Mentes Geniais / Alberto Dell’Isolla

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Mentes Geniais / Alberto Dell’Isolla Universo dos Livros Editora Ltda. Rua do Bosque, 1589 – Bloco 2 – Conj. 603/606 CEP 01136-001 – Barra Funda – São Paulo/SP Telefone/Fax: (11) 3392-3336 www.universodoslivros.com.br e-mail: [email protected] Siga-nos no Twitter: @univdoslivros © 2012 by Universo dos Livros Todos os direitos reservados e protegidos pela Lei 9.610 de 19/02/1998. Nenhuma parte deste livro, sem autorização prévia por escrito da editora, poderá ser reproduzida ou transmitida sejam quais forem os meios empregados: eletrônicos, mecânicos, fotográficos, gravação ou quaisquer outros. 2a edição 2012 Diretor editorial Luis Matos Editora-chefe Marcia Batista Editora assistente Carolina Evangelista Assistente editoriais Noele Rossi Preparação Sandra Scapin Revisão Felipe Vieira Arte Camila Kodaira Karine Barbosa Stephani Lin Capa Zuleika Iamashita Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) (Câmara Brasileira do Livro, SP, Brasil) D357m Dell’Isolla, Alberto. Mentes Geniais / Alberto Dell’Isolla. – São Paulo : Universo dos Livros, 2011. 320 p. ISBN: 978-85-7930-276-3 1. Memorização. 2. Mneumônica. I. Título. CDD 154.1 Dedicado a Valéria, meu grande amor e responsável por minhas lembranças mais doces. Agradecimentos A Adriane Galisteu, Fausto Silva e Luciano Huck, por permitirem a divulgação de meu trabalho em seus respectivos programas de TV; A Ben Pridmore, campeão mundial de memória em 2004, pelos conselhos e incentivo; A Dominic O’Brien, oito vezes campeão mundial de memória, pelas dicas dadas no Mundial de Memória de 2007; A dra. Ana Alvarez, pelo apoio constante em minha carreira e pela amizade; A dra. Carmen Flores, professora e pesquisadora da UFMG, por incentivar minha iniciação científica; A dra. Delba Barros, professora e pesquisadora da UMG, por todo incentivo dado em seu estágio de orientação profissional, no departamento de psicologia da UFMG; A dr. Lair Ribeiro, grande nome da PNL no Brasil, pelos conselhos e incentivo ao lançamento deste livro; A dr. Leandro Malloy, professor e pesquisador da UFMG, por me convidar para participar de seu grupo de pesquisa em neurociência; A Edmo Magalhães, pelo incentivo e amizade; A Eduardo Costa, pelas incontáveis discussões sobre sistemas mnemônicos e sua aplicação; A Tony Buzan, psicólogo e criador dos mapas mentais, e a Phill Chambers, presidente do comitê internacional de campeonatos de memória, pelo incentivo; A Sistema Carrier de Ensino de Belo Horizonte, pelo suporte no começo de tudo; A Valéria Dell’Isola, meu grande amor, por ter me mostrado que a memorização e o Direito são uma combinação perfeita. A minha família, pelo apoio dado a todos meus projetos mirabolantes. A Leonardo Cubiça e todos os diretores do Complexo Educacional Damásio de Jesus, pelo apoio aos cursos de memorização direcionados para provas e concursos. A Leo Bello, um dos maiores jogadores de pôquer da atualidade, pelas dicas e incentivo a minha futura carreira como jogador profissional. A William Douglas, o guru dos concursos, pela amizade e incentivo. Sumário Capítulo 1 – Introdução Capítulo 2 – Os sete pecados da memória Capítulo 3 – Como se lembrar de nomes e fisionomias Capítulo 4 – Técnica do vínculo Capítulo 5 – Técnica das jornadas Capítulo 6 – Memorizando números Capítulo 7 – Memorização da Bíblia Capítulo 8 – Memorização do calendário Capítulo 9 – Memorização de baralhos Capítulo 10 – Vencendo no pôquer, xadrez e outros jogos Capítulo 11 – Memorização de datas históricas Capítulo 12 – Aumentando a concentração Capítulo 13 – Anotações e resumos eficientes Capítulo 14 – Mapas mentais e outros organizadores gráficos Capítulo 15 – Organizadores gráficos e aprendizagem Capítulo 16 – Anotações eficientes em computador Capítulo 17 – Memorização de leis e artigos jurídicos Capítulo 18 – Considerações finais Bibliografia Capítulo 1 Introdução “Lembrar é fácil para quem tem memória. Esquecer é difícil para quem tem coração.” William Shakespeare Mitos Antes de iniciar a explanação sobre meus sistemas de memória, quero esclarecer algumas dúvidas e mitos pertinentes à memorização. Mito 1 – Memória é uma coisa única Utilizamos o termo memória para nos referir a qualquer tipo de lembrança: uma sequência numérica, eventos futuros, dados estatísticos, a data de aniversário de seu casamento, um filme ou até mesmo a fórmula de Bhaskara. No entanto, para o cérebro, cada uma dessas lembranças é algo completamente diferente. Ou seja, você pode ter uma excelente memória para cartas de baralho, mas isso não é garantia de que se lembrará de levar para casa algo que seu cônjuge lhe pediu horas antes. Você pode ser um excelente professor de matemática, conhecedor de muitas fórmulas e teoremas matemáticos, mas nada garante que seja capaz de se lembrar da data de aniversário de seu casamento. Assim, você precisará utilizar uma técnica completamente diferente para cada tipo de informação a ser memorizada, motivo pelo qual este livro é dividido em capítulos, cada um dedicado a uma técnica diferente. Mito 2 – Técnicas mnemônicas sempre serão a solução Muitas pessoas criam a expectativa de que técnicas de memória sempre serão a solução para a dificuldade em memorizar adequadamente. Na verdade, esse é um pensamento equivocado. Conforme você vai aprender em nosso curso, muitos dos problemas de memória não se solucionam com técnicas mnemônicas. Por exemplo, se você tem problemas para estudar para provas ou concursos, talvez seu problema se resuma a um sistema ineficiente de revisões ou ao fato de você não saber fazer anotações ou resumos. A boa notícia é que este livro dá as soluções para todos esses problemas. Mito 3 – Prefiro entender a memorizar Frequentemente, escuto algum comentário como este: “Técnicas de memória? Bobagem! Prefiro entender”. Técnicas de memória, de fato, não facilitam a compreensão; no entanto, não é para isso que elas servem. Técnicas mnemônicas devem ser utilizadas para a memorização de dados desconexos e arbitrários. Suponha que você está estudando remédios constitucionais (artigo 5º da Constituição). Ao se deparar com Mandado de Segurança, você descobre que o prazo para sua impetração é de 120 dias da ação ou da omissão causadora do dano, contados da ciência do ato impugnado pelo interessado. Ora, porque 120 dias? Esse prazo é um dado arbitrário; podia ser de 90, 100, 110 ou até mesmo de 150 dias. Não é possível compreender o motivo pelo qual esse prazo é de 120 dias e, nesse caso, o único recurso é a memorização desse dado. Para isso, você tem duas opções: Utilizar de força bruta, isto é, repetir, repetir, repetir, de maneira mecânica e cansativa. Utilizar alguma técnica de memorização. Particularmente, prefiro a segunda opção. Mito 4 – Técnicas de memória tornam as coisas fáceis Ao me assistirem na TV realizando alguma proeza que envolva minha memória excepcional, é comum as pessoas pensarem que existe algum truque por trás disso. Se houvesse, bastaria a qualquer pessoa aprender esse truque para que todos seus problemas de memória se resolvessem. Concordo que existem diversas estratégias e técnicas capazes de tornar excepcional a memória de alguém; no entanto, uma supermemória é uma habilidade aprendida e, como tal, requer treino e certo esforço. Desse modo, não há uma maneira fácil de obtê-la. Entenda: técnicas de memória não tornarão a memorização mais fácil. Ao contrário, na maioria das vezes essas técnicas irão requerer muito esforço e dedicação. Em contrapartida, elas tornarão a memorização mais eficaz. Mito 5 – Algumas pessoas estão fadadas a ter péssima memória Se você leu com atenção o Mito 1, já sabe que “memória fraca” é mito. Se o que chamamos de memória é algo constituído de diversos processos diferentes, não faz sentido pensar em memória fraca. Ao pensarmos em cada domínio da memória – memorização de números, de rostos, de fatos, de eventos futuros... –, é óbvio que constatamos a existência de pessoas mais inclinadas à memorização de um tipo de informação do que de outro; no entanto, com a utilização das técnicas mnemônicas, todos podem melhorar a memória para todos os tipos de informação, de modo que a sina da péssima memória também é mito. Por outro lado, uma pessoa com boa memória natural para números, por exemplo, capaz de memorizar até 12 dígitos, está longe de ter a vitória garantida em uma prova de memorização, seja um evento mundial, em que se tem de memorizar centenas de dígitos, seja uma prova de faculdade. Mito 6 – Algumas pessoas possuem memória fotográfica Esse, certamente, é um tema polêmico, pelo menos entre os leigos, uma vez que a comunidade científica já estabeleceu um consenso quanto ao tema. Ao contrário do que se imagina, a memória fotográfica é um mito. Suponha que você me apresente uma figura com diversos detalhes. Se tiver tempo, posso utilizar algum sistema para codificar cada detalhe em minha memória, passando com louvor em qualquer sabatina que envolva essa figura. No entanto, se não tiver tempo suficiente para aplicar algum sistema de memória, eu jamais conseguiria identificar mentalmente os por menores da figura. Em um artigo científico sobre campeões de memória, descobriu-se que estes, ao memorizar sequências de flocos de neve, obtinham a mesma pontuação que os leigos. O motivo? Tratava-se de um tipo de informação para a qual os campeões não possuíam qualquer sistema de memorização. Mito 7 – Suplementos naturais para a memória não têm contraindicação Em minha adolescência, nos anos 1990, a banda chamada Planet Hemp, liderada pelo rapper Marcelo D2, fazia diversas canções que defendiam a descriminalização e a liberação da maconha, e uma delas, chamada “Legalize já”, tinha o seguinte refrão: “Legalize já, legalize já,/porque uma erva natural não pode te prejudicar”. Hoje, há diversos argumentos a favor da descriminalização da maconha, mas não o divulgado pela banda, por ser extremamente falacioso. Basta dizer que produtos 100% naturais como estricnina, ricina, tetratoxina, oleandrina e aneriantina, por exemplo, são venenos! O fato de ser natural não significa que não seja prejudicial. Frequentemente, vejo alguém dizer que está tomando Ginko Biloba, Ginseng, Guaraná em pó ou qualquer outro remédio natural para a memória.
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