Production De Terpènes Fonctionnalisés Par Les Cytochromes P450 De Plantes Recombinants

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Production De Terpènes Fonctionnalisés Par Les Cytochromes P450 De Plantes Recombinants Université de Strasbourg Ecole doctorale des Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé (ED 414) Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes (CNRS, UPR2357) THESE Présentée pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR de l’Université de Strasbourg Discipline : Biochimie et biologie moléculaire par Carole Gavira Production de terpènes fonctionnalisés par les cytochromes P450 de plantes recombinants Soutenue le 26 février 2013 à Strasbourg devant le jury composé de : Dr. D. Werck-Reichhart Directeur de Recherche au CNRS, IBMP, Strasbourg Directeur de thèse Pr. F. Bourgaud Professeur à l’ENSAIA de Nancy Rapporteur Pr. A. Tissier Professeur à l’IPB Leibniz Institut, Halle, Allemagne Rapporteur Pr. T. Bach Professeur à l’Université de Strasbourg Examinateur Dr. R. Feyereisen Directeur de Recherche à l’INRA, Sophia-Antipolis Examinateur Remerciements J’adresse mes plus sincères remerciements à Mme Danièle Werck-Reichhart, ma Directrice de thèse, pour m’avoir donné l’opportunité de réaliser ces travaux et pour la confiance et la liberté qu’elle m’a accordée. Je remercie également M. Joseph Zucca, mon co- Directeur, et Mme Fanny Lambert, sa Collaboratrice, de la Société V. MANE Fils, qui ont été les initiateurs de ce projet réalisé en harmonie sous convention CIFRE, et qui m’ont permis de participer à deux congrès de renommée internationale. Je souhaite, d’une part, remercier vivement M. Thomas Bach, M. Frédéric Bourgaud, M. Alain Tissier et M. René Feyereisen d’avoir accepté d’être membres de mon jury. Je voudrais, d’autre part, remercier M. Christophe Crocoll, pour son aide précieuse et sa disponibilité, M. Erich Glawischnig et Mme Laurence Miesch pour leur collaboration. Je tiens également à remercier mes deux précédents Directeurs de laboratoire de l’Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardennes où j’ai effectué mes stages de Master, M. Christophe Clément et M. Francis Duchiron. Ils m’ont fortement soutenue, conseillée et donnée l’envie de poursuivre vers une thèse. Merci à vous aussi, Eric Courot et David Donnez. Je remercie l’Université de Strasbourg. C’est un régal de pouvoir bénéficier du statut d’étudiant dans cette ville. Mes pieds pourtant bucoliques ne demandent qu’à rester sur ses parquets citadins. Je remercie enfin, l’équipe ‘terpènes’ ainsi que tous les membres des 5ème et 4ème étages de l’Institut Botanique que j’ai pu côtoyer au cours de ces 3 années. Un grand merci à Jean-François Ginglinger, qui m’a chaleureusement accueillie dans son bureau et qui a sans cesse le sourire, René Höfer, pour son encadrement et son avis toujours pertinent. Un merci tout particulier à Juliana Iglesias, pour son amitié et à qui je souhaite une très belle réussite. Thank you, Zenhua Liu, for our climbing and tea breaks. Un grand merci également à Pascaline Ullmann et Franck Pinot pour leurs conseils avisés et leur agréable compagnie, Agnès Lesot, sans qui je ne serais pas venue à bout de toutes ces préparations de microsomes, mais surtout, pour ses chaleureuses attentions, Fabienne Philippon, Dimitri Heintz, Raphaël Lugan, Nicolas Navrot, Jean-Etienne Bassard, Benoît Boachon et tous ceux qui ont contribué de près ou de loin à ce projet. Enfin, j’ai une pensée pleine d’affection pour mes proches qui sont d’un soutien inestimable. III IV Table des matières Remerciements ......................................................................................................................... III Liste des figures ........................................................................................................................ X Liste des tableaux .................................................................................................................... XII Liste des abréviations, sigles, acronymes et de leurs définitions .......................................... XIII Liste des noms vernaculaires des espèces végétales ............................................................. XIV Chapitre 1: Introduction .......................................................................................................... 3 I. Les composés volatils utilisés dans l’industrie des arômes et du parfum ....................... 3 A. Les composés volatils : définition, structures et propriétés organoleptiques ........... 3 B. Les composés volatils des plantes ............................................................................ 5 C. Les composés volatils des animaux et des micro-organismes ............................... 14 D. Evolution des composés volatils utilisés dans l’industrie des arômes et du parfum : le marché des produits naturels ........................................................................................ 16 II. Les cytochromes P450 ............................................................................................... 18 A. Caractérisation des cytochromes P450 .................................................................. 18 B. Mécanisme enzymatique ........................................................................................ 20 C. Diversification et fonction chez les plantes ........................................................... 21 III. Production de composés volatils fonctionnalisés par des cytochromes P450 recombinants: état de l’art .................................................................................................... 22 A. Identification de cytochromes P450 de plantes ..................................................... 22 B. Identification de cytochromes P450 microbiens .................................................... 32 C. Ingénierie des cytochromes P450 .......................................................................... 33 D. Production de composés volatils fonctionnalisés par ingénierie métabolique à l’aide de cytochromes P450 ............................................................................................. 34 IV. Objectifs de la thèse : production de composés volatils fonctionnalisés par bioconversion avec la levure exprimant un P450 de plante ................................................. 42 A. Objectifs de la thèse ............................................................................................... 42 B. La voie métabolique des mono- et sesquiterpènes chez Arabidopsis thaliana ...... 43 C. Production de composés volatils fonctionnalisés .................................................. 44 D. Les différentes étapes du projet ............................................................................. 44 Chapitre 2: Matériel et Méthodes .......................................................................................... 49 I. Matériel ......................................................................................................................... 49 A. Substrats et standards ............................................................................................. 49 B. Séquences nucléiques des cytochromes P450 ........................................................ 49 C. Vecteur d’expression pYeDP60 et pYeDP60u2 .................................................... 51 D. Souche bactérienne et souche de levure ................................................................. 52 E. Plantes .................................................................................................................... 53 II. Tampons et Milieux de culture .................................................................................. 53 V A. Tampons ................................................................................................................. 53 B. Milieux de culture .................................................................................................. 55 III. Méthodes : système d’expression hétérologue dans la levure ................................... 56 A. Clonage USERTM ................................................................................................... 56 B. Expression hétérologue des P450s dans la levure .................................................. 60 C. Préparation de microsomes et quantification des P450s ........................................ 60 D. Activité enzymatique in vitro avec des composés volatils oléfines comme substrat 61 E. Activité enzymatique in vitro avec des composés volatils oxygénés comme substrat ............................................................................................................................. 62 F. Cinétique enzymatique des CYP76s avec la framboisone ..................................... 62 G. Bioconversion dans 1 mL ...................................................................................... 63 IV. Méthodes : analyses dans A. thaliana ........................................................................ 64 A. Culture et croissance des plantes ........................................................................... 64 B. Quantification de l’expression ............................................................................... 64 C. Génotypage des mutants d’insertion ...................................................................... 66 D. Analyse des composés volatils émis par les fleurs ................................................ 67 V. Méthodes : chromatographie analytiques .................................................................. 68 A. CPG-DIF ................................................................................................................ 68 B. TD-CPG-SM .......................................................................................................... 69 Chapitre 3: Criblage
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