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Post-Conflict Peace-Building in the Horn of Africa

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Post-Conflict Peace-Building in the Horn of Africa Ulf Johansson Dahre (ed.) Post-Conflict Peace-Building in the Horn of Africa A Report of the 6th Annual Conference on the Horn of Africa, Lund, August 24-26, 2007 DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE LUND UNIVERSITY SOMALIA INTERNATIONAL REHABILITATION CENTRE Research Report in Social Anthropology 2008:1 A complete list of publications from the Dept. of Sociology, Lund University, can be found att the end of the book and at www.soc.lu.se/info/publ. Copyright © the Authors 2008 Grafphic Design Infografen/Desktop Typesetting Ilgot Liljedahl Production Sociologiska institutionen, Lund Printed by Media-Tryck Sociologen, Lund 2008 ISBN 91-7267-256-0 Publisher and Distribution Media-Tryck Sociologen Lunds universitet Box 114 SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden Fax 046-222 4794 • E-post [email protected] • www.soc.lu.se/info/publ Dahre 3 Table of Contents Acknowledements 5 Introduction: Post-Conflict Peace-Building Ulf Johansson Dahre 7 Opening of Conference 9 Welcome Speech Annika Annerby Jansson, Mayor of the City of Lund 11 Introductory Speech by the Conference Organizers Nicklas Svensson 13 Perspectives on the Horn of Africa 15 Statement on the Horn of Africa Marika Fahlén 17 Civil Society and Post-Conflict Peace-Building: A Case Study of the Horn of Africa Region Gaim Kibreab 21 State Building Project of Peace Building in the Horn of Africa Redie Bereketeab 37 Human Rights, Conflict and Peace-Building in the Horn of Africa: What can Governments and Civil Society Do? Martin Hill 55 Horn of Africa: What Kinds of Security and Cooperation? Håkan Wiberg 61 Unite the People from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean: Division and Fragmentation has not and will never work! Mammo Muchie 69 Perspectives on Somalia 79 Statement on Somalia H.E. Hussien Elabe Fahiye 81 The Horn of Africa and the U.S. “War on Terror”, with a Special Focus on Somalia Björn Möller 87 4 Dahre State of Siege in Somalia and Post-Conflict Reconstruction: Horn of Africa Perspective on Somalia Abdi Jama Ghedi 141 The Role of Civil Society in Post-Conflict Peace-Building Abdi Mohamed Gandi 149 Africa´s Responsibility to Protect: Does it Extend to Somalia? Maxi Schoeman 159 African Solutions to African Problems: The End of Mogadishu Syndrome Mohamed Haji Mukhtar 171 Ethiopian Occupation and American Terror in Somalia Abdi Ismail Samatar 177 Education and Peace-Building: The Contribution of the UN in Somalia Christian Balslev-Olesen 191 Perspectives on Sudan 197 The Genesis of Darfur Crisis Ahmed Ibrahim Diraige 199 The Transition from Post-Conflict Assistance to Rehabilitation in Sudan: An IOM Contribution to State-Building and Reconstruction Thomas L. Weiss 203 State-Building and Post-Conflict Reconstruction in the Horn of Africa: The Example of Sudan Elshafie Khidir Saeid 215 The Role of Women in Post-Conflict Reconstruction: A Case Study of Sudan and Somalia Amira Awad Osman 223 CPA-New Sudan, Old Sudan or Two Sudan? A Review of the Implementation of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement Johan Brosché 231 Darfur Movements: Vision and Blueprints for action Abdullahi Osman El-Tom 253 Perspective on Djibouti 267 State Building, Independence and Post-Conflict Reconstruction in Djibouti Abdo A. Abdallah 269 Workship Recommendations 281 Contributors 285 Dahre 5 Acknowledgements Somalia International Rehabilitation Centre (SIRC) deeply thanks the sponsors of the conference: City of Lund, Folke Bernadotte Academy, Forum Syd/Sida, Lund University, Olof Palme International Center, ABF Skåne, Folkuniversitetet in Lund, and Lunds Arbetarkommun. We thank all scholars, civics, practitioners, diplomats, government representa- tives, politicians, who presented valuable papers and statements, participated in val- uable panel debates, moderated conference workshops. We have to stress our thanks to Prof. Arne Ardeberg, Prof. Ole Elgström from Lund University and Prof. Janis Grobbelaar and Prof. Maxi Schoemen to their continues support to the Horn of Af- rica conference and moderating workshops and panel debates. Special gratitude to the Horn of Africa ambassadors: H. E. Mr. Dina Mufti, Ethi- opian Ambassador to Sweden, Mr. Yonas Manna Bairu, Counsellor Chargé d'Affares Eritrean Embassy in Stockholm, H. E. Mr. Moses M. Akol, Sudanese Ambassador to Sweden, H. E. Ms. Purity W. Muhindi, Kenya Ambassador to Sweden, and Mr. Jer- emy Lester, Head of the regions of the Horn of Africa, Eastern Africa and Indian Ocean Department, European Commission for their great contribution to the con- ference. We also profoundly thank co-partners of the conference: the Sudanese, Eritrean, Ethiopian, and Djibouti associations in Lund. We would like to thank the Mayor of the City of Lund, Honourable Annika An- nerby Jansson, for giving a warm reception to all the conference guests. Special thanks to Count Pietersen, former Ambassador to UN, who always very proficiently and efficiently chair the Horn of Africa conference. We also thank those who co-chaired the conference namely Mrs. Bethlehem Araya Engineer, Ishael Siro- iney, and as well as those who reported conference workshops. We would like to thank Dr. Ulf Johansson Dahre for editing the proceedings of the conference and Gillian Nilsson for proof-reading the proceedings. We would like to thank the Department of Sociology and the Department of Political Science of Lund University for sponsoring the printing of the proceedings of the conference. Finally, we thank everybody who participated in the conference and made input to the cause peace and development in the Horn of Africa. Abdillahi Jama, Horn of Africa conference Coordinator & Chairman Somalia International Rehabilitation Centre (SIRC) March 2008 6 Dahre Dahre 7 Ulf Johansson Dahre Introduction: Post-Conflict Peace-Building The 6th annual Somalia International Rehabilitation Centre (SIRC) Conference of the Horn of Africa focused on “Post-Conflict Peace-Building”. The conference was held in Lund, Sweden, August 24-26, 2007. The content of this research report re- flects some of the views and proceedings presented at the conference. The purpose of the conference was to explore ideas coming from different areas such as civil society, scholars, practitioners, political leaders, diplomatic representa- tives, NGOs and International organizations on how to develop post-conflict peace- building in the Horn of Africa region. The conference sought to enhance the capacity of the stakeholders in the Horn of Africa with ideas and tools to enable them to act in favour of peace-building, democracy, good governance, and long-term institution- al change. Certain key objectives were established: •Identify key-characteristics to post-conflict peace-building processes • Raise awareness of contentious issues for long-term development •Encourage and facilitate dialogue between stakeholders to stimulate community- driven solutions •Enable networking among stakeholders in the civil society on peace-building issues. To approach the conflicts and post-conflict contexts in the Horn of Africa requires a variety of different analytical methods towards understanding post-conflict peace- building. It goes without saying that no single explanatory model is capable of cap- turing the complex reality of what can and has to be done in this conflict-ridden re- gion of the world. The papers presented at the conference lead us to understand that every conflict and its post-conflict situation is unique, with its own configuration of power, social and cultural structures, actors, interests, beliefs and grievances. As Abdi Jama Ghedi points out: “The conflict in Somalia is now so uncertain that no one can predict when it will be possible to begin systematic reconstruction of the economy”. That is of course to say that each conflict needs its specific analysis and explanation. However, this difficulty in finding an analytical model for the reconstruction of the Horn of Africa did not prevent the scholars, politicians and representatives of inter- national organizations and NGOs from trying to sort out some argument and per- spectives based on empirical and analytical studies. One common ground for the ar- ticles in this report is the awareness of the need to explore processes at community level and it therefore strongly contributes to an ’inside-out’ analysis of the root of conflicts. This is important for several reasons: 8 Dahre •To approach the conflicts and post-conflict reconstruction from another perspec- tive than the often used international relations-type of conflict analysis with its emphasis on global and macro-level indicators. The macro-level perspectives often ignore community experiences and their relations to processes at regional and national levels. Several papers in this report show that the solution of conflict not only lies at the level of global powers, but also among the local actors and communities. • As conflicts has been more ’local’ the analysis has also to be more local and grounded in the social and cultural empirical situation. Context is one of the keys in understanding what exactly the problems are in this region. Maxi Schoe- man argues in her paper that the international community actually failed to intervene in Somalia with the result of humanitarian disaster and internal wars. Also Amira Awad Osman points to an often neglected ’contextual’ factor i.e. women, as they are not only victims of conflicts but also resources for the peace process. At the community level we find the hearts and minds of people that have been suffering violence. But they are also the ones to build the future upon. •In conflicts not fought between states but between ’communities’ the analysis also has to be at the level of the community. The analysis of the causes and dynamics of conflict thus demands a framework integrating on the ground expe- riences with macro-level solutions. The conflicts, and thus the post-conflict reconstruction of the Horn of Africa is not a single event, as some earlier conflict and war analysis has suggested. These are not conflicts where formal declarations are expressed and there is clear-cut start and end of the conflict.
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