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The Emergence of Loyalist Privateering During the American Revolution, 1775-1778 Volume I The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fogler Library 2002 "Averse…to Remaining Idle Spectators:" the Emergence of Loyalist Privateering During the American Revolution, 1775-1778 Volume I. Introduction to Chapter 8 Richard D. Pougher Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd Part of the Diplomatic History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Pougher, Richard D., ""Averse…to Remaining Idle Spectators:" the Emergence of Loyalist Privateering During the American Revolution, 1775-1778 Volume I. Introduction to Chapter 8" (2002). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 207. http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/207 This Open-Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. "AVERSE ...TO REMAINING IDLE SPECTATORS:" THE EMERGENCE OF LOYALIST PRIVATEERING DURING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 1775-1778 VOLUME I. INTRODUCTION TO CHAPTER 8 BY Richard D. Pougher B.A. Carthage College, 1974 M.A. Southern Methodist University, 1981 M.A. The College of William and Mary, 1988 A THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (in History) The Graduate School The University of Maine May, 2002 Advisory Committee: Jerome Nadelhaft, Professor Emeritus of History, Advisor Warren Riess, Research Assistant Professor of History Marli Weiner, Professor of History Liam Riordan, Assistant Professor of History David Switzer, Professor of History and State Nautical Archaeologist, New Hampshire Copyright 1992, 2002, Richard D. Pougher "AVERSE ...TO REMAINING IDLE SPECTATORS:" THE EMERGENCE OF LOYALIST PRIVATEERING DURING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 1775-1778 By Richard D. Pougher Thesis Advisor: Dr. Jerome Nadelhaft An Abstract of the Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (in History) May, 2002 The important topic of loyalist privateering during the American Revolution has remained unaddressed. The intention of this study is to examine the activity's developmental period between 1775-1778. Relying predominantly on primary source materials such as newspapers, admi- ralty court records, shipsf papers, correspondence, memorials, dia- ries, journals, and minute, account, and log books, this work analyzes the participants and assesses their role in the war. There are three key focuses. The first is on the activities of loyalist mariners during the war's first half, prior to official rec- ognition of privateering by the British. Loyalist service on various types of vessels is examined to view the growth of maritime involve- ment, analyze crews and vessels, and ascertain levels of success. Also discussed are the obstacles imposed by the British which loyalist pri- vateers were forced to overcome to gain acceptance. To explain the de- veloping situation within the scope of the North Atlantic world, re- lated events in East Florida, Nova Scotia, Bermuda, and the West In- dies are also examined. Ultimately, the study shows that privateering was strongly supported loyalists, and their activities at sea during the early part of the conflict resulted in significant contributions to the British war effort. The second focus is on the development of the participants, themselves, as loyalists and privateers. Individuals from different maritime regions are identified and profiled according to social, eco- nomic, occupational, ethnic, and racial backgrounds, experiences, and motivating factors. The regional groups are then compared to discern similarities and differences. The third key theme is closely associ- ated. Considerable attention is paid to the situation and activities of one family, the Goodriches, who became leaders in the privateering enterprise. Interrelated is the issue of how British trade restric- tions negatively affected loyalists, prompting them to become priva- teers. The work shows that loyalist Americans involved in privateer- ing, though dominated by the merchant/mariner classes, reflected a cross-section of the populace, were generally motivated by legitimate, honorable factors, and constituted a previously unrecognized, signifi- cant, highly unified sub-community within the loyalist community. iii DEDICATION For Gayle and India who were marooned on Dissertation Island for too long. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are numerous people to which I am indebted for helping make this dissertation possible. To begin with, I would like to thank those people at various archives who, even though they did not have pertinent material or material in addition to what I had been able to obtain elsewhere, took the time to correspond and offer many helpful suggestions. Included in this group are: David C. Coles, Florida State Archives; Robert A. Fliegal, Castillo de San Marcos National Monument; Barbara Heuer, Georgia Historical Society; Joanne A. Mattern, Delaware Public Archives; Jeremy D. Bangs, Pilgrim Society/Pilgrim Hall Museum; Ronald M. Potvin, Newport Historical Society; James Corsaro, The Uni- versity of the State of New York Library; Jeff Fulton, Ships of the Sea Museum; Marie Lore, South Street Seaport Museum; Joel T. Loeb, In- dependence Seaport Museum; Alice James, Georgia Department of Archives and History; Bette Epstein, New Jersey State Archives; Robert J. Plow- man, National Archives - Mid-Atlantic Region; Martha H. Smart, The Connecticut Historical Society; Melvin B. Johnson, Washington's Head- quarters State Historic Site; Marsha Stenholm, Wichita Public Library; Arlene P. Shy, William L. Clements Library; J. B. Cahill, Public Ar- chives of Nova Scotia; Marion Blair, The National Archives of Antigua Barbuda; David Brown, The Institute of Jamaica; Lillian Sylvester, Sheila Buchmire Memorial Library Carenage of St. George's Grenada; Karla Hayward, Bermuda Archives; and Nigel Taylor, British Public Rec- ord Office. There were also people who supplied micro-film and photo-copies of documents that were essential to this work. This group includes Claudette Landry, The Archives of the Episcopal Church; Betsy Lowen- stein, Nantucket Historical Association; Mary E. Herbert, Maryland Historical Society; the staff, John Carter Brown Library; Jonathan Stayer, Pennsylvania State Archives; John Aarons, Valerie G. Francis, and Eppe D. Edwards, National Library of Jamaica; and most especially, for all her helpful and thoughtful assistance, Mary L. Nason, Simsbury Historical Society. Yet another group of archivists who offered great assistance in my search for the John Porteous Papers included: William H. Loos, Buf- falo and Erie County Public Library; Ruth Busacker, Little Falls His- torical Society; Melissa L. Dunlop, Niagara County Historical Society; and Mary Karen Delmonty, Buffalo State College. This significant col- lection was finally located at the Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society where Catherine L. Mason was kind enough to loan me micro-film copies. Unfortunately, I did not have the opportunity to use them in this study, but they will be important to future work. Then, of course, there are the numerous individuals at archives where I conducted research who gave unsparingly of their time and ef- forts and exhibited great patience. Included are: Kenneth S. Carlson, Rhode Island State Archives; Rick Stattler, Rhode Island Historical Society; Jane E. Ward, Peabody Essex Museum; Lyn Gardner and staff, The Mariner's Museum; Richard H. Richardson and staff, Maryland State Archives; the staff, National Archives; Dr. Louis H. Manarin, Conley L. Edwards, and staff, Library of Virginia; Virginia L. Bartow, Mary B. Dowling, and staff, New York Public Library; Jesse R. Lankford, Jr. and staff, State Archives of North Carolina; Brenda M. Lawson and staff, Massachusetts Historical Society; Alex Moore, South Carolina Historical Society; and Patricia Glass Bennett and staff, Charleston Library Society. In addition, I would like to offer my special thanks to the following archivists with whom I may have worn out my welcome, but who persevered, never failing to offer invaluable assistance while showing the greatest patience: Michael J. Crawford, Gordon Bowen- Hassel, and Mark Hays, Naval History Center; Michael Comeau, Massachu- setts State Archives; Mark H. Jones, Richard C. Roberts, and Carolyn M. Picciano, Connecticut State Library; Margaret Heilbrun, Richard Fraser, Megan Wahn, Joseph Ditta, and staff, New-York Historical Soci- ety; Mike Klein, Katy McDonough, Jeffrey Flannery, and staff, The Li- brary of Congress; and last but certainly not-least, Gail Greve, Del Moore, Liz Ackert, Inge Flester, and Lois Danuser, John D. Rockefel- ler, Jr. Library, Colonial Williamsburg. On a more personal note, I would like to thank my good friend Robert "Buzzaroo" Maliska and his wife Kathy who provided untold lo- gistical support by offering me a place to stay on numerous occasions. I would also like to thank another good friend, Daniel Bilderback for the same sort of support, as well as offering research assistance. There are two people that I would truly be remiss in not men- tioning. Suzanne Moulton, Secretary of The University of Maine History Department, provided endless technical support. Also, Faye Martz of the Chesapeake Public Library did yeoman service in obtaining what must have seemed to have been endless requests for inter-library loan materials without which this paper could
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