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Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul Faculdade De Ciências Econômicas Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS ECONÔMICAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ESTUDOS ESTRATÉGICOS INTERNACIONAIS NILTON CÉSAR FERNANDES CARDOSO ANÁLISE DA ARQUITETURA AFRICANA DE PAZ E SEGURANÇA: O PAPEL DA IGAD NA ESTABILIZAÇÃO DO CHIFRE DA ÁFRICA Porto Alegre 2015 NILTON CÉSAR FERNANDES CARDOSO ANÁLISE DA ARQUITETURA AFRICANA DE PAZ E SEGURANÇA: O PAPEL DA IGAD NA ESTABILIZAÇÃO DO CHIFRE DA ÁFRICA Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais da Faculdade de Ciência Econômica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul como requisito parcial para a obtenção do Título de Mestre em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Paulo Gilberto Fagundes Visentini Porto Alegre 2015 NILTON CÉSAR FERNANDES CARDOSO ANÁLISE DA ARQUITETURA AFRICANA DE PAZ E SEGURANÇA: O PAPEL DA IGAD NA ESTABILIZAÇÃO DO CHIFRE DA ÁFRICA Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais da Faculdade de Ciência Econômica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais. Aprovado em Porto Alegre, 27 de fevereiro de 2015. BANCA EXAMINADORA ______________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Paulo Gilberto Fagundes Visentini- Orientador UFRGS ______________________________________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Analúcia Danilevicz Pereira UFRGS ______________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Érico Esteves Duarte UFRGS ______________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Luiz Dario Teixeira Ribeiro UFRGS A minha família: Catarina, Luis, Sandra, José Luis e Luis Carlos. AGRADECIMENTOS Primeiramente, agradeço à Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) que me acolheu desde a graduação e ao seu Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais (PPGEEI) pelo ensino gratuíto e de qualidade a mim proporcionado durante esses dois anos do curso. Também agradeço ao projeto Pro-Estratégia, parceria do Ministério da Defesa com a Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), pela bolsa de estudo a mim concedida sem a qual essa pesquisa não teria sido possível. Agradeço, em especial, o meu orientador Prof. Dr. Paulo Gilberto Fagundes Visentini, pela inspiração, paciência e pela confiança depositada no meu trabalho. Agradeço igualmente aos professores Drs Analúcia Danilevicz Pereira, Érico Esteves Duarte, Luiz Dario Teixeira Ribeiro, Marco Cepik e os demais professores do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais pelos preciosos ensinamentos durante o mestrado. Agradeço também à Secretaria do PPGEEI, em especial, a Alanna Teixeira, pelos aportes acadêmicos durante o mestrado. Agradeço também aos meus colegas do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais e arredores, Augusto Beteba (in memorian), Bruno Jubran, Diego Magalhães, Erik Ribeiro, Fernando Scholz, Júlio Rodrigues, Leandro Teixeira, Mamadou Diallo, Marcelo Kanter, Tamiris Santos, Ricardo Ossagô e Sergio Leusin. Em especial, agradeço aos colegas e amigos Anselmo Otavio, Guilherme Ziebell e Luísa Calvete, pelas conversas sobre o tema, pela disponibilidade sempre em ajudar e pelo apoio na fase de elaboração deste trabalho. Meus caros, serei eternamente grato por isso. Agradeço também em especial a Claúdia Ribeiro pelo companherismo, incentivo e paciência durante a fase de elaboração desse trabalho. Também agradeço aos amigos Amadeu Medina, Aridson Andrade, Cassandro Mendes, Genivone Viana, Geraldino Kanhanga, Helder Cardoso e Hélio Barros pela amizade e parceria. Por fim, agradeço à minha familia, em especial, aos meus pais, Catarina e Luís, pelas conversas, torcidas, incentivos e pelo apoio e carinho que sempre me deram. A vocês, meus queridos pais, dedico este trabalho. Africa will write its own history, and it will be, to the north and to the south of the sahara, a history of glory and dignity. Patrice Émery Lumumba Our ignorance is not so vast as our failure to use what we know. Marion King Hubbert RESUMO A busca pela pacificação da África pode ser considerada como um dos principais desafios encontrados pelos países africanos no imediato pós-independência. Em certa medida, romper com guerras civis e garantir a estabilidade continental foram se tornando algumas das principais preocupações das lideranças africanas. Reflexo disso pode ser encontrado nas várias iniciativas propriamente africanas criadas no continente no período pós-colonial visando à estabilidade e à promoção do desenvolvimento econômico e social do continente. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho busca compreender a evolução da Arquitetura Africana de Paz e Segurança (AAPS) desde a criação da Organização da Unidade Africana (OUA), em 1963 – primeiro mecanismo africano de segurança –, até os dias atuais, com foco na Autoridade Intergovernamental para o Desenvolvimento (IGAD) na estabilização do Chifre da África. Palavras-Chave: Segurança Africana. Organização da Unidade Africana. União Africana. IGAD. ABSTRACT The search for the pacification of Africa may be considered as one of the main challenges found by African countries in the post-independence immediate period. To some extent, to break off civil wars and guarantee continentall estability increasingly became a major concern of African leaderships. The impact of this can be found in several truly African initiatives created in the post-colonial period, aiming to ensure stabilty and promotion of economic and social development on the continent. In this sense, this work seeks to comprehend the evolution of the African Architecture of Peace and Security (AAPS) since the creation of the Organization of the African Unity in 1963 - first African security mechanism - up to this day, focusing in the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) in the estabilisation of the Horn of Africa. Keywords: African Security. Organization of the African Unity. African Union. IGAD. LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES Figura 1 - Mapa Político do Chifre da África ........................................................................... 24 Figura 2 - Complexo Regional de Segurança da África Subsaariana no Período Pós-Guerra Fria............................................................................................................................................35 Figura 3 - Pirataria e Operações de Combate na Costa da Somália ......................................... 63 Figura 4 - Mapa das Comunidades Econômicas Regionais Africanas e das Forças Africanas de Pronto.................................................................................................................................106 Figura 5 – Números de Conflitos Armados na África entre 1980 e 2000 .............................. 107 Figura 6 - Números de Soldados Desdobradas em Missões de Paz da ONU para o Continente Africano no Período entre 1990 e 2014 .................................................................................. 107 Figura 7 – Mapa Político do Sudão e do Sudão do Sul .......................................................... 171 Gráfico 1 - Produto Interno Bruto dos Países do Chifre da África em 2013 ............................ 39 Quadro 1 - Principais Guerras Ocorridas no Chifre da África entre 1950 e 2013...........................................................................................................................................43 Quadro 2 – Golpes de Estados na Região após a Independência ............................................. 44 Quadro 3 – Principais Grupos Insurgentes no Chifre da África no Período Pós-Independência .................................................................................................................................................. 46 Quadro 4 – Composição do Conselho de Paz e Segurança da União Africana (2004-2014) 94 Quadro 5 – Nova Arquitetura Africana de Paz e Segurança (AAPS) ..................................... 95 LISTA DE TABELAS Tabela 1 - Balanço Militar no Chifre da África 2013............................................................... 40 Tabela 2 – Resultado do Referendo em Janeiro 2011 no Sudão do Sul por Estado/Província ............................................................................................................................................ 16969 LISTA DE SIGLAS AAPS Arquitetura Africana de Paz e Segurança ACOTA Assistência ao Treinamento para Operações Africanas de Contingência ACPP Fundo de Prevenção de Conflitos na África ADF Força Democrática Aliada AFDL Aliança das Forças Democráticas pela Libertação do Congo-Zaire AICR Resposta Imediata a Crises Africana AFDL Aliança de Forças Democráticas pela Libertação do Congo-Zaire AFRICOM Comando dos Estados Unidos para África AMIB Missão da União Africana no Burundi AMISOM Missão da União Africana na Somália APF African Peace Facility APRM Mecanismo Africano de Revisão de Pares APTSP Programa de Apoio ao Treinamento da Manutenção da Paz Africana ARPCT Aliança para a Restauração da Paz e Contraterrorismo ARS Aliança para a Re-libertação da Somália ASAS Associação dos Estados da África Austral ASF Forças Africanas de Pronto Emprego AUNACDP Lei de Não-Agressão e Defesa Comum da União Africana APRM Mecanismo Africano de Revisão por Pares ASF Força Africana de Pronto Emprego CAAU Ato Constitutivo para a UA CADSP Declaração Solene sobre Política Africana Comum de Defesa e Segurança CEEAC
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