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Forcing the Hudson Defenses, 9 October 1776

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Forcing the Hudson Defenses, 9 October 1776 Hudson River, New York FORCING THE HUDSON NEW YORK HARBOR TO TAPPAN ZEE -9 October 1776- Following the capture of Long Island and the withdrawal of the American army to Manhattan, the British command was preparing for the invasion of Manhattan. General Howe was seeking to trap the Continental Army on the island and destroy it. For that purpose he wanted the Royal Navy to seize control of the Hudson River, thus denying it’s use to the Americans. They would be unable to withdraw across the river, or draw supplies from New Jersey. Captain Andrew Snape Hamond of the Roebuck , relates the circumstances regarding the originn of this expedition: “As the Rebel Army was chiefly supplyed by the North River, and placed great dependance upon it, they had taken a great deal of pains to throw a Boom a cross, by sinking Vessels &: frames of Timber, to prevent our ships from passing up. They had placed these obstructions in the narrowest part, where the River is about 12 hundred Yards wide, between two High Lands, having Fort Washington on the Right, and Fort Constitution on the left, each containing several batterys of heavy cannon, placed at some distance along the shore, and six row Galleys with each a large Gun in their prow guarded the boom in front; so that, we understood, they looked upon it to be perfectly secure: and it is possible, from seeing the great preparation they had made, we might also have thought so, if a deserter had not informed the Admiral that there was a passage open between two of the sunken Vessels (which his Brother the Ferry Man had given him marks for) and offered himself as a Pilot.”1 In a draft attached to this narrative Hamond amplifies about the pilot: “an American came into our Camp 8. stated that he was Brother to the Ferry Man who plyed from Fort Washington on the York side to Fort Lee on the Jersey shore, who had informed him that there was an opening in the Dam by tvhich ships might pass, and had showed him where it was, and being asked if he would 1 NDAR, “Narrative of Captain Andrew Snape Hamond,” 6:1182-1183 and 1183n2-3 ©awiatsea.com-posted March 2021 --1-- undertake to Pilot a ship through the opening, to which he assented for a Reward”2 With this information General Howe “very strongly & officially pressed the Admiral to take advantage of this Information when 3 ships were ordered on that service…” 3 Admiral Howe turned to a man experienced in fighting on the Hudson to lead this expedition. Captain Hyde Parker, Jr. had already led a force up the Hudson, spent a month in the Tappan Zee, and returned back to the main British fleet. The necessary conditions, “strong wind & flood Tide.” were met on 9 October 1776. 4 The expedition got under way at 0730 on 9 October 1776, when HM Frigate Phoenix , Parker’s command, raised anchor in New York Harbor. With him were HM Frigates Tartar and Roebuck , HM Schooner Tryal , and two tenders. 5 Roebuck ’s log records that her crew barricaded the ship at 0400. That would be adding sandbags and netting to cover the crew against small arms fire. At 0700 Roebuck and Tartar made sail. 6 Each ship followed in line, one behind the other. 7 At 0750 the ships went into the Hudson. The Americans began a heavy fire on the British shipping 8 from five batteries on the New York shore and two on the New Jersey shore about 0800. 9 Later they came under fire from Fort Lee and Fort Washington. Roebuck had passed the forts by 0900, when they quit firing. 10 Hamond related the passage of the chevaux-de-frise with the “pilot”” as follows “having previously considered what would be best to be done in the Event of the Guide proving Treacherous a favorable opportunity offered abt Noon on when Capt Parker being senior officer Led the way & steered by the direction of the Guide towards the Middle of the Dam having Pistols laying on the Binnacle telling the guide what would be his Fate if the ships should stop in their passage. He for some time persisted in his knowledge, but on the near approach confessed his perfect 2 NDAR, “Narrative of Captain Andrew Snape Hamond,” 6:1182-1183 and 1183n2-3 3 NDAR, “Narrative of Captain Andrew Snape Hamond,” 6:1182-1183 and 1183n2-3 4 NDAR, “Narrative of Captain Andrew Snape Hamond,” 6:1182-1183 and 1183n2-3 5 NDAR, “Journal of H.M.S. Phoenix , Captain Hyde Parker, Jr.,” 6:1178-1180 6 NDAR, “Master’s Log of H.M.S. Roebuck ,” 6:1180-1181; “Journal of H.M.S. Tartar , Captain Cornthwaite Ommanney,” 6:1181 7 NDAR, “Narrative of Captain Andrew Snape Hamond,” 6:1182-1183 and 1183n2-3 8 NDAR, “Journal of H.M.S. Phoenix , Captain Hyde Parker, Jr.,” 6:1178-1180 9 NDAR, “Journal of H.M.S. Tartar , Captain Cornthwaite Ommanney,” 6:1181 10 NDAR, “Master’s Log of H.M.S. Roebuck ,” 6:1180-1181 ©awiatsea.com-posted March 2021 --2-- ignorance - Fortunately this had been so strongly suspected, that Capt Parker immedty hauld up to the side where it was known the deepest water lay - and the ships all passed within 40 yards of the Muzzles of the Enemys Guns in the Batterys of Fort Washington - amidst the fire of 100 Cannon from both sides of the River - in little more time than about 20 minutes -” 11 At 0930 the Phoenix passed through the chevaux-de-frise. As she got through Parker hoisted signals to the fleet below indicating he had passed the barriers. His signals were answered by the Repulse . The American forts and batteries had damaged Phoenix considerably: “Our Mizen Mast & Mizen Topmast entirely disabled, Main Stay, and Several of the Lower & Topmast Shrouds Cut; The Sails & Running Rigg very much damaged; The Spare Main topmt some other Sparrs & the Boats very much Shatter’d. We also received 4 Shot through our Hull…” A midshipman, two sailors and a ship’s boy were killed and twelve more wounded. 12 Roebuck had also been damaged in passing the forts: “the small Cutter was Shatter’d to pieces found it Necessary to Cut a drift…” Lieutenant Leek, Midshipman Hitchcock, and three sailors were killed and seven sailors wounded in passing the forts. 13 Tartar reported she had passed the forts by 0930 and they had “Hulling on several times, wounded our Masts and cutting a great deal of the Riging and Sails a Shott went thro the Mizen Mast and afterwards killd a Midshipmn the Splinters of the Masts wounded the Captn Lieut of Marines & Pilot…” 14 Tartar ’s log noted that the Americans fired small arms from the woods at the British for several miles as they continued upriver. 15 As the British passed through the barriers and steered upriver, the American galleys and light craft began fleeing up the river in an effort to escape the British. 16 According to Tartar ’s log this bagan about 1000. At 1100 Tartar drove ashore several merchant vessels and the galley Independence .17 At 1100 Roebuck ’s tender Pembroke brought off a sloop the Americans had abandoned. 18 By 1200 Phoenix noted in her log that she was in chase of “Four of the Rebel Gallies.” Parker ordered the Tartar ahead to cut them off and noted that Dobb’s Ferry was a half 11 NDAR, “Narrative of Captain Andrew Snape Hamond,” 6:1182-1183 and 1183n2-3 12 NDAR, “Journal of H.M.S. Phoenix , Captain Hyde Parker, Jr.,” 6:1178-1180 13 NDAR, “Master’s Log of H.M.S. Roebuck ,” 6:1180-1181 14 NDAR, “Journal of H.M.S. Tartar , Captain Cornthwaite Ommanney,” 6:1181 15 NDAR, “Journal of H.M.S. Tartar , Captain Cornthwaite Ommanney,” 6:1181 16 NDAR, “Journal of H.M.S. Phoenix , Captain Hyde Parker, Jr.,” 6:1178-1180 17 NDAR, “Journal of H.M.S. Tartar , Captain Cornthwaite Ommanney,” 6:1181 18 NDAR, “Master’s Log of H.M.S. Roebuck ,” 6:1180-1181 ©awiatsea.com-posted March 2021 --3-- “Forcing a passage up the Hudson River, 9 October 1776.” a copy attributed to Thomas Mitchell, of a painting by Dominic Serres in 1781. --4-- mile to the ESE. 19 At 1200 the Tartar drove the galley Crane ashore. 20 Tartar gave over pursuit of the remaining galleys after noon, having “found that the rest of the Galleys had got out of Gun Shott, by the Assistance of their Oars.”21 At 1300 two galleys, a schooner and two sloops were driven ashore. Phoenix anchored at 1330, offshore from one of the galleys. Parker fired several broadsides into the shore to “Scour” the bushes and trees, then sent off two longboats with hawsers to the galley. At the same time the Roebuck came to and anchored off the other vessels and the Tartar anchored off the second galley. At 1530 the galley was winched off. 22 Tartar sent her lieutenant and some men and got the galley Crane afloat. 23 At 1600 the Phoenix got underway again with two galleys, two sloops and a schooner, and the other British ships. 24 Roebuck anchored at 1200 off Merlin’s Landing, about 300 yards offshore. 25 Lieutenants Jeremiah Putnam and Nathaniel Cleaves were aboard the Continental Army Galley Independence on 9 October. Their commanding officer, Captain John Baker, had been relieved of command the day before, leaving Putnam in charge.
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