Memoria 2011. Euskaltzaindia-Ingle?S
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EDUCATION Basque Language Recovery IV Garabide Elkartea 3
1 EDUCATIoN Basque language recovery IV Garabide Elkartea 3 Author: Garabide Elkartea Jose Arana, 13. 20540 Eskoriatza. Gipuzkoa. Tel: 943250397. www.garabide.org / [email protected] Coordinator: Alberto Barandiaran Collaborators: Amaia Antero, Julen Arexolaleiba, Miren Artetxe, Andoni Barreña, Kristina Boan, Itziar Elortza, Xabier Garagorri, Eneritz Garro, Aldegundo Gonzalez, Iñaki Gonzalez, Viviana Elorza, Itziar Idiazabal, Urko Kolomo, Ibon Manterola, Arantza Munduate, Inma Munoa, Gualberto Quispe, Uri Ruiz Bikandi, Pili Sagasta, Jon Sarasua, Matilde Sainz, Pablo Suberbiola, Cesar Telegario. Design and translation: LICENCIA CREATIVE COMMONS YOU ARE FREE: • To Share — to copy, distribute and transmit the work • To Remix — to adapt the work UNDER THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Noncommercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. Share Alike: If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one. 5 Foreword Introduction ...................................................................... 09 The importance of education .............................................. 10 International legislation .......................................................12 The state of teaching around the world ........................ 15 NTENTS Different kinds of teaching ................................................16 -
The Basques of Lapurdi, Zuberoa, and Lower Navarre Their History and Their Traditions
Center for Basque Studies Basque Classics Series, No. 6 The Basques of Lapurdi, Zuberoa, and Lower Navarre Their History and Their Traditions by Philippe Veyrin Translated by Andrew Brown Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada This book was published with generous financial support obtained by the Association of Friends of the Center for Basque Studies from the Provincial Government of Bizkaia. Basque Classics Series, No. 6 Series Editors: William A. Douglass, Gregorio Monreal, and Pello Salaburu Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada 89557 http://basque.unr.edu Copyright © 2011 by the Center for Basque Studies All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Cover and series design © 2011 by Jose Luis Agote Cover illustration: Xiberoko maskaradak (Maskaradak of Zuberoa), drawing by Paul-Adolph Kaufman, 1906 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Veyrin, Philippe, 1900-1962. [Basques de Labourd, de Soule et de Basse Navarre. English] The Basques of Lapurdi, Zuberoa, and Lower Navarre : their history and their traditions / by Philippe Veyrin ; with an introduction by Sandra Ott ; translated by Andrew Brown. p. cm. Translation of: Les Basques, de Labourd, de Soule et de Basse Navarre Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: “Classic book on the Basques of Iparralde (French Basque Country) originally published in 1942, treating Basque history and culture in the region”--Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-1-877802-99-7 (hardcover) 1. Pays Basque (France)--Description and travel. 2. Pays Basque (France)-- History. I. Title. DC611.B313V513 2011 944’.716--dc22 2011001810 Contents List of Illustrations..................................................... vii Note on Basque Orthography......................................... -
Comparing the Basque Diaspora
COMPARING THE BASQUE DIASPORA: Ethnonationalism, transnationalism and identity maintenance in Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Peru, the United States of America, and Uruguay by Gloria Pilar Totoricagiiena Thesis submitted in partial requirement for Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The London School of Economics and Political Science University of London 2000 1 UMI Number: U145019 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U145019 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Theses, F 7877 7S/^S| Acknowledgments I would like to gratefully acknowledge the supervision of Professor Brendan O’Leary, whose expertise in ethnonationalism attracted me to the LSE and whose careful comments guided me through the writing of this thesis; advising by Dr. Erik Ringmar at the LSE, and my indebtedness to mentor, Professor Gregory A. Raymond, specialist in international relations and conflict resolution at Boise State University, and his nearly twenty years of inspiration and faith in my academic abilities. Fellowships from the American Association of University Women, Euskal Fundazioa, and Eusko Jaurlaritza contributed to the financial requirements of this international travel. -
White, Linda; Batua and Euskaltzaindia, a Unified Basque
Batua and Euskaltzaindia. A Unified Basque Language and Its Creators * * * Linda White Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada Reno (U.S.A.) The word euskaldun literally means possessor of the Basque language. Although today it is possible to proclaim one's Basqueness and maintain a certain level of Basque ethnicity without speaking euskara, for many the language is still the foundation of the Basque cultural heritage. There are many theories concerning the origin of the Basque language, but they remain only theories. No one really knows if the language sprang up among the ancient inhabitants of what today we call the Basque Country, or if it was imported by immigrants to the region from some other part of the world. We do know that euskara is a language family unto itself. It is not a member of the Indo-European language family, a large group that embraces the Romance, Slavic, and Germanic languages, including English. Because of the lengthy history of the Basques on the Iberian Peninsula, one of the strongest theories about the language is that the Basques and their tongue originated in situ . Basque would then be one of the oldest languages of the region and possibly the original Iberian tongue. On the more fanciful side, popular theories date the language from the Tower of Babel or even link it to the lost continent of Atlantis. Anyone who has attempted to learn Basque as a second language is familiar with some of the more obvious difficulties that arise when dealing with a language that is as different from English as Japanese or Swahili. -
Final-Hualde-Aspiration in Basque
Papers in Historical Phonology http://journals.ed.ac.uk/pihph Licensed under a ISSN 2399-6714 Creative Volume 3, 1–27 (2018) Commons 4.0 DOI: 10.2218/pihph.3.2018.2602 International License Aspiration in Basque JOSÉ IGNACIO HUALDE University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Abstract The distribution of aspiration in Basque — with ‘aspiration’ referring to both the occurrence of [h] and of aspirated stops — shows some puzzling aspects. In some words, aspiration is ancient, in the sense that it must be assumed for the earliest reconstructable stage. In some other instances, however, it has arisen seemingly ex nihilo, as can be observed in borrowings from Latin and Romance, e.g. Latin/Romance īra > Basque hira ‘ire’, Romance taula > Basque thaula ‘board’. Most surprisingly, in some words aspiration has developed after a sonorant consonant, e.g. Romance solatz > Basque solhas ‘conversation’. Aspiration may also continue intervocalic /n/, e.g. Latin anāte > Basque ahate ‘duck’. Another unusual development is the phonologization of the contrast between aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops triggered by a shift of the stress in some words without affecting the properties of consonants. Finally, an interdialectal alternation /k-/ ~ /g-/ ~ /h-/ ~ ∅ in demonstratives and related adverbs appears to have involved fortition, contrary to initial expectations. Here we describe the environments in which aspiration is found in Basque and discuss the most likely historical developments that could have given rise to the state of affairs that we find, paying particular attention to what would appear to be unusual or unnatural sound changes. We build on prior scholarship, but this paper also contains some new hypotheses, especially regarding the aspiration in words like ahate ‘duck’. -
The Dynamics Between Unified Basque & Dialects in the Northern
International Journal of Language and Linguistics Vol. 6, No. 1, March 2019 doi:10.30845/ijll.v6n1p13 The Dynamics between Unified Basque & Dialects in the Northern Basque Country: A Survey Based on Perceptual Dialectology Jean-Baptiste Coyos Basque Text & Language Study Center IKER - UMR 5478 (Bayonne - France) & Royal Academy of the Basque Language Château Neuf - Place Paul Bert 64100 Bayonne France Abstract Today Unified Basque, a standardised written version of Basque created by the Academy of the Basque Language from the 1960s onwards and which is now widely codified, coexists alongside the Northern Basque Country’s dialects (NBC, France). Understanding the relationship between these different forms of the Basque language is necessary in order to implement an appropriate language policy. In this paper we present the answers to the open-ended questions of a survey and accompanying comments. Based on Perceptual Dialectology, the questionnaire was completed by 40 people working in Basque in the NBC: writers, teachers, journalists, translators and language technicians. The main objective was to gather their opinions regarding Unified Basque and the dialects. The respondents were chosen according to the following criterion: they are all language prescribers, working in the language and providing a model of the Basque language for society.The main results of the survey are as follows: 95% of respondents think that Unified Basque is necessary in the NBC, 92.5% believe that the specificities of the NBC’s linguistic varieties should be preserved, 80% that Unified Basque does not harm the NBC’s dialects and more than half that there is now a form of Unified Basque specific to the NBC. -
The Basques and Announcement of a Publication
Center for Basque Studies Basque Classics Series, No. 9 Selected Basque Writings: The Basques and Announcement of a Publication Wilhelm von Humboldt With an Introduction by Iñaki Zabaleta Gorrotxategi Translated by Andreas Corcoran Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada This book was published with generous financial support obtained by the Association of Friends of the Center for Basque Studies from the Provincial Government of Bizkaia. Basque Classics Series, No. 9 Series Editors: William A. Douglass, Gregorio Monreal, and Pello Salaburu Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada 89557 http://basque.unr.edu Copyright © 2013 by the Center for Basque Studies All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Cover and series design © 2013 by Jose Luis Agote Cover painting: “Aurresku ante la Iglesia” [Aurresku in front of Church] by José Arrúe. © Bilboko Arte Ederren Museoa–Museo de Bellas Artes de Bilbao. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Humboldt, Wilhelm, Freiherr von, 1767-1835. Selected basque writings : the Basques and announcement of a publication / Willhelm von Humboldt with an Introduction by Inaki Zabaleta Gorrotxategi ; translated by Andreas Corcoran. pages cm. -- (Basque classics series, no. 9) Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: “Classic texts on the Basque people and language by the German man of letters Wilhelm von Humboldt with a new scholarly introduction to his Basque works”-- Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-1-935709-44-2 (pbk.) -- ISBN 978-1-935709-45-9 (cloth) 1. Basques--History. 2. Basques--Social life and customs. 3. Basque language I. Title. GN549.B3H85 2013 305.899’92--dc23 2013036442 Contents Note on Basque Orthography ..................................... -
Paintodayspain
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A Three-Sided Mirror. the Basque Case. How Contemporary Literature Reflects Identity, Conflict and Memory in the ‘Spanish’ Basque Country: a Tridimensional Mirror
Oñati Socio-legal Series, v. 7, n. 6 (2017) – Investigations – Investigaciones – Ikerlanak ISSN: 2079-5971 Literature, Society and Law: a Three-sided Mirror. The Basque Case. How Contemporary Literature Reflects Identity, Conflict And Memory In The ‘Spanish’ Basque Country: A Tridimensional Mirror LORENA ORTUOSTE IBARZABAL∗ Ortuoste Ibarzabal, L., 2015. Literature, Society and Law: a Three-sided Mirror. The Basque Case. How Contemporary Literature Reflects Identity, Conflict And Memory In The Spanish Basque Country: A Tridimensional Mirror. Oñati Socio-legal Series [online], 7 (6), 1308-1342. Available from: http://ssrn.com/abstract=3041222 Abstract The aim in this thesis is to show how the Basque-culture identity struggles are reflected within the Basque literature and how their actions, behaviour, traditions, culture, memory, language, etcetera, define them as a community or minority. In order to show the reflection of the law in five chosen novels written in Basque, firstly I will try to explain the link between law and literature, and afterwards, a double analytical construction will take place: on the first hand, a descriptive and historical explanation to provide the audience with the meaning of the three basic concepts which constitute the Basque culture -identity, conflict and memory-, and with a socio-historical context; on the second hand, this analysis will be based on the content analysis of the five novels that have been chosen, and contextualized or in relation to the period that goes from the Civil War (1936-1939) to the post- war and nowadays, with special insistences in the decade of the 1980s and 1990s. Key words Basque Country-Spain; collective identity; collective memory; conflict; living law; positive law; Basque; Euskara; literature; ETA; Twist; tradition; transition Resumen El objetivo de esta tesis es mostrar cómo los conflictos identitarios de la cultura vasca se reflejan en la literatura, y cómo sus acciones, comportamiento, tradiciones, cultura, memoria, lengua, etc., lo definen como comunidad o minoría. -
Euskara. Language and History
E uskara Language and History The Basque Country can be found in the south- east of Europe straddling part of France and Spain. Sociolinguistic Its northern-most borders are the Landes and status Bearne regions of France and the Bay of Biscay. To the south it borders on the Rioja and Zaragoza, to the east Bearne, Huesca and Zaragoza and to the Language policy west Cantabria, Burgos and the Rioja. It covers a surface area of 20,864 km2 and has a total population of 2,876,879. Legal status Basque and French are spoken in that part of the Basque Country which is in France and Basque and Spanish are spoken in the part of the Basque Country which is in Spain. C atalà G alego Cymraeg Elsässisch Euskara Language and History Sociolinguistic status Sancho The Wise Language policy defined the Basque language as a "lingua navarrorum" Legal status (1167) The Basque Country is currently divided up into seven different provinces or administrative territories: Lapurdi, Basse-Navarre and Zuberoa in the French part of the Basque Country, which account for a total of 249,275 inhabitants of the total population (according to the 1990 census) and the rest in the Basque Autonomous Community (comprised of Alava, Bizkaia and Gipuzkoa) with 2,104,041 inhabitants (according to the 1991 census) and the region of Navarre with 523,563 inhabitants (1991census). According to data from the II Sociolinguistic Survey of 1996, 26.4% of the population is Basque-speaking in the French Basque Country, 25.3% in the Basque Autonomous Community whilst in the region of Navarre it is only 9.6%. -
Basque Language Activism and the Politics of Education Reform in France, 1969-1994
GIVING VOICE TO LANGUAGE: BASQUE LANGUAGE ACTIVISM AND THE POLITICS OF EDUCATION REFORM IN FRANCE, 1969-1994 by Kai Alain Heidemann Bachelor of Arts, Fort Lewis College, 1997 Master of Arts, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, 2000 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 1.0X 2010 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH FACULTY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Kai A. Heidemann It was defended on October 14, 2010 and approved by Kathleen M. Blee, Distinguished Professor, Department of Sociology Suzanne Staggenborg, Professor, Department of Sociology Giuseppina Mecchia, Professor Department of French and Italian Studies Alberta Sbragia, Professor, Department of Political Science Dissertation Advisor: Akiko Hashimoto, Associate Professor, Department of Sociology ii Copyright © by Kai A. Heidemann 2010 iii GIVING VOICE TO LANGUAGE: BASQUE LANGUAGE ACTIVISM AND THE POLITICS OF EDUCATION REFORM IN FRANCE, 1969-1995 Kai A. Heidemann, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2010 Over the past several decades there has been a wellspring of political debate in Europe regarding the rights of linguistic minorities in education. Perhaps nowhere has this transnational debate sparked more controversy than in France where the notion of linguistic rights has been negatively construed by many political authorities as antithetical to the republican model of universal public education. Despite such enmity a host of ethnolinguistic activists in France have been laboring for decades to transform education from a site of exclusion into a vehicle of empowerment. In this dissertation I explore the mobilization dynamics that characterized a minority language schooling initiative within the French Basque Country from 1969 to 1994. -
Regional and Minority Language Academies
Research and Information Service Research Paper 22 November 2013 Dr Dan Hull Regional and minority language academies NIAR 785-13 This paper summarises the role and services provided by a selection of regional and minority language academies around the world, highlighting a number of common features. Paper 53/14 22 November 2013 Research and Information Service briefings are compiled for the benefit of MLAs and their support staff. Authors are available to discuss the contents of these papers with Members and their staff but cannot advise members of the general public. We do, however, welcome written evidence that relate to our papers and these should be sent to the Research and Information Service, Northern Ireland Assembly, Room 139, Parliament Buildings, Belfast BT4 3XX or e-mailed to [email protected] NIAR 785-13 Research Paper Key Points . This paper provides a brief description of the activities of a number of minority or regional language academies throughout the world. It can be seen from Annex 1 that there are a number of common features to such academies such as: o publications (of both a popular and an academic nature); o language standardisation; o the production and maintenance of dictionaries and glossaries; o hosting debates and conferences; o language promotion; and o research and analysis. Some language academies conduct activities which are more unusual, such as: o the promotion of arts and cultural expression through the language; and o the hosting of language courses, and conducting inquiries into alleged abuses or denials of language rights. Northern Ireland Assembly, Research and Information Service 3 NIAR 785-13 Research Paper Executive Summary This paper provides a brief description of the activities of a number of minority or regional language academies throughout the world.