the diameter-to-height relationship, estimating the parameters through linear modeling. The Keywords: fi Allometry height of the main stem when the rst branch emerges was estimated by regressing the height of the Branching height plant against the number of lateral shoots. The solar radiation intercepted by an unbranched 6-m-tall Cardon cardon was estimated using an irradiance model.
    [Show full text]
  • The Giant Columnar Cactus Pachycereus Pringlei Adaptively Modifies Its Stem Shape from the Dry Tropics Into the Arid Mid-Latitude Deserts
    Copyright Notice This electronic reprint is provided by the author(s) to be consulted by fellow scientists. It is not to be used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research. Further reproduction or distribution of this reprint is restricted by copyright laws. If in doubt about fair use of reprints for research purposes, the user should review the copyright notice contained in the original journal from which this electronic reprint was made. Journal of Arid Environments 146 (2017) 10e17 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Arid Environments journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jaridenv The giant columnar cactus Pachycereus pringlei adaptively modifies its stem shape from the dry tropics into the arid mid-latitude deserts * Mariana Delgado-Fernandez a, Pedro P. Garcillan a, , Exequiel Ezcurra b a Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Politecnico Nacional 195, La Paz, Baja California Sur 23096, Mexico b University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA article info abstract Article history: Because of the lack of leaves, the distributions of columnar cacti are limited by their capacity to trade off Received 30 September 2016 their photosynthetic chlorenchyma and their non-photosynthetic storage parenchyma. For species with Received in revised form wide latitudinal ranges, variations in stem surface area:volume ratios could play an adaptive role. Based 13 April 2017 on the fact that Pachycereus pringlei spans more than a 1000 km along the Baja California Peninsula, we Accepted 3 July 2017 used this species to analyze changes in stem allometry between populations. We selected six sites, from Available online 12 July 2017 latitude 23e31 N, ranging from 518 to 55 mm of annual rainfall.
    [Show full text]
  • Cacti, Biology and Uses
    CACTI CACTI BIOLOGY AND USES Edited by Park S. Nobel UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley Los Angeles London University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England © 2002 by the Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cacti: biology and uses / Park S. Nobel, editor. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN 0-520-23157-0 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Cactus. 2. Cactus—Utilization. I. Nobel, Park S. qk495.c11 c185 2002 583'.56—dc21 2001005014 Manufactured in the United States of America 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 10 987654 321 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48–1992 (R 1997) (Permanence of Paper). CONTENTS List of Contributors . vii Preface . ix 1. Evolution and Systematics Robert S. Wallace and Arthur C. Gibson . 1 2. Shoot Anatomy and Morphology Teresa Terrazas Salgado and James D. Mauseth . 23 3. Root Structure and Function Joseph G. Dubrovsky and Gretchen B. North . 41 4. Environmental Biology Park S. Nobel and Edward G. Bobich . 57 5. Reproductive Biology Eulogio Pimienta-Barrios and Rafael F. del Castillo . 75 6. Population and Community Ecology Alfonso Valiente-Banuet and Héctor Godínez-Alvarez . 91 7. Consumption of Platyopuntias by Wild Vertebrates Eric Mellink and Mónica E. Riojas-López . 109 8. Biodiversity and Conservation Thomas H. Boyle and Edward F. Anderson . 125 9. Mesoamerican Domestication and Diffusion Alejandro Casas and Giuseppe Barbera . 143 10. Cactus Pear Fruit Production Paolo Inglese, Filadelfio Basile, and Mario Schirra .
    [Show full text]
  • Crafting and Consuming an American Sonoran Desert: Global Visions, Regional Nature and National Meaning
    Crafting and Consuming an American Sonoran Desert: Global Visions, Regional Nature and National Meaning Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Burtner, Marcus Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 02/10/2021 04:13:17 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/268613 CRAFTING AND CONSUMING AN AMERICAN SONORAN DESERT: GLOBAL VISIONS, REGIONAL NATURE AND NATIONAL MEANING by Marcus Alexander Burtner ____________________________________ copyright © Marcus Alexander Burtner 2012 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2012 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Marcus A. Burtner entitled “Crafting and Consuming an American Sonoran Desert: Global Visions, Regional Nature, and National Meaning.” and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy ____________________________________________________________Date: 1/7/13 Katherine Morrissey ____________________________________________________________Date: 1/7/13 Douglas Weiner ____________________________________________________________Date: 1/7/13 Jeremy Vetter ____________________________________________________________Date: 1/7/13 Jack C. Mutchler Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement.
    [Show full text]
  • Native Plant Preservation Requirements
    Town of Paradise Valley Native Plant Preservation Plan Submittal Requirements In order to ensure mature native plants are not unnecessarily destroyed or removed, the Town of Paradise Valley has adopted a Native Plant Preservation Ordinance. This ordinance requires the submittal of a Native Plant Preservation Plan whenever someone applies for any of the following: J. Building Pennit for all new construction and additions valued $500,000 or greater 2. Demolition Permit 3. Grading Permit A Native Plant Preservation Plan must be submitted to and approved by the Town of Paradi se Valley before the destruction, removal, or relocation of the native plants listed below: Trees over four (4) inches in caliper of the following species: White Thorn Acacia (Acacia Constricta) Catclaw Acacia (Acacia Greggii) Foothill Palo Verde (Cercidium microphylum) Blue Palo Verde (Cereidium fl oridum) Ironwood (Olneya tesola) Mesquite (Prosopis species) Cacti three (3) feet or greater in height ortbe following species: Saguaro (Carnegiea Gigantean) Barrel (Ferocactus species) Ocotillo (Fouquieria splcndcns) Desert Night Blooming Cereus (Peniocereus greggii) Protected plants may be relocated on or off-site. Protected plants may only be destroyed if they are unsalvageable due to disease, damage, etc. and only after the Town approves the preservation plan. For your convenience, the Town maintains a list of landscape salvage contractors in the area. Once the Town approves the Native Plant Preservation Plan, the plan may be implemented. The Town requires the submittal of a Native Plant Certification Foml once the work has been perfonned. The Certification must be receivcd prior to any final inspection on sitc. Town of Paradise Valley Native Plant Salvage Contractors This list is offered as a courtesy and does not constitute an endorsement of any of the contractors listed.
    [Show full text]