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Trout’s Notes C10b References used or cited for 0680-9 / 0-8165-0613-2 (pbk.) 248 pages. Second edi- Cactus Chemistry Summary: By Species tion in 1997. ISBN 0-8165-1653-7 (hardcover)/ 0-8165- 1654-5 (paperback). Anderson, Edward F. & W.A. Fitz Maurice (1997) [Brackets around a title indicates it is likely an English translation Haseltonia 5: pp. ?? “Ariocarpus Revisted” (comment of the actual title. ] Incomplete citations or the use of the qualifier “From” indicates on page 19) See the full text at www.livingrocks.com/ that the paper listed was a second-hand reference. This means anderson.htm that this work was unavailable to us but was the reference cited Anderson, E. et al. (1925) American Journal of Pharmacy by our source. 97: 589-592. “Some Plant Gums of the Southwestern United States.” (Ernest Anderson, Lila Sands & Nelson Aardvark, David (Ed.) (1998) Entheogen Review (The Jour- Sturgis) nal of Unauthorized Research on Visionary Plants and Anjaneyulu, B. et al. (1965) Indian Journal of Chemistry 3 Drugs.) 7 (3): 70-71 & 7 (4): 99-100. [Aardvark: editor; (5): 237-238. “Chemical Investigation of Some Indian beginning with Volume 7 (1998)] ISSN 1066-1913. $25/ Plants.” (B. Anjaneyulu, V. Babu Rao, A.K. Ganguly, yr (quarterly) The Entheogen Review, POB 19820, Box T.R. Govindachari, B.S. Joshi, V.W. Kamat, A.H. 808, Sacramento, CA 95819 Manmade, P.A. Mohamed, A.D. Rahimtula, A.K. Agurell, Stig (1969) Experientia 25: 1132. “Cactaceae alka- Saksena, D.S. Varde & N. Viswanathan) loids. VIII. N-Methyl-4-methoxy-phenethylamine from Anonymous (1959) Bulletin on Narcotics 11 (2): 16-20. Lepidocoryphantha runyonii (Br. & R.)” [This actually “Peyotl.” should be (1969)a but, due to their use by ourselves and Anonymous (All; other than 1959) indicates correspon- others in works concerning only mescaline producing cacti, dence or reports from workers who requested anonym- it was felt that changing the other two to b and c, respec- ity. tively, would create more confusion than it would allevi- Arcoleo, A. (1961) Ann. Chim. (Rome) 51: 751-758. “Fla- ate.] vonoid pigments from Opuntia. I. Isorhamnetin from the Agurell, Stig (1969)a Lloydia 32 (1): 40-45. “Identification flowers of Opuntia ficus-indica.” (Antonino Arcoleo, of Alkaloid Intermediates by Gas Chromatography-Mass Michele Ruccia & Sigismondo Cusmano) [From 1962 Spectrometry. I. Potential Mescaline Precursors in CA 56: 10578h-i] Trichocereus Species.” Arcoleo, A. (1966) Atti. Accad. Sci., Lettere Arti Palermo Agurell, Stig (1969)b Lloydia 32 (2): 206-216 “Cactaceae Pt. 1. (1964-1965) 25: 323-332. “β-Sitosterol from flow- Alkaloids I.” ers of Opuntia ficus-indica (Cactaceae).” (Antonino Agurell, Stig & Jan Lundström (1968) Journal of the Chemi- Arcoleo, Michele Ruccia & Maria Concetta Natoli) cal Society. D. Chemical Communications 1968: 1638- [From 1966 CA 65: 14092] 1639 “Apparent intermediates in the biosynthesis of mes- Backeberg, Curt (1958-1962) Die Cactaceae. Handbuch caline and related tetrahydroisoquinolines.” der Kakteenkunde. Agurell, S. et al. (1969) Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Backeberg (1958) “Einleitung und Beschreibung der 58 (11): 1413-1414. “Cactaceae Alkaloids. VII. Alkaloids Peireskioideae und Opuntioideae.” Vol. I: pages 1-638, of Echinocereus merkeri” (Stig Agurell, Jan Lundström plates 1-35. & A. Masoud) Backeberg (1959) “Cereoideae (Hylocereeae-Cereeae Agurell, S. et al. (1971)a Abh. Deut. Akad. Wiss. Berlin (in [Austrocereinae])” Vol. II: pages 639-1360, plates 36- press) [From LUNDSTROM 1983] 107. Agurell, S. et al. (1971)b Lloydia 34 (2): 183- 187. “Cactaceae Backeberg (1959) “Cereoideae (Austrocactinae)” Vol. III: Alkaloids. X. Alkaloids of Trichocereus species and some pages 1361-1926, plates 108-160. other cacti.” (Stig Agurell, Jan G. Bruhn, Jan Lundström Backeberg (1960) “Cereoideae (Boreocereeae)” Vol. IV: & Ulla Svensson) pages 1927-2629, plates 161-211. Anderson, Edward F. (1961) PhD Dissertation; Claremont Backeberg (1961) “Cereoideae (Boreocactinae)” Vol. V: College. "A taxonomic revision of Ariocarpus, pages 2631-3543, plates 212-255. Lophophora, Pelecyphora, and Obregonia." Backeberg (1962) “Nachträge und Index.” Vol. VI: pages Anderson, Edward F. (1962) American Journal of Botany 3545-4041. 49 (6): 615-622. "A revision of Ariocarpus (Cactaceae). Backeberg, Curt (1970) Kakteenlexikon. Second edition. II. The status of the proposed genus Neogomesia" Backeberg, Curt (1976) Kakteenlexikon. Third edition with Anderson, Edward F. (1966) Brittonia 21: 299-310 : "The Appendix by W. Haage. biography, ecology and taxonomy of Lophophora Backeberg, Curt (1977) Cactus Lexicon. Enumeratio (Cactaceae)." diagnostica Cactacearum Fourth edition. (translated Anderson, Edward F. (1967) American Journal of Botany from German by Lois Glass) Blandford Press; Dorset 54 (7): 897-903. “A Study of the Proposed genus ISBN 0 7137 0840 9 Obregonia (Cactaceae).” Bailey, Liberty Hyde & Ethel Zoe Bailey (1976) Hortus Anderson, Edward F. (1980) Peyote. The Divine Cactus. Third. A Concise Dictionary of Plants Cultivated in the The University of Arizona Press: Tucson. ISBN 0-8165- United States and Canada. Revised and expanded by the Trout’s Notes on Cactus Chemistry; By Species staff of the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University. Brown, S.D. et al. (1972)a Journal of Organic Chemistry 37 Macmillan Publishing Co. 1290 pages. (5): 773-775. “The isolation, structure, synthesis and ab- Below, L.E. et al. (1968) Journal of Pharmaceutical solute configuration of the cactus alkaloid macromerine” Sciences 57 (3): 515-516. “Macromerine from (Stanley D. Brown, Joe E. Hodgkins & Manfred G. Coryphantha runyonii” (L.E. Below, A.Y. Leung, J.L. Reineke) McLaughlin and A.G. Paul) Brown, S.D. et al. (1972)b Journal of Organic Chemistry 37 Bergman, Robert (1971) American Journal of Psychiatry. (11): 1825-1828. “The isolation, structure, synthesis and 128: 695-699. “Navajo Peyote Use: Its Apparent Safety.” absolute configuration of the cactus alkaloid gigantine” Bergström, G.A. (1934) Kungl. Fysiograf. Sällskapets i Lund (Stanley D. Brown, J.E. Hodgkins, J.L. Massingil, Jr. & Förhand 4: 235 “Further Note on the Occurrence of Cit- M.G. Reinecke) Bruhn, Jan G. (1973) Planta Medica 24 (4): 315-319. “Eth- rate in Succulent Plants.” [From HEGNAUER 1964] Bird, H.L., Jr. (1974) Sterols and Fatty Acids of Organ Pipe nobotanical Search for Hallucinogenic Cacti” Cactus (Lemaireocereus thurberii) PhD dissertation; Uni- Bruhn, Jan G. (1975)a Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis 3-38. [from ŠTARHA nd] versity of Arizona at Tuscon. [From GIBSON & HORAK; Bruhn, Jan G. (1975)b Phytochemistry 14: 2509-2510. also KIRCHER & BIRD 1982] Boke, Norman H. & Edward F. Anderson (1970) American “Phenethylamines of Ariocarpus scapharostrus” Journal of Botany 57 (5): 569-578. “Structure, Develop- Bruhn, Jan G. & Stig Agurell (1974) Journal of Pharmaceu- ment and Taxonomy in the Genus Lophophora.” tical Sciences 63 (4): 574-576. “Cactaceae alkaloids. XVIII. Braga, D.L. & J.L. McLaughlin (1969) Planta Medica 17 Two new alkaloids from Coryphantha calipensis H. Bravo” (1): 87-94. “Cactus alcaloids.[sic] V. Isolation of horde- Bruhn, Jan G. & Stig Agurell (1975) Phytochemistry 14: nine and N-methyltyramine from Ariocarpus retusus” 1442-1443. “O-Methylpellotine, a new peyote alkaloid Bravo H., Helia (1932) Anales del Instituto de Biologia de from Lophophora diffusa.” la Universidad Nacional de México. 3 (1): 15-18. Bruhn, Jan G. & Catarina Bruhn (1973) Economic Botany “Contribucion al Conocimiento de las Cactaceas de 27: 241-251 “Alkaloids and Ethnobotany of Mexican Mexico. Myrtillocactus grandiareolatus, sp. nov.” Peyote Cacti and Related Species.” (Nice anthropological Bravo-Hollis, Helia (1937) Las Cactáceas de México. Vol- review of other sacred cacti. Their chemical analysis did ume 1. (in collaboration with Hernando Sánchez-Mejorada not include any quaternary or neutral compounds.) R.) [First edition] Bruhn, Jan G. & Bo Holmstedt (1974) Economic Botany 28 Bravo, Helia (1967) Cactaceas y Succulentas Mexicanas 12: (4): 353-390. “Early Peyote Research. An Interdiscipli- 8-17. “Una revision del genero Lophophora.” nary Study.” Bravo-Hollis, Helia (1978) Las Cactáceas de México. Vol- Bruhn, Jan G. & Jan-Erik Lindgren (1976) Lloydia 39 (2-3): ume 1. (in collaboration with Hernando Sánchez-Mejorada 175-177. “Cactaceae Alkaloids. XXIII. Alkaloids of R.) [Second edition] Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum and Cereus jamacaru” Bravo, Helia & Don K. Cox (1958) Cactaceas y Succulentas Bruhn, Jan G. & Jan Lundström (1976)a American Journal Mexicanas 3: 3-12. “Estudios Cactalógicos. Heliabravoa of Pharmaceutical Education 40: 159-160. “A Student chende (Goss.) Backeberg” Experiment in Pharmacognosy: Biosynthesis of Mesca- Bravo-Hollis, Helia & Hernando Sánchez-Mejorada R. line in the Cactus Trichocereus pachanoi.” (1991)a Las Cactáceas de México. Volume 2 Bruhn, Jan G. & Jan Lundström (1976)b Lloydia 39 (4): Bravo-Hollis, Helia & Hernando Sánchez-Mejorada R. 197-203. “Alkaloids of Carnegiea gigantea. Arizonine, a (1991)b Las Cactáceas de México. Volume 3 New Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloid.” Britton, Nathaniel Lord & Joseph Nelson Rose (1919-1923) Bruhn, Jan G. & Hernando Sánchez-Mejorada (1977) Phy- The Cactaceae. Descriptions and Illustrations of Plants of tochemistry 16: 622-623. “Phenethylamines From the Cactus Family. [The Carnegie Institute of Washington, Echinocereus cinerascens and Pilocereus chrysacanthus” Publication No. 248, Washington.] Bruhn, Jan G. et al. (1970) Acta Chemica Scandinavica 24 Reprinted many times. Our
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    Taxonomy and Distribution of Opuntia and Related Genera Raul Puente Desert Botanical Garden Donald Pinkava Arizona State University Subfamily Opuntioideae Ca. 350 spp. 13-18 genera Very wide distribution (Canada to Patagonia) Morphological consistency Glochids Bony arils Generic Boundaries Britton and Rose, 1919 Anderson, 2001 Hunt, 2006 -- Seven genera -- 15 genera --18 genera Austrocylindropuntia Austrocylindropuntia Grusonia Brasiliopuntia Brasiliopuntia Maihuenia Consolea Consolea Nopalea Cumulopuntia Cumulopuntia Opuntia Cylindropuntia Cylindropuntia Pereskiopsis Grusonia Grusonia Pterocactus Maihueniopsis Corynopuntia Tacinga Miqueliopuntia Micropuntia Opuntia Maihueniopsis Nopalea Miqueliopuntia Pereskiopsis Opuntia Pterocactus Nopalea Quiabentia Pereskiopsis Tacinga Pterocactus Tephrocactus Quiabentia Tunilla Tacinga Tephrocactus Tunilla Classification: Family: Cactaceae Subfamily: Maihuenioideae Pereskioideae Cactoideae Opuntioideae Wallace, 2002 Opuntia Griffith, P. 2002 Nopalea nrITS Consolea Tacinga Brasiliopuntia Tunilla Miqueliopuntia Cylindropuntia Grusonia Opuntioideae Grusonia pulchella Pereskiopsis Austrocylindropuntia Quiabentia 95 Cumulopuntia Tephrocactus Pterocactus Maihueniopsis Cactoideae Maihuenioideae Pereskia aculeata Pereskiodeae Pereskia grandiflora Talinum Portulacaceae Origin and Dispersal Andean Region (Wallace and Dickie, 2002) Cylindropuntia Cylindropuntia tesajo Cylindropuntia thurberi (Engelmann) F. M. Knuth Cylindropuntia cholla (Weber) F. M. Knuth Potential overlapping areas between the Opuntia
  • South American Cacti in Time and Space: Studies on the Diversification of the Tribe Cereeae, with Particular Focus on Subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae)

    South American Cacti in Time and Space: Studies on the Diversification of the Tribe Cereeae, with Particular Focus on Subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae)

    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2013 South American Cacti in time and space: studies on the diversification of the tribe Cereeae, with particular focus on subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae) Lendel, Anita Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-93287 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Lendel, Anita. South American Cacti in time and space: studies on the diversification of the tribe Cereeae, with particular focus on subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae). 2013, University of Zurich, Faculty of Science. South American Cacti in Time and Space: Studies on the Diversification of the Tribe Cereeae, with Particular Focus on Subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae) _________________________________________________________________________________ Dissertation zur Erlangung der naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorwürde (Dr.sc.nat.) vorgelegt der Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Zürich von Anita Lendel aus Kroatien Promotionskomitee: Prof. Dr. H. Peter Linder (Vorsitz) PD. Dr. Reto Nyffeler Prof. Dr. Elena Conti Zürich, 2013 Table of Contents Acknowledgments 1 Introduction 3 Chapter 1. Phylogenetics and taxonomy of the tribe Cereeae s.l., with particular focus 15 on the subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae – Cactoideae) Chapter 2. Floral evolution in the South American tribe Cereeae s.l. (Cactaceae: 53 Cactoideae): Pollination syndromes in a comparative phylogenetic context Chapter 3. Contemporaneous and recent radiations of the world’s major succulent 86 plant lineages Chapter 4. Tackling the molecular dating paradox: underestimated pitfalls and best 121 strategies when fossils are scarce Outlook and Future Research 207 Curriculum Vitae 209 Summary 211 Zusammenfassung 213 Acknowledgments I really believe that no one can go through the process of doing a PhD and come out without being changed at a very profound level.
  • The Wonderful World of Cacti. July 7, 2020

    The Wonderful World of Cacti. July 7, 2020

    OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION Succulents part 1: The wonderful world of cacti. July 7, 2020 Betzy Rivera. Master Gardener Volunteer OSU Extension – Franklin County OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION Succulent plants Are plants with parts that are thickened and fleshy, capacity that helps to retain water in arid climates. Over 25 families have species of succulents. The most representative families are: Crassulaceae, Agavaceae, Aizoaceae, Euphorbiacea and Cactaceae. 2 OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION The Cactaceae family is endemic to America and the distribution extends throughout the continent from Canada to Argentina, in addition to the Galapagos Islands and Antilles Most important centers of diversification (Bravo-Hollis & Sánchez-Mejorada, 1978; Hernández & Godínez, 1994; Arias-Montes, 1993; Anderson, 2001; Guzmán et al., 2003; Ortega- Baes & Godínez-Alvarez, 2006 3 OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION There is an exception — one of the 1,800 species occurs naturally in Africa, Sri Lanka, and Madagascar Rhipsalis baccifera 4 OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION The Cactaceae family includes between ~ 1,800 and 2,000 species whose life forms include climbing, epiphytic, shrubby, upright, creeping or decumbent plants, globose, cylindrical or columnar in shape (Bravo-Hollis & Sánchez-Mejorada, 1978; Hernández & Godínez, 1994; Guzmán et al., 2003). 5 OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION Cacti are found in a wide variety of environments, however the greatest diversity of forms is found in arid and semi-arid areas, where they play an important role in maintaining the stability of ecosystems (Bravo-Hollis & Sánchez-Mejorada, 1978; Hernández & Godínez, 1994; Guzmán et al., 2003). 6 OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION The Cactaceae family are dicotyledonous plants 2 cotyledons Astrophytum myriostigma (common names: Bishop´s cap cactus, bishop’s hat or miter cactus) 7 OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION General Anatomy of a Cactus Cactus spines are produced from specialized structures called areoles, a kind of highly reduced branch.
  • 0111 2011.Pdf

    0111 2011.Pdf

    SULCOREBUTIA, FOOD FOR TAXONOMISTS ? Johan Pot Many cactus lovers seem to have an opinion about the nomenclature of their plants. But do they really know the right name? Who will determine this and in particular, how is it done ? We haven’t heard the last word on this subject. Creation of the image this from the name. And I heard it perso- My cactus hobby was scarcely born, when nally from Backeberg. He cannot be I met Karel. He presented himself as a wrong, as he found them himself. You say very experienced collector. He invited me Echinopsis? You mean Echinocactus? But emphatically to visit him. And not to hesi- these plants are lobivias and there is an tate in asking any question. As I was eager end to it !” to learn, I accepted the invitation gladly. I didn’t understand much of it. Had Jaap Within a week I had entered his sanctum. really had contact with the famous Backe- It was indeed a paradise. Many plants berg ? On the other hand Gijs didn’t look were in bloom. In every flowerpot there stupid. I chose to keep silent as I didn’t was a label with a name on it. This was want to be thought a dummy. A few mi- quite a different experience to “120 cacti nutes later the guests left. Karel muttered in colour”. to me in offended tones “This Jaap, he Shortly before the visit somebody asked must always know better! The only thing me, if I already had the “hand of the ne- that really matters is that you understand gro” (Maihuenopsis clavarioides).