Research Ethics for Students in the Social Sciences Research Ethics for Students in the Social Sciences Jaap Bos

Jaap Bos Research Ethics for Students in the Social Sciences Research Ethics for Students in the Social Sciences Jaap Bos Research Ethics for Students in the Social Sciences Jaap Bos Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science Utrecht University Utrecht, The Netherlands With contributions by Toon van Meijl Friso Hoeneveld Radboud University Utrecht University Nijmegen, The Netherlands Utrecht, The Netherlands Dorota Lepianka Naomi van Steenbergen Utrecht University Utrecht University Utrecht, The Netherlands Utrecht, The Netherlands Ruud Abma Utrecht University Utrecht, The Netherlands ISBN 978-3-030-48414-9 ISBN 978-3-030-48415-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48415-6 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2020. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Acknowledgements I am grateful to Ruud Abma and Toon van Meijl for providing me with insightful case studies (included in Chaps. 5 and 6, respectively) and to Naomi van Steenbergen, Friso Hoeneveld and Dorota Lepianka for co-authoring three chapters (Chaps. 2, 3 and 10). Versions of this book and of separate chapters have been the subject of discussion over the past few years. We would like to thank those who took the time to read and criticize parts of this book and, perhaps more importantly, encouraged us to continue. A big thank you to Paul Baar, Nienke Boesveld, Susan Branje, Gerrit- Bartus Dielissen, Vincent Duindam, Arjan Eijkelestam, Catrin Finkenauer, Belinda Hibbel, Marcel Hoogenboom, Mariëtte van den Hoven, Jorg Huijding, Cha-Hsuan Liu, Jeroen Janssen, Willem Koops, Karin van Look, Susan te Pas, Isabella Spaans, Jacqueline Tenkink-de Jong, Bert Theunissen, Maykel Verkuyten, Christiane de Waele and John de Wit. We are grateful to Springer who took it upon themselves to publish this work in open access format. In particular, we thank Floor Oosting and Myriam Poort for encouraging us to pursue this project. Two reviewers, who provided detailed comments and critiques to the manuscript, are to be thanked for their many valuable suggestions and comments. For granting permission to quote from their ethics guideline, we thank Bronwyn Blackwood from the University of Virginia and Muriel Kaptein from Erasmus University for permission to use samples from their Ethical Dilemma Game. For permission to use his cartoon, we are grateful to John Clark. Thank you Ype Driessen for allowing to use your photo cartoon. For permission to his graph of the Masicampo and Lalande data, we are indebted to Larry Wasserman. Finally, there have been numerous students who have read earlier versions of chapters and were kind enough to comment on them. In particular, we would like to thank Stefan Gaillard, Emma Heling, Doortje Mennen, Janique Oudbier, Aldith Pasveer, Aris Spanoudis, Lianne Straver and Tim de Vries for their critique and comments. A shout out to Carys Sterling, who was kind enough to read the video introduc- tions to the chapters. v vi Acknowledgements Special thanks to David Skogerboe for his efforts editing the full manuscript and ensuring it crossed the finish line in style. His improvement saved us from countless errors and mistakes and made this book a much smoother read. For all remaining errors, great and small, the blame falls entirely on me (JB). Every effort has been made to trace the copyright holders and obtain permission to reproduce material included in this book. Contents 1 Introduction �� 1 References �� 5 Part I Perspectives 2 Science . 9 2.1 Introduction . 10 2.1.1 Our Moral Duty . 10 2.1.2 Understanding of Ethics �� 10 2.2 Science �� 12 2.2.1 The Beginning . 12 2.2.2 A Very Brief History of the Social Sciences . 13 2.3 Knowledge �� 16 2.3.1 The Role of Universities . 16 2.3.2 Knowledge Construction �� 18 2.3.3 Risk and Reflexivity �� 18 2.4 Ethos . 20 2.4.1 Science’s Ethos . 20 2.4.2 Ethos or Arena? . 21 2.5 Conclusions . 23 2.5.1 Summary . 23 2.5.2 Discussion . 23 Case Study: Max Weber and the Calling of Science �� 24 Assignment �� 26 Suggested Reading . 27 References �� 27 3 Perspectives . 29 3.1 Introduction . 30 3.1.1 Worst Case Scenario . 30 3.1.2 What Are Ethics? �� 31 3.1.3 Three Cases . 32 vii viii Contents 3.2 Conceptualizing Research Ethics �� 36 3.2.1 Responsible Research Conduct . 36 3.2.2 Research Ethics and Integrity . 36 3.2.3 Research Ethics and Professional Ethics �� 38 3.3 Codes of Conduct �� 39 3.3.1 Guiding Principles �� 39 3.3.2 Key Imperatives �� 41 3.4 Fundamental Dilemmas and Ethical Theories �� 42 3.4.1 The Need for Ethical Reflection . 42 3.4.2 Deontology Versus Consequentialism �� 43 3.4.3 Virtue Ethics. 45 3.4.4 Ready-made Solutions? �� 45 3.5 Conclusions . 45 3.5.1 Summary . 45 3.5.2 Discussion . 46 Case Study: The Ethics in Suicide Prevention Research . 46 Assignment �� 49 Suggested Reading . 49 References �� 50 Part II Ethics and Misconduct 4 Plagiarism . 55 4.1 Introduction . 56 4.1.1 The Unoriginal Sin �� 56 4.2 Plagiarius’ Crime �� 57 4.2.1 A Working Definition �� 57 4.2.2 Why Is Plagiarism a Problem? �� 58 4.2.3 What Does Appropriation Entail? . 59 4.2.4 The Question of Authorship �� 59 4.2.5 When Do Intentions Come into Play? �� 60 4.3 Copy-Paste Much Eh? . 61 4.3.1 Patch-Writing �� 61 4.3.2 Translations as Plagiarism �� 62 4.3.3 Self-Plagiarism �� 62 4.4 In Other Words or in the Words of Others? . 63 4.4.1 Stealing into Print . 63 4.4.2 Authorship . 64 4.4.3 Two Cases . 65 4.4.4 Priority Disputes . 66 4.5 When Do Intentions Come into Play? �� 68 4.5.1 Intentions Matter . 68 4.5.2 Plain Sloppiness or Culpable Carelessness? . 69 Contents ix 4.6 Factors That Facilitate Plagiarism . 71 4.6.1 Factors . 71 4.6.2 Experience . 71 4.6.3 Externalization �� 71 4.6.4 Pressure to Perform . 72 4.6.5 Availability �� 72 4.6.6 Faulty Teachers

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