TH E BAYEUX TAPESTRY

A H IS TO RY AN D '

DESC RIPTION

F RAN K REDE FOWKE

LON DON B AN D SONS ELL , 1 9 1 3

a v.

PREF AC E.

T is nearly a quarter of a century since the following co mments on the Bayeux Tapestry were pub

li h unkn own s ed . T o heir ad ption , C u du to me, by the onservate r

’ Depot Légal au M inisté re de l Instruction Pub

ue et x-A u C o mte q des Beau rts , M . J les , as “ ” of T x a the basis his apisserie de Bayeu , was

n i flattering recog ition o fmy labours . My or ginal

o o o f u v w rk, which c ntained a series ill strati e

e s co no o o b app ndice , was stly, and, being l nger tainable to c The , it is sought supply its pla e .

c o f present volume , onfined to a history the tapes

x try, and to an e planation of the incidents which

c c it depi ts, appears in a more ac essible form .

In preparing the plates , advantage has been taken o f a method of pho to graphic repro duc tio n

recently invented by C ount Ostro rog. This vi Pr eface. m method avoids the e ployment of a mesh, and consequently obviates the well - known che quered appearance i n the pic ture which is in ” c - separable from the ordinary pro ess block .

REDE POWRE . LIS T OF PL ES AT .

KIN G EADWARD. ’ R HAROLD S IDE To BOSHAM . THE CHURCH AT B OSHAM . H AR OLD CROSSES THE SEA . ’ H AR LD T O COMES o COUNT GUY S LAN D. H AR OLD CROSSES THE SEA .

GUY SEIZ ES H AROLD.

GUY TAKES H AROLD . H AR OLD LED To B EAURAIN . H AROLD AN D GUY CONVERSE . ’ WILLIAM M T R DUKE S ESSENGERS : U OLD. ’ DUKE WILLIAM S M ESSENGERS . A M ESSENGER COMES To DUKE WILLIAM .

UY H AR LD T WILLI M G CONDUCTS O o A .

H AR LD WILLIAM T O TAKEN BY o HIS PALACE . H AROLD BROUGHT BY WILLIAM TO HIS PALACE . A CERTAIN CLERK AND fELF GYVA. WI IAM M - DUKE LL STARTS FOR ONT SAINT MICHEL . THEY CROSS TH E RIVER COUESNON . R F ROM H H A OLD DRAGS THEM T E QUICKSAND . R ENNES .

SIEGE or DIN AN . N AN H AN DI CO N G OVER THE KEYS . WIL IAM To H AR L GIVES ARMS OLD. WILLIAM COMES To BAYEUx . H AROLD W A To WILLIAM S EARS LLEGIANCE . H AROLD RETURNS To EN GLAN D. ADWARD H AROLD COMES To E . W S . . THE CHURCH OF T PETER, ESTMINSTER ’ EADWARD S B To H . XXXI . ODY BORNE THE C URCH EADWARD. XXXII . DEATH OF KIN G

KIN G E H . XXXIII . H AROLD Is CROWNED OF THE NGLIS

A . H A ROLD. XXXIV. PEOPLE WONDER AT STAR XXXV . AN ENGLISH SHIP . XXXV I . WILLIAM ORDERS THAT SHIPS BE BUILT. XXXVII . FELLING TIMBER FOR SHIPS .

XXXVIII . B UILDING THE SHIPS . XXXIX . THEY DRAG THE SHIPS TO THE SEA . XL. THEY CARRY WINE AND AR MS . ’ XLI . DUKE WILLIAM S FOLLOWERS . XLII . DUKE WILLIAM CROSSES THE SEA. XLIII .

WILLIAM To . XLIV. DUKE COMES PEVENSEY XLV . ARRIVAL AT PEVENSEY . XLVI . THE HORSES ARE DISEMBARKED .

K To . XLVII . THE NIGHTS PUSH ON HASTINGS

Z . XLVIII . THE KNIGHTS SEI E CATTLE FOR FOOD

WADARD M . XLIX . . THE EAT IS COOKED

L . A FEAST Is MADE .

W LLIAM R . . B I P ODo I LI SHO , AND OBERT

A R I . LII . AMPART s DUG AT HASTINGS W To . LIII . TIDINGS OF HAROLD BROUGHT ILLIAM L

A V I . IE!; !THE RMY LEA ES HAST NGS

To B . LVI . THE ARMY GOING ATTLE AGAINST HAROLD I X

W E I . LTTTTTDUKE ILLIAM Q U ST ONS VITAL W ’ Is . LIX . HAROLD TOLD OF ILLIAM S ARMY

W ExH ORTs . LX . DUKE ILLIAM HIS SOLDIERS LXI . W ’ LXII . ILLIAM S SOLDIERS.

LXIII . LXIV .

v . T H E BATTLE. LXVI .

LXVII . 13 1 LEOF WIN E GYRTH AR E . 821l AND KILLED

LXX . ENGLISH AND FRENCH FALL TOGETHER . LXXI .

BI P ODO TH E P . LXXII . SHO RALLIES TROO S List o P laf f es .

E . HERE IS DUKE WILLIAM . USTACE THE FRENCH CONTINUE To FIGHT . THE ENGLISH FALL . HAROLD Is SLAIN . ENGLISH THEGNS STILL FIGHT. FRENCH PURSUE . THE ENGLISH PUT To FLIGH T.

H ISTO RY O F

TH E BAYEUX TAPE STRY.

H E earliest known mention of this interesting wo rk is made in an in ventory of the ornaments of the x Cathedral of Bayeu , taken in the

year 1 4 76 . The preamble o f this l sub oined document is j , together with two entries from the third chapter a nd one o m u fr the fifth , as these passages are freq ently cited by those who have written of the tapestry .

In ven taire des o auLY ca ses reli uiairs omemens tentes j y , p , q , , , ’ aremen s livres et autres i en s a artenans a l e li se N ostre p , , b p g am de B a eux et en icell e trouv s veus et visit s ar vene D e y , é , é p r l et di scretes ersonn es mai stre Guillaume de Castil lon ab es p , archidl acre des V etz et N icole Mic iel F abri uier c anoines , h q , h de l adite lise 5 cc dé utez et commis en c a itre eneral de ég , p h p g l ite li se tenu et cele r a res l a feste de sainct Raven t et ad ég , b é p ’ asi h en l an mil uatre cent se tante-six tres reveren d sainct R p , q p ,

re en Dieu M n . Lo s de H arecourt atriarc e de erusalem pe o s y , p h J , l r eve ue et reverend ere mais re Guillaume d e B ai ll eul o s q , p t , fut f lors doyen de ladite égli se ; et aIt cc dIt inventaire en mois

lusieurs ourn es 5. cc resens les rocureur de septembre par p j é , p p s teurs du rand cousteur d e ladite lise et mai stre e an et servi g ég , J h Castel ch a ellai n de ladite l se et n otaIre a ostoli ue et ic , pp ég i p q y l aIre l a est redige en frangois et vu g ang ge pour plus Clai re et i nation desdits o aulx omements et autres iens familiere des g j y , b , ’ ’ st nces u elle n eust u estre faicte en terme et de leurs circon a , q p s B z Th e B ay eux Ttapes try .

1 2 th M a 1 6 2 c On the y, 5 , the athedral was C wh o co pillaged by the alvinists , mmitted the D most ho rrible deva stations . uring this rising the clergy ha nded o ve r ma ny o ftheir treasures to c u o fo r sa n and the muni ipal a th rities fe keepi g, Pezet h as c e c u M . onj t red that the tapestry was fo r in T - c rr placed safety the own hall , and a ied m T h o f ux n c ob . e the e by the Bishop Baye , in

e la tinit et est cc dit in ventaire c -a rés di ere en ordre et d é, y p g , disig né en distinction en Six chapitres En suivent pour le tiers c hapitre les pretieux manteaux et riches chapes trouvés et gardés en trian gle qui est assis en costé dextre du pulpitre dessous l e crucifix. ' P remzéremmt un mantel du uel comme on dit le due g q , , ’ Guillaume estoit vestu uand il ousa la ducesse tout d or q ép , ’ tire seme de croisettes et fiori on s d or et le ort de bas est y y , b de or traict a ymag es faict tout environ ennobly de fermailles ’ r emaillies et de cama eux et autres ierres retieuses et d o y p p , e resent en a encore se t vi n t et a sexante dix laces d p y p g , y p vuides ou aultres-foiz avoient est erl es ierres et fermailles é p , p ’ d or emaillies. — m l ’ m. n autre antel du e comme l en i I te U u d t la. ducesse g q , , estoit vestue uand elle ousa le duc Guillaume tout seme q ép , y ’ de etits ma es d or tir a or frai z ardevant et our tout le p y g é p , p ’ bort de bas enrichiz de fermailles d or emailli es et de camayeux et autres ierres retieuses et de resent en a nc r p p , p y e o e deus cens uatre-vin t—douze et a deus cen s uatre laces q g , y q p vuides ausquell es estoien t aultres-foiz pareilles pierres et fermailles ’ d or emaillies.

Ensuivent our le uint c a itre les tentes ta is cortin es p q h p , p , , paremens des autels et autres draps de saye pour parer le cueur aux festes solonnelles trouv s et ard s en l i , é g é e vest aire de ladicte église. t — n t nt t 1 em. U e e e res longue et étroite de telle a broderie de ymag es et escripteaulx faisans representation du conquest ’ ’ d An leterre la uelle est tendue en vir l f g , q on a n e de l eglise le our et ar les octaves des eli u j p R q es. [At thl S date the feast of the Relics was kept o n the I st J uly ] H zstor y . 3

u o n 1 th A 1 6 his report pon this occasi , 9 ugust, 5 3 , o f mentions the preservation some tapestry, and ’ ’ o f zw a ta i sser ze na r anul e Iva/ea r the loss p g , Pez et to Me which M . conceives relate to Bayeux tapestry missing fro m the time o f its abstractio n u ac T by the pop l e up to that date . his o pinion o fo r appears errone us , the Bishop states that the missing hangings were used to surro und the draw o cas a co o on solemn c ions , and th t they were mp sed ff r c o u o f cl o ths of di e ent ol urs slid po n a cord . Whilst Me tapestry is correctly des cribed in the ' tel/e toil e d ér oder ze inventory as ) , and as used to deco rate the nave . Whether o r n ot it was missing i n these troublous s times , it was soon afterwards in posse sion of the c c o r n ec lesiasti al auth ities , bei g used as a festal f r o f c decoration o the nave the athedral . Here it o c or o remained bs ure and f g tten , save by those wh o W o f x lived ithin the walls Bayeu , until , in the 1 2 r c o r r o year 7 4 , a d awing whi h had f me ly bel nged c Ex - to M . Fou ault, intendant of N ormandy, and f u s c o r o to . a colle t antiq ities, was pre ented M L nc A m Inscri a elot, a member of the cadé ie des p f c o u . tions , by the se retary that instit tion L On the July o f that year M . ancelot read o n a paper up n the drawi g, but was ignorant of H e i t c u . what a t ally represented had failed, he c r said, to dis over whether the o iginal was a bas c u c c relief, a s ulpture ro nd the hoir of a hurch , —if co a n upon a tomb, or on a frieze a fres p inti g, o r c o f stained glass , even a pie e tapestry. He o a to saw that it was hist rical, th t it related m D o f u Willia , uke N ormandy, and the conq est of ' 4 Tbe B ay eux Tafiesh y .

a nd co c ur o r England, nje t ed that it f med part of ’ the C o nquero r s tomb In the c hu rch o fSt. Etienne C a o r o f u u o de en , the bea tif l wind ws which are s aid to have fo rmerly existed in that abbey . F o l o u S cu o c u l wing p these pe lati ns , he a sed investiga i o n m C but e r t s to be ade at aen , his r sea ches were u c e n tirely witho ut s c ess . a o n uc a c o f F ther M tfa on , Benedi tine Saint

u r o r n . U o n r a L c Ma r, was mo e f tu ate p e ding an e ’ lo t s memo ir he at o nce perceived the value o f c o u r o n an d n to this uri s epresentati , determi ed leave no stone unturned till the o r iginal was dis In r v um M co vered . the fi st ol e of his onumens ” la c n o de Monar hie Fra c ise, which appeared in ’

1 2 uc o . o uc 7 9 , he gave a red ti n of M F ault s draw in u a n d a o u ing fo rteen double plates , added d ble a ou the o o f pl te , divided into f r parts , with wh le n - co c the the dis vered work , drawn to a small s ale . He saw that this fragment was but the co m men cement o r an d of a l ng histo y, he therefore

wro te to the B e nedictines o f St . Etienne de Caen n x a d of St . Vigor de Bayeu to inquire if they a n a n u w ere c quai ted with y s ch mo nument . The ’ v r n r u l Arch e r r o f Re e e d Fathe Math rin , Prio o ux r St. Vig r de Baye , answe ed that the original was a i c r s rve In c p e e of tapest y, pre e d the athedral , about thirty feet in length (nearly thirty two o a- o English feet), and one fo t and half br ad , and that they had ano ther piece of the same breadth c u i n o two ontin g the history, the wh le being hun dred and twelve feet long (nearly two hundred - ix and twenty s English feet) . H e co pied all the n f uc n inscriptions , and sent them to Mo t a o , who ' ‘ Hzszory . 5 saw that the entire monument was now dis covered . Montfauco n sent a skilful draughtsman named A i o ntoine Beno t to copy the tapestry, with instru to S tions to reduce it a given ize , but to alter At o o nothing . the pening of the sec nd volume " M o numens o of his de la M narchie Francoise , 1 0 uc published in 7 3 , Montfa on engraved the 1 o c o c o whole hist ry in this redu ed f rm , a c mpanied by a commentary upo n the Latin inscriptions which throughout explain the intention of the i n ff c figures represented the di erent ompartments , L c o n o w co o co . o and M an el t mp sed a se nd mem ir, c 1 It whi h was read in 73 0 . will be seen that at the time of its discovery by Montfaucon the n tapestry was in two pieces, the first e ding at the ' ' ' H zc n c o H zc Om it m mtzus a d word of the i s ripti n, Wil elmum B a cem g , and the join , in spite of the c m beautiful manner in whi h it has been ade , may 2 c At too ex still be dete ted . this period, , the tremiti es ff o to began to su er, and in rder save the r m c c c wo k fro destru tion , the hapter aused it to be lined . The interest awakened by the discovery of the s r n ot co In 1 6 tape t y was nfined to France . 74 Stukeley wrote of it as the noblest mo nument in ” the world , relating to our old English H istory.

He was followed by the learned antiquary Dr . Ducarel , who gave an account of the tapestry in ” x A - A the appendi to his nglo Norman ntiquities,

1 T l s ar lam ta l i ac ur ese ate e o ever en b n c ate. h P , h w , Y 2 ’ u - M . Lécha dé d Anisy remarks upon the absence ofany Sign fa in o jo . r 6 Th e B ay eux Tapest y .

u In 1 6 uc p blished 7 7 , where he reprod ed the draw v n o n uco ings gi e by M tfa n , and printed an elaborate desc riptio n which had been drawn up some years u u previo sly, d ring a residence in N ormandy, by Ducarel us Lethieullier Dr . Mr . Smart tells that whe n he was in N o rmandy the tapestry was ’ Da n u . o a n ally hung up on St J hn s y , and that it xac c went e tly round the nave of the athedral , r T o of where it continued fo eight days . his m de decorating the cathedral of Bayeux was a most a n c c o ient ust m , as we learn from its statutes, c Il bo n ue le whi h declare that, est de savoir q ’ du d a eler matin samedi de Paques , avant pp les et c o n au le dignitaires les han i es service , on pare ’ ’ o r v c i t ur de l église , dans l intérieu , a e des tap sseries au -dessous le ch ceur et propres , desquelles , entre ’ u c et l a tel, on place des oussins des draps de soie ’ les plus beaux qui se trouvent dans l eglise . ’ ’ L eglise se pare depuis la fete de Paques j usqu a — le c r . n Saint Mi hel , en septemb e Whe not em

ployed as a decoration for the nave , the tapestry r u was ca ef lly preserved , in a strong wainscot press, c o n u c in a hapel the so th side of the athedral . Before we again hear o f it the tapestry had o passed thr ugh great dangers , and had nearly 1 6 2 revolu perished ; but, as in 5 , it escaped the tio n r r a y disorders by little S hort of a mi acle . Kept in the depo sitories of the cathedral it re

mained intact, even during the events of the year 1 2 79 , until the day when the invasion of France

called all her sons to arms . At the first sound of m x c the dru in the town of Bayeu , whi h had c already furnished a numerous ontingent, rose the ’ ‘ z Hzs ory . 7 A local battalion . midst the tumult of sudden n departure, carts were improvised to tra sport the o f military equipage . One these conveyances needed a covering ; canvas was wanting ; the tapestry was suggested as suitable for the pur pose and the administration pusillanimously I ordered its delivery . t was bro ught and placed en r oute on the waggon, which was already , when le i co M . Forest er, mmissary of police, learning ff D D the state of a airs , ran to the istrict irectory, of which he was a member, and himself issued the c T order to bring it ba k. his was no sooner done than he snatched the tapestry from its perilous o position, provided s me stout canvas to supply its e place, and committed the treasur d embroidery to the security of his own study .

Some of the citizens , viz . M M . Moisson de - x . D ex Vau , J . B . G elaunay, deputy of the States G eneral, Bouisset, afterwards professor ofliterature L Le Briso s- at the yceum of Caen , with y Surmont, no w an advocate, as secretary, formed themselves into a commission for the protectio n of works of x T art in the district of Bayeu . hey at once r demanded the delive y of the tapestry, which they Obtained in time to save it from a new danger. For from a letter dated 4 Fructidor an “ II z l st A un e ( ugust, we learn tha z le ’ plus ardent qu éclairé avait été sur le point de faire lacérer dans une fete civique c et ouvrage auquel ’ ’ ’ on n attachait plus d autre mérite que d etre une ” a au bande de toile propre servir premier usage . S o jealous was this commissio n of the safety of the tapestry, that it was not mentioned in their ‘ Tbe B a eux Ta eszr 8 y p y .

c o S u first atalogue, pr bably from fear lest it ho ld be ro r cu o c a wrested f m thei st dy, sin e in letter of the l oth m XII ‘ o th v r 1 80 Fri aire an (3 No embe , 3 ) they speak o f the vigila nce with which they had o o n o um watched ver this nati al m n ent , and the o ppo sition that their great solicitude had o ft- times v ro raised agai nst its remo al f m the town . It is n ot kn o wn fo r certain where the tapestry was kept during the time that it was i n the custody o f o m o n o o o f o the c missi , but as the b ks the religi us communities suppressed at the time of the revo lu o c o ti n were deposited in the ollege, it is pr bable un a m ar r - that the tapestry fo d S i il esting place . “ ” 2 r an XII 1 th o On the 9 Brumai e ( 9 N vember, 1 803 ) the prefect of C alvado s info rmed the com o o ar r C missi n that B nap te , then Fi st onsul of c x o o f r Fran e , desired the e hibiti n the tapest y at a l n T the Musée N po é o . o this wish the commis an d i n n sion deferred, it was deposited the ational u for c c m seum publi inspe tion . ‘ I C o u he First ns l himself went to see it, and affected to be struck with that particular part which represents Harold on his thro ne at the mo ment when he was alarmed at the appearance of a meteor which presaged his defeat affording an opportunity fo r the inference that the meteor which had then been lately seen in the South of France ’ was the presage of a similar event . At o f x D . en the time this e hibition , M on , director N a oleon general of the Musée p , caused an explana

T is meteor was seen i n the sout of En lan 1 th h h g d, 3 N ovem er 1 80 and articular f t b , 3 , p s o i are recorded in the “ ’ ” n l man Ma azm - Ge t e s e vol . lxxiii . art 2 I I . I O 2 0 g , p , pp 7 7 .

1 0 The B ay eux Tapestry .

’ n a s des au o - is ance médailles , s us préfet de l arron i sem n d s e t de Bayeux .

IT N C OYE , J e vous renvo ie la tapisser ie bro dée u u au - le par la reine Mathilde , épo se de G ill me L c vu inté rét C onquérant. e premier onsul a avec ce précieux mon ument de notre histo ire ; il a applaudi aux s o in s que les habitants de la ville de Bayeux o n t apporté depuis sept siecles et demi a ’ s c Il m a char e ur é o a onservation . g de le t m igner toute sa satisfactio n et de leur en confier encore le I v — o n a e o . d p t n itez les donc, Cit ye , apporter de ‘ nouveaux soins a la conservation de ce fragile m ui Ie monu ent, q retrace une des actions plus r et co c mémo ables de la nation francaise , nsa re pareillement le souve n ir de la fierté et du courage ' ’ l ’ n s aI h n n ur . de o eux . J ai o e de vous saluer

DEN ON .

Incited by this letter to renew their zealous pre o n u cautions behalf of their trust, the M nicipal C ouncil of Bayeux held a deliberation 2 4th Ven XII 1 th c At tose, an ( 3 Mar h , this meet ing it was decided that the tapestry should be deposited in the college library, and the director was charged to watch over it with the greatest care , the mayor giving his supervision . Remem o c bering its ancient use, the c un il further directed that it be hung in the parish church during fifteen — days in the finest part of the year a concession to the clergy to which I cannot discover that effect

was ever given . ' Hzsfory 1 1

Nor do es it seem that the decision to deposit it c u in the ollege was adhered to , as it was q ickly to H Otel e transferred the de Ville, wh re the mode of its ex hibition to the curious was to wind it from c m one ylinder on to another, after the anner of a o T r r o pan rama . his ba ba ous mo de of sh wing it must infallibly have caused its destruction in a very short time ; yet it continued with but slight n o protest u der the Empire , the Rest ration , and the 8 first years which succeeded the Revolution of 1 3 0 . From the new degree of publicity given to the x o in o tapestry by its e hibiti n Paris , its rigin again became the subject o fdiscussion and in 1 8 1 2 the A r o f bbé de la Rue , p ofessor history in the A C a c o subse cademy of en , omp sed a memoir, o quently translated and ann tated by Mr. Francis l Douce in c c man ufac , whi h he ontended that the ture o f the tapestry S hould h ave been ascribed to the Empress Matilda, and not to the wife of the

C onquero r. The nex t notice of the tapestry is comprised in a S r h 1 8 1 t 6 M r . ho t letter, dated 4 July , , from ” 2 o Archmolo ia. H uds n Gurney , printed in the g

Mr . Gurney had seen the tapestry at Bayeux in 1 8 1 H Otel o f 4 ; it was, he says , then kept in the 3 the Prefecture, coiled round a machine like that c whi h lets down the buckets in a well, and was shown to visitors by being drawn out over a table .

1 “

h l i l . Arc eeo o a vo xvn . . 8 . g , p 5 2

l x iii . vo . v . . Ibid . p 3 59 3 — This is an error ; the prefecture is at Caen Bayeux is a - he uildin w s th H l sous refecture . T a e Ote de ille w ere p b g V , h the tapestry was deposited in 1 804 . a es r 1 2 Tke B ay eux T p t y .

D T ur o Mr . awson ner, writing s me two years later, adds that the necessary rolling and unro lling were o n i o o perf rmed with so little atte t n , that it w uld be wholly ruined In the co u rse o fhalf a centu ry if left cr as un der its then management . H e des ibes it ur n n a o r inj ed at the begi ing, as very r gged t wa ds end o f com the , where several the figures had letel an d p y disappeared , adds that the worsted was 1 At unravelling i n man y o fthe i n te rmediate parts . ’ this time the tapestry was kno wn as the fad e d e t - m a Ducarel has S . ee c x j , whi h is e plained by wh t ’

a o x u . s said, th t it was f rmerly e hibited pon St John D n use the a . c y Remembering this its a ient , 1 8 1 6 c o clergy, in , laimed its rest ration to the

c r . To u v un athed al this req est , howe er, the M i ci al o to cc p C uncil refused a ede, alleging that it had ’ ' to znfia ézta n ts who been returned the , had never o S but o u l st ight of it, had preserved it thr gh the x c e ertions of their representatives . With the ivil administration , then , the tapestry still remains . In the same year that the clergy clai med the t o f A o f Lo o tapestry, the Socie y ntiquaries nd n

x cc . despatched that e cellent and a urate artist, Mr C x harles Stothard , to Bayeu , to make drawings an d he brought home two small pieces of the 2 c tapestry . Within two years he ompleted the o f best copy the tapestry that had been produced,

1 “ Account of a Tour in N ormand b Da son Turner y, y w ,

L ndon 1 8 2 0 vol . vols. 8vo o ii . . 2 2 . 2 , , , p 4 fra ment was in 1 82 One seen b M . Allou of the g , 5, y , Soci t Ro ale des An ti uai res de Fran ce in the li rar of é é y q , b y i ” ic . Les anc enn s T Dr. Me r e a isseries istoriées ar y k p H , p - Ac ille ubinal 2 vols. o lon folio aris 1 8 8 vol. i . . 1 6. h J , b g , P , 3 3 9, p ' zsf r H o y . 1 3 which will be found in the sixth volume of the ” Vetusta Monumenta. The appearance o f the first portion of these drawings gave rise to so me remarks (dated 2 4th A a 1 8 1 8 . o Febru ry, ) by Mr my t, intended to refute the idea that Haro ld had been sent to Normandy t ff cc wi h an o er of the su ession to William, which idea the pictures o fthe tapestry had been supposed to confirm . ’

T o . S t tha hese were f llowed by Mr C . o rd s own w x u observations hile at Bayeu , pointing out s ch circumstances as presented themselves to his notice during the minute investigation to which he

c . A necessarily subje ted the tapestry Mr. myot then took up a defence o fthe early antiquity of the c h e n a tapestry, in whi h i v lidates the objections of the Abbé de la Rue to the Opinio n which makes r s the tapest y coeval with the event that it records . In 1 83 5 the Municipal C oun cil began to occupy themselves with the idea that a permanent resting o place for the tapestry should be pr vided , and they then decided that it sh ould be removed to that place which it now o ccupies .

Dr. c a s o u Bru e saw the t pe try ab t this time , and says that it was then ex hibited in eight lengths up c I and down the room in whi h it was kept. do not know if the learned do cto r means that it was cut into eight parts or folded backwards and forwards ;

” Ar h l i vol . xix. . 88. c aeo og a, p 3 ' T i s latter seems to be in ten ded as the A Lafi h , bbé etay “ ” ' ' - — t describes it as se repliant sur elle meme. 1Vo zce H i kfor zg ue ' ’ ’ ' et D escn tzw sur l a Ta zlcser ze azte de [a Rei ne M at/tilde 8 p p , vo,

x 1 8 . 1 . B ayeu , 74, p 7 1 4 The B ay eux Tapestry . b ut an w as , at y rate , nothing lost, and the tapestry,

far a s c to . as it has ome down us, is complete At a meeting of the Administrative C o uncil of the So ciety for the Pr eserva tion of French Histo rical o held o th 1 8 6 M numents, 3 January, 3 , Mr. Spencer Smith announced that he would sho rtly call the attention of the co un cil to the tapestry of e ux a nd f recomme nda Que n Matilda at Baye , of er o to x o r ti ns as the mode of its e hibition to visit s . he r T tapestry was gaining friends, its dange s m see ed past, and men vied with each other who u o c to - B ut sho ld m st ontribute its well being. not n its r content with the assura ce of safety, they we e anx ious to satisfy sceptica l minds ; and o n the 1 1 1 8 0 . 5th February, 4 , we find M de la Fontenelle, together with several of his fellow-labourers ofthe ” u A - m Rev e nglo Francaise, about to for a com mission of archa olog ists c omposed half of English a n o and h lf of French sava ts, to give a final pinion the s I as to the age of tape try . t does n ot a ppear no r that this commission issued any report, is it a by any means certain th t it was ever really formed . ” 2 In 1 8 0 we tal 4 find , in the Bulletin Monumen , P z a r o . e et C ep rt made by M , President of the ivil T r una c x ib l , to the Muni ipal Council of Bayeu , on behalf of the commissio n charged to take measures fo r In the safety of the tapestry. this report he an nou nces that the building erected by the town for the reception of the treasured relic approached

“ Bulleti n Monumen tal u li ar la o i t F , p b é p S c é é rancai se our l a Con servation des Monuments 8vo ari R C p , , P s, ouen , aen,

8 et se . v l. vi . . . 1 3 4, q o p 44

i v i . I d . ol v . 62 . b . p s 1 Hi tory . 5

’ completion , the masons work was completed, and c the wains oting commenced . In 1 8 6 C R . o o e 3 , Mr B lt n orney printed his ” a n d C x T searches onjectures on the Bayeu apestry, c x casti at as a bro hure of si teen pages , and , after g “ ’ ing its critic in the Gentleman s Magazine of “ u co the following year, iss ed a se nd revised and ” 1 N o t ex enlarged edition in 83 8 . content with tirpating the traditio n which ascribed the tapestry to Queen Matilda he discredited the antiquity of o to x u the w rk itself, seeking show that its e ec tion 1 2 06 before was impossible, by some questionable arguments which invited retort . In 1 1 C u c u to 84 M . de a mont omm nicated the In stitut des Provinces a notice in refutation o f ’ o C o x c m Mr. B lton rney s remarks , and an e tra t fro o s o eu this n tice was publi hed the f llowing year, titled U n M ot sur les Discussio ns relatives a ’ ” 1 l Orig ine de la Tapisserie de Bayeux . The So ciety for the Preservatio n o f French o m e C H istorical M nu ents held a me ting at aen ,

1 2 th 1 8 c . May, 53 , at whi h M de Caumont reported that the Bayeux Tapestry had received aid to the 2 extent of francs T he tapestry was n ot sho wn in a settled and permanent manner in the place which it now o c cu ies 1 8 2 . . . L p until 4 M Ed ambert , librarian of x o o f the town of Bayeu , was named cust dian the a o t pestry, and he it was who undert ok the task of u r re- no r s pe intending its lining ; did he stop here , u ef for, g ided by the holes l t by the needles , by the

1 “ ” l num n l i a . B ul et n o e t vol viii . M . . , p 73 2 ix . 8 i . v . x . Ib d ol p 3 7 . a eux Ta estr 1 6 The B y p y .

n fragments of worsted adheri g to the canvas, and by drawings executed at earlier dates , he success fully restored certain po rtions which had suffered from age or from the friction of the cylindrical metho d of exhibition . Sin ce the above date the ta pestry has been con tin uously shown to the public in the same manner u as at the present time , and its history d ring this perio d of repose would be but a catalogue of v o sa ants , artists , and illustri us personages who, o r o r fr m eve y corner of the w ld, have made a pil x grimage to Bayeu . The o e tapestry was not, h wev r, to pass its old 1 8 age without some renewal of danger, for in 7 1 the Prussians were so n ear the town as to cause most serious alarm to the authorities for the safety r Th of their precious treasu e . e tapestry was taken ro the f m its case , so rapidly that many of sheets of glass u n der which it was kept were bro ken ; it was then tightly rolled up and packed into a c - c c o f cylindri ally shaped zin ase , the lid which was soldered down . What next ensued is a e r for s cret which the autho ities desire to keep ; , tho ugh they trust never again to be obliged to re to x sort a like e pedient , they wisely remark that they know not what of danger the future may have o in st re for the tapestry, nor do they think that the proper moment has arrived to publish their n — hidi g place . rd A 1 8 1 L On the 3 of ugust, 7 , the ords of the Committee of Coun cil on Education authorized o u to M r . J seph C ndall proceed to Bayeux to con sult with the authorities and endeavour to obtain

u T es r I 8 The B ay e x ap t y .

o s x o ne u large reproducti n e ist, the f ll size of the o an d o ne c riginal half that size, both of whi h T were published by the Arundel So ciety . he Lords o fthe C ommittee of Council o n Education presented a copy of each of these large r sets to the o x co o o f t wn of Bayeu , in re gniti n the valuable aid

- r and courteo us co operation of the autho ities . A copy of the full - S ized repro ductio n was x coloured after the original , and e hibited at the

International E xhibition of 1 87 3 (Catalogue N o . 2 d T c r 897 ). his opy is now p eserved in the u u South Kensingto n M se m . The S o uth Kensingt o n Museum purchased at

. 1 86 the sale of Mr Bowyer Nicholls , in 4 , that piece of the tapestry which ha d been brought 1 m x was w . o a ay fro Bayeu by Mr St thard , and it res olved by the Lo rds o fthe C o mmittee of Council on Educatio n that this fragment sh ould be restored o The co to the cust dians of the tapestry. mpiler of n Au 1 8 2 v these otes was then, gust, 7 , isiting the o a x to c s t wn of B yeu inspe t the tape try, and was s o fortunate as to be charged with the return of

the relic .

1 t t M rs. S o hard has been commonly accused of abstracting t i s fra men t but I ave it o n h er aut orit t at it was not h g h , h y, h until 1 8 1 8 the last of the t ree i C l in c Mr. ar es , h year s wh h h Stot ard co ied th e ta estr t at she ecame his ife and h p p y, h b w accom anied him to Ba s p yeux. Prior to hi s marriage he po sessed two ieces ofthe ta estr ic in atever manner he p p y wh h, wh ac uired t em are said to ave come fr m mass of ra s in q h , h o a g ca a l fr e o estoration . One oft ese ieces he had i ven efore p b h p g , b h is mar ria e to Mr. Douce the anti uar and th e ot er g , , q y, h ’ formed art of th e collection ic after M r Stothar s eath p wh h , . d d in 1 82 1 was urc ased b Sir Gre or a e ur p h y g y P g T ner. is 1 H tory . 9

M ODE OF EXECUTION AN D TH E M A TERI A LS EMPL Y O ED.

The x s n Bayeu tapestry consist of a ba d of linen , o c pr bably originally unblea hed, and which the lapse of ages has reduced to the colo ur o f brown n The holla d . present length of this band is 70 e s c 2 — m tre 3 4 entimetres ( 3 0 ft . 9 5; in . English mea u 0 c e 1 s re), and its width 5 entim tres ( 9% in . English It f n measure) . formerly consisted o a si gle piece of linen without seam ; and although at one time v n o w di ided into two parts , it has been cleverly joined together again . In the upper marg in a piece of cloth o fa slightly inferio r quality has been added at some time subsequent to the o riginal f o f T o manu acture the tapestry. his additi nal strip, is s o f o to which it elf a high antiquity, is j ined the m n r o s m c n o u ai po ti n by a ea ; it ontains fig res, but u r m ou displays bl e st ipes, as well as si ple, d ble, n o f and triple crosses ; and before a ki d altar, a r of s n c o ladde , which the ides are termi ated by a r ss o f c and a little banded standard , the staff whi h is c Th r surmounted by a ross . e width o fthis st ip is 2 8 0 e . u centim tres (nearly in English meas re), and it may have been added to fac ilitate the ex hibiti n o T he a o of the main w rk . whole t pestry is 1 v n o v - o r m o r S di ided i t se enty two c mpa t ents cenes ,

1 T at is follo i n th e su ects for the different division s h , w g bj ; or lengths are indicated by large numbers from I to 56 marked f r on the canvas o utside the border. The o m ofthese numbers is such that they cann ot be more than a couple of centuries old . T e are ofn o s ecial interest and ere ro a l added h y p , w p b b y by some custodian ofthe tapestry for convenience ofexhibition 2 0 Th e B ay eux Tapestry . which are generally separated fro m o ne ano ther by r u Th co nventio nally rende ed trees or b ildings . e 1 tapestry contains representations o f

perso ns .

ho rses and mules .

dogs .

various other animals .

buildi ngs .

s hips and boats .

trees .

o bjects.

These figures are worked with a needle in worsteds D ff c o viz . : of eight di erent ol urs , ark and light u r and c and bl e , red , yellow, da k light green , bla k, The co m dove colour. intention of most of the partments is ex plained by Latin inscriptions placed o v r The e them letters , like the figures , are

s c i n and u an c . tit hed worsted , are abo t in h in height The o f c r n or an drawing all the obje ts is ude , has y great attention been paid to the representation of u co o u T o are things in their nat ral l rs . hus h rses s u m hown as bl e, green , red , and yellow, a circu stance no do ubt due to the limited number of ’ co o ar h l urs at the tist s disposal . Working wit fl o r n at tints , the embr idere s had no means of givi g effects o f light and shade ; and perspective is a T oh . o c wholly disreg rded indi ate , therefore, ects f S j at dif erent distances from the pectator, they

The Ba eux Ta estr elu idated b ollin c Rev. o n C y p y, y J h g ”

wood Bruce. to . London 1 8 6. I n a. 4 , 5 P . 3 , ote Hi s or 2 1 t y . employed worsteds of different colo urs ; thus a off green horse has his legs red, whilst those of a yellow horse are worked in blue , and so on . Ifthe drawing be rude the co mpo sition is bold and spirited, and is always rendered with great x o c m truth of e pressi n , whi h is at ti es , however, Th exaggerated . e really historical portion of tapestry is for the most part con fined to a width c e 1 in of 3 3 entimetres 5 millim tres ( 3 43 . English measure) ; the top and bo tto m fo rming fantastic o o c o b rders , c ntaining lions , birds, amels , min taurs , x o [ o dragons, sphin es, s me fables of Es p and Pha drus c o f c , s enes of husbandry and the hase, c o o r etc . Oc asi nally the b rde is taken into the r u co n thread of the story, and it f eq ently tains alle g orical allusions to the scenes en acting within its bounds . Th e mode of working has been to cover the figures with worsted threads laid down flat side by u cr side, and then bo nd at intervals by oss fasten : o c ings seams , j ints , and folds being indi ated by

c . The c a spe ies of twist fa es of persons , their h ands and, when bare , their legs also, are simply u o tlined in red, green, or blue , the features being x cu frequently e e ted in yellow . From the abo ve descriptio n it will be seen that historical embroidery would be a more accurate title than tapestry for this work ; time has , how c im rob ever, conse rated the misnomer, and it is p able that it will ever bear a different appella tion . In concluding this notice o f the tapestry it is fitting to Offer so me Opinion as to its date and 2 2 Th e B ay eux Ttapes try . au T he c u c - thorship . hief facts pon whi h my judg b ment is based are as follows William and his wife were accustomed to recite u c but D o n their gifts to the Ch r h, neither the uke his deathbed nor Matilda in h er will men tions the T c La T du tapestry . his was alled Grand elle ’ C u s d An leterre for onq e t g , when , the first time, In no ticed in the inventories of 1 3 69 and of 1 476 . the latter do cument the canons ofBayeux recorded the traditio ns relating to other objects in their but r e custody, we e silent wh n dealing with the an d rv tapestry, a like silence was obse ed by sub r The o f x sequent write s . date its festal e hibition “ obtained fo r the tapestry the title of La Toilette de n A St . Jea and , when discovered by the bbé Mont “ It was x La To faucon , known in Bayeu as ilette ”

du Duc u . The co r G illaume abbé re ded a tradition, “ n c u r was as the r ent, that it Queen Matilda qui ’ la fit faire this on a it was c onverted by Lancelot ’ u - e c into qui l ait tiss e elle m me ave ses femmes, and impro ved by S ir J oseph Ayloffe into by her own hands and the assistance of the ladies of her court wo rked in arras and presented to the cathe hi Ba eux sic . ex dral at j ( ) etc , and only after its bition in Paris did the tapestry acquire the designa

tio n of Le Tapis de la Reine Mathilde . To so c late a tradition whi h , if actually current, was confined to a place where nearly everything D was ascribed to William and his uchess , little

importance can attach . o ih Failing tradition , rec urse must be had to n ternal evidence , and here (whilst there is nothi g to connect the work with Matilda) the evident i s or 2 H t y . 3 attempt to preserve the characteristics of the principal figures (William and Eadward resembling their portraits on their seals), together with the accurate representation of eleventh century cos o c tume and of military details , which w uld ertainly S o have been wanting at a later date, how it alm st contemporary with the incidents depicted . Such fElf va C eastra words as g y , and Franci suggest an x English origin, but admit of the e planation that the dialect spoken in Bayeux was a mixture of xo C eastra un Sa n and Norman , alone remaining 1 The traced to the Bessin dialect or its source . prominence given to Odo and to obscurer persons u Turold who were subseq ently his feudatories ( , Wadard o o f Vital , and ) , the empl yment a worsted c c c intro duc haracteristi of the Bessin distri t, the tion o f the local fo rm of wine barrel and of such c Ba ias Wil elm diale tic peculiarities as g and g , the coincidence of length in the tapestry and the nave o which it served to dec rate , and the choice of the ’ anniversary o fthe cathedral s consecration for th e x mo date of e hibition , point to the ment of its pre sentation who o by Odo, , as bish p, alone had power to display a profane history in a sacred edifice ; these facts taken together afford strong evidence o c of of l ality origin , and suggest the probable I donor. Passing the foregoing points in review, conclude the tapestry to be a contemporary work

in which Queen Matilda had no part, and that it was probably ordered for his cathedral by Bishop x Odo and made by N orman workpeople at Bayeu .

1 e r mar s on . 1 1 0 Se e k p .

2 6 Th e B ay eux Tafiestry . ground that the Earl is depicted with moustaches x co in the ne t mpartment, and that here the figure Th supposed to represent him has none . e copies c of the tapestry seen by Mr. Plan hé must have cc ori inal o been ina urate , as in the g b th of Ead ’ u ward s auditors are mo stached . Three reasons have been assigned as the cause ’ of Harold s departure T I. hat he begged permission to visit Normandy to release from captivity his brother Wulfnoth and o as his nephew Hak n, who had been given ’ hostages for Godwine s go od conduct to Ki ng Eadward him for f , and by transferred sa e custody 1 o Du . t his cousin , ke William T ro o u o n x n II . hat Ha ld, b nd a fishing e cursio , was driven by stress of weather upon the shores 2 u of Ponthie . I I I T o . hat Harold was c mmissioned to assure ’ William of his nomination as Eadward s successor 3 r to the E nglish th o ne . Where authorities are co nflicting it is difii cult to K ascertain the truth , but as the hand of the ing seems to touch that of the person who is probably u m o Harold, as if to sec re a binding pro ise or ath , it would appear that the designer of the tapestry c a cepted the last theory, which tends to strengthen

the N orman claim , and to show forth in darker colo urs the perfidy of Harold ; two points which

he appears to have constantly kept in view.

1 1 1 W . W m. ace Malm. Wm alm . M . ’ ’ H o rolo s Ri de to B osh am 2 , 7

VBI : bAROLB DVX : AN GLORVM EET S VI M ILIT es s l ITAN T s AD Bo shAm

Wher e H a r old a chi e o the E n lish and his , f f g , B hm hts r ide to osham. g ,

I . 1 1 . AN D . PLATES , III

Harold is called Duke of Wessex and Earl of Kent by contemporary historians ; it is evident that the wo rd Di m: is here used to point him out the an d as one of chiefs of the English nation, not c c as conveying a spe ifi title . T to c his Bosham, whi h they rode, had been the property of the Archbishops o fCanterbury till the n n v u o Earl Godwi e, bei g ery desiro s to btain this m i A o c anor, and meet ng the rchbish p in a ertain c v c o co r pla e, ad an ed t wards him with feigned dialit x Do mi h i B asi i i m y, e claiming, , give me the

i .e. c c A c kiss ( the kiss of pea e), whi h, when the r h B oseham bishop had done, he interpreted it , and o o immediately to k possessi n of it, thanking the 1 f r Archbishop o his generous gift. Dr Harold , says . Bruce , is represented twice in this group o nce lifting up his hand in an attitude his u of command , and again with hawk pon his fist to betoken his high rank ; a simpler expla to nation , however, would seem be that, during the audience which is depicted in the previous

B rit. v. 2 . Mag . 49 es r 2 8 The B ay eux Tap t y .

compartment, the mounted attendants have waited without the palace ; they are now joined by

Harold, who leads the way, his hawk perched on o c his fist, and his dogs sc uring the ountry before It o o i him . is well kn wn to pers ns conversant w th B ucarcl a antiquity, remarks Mr. , that the gre t men of those times had o nly two ways of being o ut accoutred when they set upon a journey,

o f war of . either in the habiliments , or the chase

Harold , as going on an errand of peace , we find ’ here represented in the latt er . The knight s hawk and hound were cherished by him with a pride and care scarcely inferior to that bestowed on his ou r c destrier. Fabul s p i es were paid for these r birds, and so highly we e they esteemed that the ancient statutes fo rbade any person giving his is ra A hawk as a part of h nsom . mongst the A - x f nglo Sa ons hawking was a avourite pastime, but it was reserved for the Normans to raise o f c falconry to the dignity a s ience, and thus we find that nearly all the words appropriated to the

sport are old French . Severe and arbitrary laws

were enacted by William , for regulating sports and m c co u protecting ga e , whi h ntin ed to be rigidly enforced during the respective reigns of his several

successors . None but persons of rank were allowed to keep hawks ; and it was the Forest

Charter of King Henry I I I . which relaxed this oppressive restriction and by which every free

man was privileged to have eyries of hawks, o wn falcons and eagles , in his woods , with heron

ries also . Though several hawks are introduced in the ’ Hd r oid s Ride to B osham 2 . 9

course of the tapestry, in no one case is the bird The u provided with a hood . hood was intro d ced 1 2 00 from the East about the year , and as, after o co its intr duction , it was nsidered an essential m c part of the equip ent of the bird , its absen e from the tapestry is conclusive evidence of its compara 1 tivel y early date . We see the jesses (or leather straps attached to the legs by which the bird was o n I bewits held the hand) and, think, also , the u (leather rings ro nd the legs), but no indication of the lo ng and thick white leather glove upon which the bird was always seated in after days . Th e hawks are depicted in the tapestry as of a S ize that could scarcely have been attained even by a the gerfalcon, bird appropriated to the use of m Th e S r E perors . ize is no doubt to add impo t ance to the bearers . H o rses we re introduced into this islan d lo ng f C fo r be ore the hristian era , and employed both The c o warlike and do mestic purposes . r ssing of the English h orses with tho se o f the Romans and o f fEthelstan subsequently, in the reign , with o r r r m r v those imp ted f om Ge any, appea s to ha e o c impr ved the breed, for it be ame so prized abroad that a law was made in 93 0 pro hibiting A exporta ti o n . bout the time of the Conquest a

o c 2 os . n u h rse cost a mare or olt , and an trained mare 60d . William took great pains to impro ve the breed by crosses with the horses of rm a N o andy, Sp in and Flanders , and in his reign the horse was first used in agricultural Operatio ns .

1 B r Dr. uce, p. 3 1 . 3 0 Th e B ay eux Tapestry .

’ It will be o bserved that three o fHarold s dogs a - wear collars fitted with le sh rings, and that the ’ - o horses are hog maned . Har ld s horse seems to have some o rn ament entwined with its mane . u Both saddle and stirrups are sed, the former

being high peaked and apparently made of wood. It seems likely that the stirrup was a somewhat c v n fo r all re ent in entio , the knights in the tapestry do o not use them , and the only f rm of spur that

o ccurs is the pryck .

GC C LGSIA

The Chur ch .

PLATE III .

in Harold and an attendant , who is perhaps 1 a v but tended as representati e of the rest, who is more probably his companion of the introductory c n o f to o s e e, enter the church Bosham , perf rm their devo tions and seek a blessing o n their enter T n r prise . hey gaze earnestly towards the i te ior, a nd g enuflect reveren tially as they cro ss the sacred ’ ro S c o sill . Ha ld s how of piety ontrasting str ngly with the subsequent vio lation of an oath taken m c under the most sole n circumstan es was here, '

r . u m D . Bruce thinks, pper ost in the artist s mind T x ad heir religious e ercises terminated, they ’ o o ur j urn to a neighb ing house , doubtless Harold s, to pass th e remaining time of their stay on shore

1

Dr. B ruc e . 2 , p 3 . 1 Th e Chur ch . 3 in one of those caro uses to which our Anglo - Saxon In ancestors were singularly partial . a solar or large upper hall, the place peculiarly set apart

n . for eating and drinki g , is the feast prepared The tapestry does not S how us the form o f the o u table, but we kn w that it wo ld then consist of a 1

o v c . b ard laid on tressels , and co ered with a loth T m no t c his see s to be a regular meal, sin e the large joint of salted meat which in those days o It f rmed the chief dish does not appear. was probably but a hasty collation o f bread and baked apples washed down with beer o r wine ; in bo wls and horns o f which they are engaged in pledging o ne ano ther when a messenger announces that all ho w are a . It things re dy for their departure is , ’ o ever, p ssible that the Earl s followers are alone feasting here Whilst H arold and his esquire are at ’ o their devoti ns , and that it is Harold s readiness to go on board which the attendant communicates . as r u Be this it may, the Earl and his etin e quickly strip off their nether garments and wade

to o . their boat, carrying the hawk and h unds T o o o hey are f ll wed by the seamen, ars in hand, m n one of whom also carries an i pleme t of which , 11 Dr . a x Bruce st tes , no satisfactory e planation has i o n c been g ven , and which he c je tures may be a throws tick such as was used by the ancient It Egyptian fowlers . appears to me to be simply the leash , which , having been removed from one o f the dogs, is now employed to overcome its reluctanc e to leave the shore ; the bending being 1 W “ ri t omes ofot er Da s . . gh , H h y , p 3 3

P. 3 4. 2 e a eux Ta tr 3 Th B y pes y .

’ but the artist s device to express the flexibility of the material . The border beneath the banquet scene shows tw c o animals engaged in li king their paws, whilst ’ that under Harold s embar kation is illustrated with the fables of the F o x and the Crow and the

Wolf and the Lamb .

H IC MARC

ET V€LIS : VGN T O : PLGN IS VGN IT

IN T GRRA : VVIISON IS C OM ITIS

’ H ere H a r old set sa i l u on the sea aua w t p , i h sails ’ fill ed by the wi ua came to the [a mt of Count Gu y .

IV . . AN D VI . PLATES , V

’ c Harold s party oc upy a large boat, a smaller

one towing astern . T hese are shown twice ; once as leaving England and again as arrived at s o f - the coa t of Ponthieu , which the above men i n d c u t o e Guy was o nt. ’ The representatio n of the Earl s departure is c very spirited , the an hor is weighed and the boat two rides on the swell, persons with poles keep o her from grounding , an ther prepares to set sail, and three seamen rest o n their oars ready to give ’ way at a moment s notice . The but larger vessel is an open boat, the bow w r r s and stern of hich nea ly e emble each other. as

Th e B a eux Ta es r 3 4 y p t y .

H AROLD

PLATES VI . and VII .

c x th Harold . in full ostume, ne t approaches e c o shore in the boat, the an h r is cast, and he pre i s t pares to land. He ready to pay his respects o the lord of the land, but the spear which he carries seems to i ndicate his distrust of a pleasant The o reception . sequel sh ws that his uneasiness - u ffo was not ill gro nded, and a rds an illustration of o the barbarous rights of nati ns then recognized.

APPRebeN DIT : VVIDO °

H A ROLDV :

’ er e Gu seizes H a r t H y o a .

PLATE VII .

It o v T was the custom, bser es Monsieur hierry, ” 1 C o n ué te me in his H istoire de la q , of this mariti r country, as of many othe s in the Middle Ages, to imprison and hold fo r ransom all strangers co thrown upon its ast by a tempest, instead of rendering them any assistance . We here observe for the enforcement of this right, no sooner is ’ o Harold s parley fr m the boat concluded, and he e and his attendant have stripped and waded ashor , than they are arrested by a follower of the Count authoritv who points to him as for his act. What

1

V ol . i . 2 p. 95. ’ u s i s a ol G y e ze H r a . 3 5 ever the nature of the conversation held between Guy and H arold previous to his debarkatio n may c have been , the latter was indu ed to relinquish his a x spear and to land, ret ining only his sa e ; that o but weap n that was never laid aside, , half knife , half dagger, was used at meals , laid by the hand when sleeping, and ultimately deposited in the 1 grave of its owner . With this simple weapon S H arold and his follower prepare to how fight, ’ o u u u h but the C unt s mo nted g ard, f lly armed wit ff lance, sword, and shield , renders e ectual resist ance hopeless , and the Earl , together with his

c . crew, is taken aptive

Guy is here represented as plainly dressed , but A well armed . large sword hangs at his side, a a u - c b silard or h nting knife, whi h a writer in the ’ ” 1 Gentleman s Magazine erroneously co nceived o sus ended ro m to be a h rn , is p f his saddle , and ma r the pryck spur is o n his heel . We y he e point out that the Norman horses are depicted in the tapestry as larger than those o f the Anglo~ x are Sa ons , and that, although the trappings o to o c m n a comm n b th nations, the un ut a e here f lls n bo ed on the neck, instead of bei g g g in the manner already no ticed as then customary in ’ Eng landf It will be noticed that thro ughout the tapestry entire horses are alone represented, the same opinion as to the inefficiency of mares and geldings to perform the more arduous kinds or work appearing to have been then common which still obtains in France .

1 1 lxxiii . . 1 Bruce . 2 . Vol . 1 . Dr. , p 4 p , 3 7 ’ ” 1 - Ladies N e s a er 1 8 1 2 . w p p , 5 5 tr 3 6 Th e B ay eux Tafies y .

GT DVXIT : EVM AD BGLRGM : ET

IBI EVM : T EN VIT

’ ’ ’ A ua l ea him to B ea ur a i u a ua ther e imfir zkoued

him.

AN D IX PLATES VIII . .

The C c author of the hroni le of N ormandy, first 1 8 hi printed in the year 4 7 , states that He led m ” A u to bbeville, but that writer is too inacc rate in to c other instances to be entitled much redit here . A v Montreuil , not bbe ille, being then the capital c and of Ponthieu, and the residen e of its counts, u - - and finding, as we do, that Bea rain la Ville ’ Beaurain - le - Chateau (Ca str um ae B ella- r am ) w u c ere but some two leag es then e , we may safely identify them with the Belrem to which the Count 1 c uc is here mentioned as ond ting his prisoner . The capture shown in the last plate having been f ur an d to ef ected, the party t ns about proceeds ’ ’

c a . ubinal wards the Count s h teau Monsieur J , 8 Dr. o f e Bruce , and indeed most those who hav c c the commented upon this pi ture , onsider that foremost horseman is intended to represent Guy; h he has, say they, now that the chances of a fig t c are over, resumed his loak, and bears on his fist

S e. his hawk, ince his progress is now one of peac 1 “ - Ducarel Au N orm. An F l . ti . o . London 1 6 , g q , 7 7 A pp P 73

Ta . i st. 2 v l Anci ennes o s. o lon fol . ari s 1 8 8 p H b g P , 3

vol . i . . 2 . 3 9, p 3

Bruce . . Dr. p 44 ' ’ a rota i s led t B aur i u H o e a . 3 7

H is bearing is triumphant, his mantle is proudly S u rillets trussed up on the ho lder, his falcon wears g , o or bells , a mark of h nour then greatly esteemed, and turns its beak forwards as ready to take flight ; ’ c o ff whilst H arold s aspe t is t tally di erent, since he o f rill is stripped his mantle and his falcon of its g ets. The bird turning its head to wards him appears to n c n typify the u happy o dition of its master .

Before , however, endorsing the above theory it o r The may be well to notice two three points . c a nd foremost rider wears a mousta he mantle , but s is neither armed nor spurred . He who follow c c is shaven , and has no loak , but arries the basilard r ck u c and wears the p y sp r, all whi h corresponds ’ Th with Guy s portrait in the preceding scene . e rillets absence of g , if they be absent, for this is n o t c a o i n very le rly sh wn the tapestry, now simply T indicates the inferiority of his rank . o my mind the moustache suffices to iden tify the foremost T o u figure with Harold . his w ld reverse the posi ’ o f c o tion the chara ters . Har ld s followers go first, ’ escorted by some of the Count s retainers ; then c r c omes the captive Ea l ; thus pla ed, he is under who n u the eye of Guy, bri gs p the rear with his I I u ho rsemen . do not think that stand q ite alone to in this view , for it appears have been that of ’ ” 1 a writer in the Gentleman s Magazine . It may be no ticed that whilst the foremost rider c r co ar ies his fal n , as usual in the tapestry, on the his c c left hand, right, whi h in ivil life seems to cc have been the bridle hand, is uno upied, the reins

1 ’

n . . lxxiii . . 1 Ge t s Mag p 1 3 8 . str 3 8 The B ay eux Tafie y .

’ hanging on the ho rse s neck . May not this be a conventional metho d o f deno ting that the rider is nc n ot going of his free will ; si e , at a later time, “ to ride S purless appears to have been a phrase almost equivalent to being conducted as a pri 1 soner ?

V BI : hAROLD 1 V V IDO : PARA

BOLAN T :

’ Wher e H a r ola a nd Gu con ver se y .

AN D . PLATES IX. X

’ Harold s sword seems to have been but just re u fo r cu o t rned to him , it is shown first in the st dy ’ o fo n e C as in of the ount s guards , and then held ’ Harold s hand as though he had not had time to

o n . ro uc gird it With one follower, he is int d ed ’ m n into Guy s presence cha ber . Here the Cou t is ’ o n x cu seated a throne, e hibiting the stomary dog s head ornament ; the inferio rity o fhis rank to that m n c ab of a king being, see i gly, indi ated by the o of sence of a cushion . H is feet rest on a f otstool three degrees ; his left hand grasps a huge sword u c r ofj sti e , whilst his ight emphasizes his conversa o o ti n with Har ld, who bows slightly on entering, x n T c and appears to be e postulati g . heir onversa tio n has been supposed to relate to the amount of e ransom required , which we find in this instanc ’ It o s was very considerable . may be that Har ld companion was his co - ambassador that their

At enaeum h ot Octo er 1 8 . h , 3 b , 75 ’ ’ a rota aua u u rs H G y co ve e. 3 9

f Eadward an d mission rom was now declared, permission sought to acquaint Duke William of ’ N ormandy with the critical position of his co usin s c I vassal ; but, for reasons whi h give later (see p . I incline to suspect here a bare announce ’ ment of the advent of the Duke s commissioners . ’ An o c armed attendant t u hes Guy s left arm , and calls his attentio n to so mething passing without ; ’ m probably to the approach ofWilliam s essengers. A man in the doorway leans eag erly forward , his o antic acti n , and the singularity of his costume ,

- o . party col ured and vandyked, suggested to Mr Stothard the idea that this personage is intended ’ 1 to u r Dr. u con represent G y s fool o jester. Br ce ceives an u o o f him n bserved witness the interview, and that he has fo und means to acquaint William u n with the ntoward po sitio of the English . But we shall shortly see that the messenger who came D o to the uke was, as his m ustache indicates, a x Sa on ; whilst the jester, if jester he be, is here T pourtrayed as clean shaven . hey cannot, there f f ore , be identical , and this man may be, a ter all , but the messenger who announces the coming of the Norman emissaries .

1 a Archaeolo i a vol ix. . 1 8 g . . p 9 0 The B a ux a es r 4 y e T p t y .

VBI : N VN TII : VVILLGLM I : DVCIS

V EN ERVN T : AD V VIDON G

’ Wher e Duhe Willia m s messen er s came to G g uy .

X . PLATES I AN D XII .

T wo knights are sent by the Duke to treat with wh o as o o are o u c v Guy ; , s n as they dism nted, re ei es an d n axe them, sta ds with a haughty air, in hand, to S as n o and how, has bee thought, his p wer of life u death o ver his captive . The C o nt is partially i n v n u c o f c habited his war harness , ha i g a t ni s ale o ur m a n n arm beneath his antle ; an rmed atte da t, who s n to off n stand behi d him, seems be eri g ’ co m m s unsel , whilst Willia s es engers press the c obje t of their missio n with great vigour .

TVROLD

PLATE XI .

am co C Gu While the bassadors nfer with ount y, their horses are held by a perso nage wearing a but o n uf c ro c m beard, wh se shave head s fi iently p lai s o It co his nati nality. is mmonly held that the artist a r A c intended him for dwa f, and Miss gnes Stri k land co nceives him to have been the desig n er ofthe ta estr who p y , modestly introduces his portrait here s rather than in a more important scene , but she doe

42 The B ay eux Tafiestry .

c Abbey . H is nie e and heiress was Countess of

Ivo T . Chester, and married aillebois, the Con ’ A n A queror s nephew . lbert and a Richard Fitz Turold D are mentioned in the omesday Book . D m’ uke Willia s governor or tutor was n—amed Turold Tur oldus tener i D ucis pedag og us but he was killed shortly after William became Duke r -Tur l . o d of Normandy Finally, a Gilbe t Fitz held, i o f Watele e at the t me the survey, g , which had K previously been held by ing H arold. This v l Gilbert appears to ha e been a feudatory of Odo. T o D e hrough the kindness of M nsieur ubos , the

o f . LO I learned archivist St , saw a charter bearing Du Tur ld the marks of ke William and of o . eux T o Consta hle of B ay . identify him with the Turold ff I of the tapestry o ers , think, the most satisfactory solution ofthis diffi cult point that has been as yet suggested for it is scarcely reasonable to suppose that a man set to the menial employ ’ ment of holding the horses of the Count s visitors

would be specially referred to by name . The only reason that seems to have suggested the attendant al as worthy of remark is his sm l size ; but this, observation will S how to have been forced upon n o e the artist . Give the label with the name ab v to his head, and the necessity of raising his feet c of the middle distan e , to suggest that he was out c o earshot of the conferen e , and the space int which the unimportant servitor had to be com It the pressed, was clearly defined . is curious if very care taken by the designer to avoid the

1 “ ” ourn l Brit. Arc ol . As o vol . xxiii. . 1 1 . J a hae s c. p 4 ’ ittia r W m s M essenge s . 43 possibility of error S hould have conferred a post humous glory upon the wrong man . If V c my iew be orrect, William, perceiving the ’ c importance of se uring Harold s person , sends o o pe ple of c ndition to negotiate his release, and that o ne in whom the inhabitants of Bayeux would take an especial interest, their Constable, alone is named . With him they would be familiar, and it doubless is his son whose name, as we have seen ” D - above, occurs in omesday as an under tenant o f Bishop Odo .

N VN TII VVILLELM I

’ / tl am s e e er IVi i M ss ng s.

AN D . PLATES XII . XIII

’ A writer in the Gentleman s Magazine con siders these two ambassado rs as different from those whose interview with Guy has just been c noti ed ; and to show it , says he , the groups are c c E separated by a S pe ies of vaulted edifi e . n treaties and remonstrances having failed to procure ’ x Harold s release , William ne t employs menaces . The two or are r o n ambassad s knights , who a rive the full gallop with the lances couched appearing to announce that their embassy is of a less amicable T w character than the former. his vie being sup D r diffidence I r . ported by B uce , it is with that advance the opinion that the order of time is here c inverted, a pra tice by no means uncommon , and

1 Vol lxxiii . . 1 2 2 6. . p 44 The B ay eux Tafestry .

’ c cas o f K E adward s ur of whi h , in the e ing b ial - xxx . S and death bed (Plates i , we hall find I another example in this very work. believe that urn we here see , on their jo ey, the same messengers r va v whose ar i l we ha e already witnessed, whilst the next compartmen t S ho ws us their dispatch by William at the entreaty of the Saxon who has ’ I acted as H a rold s envoy . am by no means certain that this inversion o f chronological se quence S hould n ot be ex tended to the scene of ’ Guy s conversation with Harold and that he only ’ has his sword restored when the Duke s envoys It are at the gates . is as if the artist would say Guy was having a co n ference with Haro ld when ’ the arrival o f the Duke s messengers was an noun ced to him ; here you see him receiving the message this is where they were on the journey ; Du and they were sent by the ke , as you will see x Th u n on c so c o . e in the ne t se ti n b ildi g, whi h much stress has been laid as separating the sup ff o but the posed di erent embassies, is d ubtless c n c ch astle of Beaurai , whi h the horsemen approa as they proceed o n their mission .

rF H IC VENIT : N VN T IVS : AD WIL G GLM VM DVC EM

e H er e the messeng r ca me to D uhe Willi am.

AN D PLATES XIII . XIV.

o n o the William is seated a thr ne, which , with exception of Its having a cushion and the footstool The M essen er ca me to Duhe ill g W i am. 45

consisting of but two steps, nearly resembles that c of Guy . H e re eives the suppliant Englishman , o c c for such his m usta he pro laims him , with a x o c cheerful e pressi n of ountenance, and issues orders to two of his retinue , who turn with alacrity to obey him whilst he yet speaks . We have already seen what duty they were called upon to perform ; its results were, however, of consider a c able import n e, and a watchman, who is posted r fo S in a tree , looks eage ly rth , hading his eyes n with his hand, to retai in sight as long as possible m m s the retreating for s of the e sengers . The envoy approaches William with evident symptoms of awe ; his cro uching posture was con strued o c into deformity by M ntfau on , who was therefore of opin io n that it represented the same dwarf whom we have just seen holding the horses m sa r T of the N orman a bas do s . his opinion was ’ Léchaudé - D Anis adopted by Monsieur y, and even to Mr. Planché goes so far as say that the fact of one Ofthe men - at- arms placing his hand on the head 1 of the messenger i n dicates a familiarity only to be accounted for by the peculiar character of the in 2 to it T dividual subjected . hese learned writers v r o appear, however, to have o e lo ked the fact that the beard and shaven cro wn which appear as such c o f marked characteristi s the dwarf, are not repro f d o x . duce here, whilst all those a Sa on are present It is a matter of dispute whether the building

1 The and of th e man-at-arms i s e ind n ot u on the h b h , p , ’ om are the osition f th Englishman s head . C p p o e hands of

is en ers i n lates i . Vii . x. xi . xxix. xxx. speakers and l t P etc. 1 “ ” rit Arc aeol. Assoc. vol . xxiii . . 1 2 . J ournal B . h p 4 a estr 46 Th e B ay eux T fi y .

1 o it that f llows this scene forms a part of , or 2 If belo ngs to that which succeeds . it related to cou but the latter, it ld be the castle of Beaurain, c whi h , as we have already seen , was a building of o ff r c r v a t tally di e ent chara ter ; mo eo er, the sen tinels o n the walls look towards William on his r c c the th one , whilst, had they been on erned with r c of o c t ansa tions the f llowing ompartment, they would hardly have turned their backs upon so important and interesting a S pectacle as the meet ing o f their master with the po werful Duke of T o c N ormandy. aking these points int onsidera o I c u ti n, we must, think , regard this pi t re as a ’ representation of William s castle of Rouen.

H IC : WIDO : ADDVXIT bAROLDVCD AD VVILGELM V M : N ORMAN

N O RV M : DVC GM

H er e Guy conducted H ar old to IfVilliam uhe o the N r D f o ma ns .

V . A XI . N D PLATES , XV , XVI .

Guy had been himself imprisoned for two years o c his by William , and no doubt rej i ed to have in power one whose person was of value to his u ff o s powerf l enemy, and who thus o ered so delici u h an opportunity for revenge . Having dallied wit the dangerous luxury as long as he thought pru

’

n M v l . l iii . . 1 2 2 Ge t s a . o xx g p 6. 1 in l L n T ub a es a ci ennes a . ist. l v i . . . J , p H o . p 3 3 ’ Guy con ducts Har ola to Willi am. 47

’ c dent, he yielded to William s mena es and the o c pr mise of a heavy ransom , and onducted his 1 D prisoner to Eu , whither the uke , with a troop

c . of armed horsemen , was ome to receive him Eadmer H oveden , Roger of , and others , have

stated that Guy sent Harold to William, but it will be seen that the tapestry supports the asser

tions of William of Poitiers, Matthew Paris, and o f o o f Po n William Malmesbury, that the C unt ’ thieu himself surrendered Harold into William s c hands , at the same time re eiving the promised “ ’ ’it . Gr ates r etuli t concl i nas ter r as acu ransom g , ampl as ac mul tum opti mus et i nsuper i n pecun i i s ma i ma n Our Gu too x do a . friend y was far wary to lose sight of his valuable prisoner befo re an

equally valuable equivalent was forthcoming . S re re William its firmly on his horse , and is p — sented as a strongly and squarely built man i n co mmon with Guy and Harold, he wears the - u c mantle of no ble birth . His post re is indi ative c and of decision of chara ter, we have here, in all ”

f c of o o . probability, no an y portrait the C nquer r o u ubinal M nsie r J , adverting to the remarks ’ which he made upon the scene of Harold s u o jo rney to Beaurain , bserves that his hawk is c on e more turned as if ready for flight, and that

its g rillets have been restored .

’

M . v l . lxxiii . . 1 2 2 nt s a o 6. Ge . g p 1

Dr . B e . 2 . ruc , p 5 1 “ i l ubi al Les anciennes Ta . st. vo . i . J n , p H p . 3 3 . 48 Th e B ay eux Tafiestry .

H IC ' DVX 3 V V ILGELM E C VM bA

ROLDO : VCN IT : AD PALATIV SVV

H er e Duhe I/Vi lli a m to ether wi th H ar old , g

ca me to his palace.

AN D PLATES XVI . XVII .

The o r al a ti um w d p is ambiguous , and we must turn to William of Po itiers for the information that it was to Rouen that Harold was esco rted by 1 T he S o us c o s William . tapestry h ws a spa i u build o f c c r v ing, the roof whi h is a ried by se enteen - semi circular arches . The architectural features o f this edifice exactly resemble tho se represented u c h in man s ripts of the ninth , tenth , and elevent 2 o n centuries . Fr m an adjoini g tower a watchman perceives the safe return of the Duke and his

retinue . N o sooner are they arrived than William gives u D d an a dience to his guest , and we see the ukeseate o n his thro ne listening attentively to a moustached n r c n c o co n o d perso , e og ized by omm n sent as Har l , who apparently introduces a troop of Norman soldiers . What the subject of this conversation was we have now no means of as certaining for certain ; r r m c I in the but, apa t f o a surmise whi h make

1 ’ Willelm is a spelling foun d o n William the Conqueror s coins but Wil elm th e form ado ted in the le end to t is ; g , p g h m of section is undiscovera le. It ro a l i s th e B essin for , b , p b b y,

Wil elm ic is th e s ellin used b William of oitiers etc. h , wh h p g y P , 1 ” ubinal Les anci nnes Ta . . l . 1. . . J , e p Hist vo p 3 3

50 The B ay eux Tafestry .

c o f c in the absen e fa ts, the wildest conjectures have been hazarded . Many of those who have c ommented upon this scene seem to have been unawar e that E lfg ifu 1 co m o is a very m n English name , and to have o o f n fancied that it was a s rt title, meaning quee 2 r r n T Ducarel o p i cess . hus says that this word s ms to r u n l ee have been ather tit lar tha persona , 11 T 1‘ Dr . uc u and Br e , whilst q oting hierry as his u o r S a r esent r om the enzz a th ity for its ignifying p f g , ’ appears to concur in Ducarel s opinion . These o a L o writers seem to have ad pted the ide of ancel t, ’ o u o f Eadward s who argued , fr m the do ble name fElf ifu z El i u u mother g Emma, that fg f was eq i ’ to H la valent fa ig e. Starting with the erro neous opinion that this n word was synonymous with the title of quee , ’ some writers con ceive that William s duchess is 11 f e here pourtrayed, and that a secretary or o fic r ’ n o m and i f r s her of the promise of her daughter s h ,

c Du r . But whi h the ke has just made, to Ha old this is clearly absurd ; for were the term de c to x s riptive, it is a Sa on queen alone that it u The c o h co ld apply . orrect titles of Harold, b t co m before and after his ronation , are ost carefully ne given , showing the pains taken by the desig r S O c o an to avoid anachronisms . ac urate an hist ri

1 ” istor of the N orman Con uest of En land b H y q g , y - 6 6 man vols. 8v l iii . . A . ree o London 1 86 6 vo . . E F , 3 , , 7 9, p 9 ” - i u orm. Ant A A N . . . 1 0 g q pp p . 1 r Bruce . . D . , p 53 “

i rr N orm. n . T e Co . 1 . h y, q p 4 ” l Au - m Anti . 0 ucarc N or . 1 B A . , g q pp p. . ’ A cer a i n Cler h a na E l t fg y na . 51 would never have called the Duchess Queen before her husband had ascended the Eng lisll 1 throne . Several other writers co ntend that one of Wil ’ 2 c liam s daughters is here introdu ed to our notice, ’ but their opinions vary as to the lady s identi ty. 3 A . r r M r. H Gurney thinks that deliza is ep e sented ; a devo tee who se knees are said to have c become horny from in essantly kneeling in prayer, affianced ai A and who died , ag nst her will, to lfonso A r c of Spain . gain anothe writer autions us against o such a suppositi n, and insists that it is on the head of her sister Agatha that a secretary lays 1‘ his hand in to ken of her betro thment z whilst 5 Delaune A Monsieur y asserts that it is dela, was another daughter, who promised to Harold, r to f and subsequently mar ied Stephen, Count o v Blois. We need not, howe er, enter into their for arguments, none of these ladies could have “ IEIf va . been the g y of the tapestry Wace, ’ o o indeed, speaks of Har ld s pr mised bride as n o v Ele but, maki g every all wance for the arieties can co of their names , we hardly nceive that a u person so conversant with the min test details , as a the designer of the t pestry undoubtedly was, ’ should so travesty the name of one of his master s

u . . Dr. B r ce, p 54 Researc es and Con ectures o n the B a eux Ta estr h j y p y, “ C rne 8vO London 1 8 . 1 Archaeolo i by B olton o y, ( , p 9 g a,

nd vol . xix. . z o o . xvii . . 1 0 1 a vol . p , p 1’ “ ” ia vol . xviii. . 6 . Archaeol og , p 3 4 1 ’ ” G vol . lxxiv. . 1 . s Ma . ent. g p 3 4 Ori ine de la Ta isseri e de Ba eux rouvée ar ll g p y , p p e e ” l n r al 8v De au e o o aen 1 82 . . F C ar . . meme, p H y, y , , 4, p 74 2 eux a es r 5 The B ay T p t y .

. AS daughters she was never queen the epithet, u c on the s pposition that it was titular, ould not with pro priety have been applied to her. More ’ m o f o o over, at the ti e H ar ld s visit to N rmandy ’ to w William s daughters were but children , hom we cannot suppose that any formal embassag e u wo ld be sent . 1 Dr c In o . Eald th the pinion of Bru e , the lady is g y , o ff K n an d the wid w of Gru ydd , i g of Wales , sister M orkere to Eadwine and , Earls of Mercia and 11 orthumberland m r N , who Ha old married S hortly co f after his return to England, as his se nd wi e. m c Her na e , as written by Florence of Wor ester, “ ” ’ ff fElf iva di ers little from g , and as H ar old s w ife , even the supposed titular signification would r be right . D . Bruce thinks that the clerk announces ’ o Har ld s safety to his betrothed , who has been temporarily placed in a nunnery, and that an ’ exhibitio n of the Earl s perfidy in thus dallying im he with his English sweetheart, at the t e that n was e gaging himself to another, is intended . ’ Harold s S ister Eadg yth is here recognized by ’ 3 Lé chaudé - D Anis . she M y, who conjectures that was amongst the hostages sent to Normandy at ’ and she the time of her father s rebellion, that Mon now receives news of her deliverance, whilst ‘ sieur Thierry thinks that the mysterious woman embroidress to c es is but an , whom a lerk giv x orders to e ecute the tapestry.

r Bruce . . D . , p 55 Monumenta H istorica 61 -6 , 4 4 2 . 1 ’ “ ” - D Anis Desc. de la Ta y, p. pp. 3 53 4 . “ ” ubinal Ancienn s Ta e ist. l. i . . . J , p. H vo p 3 3 ’ A cer a in Clerh a na £1 na t fg y . 53 P 1 Mr. lanché has pointed out that the i nscrip c tion is left in omplete , and thinks that this fact, coupled with the occurrence of certain very gross

figures in the border, implies a scandal which was so well known at that period as to render a plainer

allusion to it perfectly unnecessary, and which, 11 thus introduced, says Mr. Freeman , goes together Turold a Wa dard with , Vit l , and , to prove the a contemporary date and authority of the t pestry. o n Mr. Planché goes to say that there were only two contemporary personages popularly de ’ si nated zElf ifu o n c g g , c erning whom he has been a c n as — able to trace s a dal attaching Firstly, lf i - II D [E fu . g Emma , sister of Richard uke of u o f fEthelred K N ormandy, the Q een , first , ing o of C G of England , and sec ndly nut the reat, and mother by the former s o vereign of Eadward the f A c to o Con essor. c ording s me historians, she K was accused by Godwine , Earl of ent, and A o C ac Robert, rchbish p of anterbury, of being cessor ur o f so n fElfred y to the m der her , and c ZEIfwine also of a disgraceful intima y with ,

Bishop of Winchester. ZElf ifu o f Secondly, g Northampton, the mistress Earldorman of Cnut, and the daughter of the Wulfr [ una . Elfhelm, by the noble lady Florence e offS wend of Worc ster tells us that she palmed , K the son of a certain priest, upon the ing as his , a like story being told in the case of H arold H are i c fo r foot, with the substitut on of a obbler a priest

as the real father . But having considered these

”

l . Ass c t Arc aeo o . ol . x iii . . 1 ur l ri . v Jo na B h p 4 2 . ” l . vo iii . . 6 . N orm. Conq. p 99 Ta ostr 54 Th e B ay eux p y . c ases, Mr . Planché confesses that he is unable to connect them in any way with the picture under cu dis ssio n . 1 c . We now ome to the opinions of Mr Freeman, x f v I who, having e amined the dif erent iews that v c u o ff c ch ha e re apit lated , ers ertain ideas, whi , o he whilst he wns that they are but guesses, thinks superior to those o f some o thers in not u c s r being absol tely i mpossi bl e. He on ide s it pos

Y lf ifu ma sible that E g , the name assumed by Em o n i l Ethelred me her marr age with , was the na usually adopted by foreign women who married c the English husbands , and that a referen e to ' intended marriage of Harold with Williams daughter may be here proleptically or sarcastic ' Ai lf ifu the ally designed . He states that g was ’ ’ {Elf ar s o e d s name of g wid w, the moth r of Harol fe Eald th c to c n s , g y that ac ording some ac ou t S h e she was of N orman birth , and suggests that might have been living in or visiting her native land c o ma ve at this time, and that her introdu ti n y ha ’ reference to Harold s marriage with her daughter. It Is a probable , he continues , that Harold had S fElf ifu een ister named g , and she must have b his the sister whom Harold promised, as part of ’ to o ne ms oath , to give in marriage of Willia ’ If was nobles . , as he believes, Harold s voyage m x een a ere yachting e pedition , he may have b c S n ac ompanied by his ister, and Guy, not pressi g S he a e his right of wreck on a woman , may h v But found her way to Rouen before her brother .

m. n i 8 N or vol . ii . . 6 . Co q. p 9 ’ A cer ai n Clerh ana P E l na t fg y . 55 he confesses that whoever we may identify with ” fElf iva r the g of the tapest y, the nature of the c transa tion depicted is still a mystery. Where so long a catalogue already ex ists of conflicting theories , emanating from persons, many of whom are entitled to speak with authority, it may seem hazardous work to add another guess I c but I to those have ited, cannot refrain from submitting an idea that has fo rced itself upon me during the s o mewhat protracted study that I have given to this subject . The great difficulty which all seem to experience is the want of connectio n between this scene and c m those whi h i mediately precede and follo w it. c o We find depi ted Harold , attended by s me o o o N rman s ldiers, in conversati n with William then the unexplained representation ; after which ’ Harold departs as the Duke s ready ally on an x c e pedition into Brittany . Wa e has stated that H arold accompanied William on mo re than one In o n . c c raid int Britta y that whi h is here depi ted , occur transactions of which we have no other record ; do we then know the full mo tives which set on foot thi s expedition ? Mr . Freeman remarks DO] c that the governor of , to which pla e the Nor C c mans first proceed , bears the genuine elti name Of Rhiwallo n f to , a amily which seems have been c c D c also onne ted with inan , the pla e upon which x the N ormans ne t advance, for in a list of the o f 1 0 6 lords Brittany who went to the crusade of 9 , 1 R ll n D mention is made of iva o de inan .

1 itre-C evalier La B reta ne Ancienne et Moderne P h , g , ro al 8vo aris . 1 8. y , P p 7 tr 56 The B ay eux Tapes y .

I o n Now, the guess that build these premisses r is, that the inte view between the clerk and the lady took a turn which the artist was reluctant to x h as e press in words , and , therefore, suggested o by the nude figure in the l wer border, which is x m u in e actly the sa e attit de as the clerk, and r m m o f - perhaps by the e otic e ble a dove cote, for I c to o n such take the stru ture be , which his left ’ foot rests ; that the lady may have been Harold s s are S he ister, from her name we certain that was t w DOI his coun ry oman, and residing at with the - ll n e m above mentioned Rhiwa o . Perhaps she a co panied Wulfnoth when he was sent by Eadward into Normandy ; o r after wards became a Sharer

x . If of his e ile this be the true interpretation, the story will run as follo ws Harold announces to William that Violence has been offered to o n e in whose welfare he is in terested , and begs his aid to rescue her whom he ' had promised as a bride to o ne of the Duke s I nobles. hold that it is the N ormans who have brought the news whom H arold introduces in the

preceding scene . We are then shown the cause of his solicitude and the departure of the expedition 1 A . . s to seek revenge Mr Freeman remarks , their approach to Dol is not hostile ; they come forward s to secure the culprit, and it is only when he escape ’ by a rope from the walls and joins the Duke s D to enemies at inan , that it becomes necessary

assume a hostile demeanour to ensure his capture. The reason of the introduction of this expedition

rm. on N o C . v l. iii . 00 q o p. 7 .

ux 58 Th e B ay e Tafiestry .

us o fled . He tells that the friendship of the N rman host was but little mo re advantageous than the o n Rhiwallon h stility of the Breto s , and that begged the Duke to withdraw his forc es ; but of the further m n progress of the allies he akes no mentio , nor D It do es he allude to Rennes or to inan . will be ho w c x tw seen , then , much discrepan y e ists be een v L his ersion and that of the tapestry. Hence ord Lyttelto n assumed that the tapestry was wrong f r o c C c . ontradicting the hroni le , whilst Mr Planché argued the inaccuracy o f William o f Poitiers

fo r . being at variance with the tapestry But, 1 M r . no c as Freeman points out, there is distin t co r c o o nt adi ti n between the two auth rities , and the reco nciliation of their accounts is easy if we u o m o o n or s ppose an issi n the part of the hist ian. 2 o n C a x a of Mr. Bolt orney thinks th t the e plan tion the seeming discrepancy is that the Norman army on its return halted at Bayeux ; and that the r o wa riors recounted their adventures , the mem ry of which was preserved by tradition and repro duced c in the lo al handiwork, though it escaped o f c the pages the hronicler . A w - c vie of Mont Saint Michel , he ontinues, is c to introdu ed in this episode , but no events occur u T c cu x req ire it . his ir mstance also admits ofe - ch planation ; for the priory of Saint Vigor, whi re - v ma m was built by Odo , had recei ed its in tes fro - o Mont Saint Michel , and the nomination of its abb t s was one of the rights of the Bishop of Bayeux.

N orm. n o . ol . i i 00 C q v i . p . 7 . 1 B olt n o Corne . 1 8. y, p i r Bez e s H . 1 2 S . E . , . p 9. h e cross th e Ri ver uesn n T y Co o . 59

It will be noticed that, in the upper border, a u o n fig re , seated what is possibly an episco pal thro ne oin ts to , p the building as if it were worthy . i o of spec al attenti n .

CT hIC : T RAN SICRVN T : F LU M GN ' C OSN ON IS

A nd her e the cr ossed the River uesnon y Co .

AN D PLATES XX . XXI .

T [ ll c—et Vilai ne his river, in the department of , enters Cancale Bay nearly o pposite M o nt Saint c o o Mi hel , after a generally n rthern course of s me Odd c fifty miles, for the last twenty of whi h it is The navigable . Couesnon fo rms the boundary o The between N rmandy and Brittany. passage of this river, which the changing tides fill with a n u n movi g sand, is freq e tly attended with great o n o danger. Shifting as it d es , a k wledge of the locality is n o t always a safeguard against the c to c o f trea herous sand , and to add the inse urity 1 c o the wayfarer, thi k fogs ftentimes close rapidly o u c c ar nd him , so that he is unable to rea h a pla e of security before the rising flo od s weeps him to u c S his r in . Su h is the pot in which the Normans It find themselves . is considered safest to cross u on foot, and most of the riders have dismo nted . One man attempts to ford the stream on horse back the animal misses its footing and falls, whilst

istoire ittores ue du Mont Saint-Mic el ar Maxi H p q h , p ” i 2 l 8vo ar s . . milieu Raou , , P p 7 eux Ta str 60 The B ay fie y .

the unlucky rider is thrown . But despite these v disasters order is obser ed, and great care appears o f to have been taken to prevent the wetting arms. We see the soldiers bearin g their S hields above

their heads, nor are their swords allowed to touch

the water. Fishes and eels form the subject of the lower 1 The o n ma he fo border . fish conj i ed y intended r S o f o P i sces the ign the z diac , , and to indicate the

season of the year .

bIC : bAROLD : DVX : T RAbGBAT : GO S Z D6 ARGN A

H er e H a r old the E ar l dr agg ed them out ofthe ’ i chsa Qu na .

. AN D PLATES XX XXI.

Some Of the N o rman soldiers were sinking r deeply into the moving sands , or were being bo ne

away by the flood, when H arold came to the u rescue . He is here represented as a man of n u ad us al stature and strength , and these personal vantages are of great service to his allies in this x c e tremity. One man he atches up upon his back, whilst he drags another by the hand from the T source of danger. hese feats of bodily prowess, and the ease with which his unaided strength suf ficed to sustain the sinking, were well calculated to 1 It is a curious coincidence t at suc lin ed fis es are in h h k h , ina em l matic of con u al fidelit a si nifi C e . Could suc h , b j g y h g cance be traced to mediaeval N ormandy we might suspect a u tle sarcasm at the ex ense ofE lf s b p gyva. Rennes . 6 1 impress the minds of his companions in days when c hl brute for e was so hig y esteemed, and that it did so live in their memory the tapestry is witness ; ’ but besides this tribute to the English earl s thews x o and sinews , it seems that the designer was an i us not to omit the smallest circumstance which dis x plays the strict union that e isted, at this time, between H arold and William , in order that the ’ former s subsequent conduct might appear the 1 m It be o ore disloyal . may also that H ar ld, as vitally interested in the o bject of the expedition to used his utmost exertions secure its success .

R G D N G S

Rennes .

AN D PLATES XXII . XXIII.

2 In th e o m opinion of s e writers , the town of Rennes is here represented as the place to which o as f c C nan fled, or the asylum , at least, of his or es ’ 3 Du rm fro m the pursuit of ke William s a y. Rennes n was the capital of Brittany, and the usual reside ce r of Conan it might , therefore , be natu ally sup posed that he would seek S helter there from the 4

s . . invading N orman Mr Freeman, however, thinks to that a pursuit of Conan Rennes is not intended, and that it is depicted for no other purpose than to

ndi cate the point reached, in the same manner

1 ’ ” Ma vol . . 1 2 2 s . lxxiii . . Gent. g p 7 1 ’ ” l 1 2 2 s Ma . vo . lxxiii . . . Gent. g p 7

6 . Bruce . Dr. , p 3 ” on . vol . ii i . . 00. N orm. C q p 7 es r 62 Th e B ay eux Tap t y .

that we have just noticed the introduction of Mont — In o f V w Sain t Michel . support this ie , it is to be Observed that the scale upo n which the town is x D shown, is less than that of Bayeu , inan, etc. , the transactions connected with which immediately

concern the progress of the history, and besides, the tranquillity with which sheep browse upon the fortifica tio ns is incompatible with the sustentation

of a s iege .

ET VCN GRVN T AD DOL : €T °

C ON AN z—F V GA V€RTIT :

A nd the came to B ot a nd Conan e y fl d.

AN D PLATES XXI . XXII . Answering those who object that the advance o Do l i n up n , as shown the tapestry, is at variance

n x o Mr. with the written accou t of the e pediti n, Freema n remarks th at there is nothing in the pic ture which at all co ntradicts the description of m P to Willia of oitiers , as what happened at this D ’ place . uke William s approach to the city is im clearly not hostile ; he himself, and those who u mediately surround him , are not even in armo r ; l nor are there any defenders on the wa ls , such as

we shall presently see at Dinan . The inscription which the artist has used to explain his work is ” Vener ant Dol ca me Do] simply ad , they to ; “ whilst in the other case it is P reg nan t contra ht 1 inantes D n. D , theyfig against the men of ina

1 “ man r . ree N o m on . l iii F C vo . . . 00 , q p 7 . Fi h a ai ns the M en o Di n 6 g t g t f na . 3

On the mo—und upon which the town is built are two cockatoo like birds ; these seem to greet one o f another affecti nately, and, ollowing out the sym holism which many writers have discovered in the r c tapest y, would indi ate the peaceful meeting of Rhiwallon William and unless , indeed, they allude to the billing and cooing of the priest and ZElf c g yva. Mr. Freeman onfesses his inability to offer any explanatio n o f the man who descends from the walls by a cord ; but he has been thought ’ to be a messenger sent to inform V illiam of the 1 x c n e tremity to whi h the i habitants were reduced.

My suggestion , as already stated (p . is that cul [Elf va we here see the prit in the g y scandal . At c o f D the approa h the uke , the fame of whose prowess and cruelty had preceded him , Conan h raised the siege and sought safety in flig t.

bIC M ILITGS VVILLGLM I : DVC IS PVGN AN T : C ONTRA DIN AN TGS '

ET : C VN AN : C LAVGS : POR

RGXIT z

’ H er e Duhe William s soldier s fig ht ag ai nst the men

Dinan and Cona n r eached out the he s. of , y

X . . AN D . PLATES X III , XXIV XXV

The story of the siege of Dinan belongs wholly to the tapestry, for here alone is a record of such

’ lxxiii 1 2 ent s Ma . vol . . . 2 G . g p 7 str 64 The B ay eux Tafie y .

It a transactio n to be fo un d . is strange that William o f Poitiers sho uld have o mitted all men tio n o f S O considerable an explo it ; but the diffi ’ culty is a good deal lessened if we accept Wace s m to c I u state ent , whi h have already all ded, that Harold ah d William were compan ions in more than on e of these Breto n raids . 1 n c c a r r Mr. Pla hé has advan ed athe startling r n c o u c H pro positio n with refe e e t this s bje t. e D thinks that Rennes , and not inan , may be the city that Co nan IS surrendering S in ce the Inscrip c tion does not designate another pla e , but simply in fo rms us that it is the soldiers o fDin an who are

fighting against those of Duke William . Forces m D n u v c d fro ina might, he conject res , ha e mar he cu of c o n of to the res e the apital , and the defeat c u C onan would be ompelled to s rrender. I co u M T u r. his is ingenio s , but nc r with n D d Freema that a siege of inan is really intende , and no t a siege of Rennes . The representation now under consideration offers an excellent illustration o fthe mode of war i The o f is fare n that day . attention the defenders ccu u r ofc o d o pied with a f rious cha ge avalry, who h l c ur dischar their o se to the very gate of the town , g T he ing missiles against the besieged. hese gat r u n to the spot where danger threatens, some vent ri g r a cr h and forth on to the b idge th t osses the ditc , return the showers of javelins with right good will. Two con Norman knights , apparently men of S c c v e sequence, in e ea h has a banner, take ad antag

“ m n rm N o . on . . 1 ree a iii . 0 . F C vol . , q p 7

r Bri r . A ou n . l ss c l ii . 1 . t. A c o o xxi . ae . v J h o . p 45

es tr 66 The B ay eux Tafi y .

’ o one hand, the helmet on Har ld s head, whilst 1 c o f u with the o ther he bra es the straps his ha berk. The Anglo - Sax on o rder o f chivalry was as strongly marked and as highly esteemed as that of o m n ro m o ff d the N r a s , f which , h wever, it di ere co n c c of nsiderably, the former havi g the hara ter a u c o r religio s erem ny, whilst the latter was egarded

as a military distinctio n . The Saxon candidate fo r knighthood wen t through a probationary period n c n e of fasting and pe an e , whe , having confess d S s a n d r c o o his in e eived abs luti n, he was girded n r who h with a belt by the officiati g p iest, laid t e T blade of a sword upon his shoulders. his cere n c o s mony was e essarily performed on fo t, whil t o r m r t in that of the N mans , whose ilita y streng h lay c v o their a alry , was always performed on h rseback. It has been noticed that the mode of conferring knightho od employed o n this o ccasio n is a com tw tw o m n promise be een the o uses . B th Willia a d o o n c o f r is Har ld are foot, but the agen y a p iest

dispensed with . The tapestry seems here to corro bo rate Orderi cus who us ed Vitalis , tells that William reward ’ x rms Harold s e ertions with presents of splendid a , In c c s horses , etc ontradi tion to Wace, who lay the scene of the ceremony of knighthood at A o r c m o f cam vranches , bef e the om encement the ai n n p g in Britta y.

Q uant il fu au Duc commun ez Q ui aAurences donc estoit Et en B retaig ne aler vouloit Lale fist le Duc Chevalier

1

D . B ruce . 6 r , p 6 illi am comes to B a eux 6 W y . 7

Armes et dras li fist bailli er A lui et a ses compai g non s ’ Puis l envoya sus les Breton s.

’ W en arold was conducted to the Du e s resen ce h H k p , Who at t at time was at Avranc es h h , An d i s ed to o into B ritann w h g y, The Du e created him in t at lace a ni t k , h p , k gh ; Ar ms and clothing he caused to be distributed hi hi s com anions To m and p , m n h r And then sent him a o g t e B etons.

It is more likely that William would confer such a dignity as a r eward of services rendered an i than as incent ve to prowess. We can only reconc ile the conflicting s tatements if we suppose that this incident occurred after one and befo re another of those Breton raids of which Wace has spo ken and that the two authors are thinking of two different expeditions .

I) I€ VVILLELM VGN IT : BAC IAS VRI hAROLD : SAC RAM EN TVM : F EC IT VVILLGLM O DVC I

er e Willi am came to B a eux wher e ld H y , H a r o de an oath to Duhe ma Willi am.

T . AN D PLA ES XXVI XXVII .

Wace tells us that to receive the oath William It caused a parliament to be called. is commonly

1 “ m R u t. 11 . 2 62 u d Ro an de o ote b Sir S . R . Me ric , , q y y k, ” t In ol . i . . . Cn . q. v p 4 a tr 68 Th e B ay eux T fies y .

1 x said, that it was at Bayeu that he had this great c ouncil assembled . He sent for all the holy bodies ut S O o f t thither, and p many them together as o o c an d c v fill a wh le hest, then o ered them with a pal]; but H arold neither s aw them nor knew of their being there ; for nought was S hown o r told o u v c c him ab t it and o er all was a phyla tery, alled ’ ” - co u c . the bull s eye , the best that he ld sele t When ro ac o Ha ld pl ed his hand up n it, the hand trembled and the flesh qui vered ; but he swo re and pro mised o to to to upon his ath take Ele wife, give S in m r to o rma o and to his ister ar iage a N n n ble, deliver up England to the Duke ; thereunto doing o cco r to m all in his p wer, a ding his ight and wit, r o f Eadward S o v so afte the death , if he h uld li e, help him God and the holy relics there ! Many “ a ! h d cried, God gr nt it and when Harold a r u f the kissed the saints and had isen pon his eet, Duke led him up to the chest and made him stand o ff had near it, and took from the chest the pall that v S o o co ered it, and howed Har ld upon what h ly relics he had sworn he was sorely alarmed at the sight. Different writers have given most varying ac co unts o f the time and scene o f this celebrated a c o a o ne tr nsa tion , William of P itiers pl cing it at B n Orderic o e ville , and at R uen whilst the stat ments of the nature of the oath range from an engagement to surrender the kingdom of England

1 B a ias a local ort o ra is a crasis of Ba ocas and g , h g phy, j ' e uivalent to B ai as ic a roac es the st le of t ose q , wh h pp h y h ' monuments in ic the to n i s termed Bai a Baiae and wh h w , , m Baiaru . a rold mahes 6 H oath . 9 to William to a simple undertaking to marry one 1 of his daug hters . The version of the story which has been com u I mo ly received have quoted above , but much of u it is doubtf l , and a part is hardly in accordance c u with the pi t re in the tapestry . H ere we see Duke William seated in state upon an elevated throne , whilst the unfortunate Harold stands bare - headed between a reliquary and an o n c x altar, whi h , with e tended hands, he prepares to register his vo w. He may have been surprised when he was sh o wn how formidable a collectio n the wil D c but ofsaintly bones y uke had ollected, he v o u u must have been pre i usly s re that the reliq ary, 1 u c r which is of an sual kind, ontained some elics ; n o r is it easy to imagine that any bodies could add to the sanctity of an o ath taken upon the body of C hrist himself ; and if the concealment of the relics o be insisted upon , it must be all wed that the H ost x is plainly e hibited on the altar. William had , a c c indeed, no tempt tion to employ su h an artifi e, o was since , at this time , Har ld completely at his mercy ; and later, when , before the battle of ’ c o r Du Senla , Har ld eturned an answer to the ke s ia message that his oath was void, he grounds its validity not upon its having been obtai n ed frau

dulentl . y, but that it was made under compulsion Th e flo riated eagles joined by a bar, below the ux representation of Baye , may be intended to ’ indicate the extent to which Harold s oath bound m him to Willia . 1 “ rm n . l . iii . 686 et se Freeman N o . Co vo . . , q p , q 1 r B r ce . 68 . D . u , p 7 0 Th e B ay eux Tafiestry .

— hIC bAROLD : DVX : REVERSVS : CST AD AN GLIC AM : TERRAM :

l r etur ned to E n la H er e H ar old the E a r g nd.

AN D PLATES XXVII . , XXVIII . XXIX.

The o x n ath once e torted, William no lo ger o f u - the hinders the departure his q asi guest, and u c m Earl was , no do bt, but too glad to es ape fro a court where the civilities S hown were of so s c equivocal a nature . N o ooner is the eremony o re of doing homage c mpleted , than Harold p - ar The ch pares for his re emb kation . ship in whi he sets sail in no way differs from the o thers that o cc an d o n of ur in the tapestry, the peculiarities c I a o ff r The whi h have lready ered a few emarks . c n crew, from their leanly shave faces , are appar ’ o n u e o d s ently N rma s , nless ind ed they are Har l x o o on Sa on f llowers , who have f llowed the fashi The se which then o btained in Normandy. ves l m n ed nears the land , and, whilst the sea e are busi in getting the running rigging ready to lower r n o I c n c v to be away, a tall pe so age , wh m o ei e x us Harold, leans against the mast and gazes an io ly c n towards the shore . On the bea h is a buildi g , 1 ’ c r u c of whi h D . Br ce takes to be Harold s pala e o r - which a Bosham , from the pier landing stage of ’ b watchman descries the travellers return , whilst y 1 I ua other writers , with whom agree , this individ l

1 . P . 7 ’ la ist. sur M . vol . lxxi 2 2 t. nt. s a ii 1 N o Ge g . p. 7 H

Ta . 1 2 p p. . Ha rold comes to i n E adwar 1 K g d . 7

has been thought to be a woman , rejoicing at the I return of her lord . am somewhat surprised that the learned do ctor has not used this conjecture to o Eald th support his the ry, and identified herwith g y , “ ” fElf i va r whom he holds to be the g of the tapest y, and to have been left by H arold in England in a place of safety when he went forth on his ex i pedit o n. Whichever be the sex of the watcher on the ’ S n x to gate, others hare the a iety witness Harold s n retur , and every window is filled with heads , h r stretc ed out to scan the app oaching vessel .

ET VCN IT : AD : € DVVARDV R€G€M

d ame to Ki n E adwar A n c g d.

AN D PLATES XXIX . XXX .

o a s No sooner is Har ld landed, than he st rt on horseback for the court of his royal master. H e o is attended by a m unted squire, whom he appears to be sending forward, doubtless to announce his The re re coming . Earl , it will be observed, is p sented without a moustache ; this can scarcely have been due to an unintentional omission on the part of the artist ; since the figure (Plate I identif which y with H arold, is shaven and the undoubted H arold (Plate xxx ii .) appears with an I imperfect moustache, think, as suggested in the ’ S case of the hip s crew, that all the English tem ril pora y submitted to the customs of Normandy. x a ostr 7 2 The B ay eu T p y .

Harold is next shown entering the presence ’ T he K x chamber of Eadward . ing s e pression of ’ co c untenan e, as he listens to the traveller s account but of his adventures, betokens anything an agree u o r u able reception for the nf t nate Earl . Here the tapestry illustrates the N o rman view of the motive ’ which prompted Harold s ex pedition ; fo r had he S m u of o wn i ply failed pon an errand his , and against x c K him the e e ution of which the ing had warned , Eadward wo uld rather have laughed at him than 1 o c o f v have taken seri us noti e the misad enture. 2 It has been suggested that the man who follows u wh o ca r -axe Harold is his esq ire, r ies his battle ;

o f Dr . uc o but the opinion Br e is m re plausible, ’ o n u n that Har ld s entra ce is that of a g ilty perso , ’ and that the axe is bo rne by o ne o f the King s s o r r to attendant , and is turned t wa ds the Ea l betoken that he had committed an offence worthy o n o f death . We see that his journey neither H arold nor his moustached esquire carried such a o weapon ; that it is held by a shaven man , pr bably ’ one of Eadwa rd s Norman favourites ; and that ’ K n the man on the ing s left hand , who is certai ly T s axe . one of his English guards , bears an hi the time , however, the edge is turned away from c S ulprit, to how that, after the rebuke had been

n. administered , the interview terminated in a pardo The K his ing, it will be noticed , has reversed

sceptre , the emblem of his power, perhaps that o h Har ld , like Esther, might draw near and touc ’

it . , and live

1 1 “ ’ 8 . n l lx iiI. . 1 2 2 . 2 t Ma . vo . x Br c . Ge s Dr. u e, p g p 7 1 i 1 1 Est er v. and v. 2 . h ,

x a estr 74 Th e B ay eu T fi y .

co at Westminster, where a sar phagus was pre r The pared to receive the royal co pse . recent completion of the edifice is indicated by a young o u o L to man , errone usly s pp sed by ancelot be a hell - r i n er who x g , is still engaged in fi ing the

- weather cock at the east end . v c u c c ch O er the h r h hangs a loud, from whi o e issues a right hand, with the f re and middl f x o o . A fingers e tended, in the act benedicti n S imilar hand is found upon medals struck on the r a T m death of Constantine the G e t. his emble may be S imply equivalent to the so ul bo rne heaven o n u o wards , as represented sep lchral m numents, or indicate that the ho use he had reared to the glo ry of his Go d was a fitting resting- place for the departed ; it may represent the divine bene o i c s consecra diction the de ea ed , or allude to the o r o o n ti n of the ea lier f undati n , which had bee a ttended by great an d miraculous manifestations 1 v n It r c h of di i e approval . is e orded that the nig t o befo re S . Mellitus was to dedicate the m nastery C u e erected to S . Peter, a man , lad in strange vest r , c u ur f r n c r to ried from ho r to ho , of e i g a ri h rewa d u r A fisher him who S ho ld take him o ve the river. r c was man , hearing his cries , fer ied him a ross, and e permitted to witness a vision of angels , S . Pet r ch himself ordering him to let down his net, whi The S . doing, he captured a large hoal of fish was Greek alphabet, thrice written in the sand, the S ign by which he was to make known the s n truth of his vision to the priests , whom the ai t

1

MS . Lib. ni . m ir 1 U Ca b . c ca 2 4 : ’ Ki ng E adwar d s Funeral . 75 commissioned to announce S pecial absolution to the faithful in that edifice . ’ The E w s representation of ad ard obsequies , it r will be rema ked , precedes the pictures of his c v c si kness and death . We ha e already noti ed, in c o ur x o S tran s osi the ourse of e aminati n , imilar p 1 c tions , but here the arrangement has a pe uliar c It o significan e . indicates , not nly the haste of K the funeral, that the ing was , so to say , buried o before the breath had well quitted his b dy, but also that the preliminary po rtion of the history is r we te minated, and that now enter upon a new c subject, the right of suc ession to the vacant o thr ne . A n impo rtant element of the title to the crown ’ Eadward s is is bequest, and therefore it that his death bed is chosen for the Ope ning Ofthe section S pecially devoted to the substantiatio n of the ’ a to Eadward Norm n claim the death of , Harold s c n immediate oro ation forms a striking sequel, the force o f which would have been weakened by the c introdu tion of an intervening scene .

1 See p. 44 . 6 The B a eux a estr 7 y T p y .

bIC €ADVVARDVS z R€X IN L€CTO

ALLOWIT : F I DELES

’ ’ H er e Ki n Eadwar a i be s eahs to his Vass n a als. g , , p

PLATE XXXII .

The fideles s word may be rendered va sals, for 1 . L c x M Paul a roi says , that to the companions or to T c comites , who, according a itus , attached u o f r themselves to the fort nes the Ge manic chiefs, o L eudes succeeded the Mer vingian , who, when ’ K c T assembled, formed the ing s ouncil . hese

leudes were persons of great importance, owing to

the number of their retainers , and did not hesitate to declare their Opinion even when it was directly ‘ Opposed to the royal wil The name of Lender was abandoned under the second of the French e c F ideles c dynasti s , and repla ed by that of , whi h soon became a common designation both of the

vassals of the c rown and o f those of the nobility . Delaune the M . y, arguing the Norman origin of x h tapestry, states that this e pression is only met wit —in French authors , or in the charters of their kings in r I. . those of Hen i , etc , and that in the English 1 charters we read mi ni str i in place offideles. Before turning to the immediate subject of this I Of x m scene , may fer a few remarks , e tracted fro ’ ” 1 o D the Mr. Wright s H mes of Other ays , upon

bed on which the dying king reclines ; for, indis

Mmurs Usa es et Costumes du Mo en A e im . 8vo , g y g , p ,

1 8 1 . 1 6 . Paris, 7 , p 1 “ 1 de la Ta . de Ba . . . . . Orig . p y p 75 P 59 i n E adw d ed /es o h i s Vass K g ar sp t als . 77

pensable as we now consider this article of furniture , it is probable that what we call bedsteads were r then rare , and only possessed by people of ank . T he bed itself seems usually to have consisted m ac scecci n r erely of a s k ( g ) , filled with st aw and c c o u laid on a ben h or board. Hen e , the w rds sed co bmnce mmonly to signify a bed were (a bench), w r w an d str eo S . All c ( t a ) , in fa t, that had to be a was to c done when a bed was w nted, take the sa k o ut c st o r c of the y hest, fill it with fresh straw, and lay it on the bench . In u c ordinary ho ses , it is probable that the ben h for the bed was placed in a recess at the S ide of 1 the room , in the manner we still see in Scotland ; c c cota co t cr b and hen e the bed was alled , a ; y , a r cl o r c c o r c c ib or stall and if lyf a re ess loset . U nder the head was placed a bolsta r a n d a fy l e c f (pillow), whi h was probably also stuf ed with straw ; but o n one oc casio n we read o fpul vi na r un um de alleo o o f r c p , that is , a pill w a so t of ri h c I n cloth then made, and whi h am inclined to thi k the tapestry here intends to represent. The clothes with which the sleeper was covered sc te S bed- elt bed were y , a heet ; f , a coverlet ; and

- r ea c o . f, bed l thes Eadward is S ho wn as fully dressed in his royal o o apparel to receive his s rrowing friends we kn w, w ho ever, from a host of authorities , that it was the general custo m of the middle ages to go into bed quite naked . o But to c me to the subject of this compartment.

1 “ ” Art Ram les i n S etland b o n T . Reid small to b h , y J h , 4 ,

Edin ur 1 86 . 60 . b gh, 9, p st 78 Th e B ay eux Tape ry .

The King had specially summo ned the Witan of to co ur m n to all England his t at West i ster, be present at the consecratio n o f the newly-built o f I u . o n o ch rch of S Peter, the feast the H ly nno 1 had c m can cents . But the day o e that no man

c Eadward w r to . f es ape , and dre nea die H is ef orts i n c r u r to take part the eremony we e f tile, his pa t was performed by his wife and when the news of co c u to him the mpletion of the eremony was bro ght , c o n to he sank ba k his pillow as if say, it is finished. five S c c x For days his i kness in reased , on the si th u two in his voice was ina dible , and for days he lay x u A T c o . t o n u a state of omplete e ha sti n last, h rs th n u 1 066 o u os day, the 5 Ja ary, , he aw ke in f ll p ss o of n s c In the se i n his se ses and of his pee h . tapestry we see his n ea rest kin an d the chiefs of ’ ou o u m n his realm gr ped ar nd the dying a s bed. n o c Accordi g to the bi grapher ited by Mr. Free 2 r are r a and man , on eithe side Ha old the E rl ’ r At A c o . su Stigand the hbish p the bed s head, p o n r porting the pillows which his royal master ests, o o n u oo is R bert the Staller, and the gro nd, at the f t L Ead th of the bed , the weeping ady g y , apparently ’ c o m u nd kneeling , herishing in her bos her h sba s 11 c feet, hilled by approaching death . One writer has doubted if indeed this wo m an can be either ’ n o r h the Confessor s co sort his mother, since bot had been disgraced by him ; but we have the ‘ authority of the contemporary life o fEadward for n Eacl u as to the prese ce of g yth . My own do bt is W P i 1 06 . I. g . 5

rm n . v l . iii . N o . Co q o p . 9 . ’

l l xi . 1 Ma . vo . x v . 1 . ent. s i . G g p 3 4. V ta Badw 43 i n E adward s eahs t hi V K g p o s assals . 79

In o the identity of the ecclesiastic . b th co mpart ments the ano nymous cleric is depicted as bald and r bea ded , whilst Stigand, where he is named (Plate c an - is le shaved and, but for his tonsure , has I to plenty of hair . believe the artist have with drawn Stigand from scenes where his presence u Eadward would reflect pon , and to have intro ’ d uced him when Harold s coronation was to be u o called in q esti n . K u We see that the ing is raised p in bed, he had seen a vision, and prayed that, unless true , he T might be powerless to declare it . hen , to the o r u or o r o f horr of his a dit s , he foretold the s rows c Go d fire England, ursed by , and harried with and o S o u sw rd, whilst fiends pread thr gh the land in

x . c o wild e ultation H is propheti visi ns related, E adward gave orders for his burial in the newly m c c o erected inster . H e he ked the grief of th se u c o aro nd him, addressed words of ons lation to his o sorr wing wife , and begged that his death might S u n not be kept secret, lest he ho ld lose the be efit ’ T m o f r . his people s praye s hese atters arranged, u c u he reverted to the s bje t of the s ccession . Wace us o tells that it was f rced upon him , for that Harold assembled his kindred and s ent for his r and f iends and other people , entered into the ’ K be ing s chamber, taking with him whomsoever A n n . as pleased E glishman began to speak first, c an d H arold had dire ted him, said, Sire , we sorro w greatly that we are about to lose thee and c we are mu h alarmed, and fear that great trouble may come upo n us . N o heir of thine remain s who may comfort us after thy death On 80 The B ay eux Tapestry .

c cr and this a count the people weep and y aloud, say they are ruined, and that they shall never have

ou failest . And I peace again, if th them in this , o u u tr w, they say tr ly ; for witho t a king they will no c a c o have pea e , and king they ann t have, save u thro gh thee . Behold the best of thy people, the no blest of thy frie n ds ; all are come to beseech u u o thee , and tho m st grant their prayer before th u n All o nc ou ot . c m g est he e , or th wilt see God o e to implore thee that Harold may be king of this

. can v n o v c no land We gi e thee better ad i e , and n u AS o n n m better ca st tho do. s o as he had a ed m c out Harold , all the English in the cha ber ried K u t that he said well, and that the ing o ght o “ !” “ . ou give heed to him Sire they said , if th ” n v r our v dost it not we shall e e in li es have peace. T K in hen the ing sat up his bed, and turned his n o ! face to the English there , and said , Seig i rs you well know and have ofttimes heard that I have given my realm at my death to the Duke of N or m n I v me a dy ; and as have gi en it, so have so ” r But o among you swo n that it shall go . Har ld, “ r f e who stood by, said, Whateve thou hast hereto or I and done , Sire , consent now that shall be king, I o e that your land be mine . wish for no ther titl , ” and want no one to do anything more for me. S O K n r of the i g tu ned round and said , whether “ I Let his own free will , says Wace , know not, D n the English make either the uke or Harold ki g , ” I c ons as they please onsent. S O he let the bar

have their own will . Surely this account is unsupported by the tapestry ; no packed meeting of Eng lishmen fills

8 2 Th e B ay eux Tapestry .

In va n C c x and festivity . i did the hur h e ert itself The cu h ad against such enormities . stom pre m c vailed during the times of paganis , and was mu h — too pleasant to be abandoned by the half Christians o f c n ur . In c o us the early e t ies the pi ture bef re , n o c c n v ro b we see su h inde e t re elling, p bably e a cause better state of things obtained at this date, u was c o and perhaps also beca se time pre i us . At tendants are engaged in performing the usual offices c who to the body, in the presence of an e clesiastic, f bends forward i n an attitude o bene diction . These Of c co r fi es consisted, firstly, of washing the rpse, afte in m which it was clothed a straight linen gar ent, c o f n n or put into a bag or sa k li e , and then wrapped closely roun d from head to foo t in a strong cloth S u of c e wrapper ; the head and ho lders the orpse wer , r u however, left uncove ed till the time of b rial, that such relations and acquaintances as weredesirous to 1 V o f c do so might take a last iew theirde eased friend. To o ur c om this day we retain , in way, this old ust , o f c u the leaving the coffin the dead uns rewed , nless f u . body be of ensive , till the time of b rial Before ut o c and the body was p int the sepul hre , the head shoulders were also closely co vered over with the b . m wrapper When the corpse was brought tothe to , r the it was held by two pe sons , one at the head, and ormore other at thefeet, while the priestperfumed it, a c c e ccurately speaking the sepul hre , with in ens ; then those two who held the corpse knelt down and m laid it in the grave , which while they were perfor ing, the attendant priest prayed and blessed it.

1 In the case of kings this was done for the further reason t at all ers ns mi t see t at l h p o gh h they were actual y dead. ’ i n E a wa rd h 8 K g d s Dea t . 3

Lin en of the finest quality was prepared fo r the o bsequies of Eadward ; and his best man tle was o appr priated to the envelopment of his body . Whe n his to mb was opened abo ut S ix a nd thirty c c v r years after his interment, the mantle whi h o e ed co u o v the rpse was fo nd entire ; and being rem ed , o c o v his b dy appeared l thed in the regal estments , n e to with the orname ts b longing it, together with suda r i um c co v c the whi h ered his fa e and head , in The ld a perfect state . O mantle was taken away c u c o r as a pre io s reli , and the body, with all its the - was re o f . ornaments , wrapped in a mantle silk In a 1 688 - c ou the ye r , several pieces of gold ol red o r out and fl wered silk were d awn of the tomb , which pro ba bly were part of the envelopment just 1 mentioned . This is the only compartment of the tapestry where two s cenes are given in o n e breadth ; nor pro bably is it thus arranged without a S pecial S o n ac o o o design , to how how hard e h ther f ll wed the death and buria l of Eadward and the election co o o n o f o — r S and r nati Har ld ha d indeed, ince all these even ts were co mprised in the space of fo rty r eight hou s . T c o here is a spe ies of bird in the lower b rder,

W ic li e a ird of aradise h h, k b P , ’ 01 erald s martlet has no le s h , g

m o f o and is , perhaps, emble atic the s ul, stripped ‘ of all that ren dered it fit to remain an inhabitant

of earth, rising heavenwards .

1 Strutt A Com lete i e of th e Dress and a its ofthe , p V w H b ” l . t L n n 1 2 fEn land 2 vo s o o do 8 vol . i . . 66 People o g , 4 , , 4 , p . 8 The B a eux a estr 4 y T p y .

bIC DEDERVN T : hAROLDO : C ORO ’

N A : R€G IS

’ H er e the a ve the Ki n s cr own to H ar ol y g g d.

AN D PLATES XXXII . XXXIII .

r was Eadward a No soone dead, th n the Witan o f m o f m an the whole real England asse bled, d c r they unanimously de la ed in favour of Harold. The cho ice o fthe assembly had to be made known to - c r two its the king ele t, and we he e see that of m to o f cro n o f d embers were sent f er the w Englan , man as the gift of the people of England , to the

who m they had cho sen as their king . One bears o c axe r c o s the ffi ial the othe bears a r wn, and point to wards the chamber o f the dead ; it can scarcely o o crown have been br ught thence , h wever, as this o f Eadward in is arched, whilst that , as shown c u the tapestry, was a irclet heightened with fle rs - C an f c c e de lys . this dif eren e be intended to indi at that to the regal crown of England Harold never ? had a right ’ ’ The dangers of T o stig s vengeance andWilliams x him rivalry, together with the oath e torted from , ’ may well account for H arold s anxiety as expressed o c in the tapestry, regarding the crown at n e wist x the fully and an iously, and half drawing back

hand stretched forth to grasp the glittering gift. T a c e here was great danger in cepting, but great r c a danger still in refusing the rown , the danger of A e e division of the kingdom . mbition bade him s iz Harold i n o the E n lish 8 , K g f g . 5

. D wa held T ff it uty in no y back his hand. he o ered 1 gift was accepted . It is not difficult throughout the tapestry to discover symbolical representations if we are dis

c Dr. posed to sear h for them, and Bruce cal ls ’ attention to Haro ld s position between the two xe a s, as illustrating the dangers of his situation .

bIC RGSIDET : hAROLD REX AN GLORVM

H er e i s seated H a r old Ki n o the E n lish , g f g .

PLATE XXXIII . It was in those days usual for a coronation ceremony to be performed during one of the great ’ Eadward s festivals Ofthe Church . death occurred but C on the last day one of hristmastide, and, o c under the circumstances , H ar ld ould not post

o u . pone his consecrati n ntil Easter Moreover, as a we have just seen , the Wit n was assembled at ’ the moment of Eadward s death ; to wait for another gathering of the people would have been f madness, and there ore was it that the day of the

coronation followed at once on that of the election . The coronation o f Harold involved the previous Eadward burial of , whose interment must con sequently follow at once o n the day of his death 1 th e and thus we find that on same day, and

1 “ m. on man N or . v l i 2 t Free C o . ii . . 0 e se , q p q. 1 ri 6 an . 1 066. F day, J h B a eux a e r 86 T e y T p st y .

r probably in the same minste , the double ceremony ’ ’ of Eadward s burial and of H arold s coronation 1 c took pla e . Stro ng evidence that the tapestry is nearly con tempo rary with the events depicted is furnished by the representation of H aro ld as duly consecrated c with the usual ecclesiastical rites , a fact whi h the rm No an writers living nearest to that time allowed, but which those further removed from it distinctly o far o deny, s me going so as to state that Har ld

placed the crown upon his o wn head . 1 In D u r D . the omesday S rvey, says Bruce, H ar old is mentioned as seldom as possible ; and o ccur n as when his name does , it is not as ki g, but The c Haro ld the Earl . fa t of his here being Rex o called , he thinks , p ints to the tapestry ’ having been designed during William s first visit o o of to N rmandy, and bef re he was independent the goodwill of the Saxon nobles ; but this is r i rk assuming the inte est of W lliam in the wo , whilst it is certainly equally possible that its u o u c a thors had no reas ns to disg ise fa ts .

ST IGAN T ARCbIEPS

A r chbisho S ti a d p g n .

PLATE XXXIII .

The superscription here calls the Archbishop ” S ti an t o the g , which may be taken as pro f that At me designer was not an Englishman . the sa

1 “ 1 Freeman N orm. Con . vol . iii . . 2 8 . 80. , q p . P M en a re di sma ed a t a a r 8 y St . 7 time it go es far to establish the early date of the cco tapestry, since it a rds to Stigand a title which, L c at a later period, when anfran was settled in the see of Canterbury, would not have been accorded “ to u c him , whom William of Malmesb ry alls the ” o pretended and false archbish p . Accounts vary as to the person by who m the ’ ceremony of Harold s consecration was performed . The N orman chronicles fo r the most part agree that Stigand offi ciated ; Florence of Worcester Ealdred A c Y says , that , the r hbishop of ork, per formed the ceremo ny ; whilst Roger of Wendover dec lares that the King placed the diadem upon his o w n head . In the tapestry Stigand is shown standing by the newly- crowned mona rch but it must be no ticed that he is not placing the crown o n ’ n o r does c H arold s head , the ins ription state that he 1 M r ll T . A . did so . is left vague his Freeman n o c co siders as due to N rman influen e , and that the u u o f artist attempted, by the s bstit tion Stigand for Ealdred c slut m , to ast a upon the cere ony, the per fo rmance of which it was impossible to deny .

I STI M I RA NT STELLA

en ar e di sma ed a t the tar These m y S .

PLATE XXXIV .

We learn that there appeared a S ign in the c n o k heavens of whi h man had seen the li e .

6 1 et e l . iii . . s . orm Con . vo N . q p 3 , q t 88 Th e B ay eux Tapes ry .

H ardly was the octave of Easter past, when , on ” a o the ninth day, hairy star shone ver the land Its with a lurid and fearful glare. size equalled a nd r c the full moon , its train , at fi st small, in reas ed S to a wonderful length , with three long rays tream It c s ing earthwards . was su h a star, ays Wace, as is wo nt to be seen when a kingdom is about to The r n o f co change its king. appea a ce this met is 1 recorded in nearly every chronicle o fthe day it evidently made the deepest impression throughout u v m E rope ; and it was very generally, e en by en who had no S pecial connection either with Eng or o cc land with N rmandy, a epted as a presage of 2 the conquest of England . The statements as to the term of its duration o n ff c n are c nflicti g, di erent a cou ts stating it at n o f n seve , eight, f urteen , fi tee , eighteen, and thirty but c n days , as it has been now almost ertainly ide ’ tified co C with H alley s met, we know from hinese annals that it was detected o n the mo rning of A 2 n d 1 066 c A uar ius pril , , in the onstellation q , not far from the ecliptic moved rapidly eastwards till, ’ o c c a for appr a hing the sun s pla e , it disappe red in o h some days , and became visible again the n rt ’ Th e western heavens i n the evenings . comet s c S k o in presen e in the morning y, though menti ned ” Alberici the Chronicon , does not appear to have n been generally recognized in Europe . Wester ’ writers date the comet s appearance as in Easter — u 1 066 A 1 6 week , Easter S nday in fell on pril th,

1 “ i rius m e t . fW Ti e Inter alios v. Guil . de u es Ma o est J g , h , b ,

I B . . B and 4 , M “ man N orm. on . vol . iii 6 0 . ree C . . F , q p 4

0 ux a estr 9 The B ay e T fi y .

o of m n appearance and of the interpretati n the o e . ’ He points o ut the indirect co nnection o fTostig s c o f raid with the subje t the tapestry, and that its introductio n here wo uld be completely inappro nd u priate both as to time a s bject . He calls ’ o attention to the fact, that the st ry of William s x xt co r m e pedition begins in the ne mpa t ent, and ’ that the presen t gro up ends the story of Eadward s ’ n n In a d o uc . death Har ld s s cessio his opinion, the S peaker in this scene is the wise- man who r S interp ets the ign, it being quite possible, he r fo a r h allows , that the borde sets rth the n tu e of is c rm n co c t prophe y, thus fo i g a nne ting link be ween ’ m A s T this and the fo llo wing compart ent . ostig s x o f e pedition is outside the story the tapestry, the A r fact that the comet appeared in p il, and the building of the N o rman fleet occupied the summer ’ of 1 066 uc to cc , would ind e me a ept Mr . Freeman s ’ v e n cu i w, did not Harold s i terlo tor, with his half o a a o drawn sw rd , seem rather w rrior than a s oth I r sayer . prefe to believe that William o rdered the preparatio n of a flo tilla o n receipt of the news ’ ’ o f o n Du Harold s coronati , and that it is the ke s ss n projected invasio n which the me e ger declares . IfI x of am right, we have here a further e ample

chronological inversion . Perhaps the birds on the housetop allude to the “ x : A S r o ce te t bird of the air hall car y the v i , ” 1 and that which hath wi ngs S hall tell the matter.

1

x. 2 0 . Ecclesiastes, ch . A n E n li sh h i es t 1 g s g com o N or mandy . 9

IC : N : v T IN b AVIS ANGLI CA : eN I .

TERRAM WILLGLM I : DVC IS

H er e a n E ng lish ship came i n to the ter ri tory of Duhe Wi lli a m .

AN D . PLATES XXXV. XXXVI

’ This S hip carried the n ews of Eadward s death ’ o f o cc and H ar ld s su ession , but whether it was ’ specially sent by any o f William s friends in n S Engla d, or whether it went imply in the ordinary co urse o f co mmunicatio n between two friendly

c n ot c . ountries, we are distin tly told n o o v Eadward We k w, h we er, that , when dying , ’ co mmended his Norman favo urites to Haro ld s T o who care . h se were willing to abide in the ’ land as English subjects under Harold s allegiance m T he prayed hi to keep and pro tect. hose who r efused to become the men of the new king he him to u - co uc prayed dismiss , nder his safe nd t, to own o their land , taking with them all the go ds 1 c u r o wn r An d which they had a q i ed by his favou . since a shaven messenger brought the news to the D an d uke, a shaven man at the helm here issues his w e co o rders to English boatmen , may nceive ’ that o ne of the S trangers whom H aro ld s clemency had allowed to remain in the land took the earliest o pportun ity o f requiting his kindness by sending o the news to their native s vereign .

1 “ l . i 1 Fr man N orm. Con . vo ii . . and 2 ee , q pp 5 57 . e B a eux Ta estr 9 2 Th y p y .

H IC : WILLCLM DVX : IVSSIT N AVGS i

EDIF IC ARC :

H er e D uhe Wi lli a m ave or der s to build shi s g p .

D X . AN X . I . PLATES XXXV , XX VII XX VIII

m un o f Willia was h ting in the park Quevilly, o m near Rouen , when the messenger fr England led him aside and communicated the news of ’ ’ o c Eadward s death and of Har ld s suc ession . He r o i n a o c u o c eturned h me mo dy silen e, p n whi h 1 o to m F itz Osbern n ne dared intrude, till Willia Du n o t o u b ut a nd bid the ke to m rn, arise be r o rom doing ; cross the sea, and w est the kingd m f

the us urper. v William was , howe er, too crafty to spoil his

game by indiscreet haste . He sent embassies to u u Harold , req iring the f lfilment of his oath. H aro ld answered that the S ister whom he had r rm o p omised in marriage to a No an n ble, and ’ William s daughter whom he had agreed to marry, n o r o c of the were both dead , with ut the onsent Witan could he marry a foreign wife and further that thei r conse n t was necessary to the validity of o c a n his ath , whi h was alre dy ullified by the means T used to extort it . hen it was that William

threatened invasion and punishment, and set about v ro In his preparatio ns igo usly. the tapestry we have no record of any temporizing ; here the ’ messenger s tale is no sooner told than active

1 ’ n w h i William FitzOsber as t e Duke s second cous n.

ux a estr 94 The B ay e T p y .

bIC T RAbVN T : N AVCS : AD MARE:

to the sea H er e they dr ag the ships .

AN D . PLATES XXXVIII . XXXIX

The small s ize of the S hips is clearly S hown by n m the primitive mea s e ployed to launch them. The only mechanical po wer employed appears to to o x i n be a pulley fastened a p st fi ed the water. u o r Thro gh this a r pe is eeved, by which they are

dragged to the sea .

I STI PORTA NT : ARM AS : AD N AVGS: eT bIC T RAbV N T : C ARRVM C V M VIN O : ET ARM IS :

These men ca r r the ar ms to the shi s a n d her e y p , the dr a a ca r t wi th wi n e a y g n d a r ms.

XL. AN D PLATES XLI .

F o r a n x n c ma ude e peditio of su h gnit , it may well be imagined that an ample supply of war a r an d materi l was necessa y, we are here shown men x bearing those swords , a es , lances, helmets and hauberks which would be needed on the other Th e u S ide of the water. ha berks are S hown as carried o n poles thrust through the S leeves ; and the fact that two men are engaged in the transport o f f c All is each , su ficiently indi ates their weight. o v d bustle but in their haste , pr ision for the inwar h e bea r A rms and i ne to the h i T y W S ps . 95

man is not neglected , and the picture displays s o me porters yoked to a waggon loaded with wine w u o n casks , hile others bear liq or in skins their

. al shoulders Wine , indeed, seems to have been l the refres hment of which any great quantity was thought needful conquered England was to find the rest . The barrel on the cart (which by an ingenious arrangement is made to carry rows of lances and s helmet as well as wine, and thus do double duty), Delaune and u says M . y, that carried on the sho lder, ’ d Au e resemble the brandy kegs of the Pays g . ’ Th e ancient casks which we find in Mo ntfaucon s ” A u a are ntiq ities, and those used in Engl nd, uc o o m h shorter, which g es, he adds , to pr ve the 1 N orman origin of the tapestry . It was not till the mqnth of August that the N o rman fleet was ready to sail on its great enter prise, and even then it was detained for a whole month at the mouth of the river Dive by co ntrary D was winds . uring this delay, however, so great ’ o William s administrative p wer, that not only were plunder and violence restrained, but regular pay and provisions were supplied to the army . ’ Th e numbers of William s army have been vari ou l a . s y st ted, and cannot be given with certainty - l S x The sum total is common y given as i ty thousand. 1 On the 1 2 th September William sailed with his V e the fleet to S . alery, situated on the stuary of no w Somme, and here, in the territory of his faithful P h o - vassal , Guy of onthieu , awaited t at s uth west

1 “ O i de la Ta . de Ba . ro al 8vo Caen 1 8 2 . 0. r g . p y y , , 4, p 5 “ ” ‘ F man N orm. Con . vol . in . . 1 . ree , q p 3 9 a estr 96 Th e B ay eux T p y .

win d which sho uld at o nce transpo rt him and his x host to the S hores o fSusse . It n o t u 2 th a was ntil the 7 September, fter the

S hrine containing the bo dy of S . Valery had been x to v o o f e posed the de oti n the army, whilst they a nd their leader knelt in prayer and covered the r r o ff n s eliqua y with their eri g , that the south wind T c o f o blew. hen the amp was in a tumult j y, and William was fo remost in u rging the embarkation

of his followers .

+ bIC : WILLELM : DVX IN M AGNO ° NAVI GIO : MARC T RAN SIVIT

H er e Duhe Willia m cr ossed over the sea i n a

XLI . . . AN D . PLATES , XLII , XLIII XLIV

The r N a vz i um use to wo d g was then in , and is be found in the wr itings of even good authors of 1 that day . ’ T v o o f m his essel , the M ra , was the gift Willia s u x ffi loving d chess , and e hibited an e gy of her little u u n u to son R f s . beari g a banner and raising a b gle T c S his lips . his figure has been des ribed as hoot ro and c ing an ar w , as pla ed at the stem , whilst the

tapestry places it at the stern of the vessel . s c His orison oncluded , William put himself at em the head of his knights , and lost no time in The S k c to barking. evening y was over ast, and guide his squadron the Duke exhibited a signal 1 “ i r . la Ta de Ba ° O g de p. r F 77

x a estr 98 Th e B ay eu T p y .

ET VENIT AD P€V€N €StE

ame t P evense A nd c o y .

AN D . PLATES XLIV . XLV

e ce c o n Peven s is a Fren h w rd, the being given ’ r h e c s e m c fo t lo ed , and is the na e whi h is still given o c o to this little seap rt, whi h auth rs of that day call P envesellum P en evesel lum P even esella i Ca ellu , , , y s 1 P ve e ell um C a e o e n s n . ( p y p pularly), , Peve sey 1 x Dr A c . c glan e at the map of Susse , says Bru e, will S how ho w fitting a place was Pevensey at

to f c n . c c which ef e t a landi g Bea hy Head, proje t in c to c c n g onsiderably the south , prote ts this an ie t port fro m the swell occasioned by the south -west wind the beach also is of a nature which permits of u the vessels small dra ght, such as composed r o n Norman fleet, to be d awn up it. No so on er was land reached than the disem n o was barkatio of the tro ps began . Not a blow m f med struck against the , yet everything was per or with a regularity that betokened the dread of a

c . bow for ible opposition First landed the archers, - r in hand then the mail clad knights , bearing thei long lances and their double-edged swords ; whilst r u r s in their turn followed a mo rers , ca penters , smith ,

u c m . purveyors , and all the numerous retin e of a a p

1 u i l ” r de a Ta . O de Ba . g p y p 7 7. 1 1 1 2 P . . Th e Horses di sembarh . 99

bIC €X€VN T C ABALLI De N AVIBU S

H er e th h r e out the shi e o s s g o of ps.

AN D PLATES XLV . XLVI .

U pon the peculiarities of the English and N or o I v m man h rses ha e com ented , and need therefore o nly call attention to the highly primitive manner c a r Th e in which the horses of the av l y are landed . low bulwark renders any process o fwhipping o r ho isting o ut u n necessary ; the an imals are S imply ’ v S S urged to tumble o er the hip s ide , and are then led to the shore with a halter . The horses no do ubt o ccasioned considerable S c trouble , in e the emphasis given by the artist to their transpo rt and disembarkation man ifests the impression made upon his mind . The hawks shown in the upper border as flying over the heads o f the disembarking fo rces may either represent the actual birds brought in the ’ Conqueror s train or be emblematic of the Norman s m uarr about to seize their hu an q y. 1 The B a eux a estr 00 y T fi y .

6T bIC : M ILITGS : F €ST IN AV€RVN T : TIN GA VT C IBV bGS M . RAPERGN TV R 1

A n d her e the hnig hts pushed on to H asti ng s to i n f d food.

L I . . AN D PLATES X V , XLVII XLVIII .

A stroke pro bably sto o d originally over the final A o f H esti n a c co c o for g , indi ating a ntra ti n the ccu c H esti n a m u r a sative ase, g , req i ed by the con 1 u o . A R a er en tur str cti n gain, p seems to have been c c used as a deponent verb , ontrary to lassical u u a o c u o n n sage , tho gh the s me error c rs a de ier ? struck at Verdun u n de r the Merovingian dynasty The inscription at the head of this section ofthe H esti n a for no t H asti n a tapestry reads g Hastings , g ,

Dr . v am as written by Bruce ; it is , howe er, so n ed u al o in a thors of that day, who so give the orth H asti n us H asti n a H as graphy variously as g , g , 1 ti n os A sti n a A lti n a' H asti n s [Ifastai n f g , g , g , g , and g It the has been said that the army once landed, n v o Norma essels were burned , in rder that, all e hope of retreat being cut off, a more desperat valo ur might animate the army of mercenaries . 1 But of such an incident we have here no Sign.

r. Bruce . 1 1 . D , p 3

de la Ta . de B a . . . O rig . p y p 7 7 1

8 . Ibid . p . 7 ‘1 m That they were carefully preserved appear s certain fro ’ the Con ueror s remar w en the uildin of Battle A e q k, h b g bb y

a estr 1 02 The B ay eux T fi y .

H IC EST : VV ADARD

H er e i s Wa da r d .

AN D . PLATES XLVIII . XLIX

U n n nder this heading is represented a k ight, the s o well known that a further descriptio n than his uo con name appeared superfl us to the artist, who c o r o fa c — wn verses with the apt little pa k horse, sho by its small stature an d hogged mane to be English Wadar d was now no bred . Who this we have r u n means of ascertaining with ce tainty. Mr . H dso 1 ’ u u a Du da i er G rney s rmised th t he was the ke s pf , 1 t u to a ro o d a itle eq ivalent seneschal in yal h usehol , u o o n o f u thro gh wh m al e, as William Malmesb ry o m us u co mmunica inf r s , he co ld receive or make n tions in his parley with the E glish . It has been suggested that he was the messeng er o f o o Wil that n ble N orman R bert, mentioned by 1 o as liam of Poitiers as d miciled in England, and warning the Duke of the rashness of his enterprise ’ 4 A e and of Harold s strength and reso urces . noth r o o Wadard m n pini n is , that himself was a Nor a , on resident near Hastings at the time of the invasi , c va that he assisted his ountrymen on their arri l, and that we are thus to account for his abrupt 5 introduction into the tapestry .

1 ” Archaeolo i vol . xviii . . 8 . g a, p 3 6 1 “ man loss. A é Mi ne Lex. InfimmLatin itati s S el G bb g , p ,

1 6 2 . Arche ol . p . 1 “

l . i Freeman N orm. Con . vo ii . . 1 . , q p 4 3 “ ” i . Ar l . Assoc . v i . 1 . our t . 2 J nal Br chaeo ol xxii . p 49 Ibid. 1 0 M ea t i s coohed a nd ser ved . 3

1 1 . A Mr myot and Mr . Planché suppose him to ’ be one of Bishop Odo s officers who distinguished m x n u hi self in this e peditio , altho gh no record of the prec ise nature ofthe services which he rendered c to In o of has ome down us . supp rt this view it r may be mentioned that Sir Hen y Ellis , in his “ I c to D out ntrodu tion omesday, points that a person named Wadard was an under- tenant of Odo S ix c Bishop , and held land in ounties , and this A o f fact is cited by Mr . myot as a proof the con n ection o f that prelate with the manufacturers of Th ue the tapestry . e Abbé de la R insists that Wadard fo Weard is another rm of Waard, , or Wadard Ward, and that if the word be here a proper name it is one adopted in allusion to the n occupation of the ow er as a warder .

bIC : C O(LVITV R : C ARO ET hIC M IN IST RAVGRV N ‘ MINI STRI

H e mea t i s coohed a nd her e the ser vants serve er .

AN D L. PLATES XLIX .

We are here intro duced to the mysteries of

N orman cookery, and can study the mode in which viands were then prepared, as well as the vessels and implements which formed the batter i e de Th e cui si ne. apparatus employed is even simpler than that represented in the miniatures which

1 “ h ix. . 2 0 . Arc aeolo ia VOl . x g , p 3 1 “ ournal Brit. Arc aeol . Assoc. vol . xxiii . . 1 J h p 49. 1 0 e ux e r 4 Th B ay e Tap st y .

n ador the H o usehold Rules of J ames II . King of 1 Majorca . On the left- hand S ide of the picture two conks n are engaged in boiling meat this, on accou t of u w of its being sually salted, was the general ay n Th c o e co o . e d ki g it appearan e of the p ts , susp nde 1 o m n s Dr . c of between two f rked sticks , re i d Bru e o n ro o ox in a plan menti ed by F issart, of b iling an own ch its hide , a method of dressing food whi is traditionally said to have likewise o btained amongst 3 o x I x n c dron the Si u ndians, their e temporized ski al n being slu g in a S imilar way . S c and On a helf in the ba kground are fowls , c s o f s o other des ription mall provisi ns, spitted

o . A ready for r asting bearded personage , perhaps an English baker pressed into the service of the invaders , is engaged in removing, with a large pair n c &C v on of to gs , the bread, akes , . from a sto e to on which they have been baking, the trencher c ar to u whi h they e be served p . It appears that the cookery was conducted in the an d c ual w s open air, that the vi t s ere afterward rr so m ca ied indoors . We here see e of the assist ants handing the spits of roasted meats into a house which is doubtless one of the wooden buildings which were so s peedily put together by the N or T can ve mans after their landing . hus far we obser ’ the mode of cooking prevalent in the Conquerors od day , but of the gastronomic mysteries of the peri m It e we possess but little infor ation . is probabl ,

1 u e la Ta . de Ba . 8; Orig . d p y P 7 2 r B ru e 1 1 D . c , 5 3 Sc oolcraft art ii . ~ 1 6‘ h , p P 7

1 06 The B a eux a estr y T fi y .

The personages . bishop asks a blessing, the hungry warriors s carce waiting till he has ceased

S peaking to commence their repast. Wh o these four guests were we have now n o mean s ofasoer cu c taining. He who oc pies the pla e of honour at ’ D r r r m u c the uke s ight handwea s a bea d and o sta he, but few S peculations seem to have been made as to 1 v f Dr . u u o him his identity . Br ce says ag ely that ’ o r u he was probably William s Nest r, who ef sed to co o n u as o n o f mply with the t s red f hi the day, whilst o fo r u t Mr. Planché we are indebted the s ggestion that he is iden tical with the personage who assisted 2 n n Th v u the N ormans o n their la di g. e fa o red guest and the k n ight n ext him pledge o n e another in ’ flowing bowls ; whilst ofthe two men on the bishop s o ne c a n left, alls his attention to something p ssi g u o co n u to c he witho t, the ther tin ing eat a fish whi h On w tears to pieces with his fingers . the ell c nor overed table we see knives , but neither forks s r b poons ; indeed, the ea liest passage, adduced y Ducan e o use of g , in which menti n is made of the o o these implements , bel ngs to the end of the f ur teenth century j ohannis de M ussis chr onicum

8 . V ol . xvi . . Placenti n um a d an n um 1 3 88 . col 5 3 Utun tur ta tii s cu ia r i is et or cellis ar enti ci , g , f g , t t d r a A non mi utun ur scudell is e scudelli nis e pet . y

8 1 2 . I . . di 1 8 . nal M e olan . ad an . an . 3 9 bid col

1 It seems to me possible that this is Roger Earl ofBeau mont wh o accom anied the Con ueror on his ex edition a d , p q p , n was an ally ofso great importance as to be mentioned third In ’ the Du e s attle-roll ere his surname is s eciall noted as k b , wh p y “ ” A la barbe t i s surname ointin to a eculiarit ic the , h p g p y wh h tapestry reproduces. 1 “ Arc aeol . Assoc. vol . xxiii . . 1 0 . Journal Brit. h p 5 h e maize a eas 1 0 T y F t . 7

S cudella ' x v a lba a r n ti u v o a ii s . x . g e c m di er si s fier g ‘ F or cella vo [ e M s . th s. x ta lica Gallice our chette. , , f sed. A t. an n as 1 2 . I tem u am or cellam o f . 9 5 n f p deris un i us iu unc . 1 M . Delaun ey is of o pin ion that the fork was m o f originally but the di inutive the angon, and that ’ the bundle of skewers in the servant s hand were to to intended be used to eat with . He seems o r base his opini n on thei barbed construction , but I fail to perceive the barbing in the tapestry itself. H e adds that the S po on represented in Mon t ’ “ ” fauc on s Antiquities does n ot appear to have — been intended to eat with and we must con clude that food was then conveyed to the mouth S o c with the fingers , as h wn in this s ene , doubt less aided by such assistance as the kn ife could ff a ord . Within the co ncavity of the table we see a o n s o servant, his knee , pre enting a kind of pen r — c cu po ringer or mazer bowl , whi h , as well as the p ’ c b th e in Odo s hand , is like the halices held y statues o f ecclesiastics placed ro und the cathedral of u c Bayeux . Similar c ps oc ur on the tombs of certain clerics of the fifteenth and sixteenth ce n turies in c c c r u the same cathedral , a oin iden e b o ght forward Delaun o Ba eu ian by M . ey as p inting to the y s h o . T e o origin of the w rk dispenser, acc rding to Ina the laws of , served the king with plate and cup f o f during the whole repast, and of ered each them but once to those whom the king admitted to his o table ; his duty als it was to taste the liquors ,

1 u i r . la T de B a . . . O g de ap. y p 79 1 0 B a x a estr 8 The y eu T p y . and such doubtless is the o fficer whom we here see 1 pourtrayed.

ODO EPS ROTBERT VVILLELM

l Wi liam. R B isho Odo. ober p t.

PLATE LI .

T he c meal con luded , the three brothers hold a

- c o f . Odo coun il war , the warrior priest, speaks, s v and William listens earne tly to his ad ice . The D to o c uke points his sw rd , as if to indi ate his o ro cu r r intenti n of p se ting a vigo ous wa fare. Ro bert of Mortain turns towards the speakers ; he r c to clutches the handle of his blade, eage at on e execute those wo rks which are determined to be c ne essary.

IST€ IVSSIT : VT F O DERCTVR C AST ELLVM AT H ESTEN GA

The latter comma nded that a r ampar t should be thr own u at H asti p ng s.

LI . AN D PLATES LII .

The word at is here used instead of the Latin ad the , an error which has been noticed to support f 1 theory o the English origin o fthe tapestry.

- l T . d B . 8 80 . Orig de a ap e ay. pp. 7

. iii . . 1 0. urn l B rit. Arc aeol A . l xx Jo a h ssoc vo . p 5

1 1 0 Th e B a eux a estr y T p y .

C EAST RA

AN D PLATES LII . LIII .

Ceastr a for Castr a has been looked upon as D l another Saxon form ; but M . e aun ey points out that it is the same S pecies of o rthography as E adwar dus fo r A dwa r dus c o , whi h the auth r of the panegyri c of Q ueen Emma emplo ys ; and that in mo dern French this mo de o f spelling is retained ea n r ote ea a n d in o in j , fi g , all th se words where the 1 soft g pre cedes an a . Th e main works s eem to have consisted ofa o u o c w as c o m und, p n whi h ere ted one of th se wo oden castles which the N ormans had brought with them . 2 Dr r o f x . B uce is opinion, that some e tensive c c are intren hments , whi h still to be seen in the immediate vicinity o f the railway station at

r c . H astings , are the emains of this en ampment

H IC N VN T IATVM EST : WILLELM

DE bAROLD :

H er e tidi ng s of H ar old ar e br oug ht to William.

PLATE LIII .

t c ed The Duke , seated, and wi h his conse rat m d banner in his hand , receives the visit of an ar e

1 “ i a T . . . 80. Or g . de l ap dc Bay p 1 r. Bruce . 1 1 8 . D , p idi n s o arold br ou h to i lli am 1 1 1 T g f H g t W .

T 1 nobleman . his is doubtless Robert the Staller, who communicates the result of the northern c ampaign of Harold, which was doubtful at the ’ o time of William s landing, and c unsels him , as To a friend, to return home . which advice the Duke replied that he would not return unavenged of his enemy . It was about a week after the landing of the L invaders that Harold reached ondon , where he awaited the gathering of his adherents. 3 r o fF é cam Hugh Ma got, a monk p, was sent to K r o f demand of the ing the su render his cro wn . ’ H aro ld s indignation at this message was restrained 4 G rth and u S by his brother y , he ret rned a imple S his ff r c tatement of rights , o ering William i h gifts o t depart quietly, or challenging him to fight on c the follo wing Saturday . William ac epted the a an d c latter altern tive , Harold mar hed from L o but ond n , with what force it is impossible , owing c to c a en to confli ting accounts , as ert in, and o u 1 o camped Friday, the 3 th October, up n the heights of Senlac .

1 i . Freeman N orm. Con . vol . ii . 1 . , q p 4 3 1 “ ” 1 2 8 . Will . Pict. ’ l William ha The Duke s unc e d also been a Fecamp monk . ” t se m . de Rou e . Ro , q ux a e r 1 1 2 The B ay e T p st y .

bIC DOM VS IN C EN DITVR

H er e a house i s bur n t.

AN D . PLATES LIII . LIV

’ M r T n . e O n his represe tation is , in Planch s pinio , no t to be taken as a S imple in di cation of the o o o f r co r h rr rs war, but as the e rd of a particula fact which o ccurred at the time . He observes o u u and that the h se is one of some conseq ence, a r c o rgues that , as William st i tly f rbade plunder, ’ the incen diaries are Harold s s oldiers revenging m v o n m r o n who the sel es so e important pe s age , had c r o r our de la ed for, was suspected of fav ing, the invader ; and o ffers the suggestion that it may represent the house o f the bearded g uest whom ’ 1 c D . ché we noti ed at the uke s table Mr. Plan seems not to have o bserved that the men who fire n an d v n the buildi g are Normans , to ha e forgotte that when Gyrth proposed that h e S hould march against the invaders whilst H arold harried the o m country , in rder that the N or ans might be ou starved into fav rable terms , the king flatly refused to burn an English village or an English or u c to house, to do h rt to the folk ommitted 1 r one his government . This is doubtless ather instance among thousands of the cruel destruction S r c n which was fast pread ove the ou try, as far as ’ v William s plunderers could reach . Men fled e ery where with such o f their goods and cattle as they

1 “ iii . . 1 0. l B rit. Arc aeol . A s vol . xx Journa h s oc. p 5 ” u Rom. de Ro ,

tn 1 1 4 The B ay eux Tapes y . bIC M ILIT ES EXIGRV N T De bEST eN GA ET V EN ERVN T AD PRELIVM C ON T RA bAROLDVM R EG€ !

H er e the K n hts l e t H asti n s a nd ca me to i ve ig f g , g

huttle to K i ng H a r old .

LV . N I V V . I PLATES LI . L A D L I . , , V

’ When William s hauberk w as brought to him co n that he might arm for the flict, it was by l n accident put o n hi d pa rt befo re . H is super stitio us o - f llowers were awe struck at the ill omen, but D the uke assured them , that as he turned his r u a mour to its right position , so sho ld he be turned " to And u from a duke a king now, fully eq ipped,

he prepares to mount his noble Spanish steed, the of K A o gift ing lphons , led by the aged Walter 3 f who o ffer c Gif ard , brought the ing ba k, when he a r n m of made the pilgrim ge to the sh i e o fS . Ja es in C ompostella . N o sooner is the Duke the r saddle than , armed with a mace , he t averses a

small wood, which is shown in the tapestry, and places himself at the head of the N o rman chivalry f issuing from H astings . Behind him Toustain o 4 o c Bec bears the c nse rated standard , whilst another “ 2 “ ict. 1 1 . . W ll . w i ill . alm . ii i 2 2 P 3 M s 4 . 3 m m n N or . on . v l . iii . . 6 Free a C o . , q p 4 5 “ Vit ” d . . 0 1 B S o sa s 0r . R m. e R but y 5 o d ou,

th e tapestry (Plate lxxiii . ) seems to make Eustace of B oulogne - M a n - the standard bearer. y ot Toustain carry th e bird ban ner and the charge be a rcbus ofB ec P ve B a tle to i n Har ol I 1 They gi t K g d . 5

fla c knight carries a semicircular g , harged with a o c bird within a b rdure , whi h was identified with r r M r danbro e Wo saae . the g by H r , whilst French c onsiders it an embl e m of the H oly Ghost within a nimbus ofrays . This banner Sir Samuel Mey rick co nceived to be the celebrated raven o f the r Danes , which thei descendants might still be v n supposed to ven erate . For the alia t men o fthe u n o f Constantine penins la, the descenda ts the D o f Blaata nd u anes H arold , were there nder the co a u the mm nd of Neal of Saint Savio r, and were ’ o nly men in William s host who came to revenge the devastatio n o f their own land by English l c o f hands . Wa e says , that these men Bessin were 2 o r o f r o high in fav u thei l rd it may, therefore, be c In their an estral banner that is here displayed . c f c a that ase, the a t that the rtist here knew the co c n rre t beari g, whilst elsewhere he has been o l u o m o ou bliged to ca l p n his i aginati n , w ld be an additio nal pro of that the tapestry had its origin in x c Bessin , of which Bayeu was the apital. ’ r v William s a my was ranged in three di isions . 3 ’ r Du On the left we e the Bretons, under the ke s “ son-in- law Alain F erg ant who marched where the ascent was easiest agai nst the weakest of the English defenders ; o n the right the Fren ch and 5 o other mercenaries , under Roger of M ntgomery, were to attack the eastern and north -eastern

“ r ma rm i l . ii . . 6 1 F ee n N o . Con . vo , q p 4 ” Rom. de Rou, Will i 1 . P ct. 3 3 . R om. de Rou, i Ib d. 1 1 6 Th e B ay eux Tufiestny . points o f the hill ; whilst in the centre marched r the No mans, the flower of the host, under William 1 o o u c himself, who t k the dangerous d ty of utting c o their way to the ro yal standard . Ea h divisi n h was composed o f three kinds of tr00ps . T e archers to the fro nt harrying the enemy with showers of missiles ; then the heavily- armed in fantr c y, to brea h the opposing palisades ; the m u to v horse en bringing p the rear, ready a ail themselves of any o pen ing to charge that presen ted itself. S o me o utlined figures in the margin of this part “ Dr c o u r to of the work, says . B ru e , d btless refe those distressing immo ralities which too often a m c a m The ttend the ar h of r ies . learned doctor was probably thinking o fthe passage

a tivos ducit ueros ca tas ue uellas C p p p q p , ” 3 In su er et viduas et simul o mn e eens p p ,

but seems to have overloo ked some important Th h . e t e points men are moustached , and bear x a xe v r Sa on , whilst the women make no endea ou T n s to shun them . his , to my mi d , di proves the o a nd v c relationship between them of conquer r i tim. We have already seen that it was not the custom to - I at that period wear a night dress , and look upon these representations as intended to indicate the haste with which the English were called upon o r u s to arm , and their s r owf l parting with the wive

who might so soon be widows . In the border, over the heads of the standard

“ ll i . 1 2 Wi . ct . Dr. B ruce I n P 3 , 1! 3 “ ” Wi . A d m . b 1 65.

a estr 1 1 8 The B ay eux T fi y .

1 so nag e at the time the tapestry was worked. i n c o co s Vital points eagerly the dire ti n of his s ut , who have their hiding- place upon the brow of a ’ wooded eminence ; and in reply to William s in to o n quiry as the p sitio of H arold . answers that the king sto od among the thick r anks which c u fo r rowned the s mmit of the hill , there he had r T D vo seen the o yal standard . hen the uke wed c his vow, that if God would give him the vi tory fo e o o n r over his perjured , he w uld , the spot whe e n r m to that sta dard stood , aise a ighty minster his h o nour . T an d A his vow was kept , the bbey of Saint Martin of the Place of Battle erected o n the heights o fSenlac . It will be no ticed that the device of a grazing a ss being watc hed by a fo x or wolf is repeated a beneath this co mp rtment .

ISTE N VN T IAT : H AROLDVM RGGE DE EXERC IT V V V ILELM I DV C IS

On e i nfor ms Ki ng H a r old con cer n i ng the ar my of D uh l e Wi l iam.

L L X A ATE N D LX. P S I . D etermined to defend the H ill of Senlac, Harold surro unds it on each accessible side by a threefold c - c palisade , with a triple entran e gate an artifi ial ditch to the south adding to the strength of his

1 “ o urn l B rit. Archa ol . Assoc . v l 1 a o . xxii i . 1 . J . p 5 ’ l ’ A 1 1 H ar ola i s tola of Wi lli am s r my . 9

1 c position . Spies are sent out to re onnoitre , and ’ n c ca some, penetrating i to the enemy s amp, are p tured D and brought before the uke, who, after making a display of his forces likely to impress

c . their minds, sends them ba k to their master Ignorant of the N o rman custom of shaving the c of c ba k the head as well as the fa e, the scouts report the presence of mo re priests than soldiers in o the invading host but H ar ld, better acquainted

with the habits of the enemy, tells them that these 2 n r shaven and shorn me a e stalwart warrio rs . He x r n ne t rides ound his li es and addresses his troops . He tells them of the disasters awaiting the break in o f r of g their anks , and the impregnability of 3 e o o a f a n c th ir p siti n ste d astly m i tained . Scar ely is r c n his ha angue oncluded whe , as we see in the c n tapestry, a s out, pointi g behind him as he runs , descends the acclivity whence he has watched the n c m Norma s, and when e his co rade , shading his

eyes with his hand and covered by a wood, still v o c obser es the appr a hing enemy his tidings told, ro Ha ld seeks his standard, dismounts , and com c o f Go d mitting himself to the are , awaits the su is e o fthe day .

1 “ Rom. de Rou , 2

Will . alms. iii . M 2 3 9 . a Rom. de Rou cl se , q. he B a eux Ta estr 1 2 0 T y fi y .

H IC WILLELM : DVX ALLOOXITVR

’ SVIS : M ILIT IBVS : VT ' PRGPARAREN

SE E V IRILIT ER ET SAPIEN T ER : AD PRGLIV M ' C O NTRA

AN G LORV M EXERC ITV :

H er e Duhe hVil/i am exhor ts hi s soldier s to pr epar e themselves ma nfully a nd discr eetly for the hattle a ai nst the a r m o the E n lis g y f g h.

XIII . L I . V PLATES LX LXI. L II . L LX . AN D L I , X , , X V , XV .

What Duke William really said to his forces we n cannot now with certainty say, but various accou ts have come down to us of the speech which 1 . . n heralded this momentous battle Mr Freema , ’ who has compiled his tex t o fWilliam s address from the accounts of William of Poitiers Henry 6 2 of Huntingdon ( M . H . B . 7 , and Wace D 1 2 1 et se . ( , 53 g ) makes the uke speak as follows

H e came, he said , to maintain his just rights to the English C ro wn he came to punish the perjury of H arold and the older crime of Godwine ZElfr Th against his kinsman ed . e safety of his soldiers and the hono ur of their c ountry were in own nd their hands ; defeated, they had no hope, a r no retreat ; conquerors, the glo y of victory and d th the spoils of Englan lay before em . But of victory there could be no doubt ; God would fight for for those who fought the righteous cause , and

m. on N or C . vol . iii . 3 . q 1 453 .

Ta s r 1 2 2 Th e B ay eux pe t y . M s a r. to whose woo den bow and rrows J . Rouse a or especially ttributes the vict y of the Normans . H e further states that they were no t then used by but to c the English , this seems be hardly orrect r o lite ally ; though, as but one archer is sh wn on the English side in the tapestry, the use of the bow as a weapo n o fwar i n o ur co untry was then pro bably rare . The N o rman chivalry mo ved on wards to assault the English po siti o n . We have a long roll of o f their names, but few of those the Englishmen c c o who fo ught at Senla have ome d wn to us . We kno w that the main fo rces of N o rthumberland and ’ - n c c north wester Mer ia ame not to Harold s muster, x A but men from Wesse , East nglia, and East ’ c o w n r ern Mer ia, his and his brothers te ritories, o o rc and fr m the r ute of his ma h , had gathered o n rou nd him . H ere the heights stood the men K of ent, whose right it was to deal the first blow in Lo n o n v the battle, and the men of d , pri ileged ’ ‘ r to guard the king s person and the oyal standard . Few of the English were armed with swords T n and axes . he greater part had but javeli s r and clubs, whilst some of the i regular levies n r found no better weapons tha forks , sha pened

u . v u stakes , and r de stone hammers But e en s ch weapons as these were serviceable , whilst the defence of the firm timber barricades erected on

1 “ u Rom. de Ro , “ See Proceedi ngs ofth e S ociety ofAntiquaries ofScotland “ v l . x Session 1 8 N otes of small orn m l t n o . ( 73 a enta S o e ll f n in ifferent arts of cotlan Ba s ou d d S d etc . wit remar s on p , , h k d use b n t eir su osed a e an o Alexander Smit M D. h pp g y J h h, . , s 1 2 Wi lli a m exh or ts his Soldi er . 3 the slope of the hill was the point to be main tained The s . battle was opened by the N orman

a m . w s and at 9 ith a hower of arrows , the bucklers of the English were stuck full of them as they formed with their interlocking shields that shield-wall which was so stro ng a characteristic Th u o n of their mode of warfare . e archers fo ght u a s a foot, tho gh , we sh ll presently see , they took horse when it became necessary to pursue a u x cc n to ac ro ted enemy . Ne t, a ordi g W e , a ’ o Taille er Du minstrel , kn wn as f , obtained the ke s r permission to strike the fi s t blow . Singing the 1 o of o a and o f C s ngs R l nd harlemagne , he rode o foe o to t wards the , wh m he hoped intimidate by the strange manner in which he juggled with his swo rd ; then having run on e Englishman through v cut and ha ing down another, he himself fell in the van of battle . It has been much disputed whether o r not this c in ident is represented in the tapestry, and we I fo r may, think, safely say that it is not ; , as 2 . o c Mr Stothard has p inted out, the weapon whi h flies over the head of the foremo st warrior is not a bu t c o . sword a mace, to whi h observati n Mr 3 a r c Pl nché adds the rema k, that it is dire ted m r towards the Nor ans , and has the efore been thrown by an English hand .

Scot. etc . In t ese r m mi e ar s Dr. S t r fers h , h k h e to t e Ba eux ta estr and con siders t at such ston alls er y p y, h e b w e the eads ofthe maces carried b the En lis foot-soldi h y g h ers. 1 R ” om. de R u o , 2 “ ” Archaeol i o a vol . xix 1 g , . p . 90 . ” rn l Brit. ou a Arc a . As s l . x oc. vo xiii . . 1 J h p 52 . 1 2 Th e B a eux Ta str 4 y pe y .

The heavy fo o t now pressed to the attack and ’ Die the real struggle began . u A i ae shouted c the Normans as they harged, the English calling upon “ God Almighty and the Holy Cross ” as c v they thrust ba k the ad ancing foe . In i o rm m ha va n the N an horse ca e to the c rge, in vain were missiles hurled and swords wielded ; the invading host was beaten back , and the f Bretons on the le t broke and fled . But what N orman valour could no t achieve was accom plished by the want of discipline on the part of v i those raw English le ies who, hav ng resisted n ow a their attack , yielded to the tempt tion of who o w pursuit, and , though thr ing the entire

N orman left wing for the time into disorder, turned the fate of the day against their own arms . The borders of this long se ction of the tapestry contain further allego rical allusio ns to the incidents 1 A v c of the history. wolf ad an es calmly towards a pack of curs which yelp from behind a barrier ; a leopard and a fox each bear ofl a fluttering goose ; a wild animal confronts a goat ; and then , as greater breadth is required fo r the representation

of the battle itself, these mystic figures gradually

i s r it N rmann ti ri f Acr or in u g o us g de oeta, umbi Passim proc t mitior An glus ove . ue lu us uem smva fames ad ovil e coe it t p , q g , ar r non novi t innocuis re ibus P ce e g g , t non desistit eons us ue eremerit omne A , p q p ; ” ru Sic N ormanno m n on tepet asperitas. P oéme adr essé a Adel e ll e a , fi de Guill ume l a Con uérant a r BA DRI bé dc q , p U , Ab

B our ueil . to aen 1 8 1 v 8 1 g 4 , C , 7 ( . 4 486)

h e B a eux Ta estr 1 2 6 T y fi y .

m . eanest of their soldiers William . Odo, and ac Robert pressed o n to the att k . William sought out but c r him Harold, had his ha ger killed under

the r G rth . n to f by spea of y Risi g his eet, he 1 to ca as Gu o fAm n pressed the barri de , and , y ie s us G rth c u o of tells , y fell , r shed beneath the str ke ’ the Duke s mace but in the tapestry he do es not n a pparently meet his death by the ha d of William . G rth n o t al o c y did fall ne ; lose at his side , and a mo m n Leo fwin e lmost at the same e t, , fighting o to sw rd in hand , was smitten the earth by an u n o n amed assailant, and H ar ld was now left with ”1 n s ar the fate of E gland resting on his ingle m. ” This is the s tory o f the tapes try ; Wace and 4 Ordericus Vitalis maintaining that Leofwine and rth rv ou o ur s Gy su ived Harold, th gh all historian n agree that both of them were slai in the battle.

‘ hIC C GC IDERV N SIM V L : ANGLI 6T FRAN C I : IN PRGLIO Z

H er e E ng li sh a nd F r eneh fell a t the sa me time i n the ha ttle .

I . LX A X. PL TES L AN D L I. X X , XX

E xception has been taken to the use o f the w F r a nci ord , and it has been stated that the N ormans never so design ated themselves ; but this

1 “ 1 . Wid . Amb . 4 7

- N orm. man on . vol i Free C . ii . 8 . 86 , q pp 4 4 4 . ” Rom. de Rou et se , q. ” Vi . 0 1 D. 01 d. t 5 , 1 2 E nglish and French fall together . 7 general term is the only wo rd that would compre ’ hend the whole of William s army, composed, as we have seen that it was , of Frenchmen, Bretons , and others . 1 U G rth o f m nhorsed by y , William to k a horse ro

ar . knight of Maine, and returned to the ch ge A gain he was unhorsed, and ag ain he slew his 2 n ow c c adversary. He ac epted the harger of Count o co u Eustace of Boul gne, and ntin ed the struggle, T he a obtaining a partial success . p lisades on the r n side facing the F ench were partly broken dow , - r r still the shield wall emained fi mly behind, and the onslaught was repulsed . Seeing the hopelessness D o of a direct attack, the uke rdered the Bretons Th to renew in semblan ce their previous flight . e o x u an d man euvre was e ec ted , the undisciplined

English on the right, imagining that the day was n in u gained, broke their li es p rsuit . The ucc stratagem had s eeded, and the Bretons e turned. Som of the English made a gallant stand upon a small wo oded hill which fronted their i o posit on, destr ying their immediate assailants , whilst others decoyed their mounted pursuers to a o u steep ravine , where h rse and rider t mbled into the chasm until their co rpses were level with the upper earth . T his scene is powerfully rendered in the tapestry, which shows us men and horses hurled together in a confused heap, their agonized bodies contorted an d o f in the writhings pangs death . T c his heroic defen e of the English was . how

” Wid . Amb. 1 - . I i 0 47 b d. 5 3 51 8. a eux Ta estr 1 2 8 Th e B y fi y .

v r o ever, useless to retrie e the e r r of the pursuit.

The Normans had gained a position on the hill, and the shield- wall rema in ed as the only bulwark between the contending armies .

H IC ' ODO EPS : BAC VLV ° T GN GN S

C ON F O R z—T AT PVEROS

H ere B isho Odo holdi n a cl ub r all i es the oun p , g , y g

LX AN D I . PLATES XI . LXX I

The word puer had two sig nifications amongst the Romans it sometimes s to o d for a young man co to who was not yet me the age of adolescence, and sometimes for a young slave . As the young peoplewho were not yet admitted into the equestrian order rendered military service to those who had r -at been knighted , they we e named knaves , or men

. T uer os x x arms his word p e actly e presses both 1 their youth and their duties , and was no doubt 6 chosen by the des igner to obviate injury to the reputation of the older warrio rs who fought under 1 the Norman standard . ’ Odo, seeing that William s left wing was thrown into utter confus io n by the first flight of o the Bretons , and that the N rman centre, dis o f a ordered by the press fugitives , was f lling back, joined with the Duke in restoring confidence to a the routed troops, riding after them m ce in hand,

i . la T Or de a . de B a . 8 2 . g p y p .

he B a eux Ta estr 1 3 0 T y p y .

An d th e line to halt Often too h e made t em attac , , h k,

Oft n he made t em stri e &c. e h k ,

In the tapestry the war rio r-prelate is shown as m u r e clad in full ar o r, and iding a blu horse ; his mace is in his hand, and his spur on his foot, whilst the white fro c k ofhis priesthood is not to be c o f c seen, and his sa red fi e appears for the time xc m n forgotten in the e ite e t of the conflict. At u o f such a moment, tho gh the use sword and spear d C were forbid en by the hurch , to dash out the ’ brains ofan enemy was i n Odo s eyes no breach of f 1 r Dr . the duties of a ministe o peace . Bruce contends that the implement carried by Odo is a n an d baton of comma d , not a weapon but even if o o f ux armed, the Bish p Baye was not the only in ecclesiastical combatant the battle . On the fElfwi o o f English side, g , abb t the new minster of ’ o c c Winchester, Har ld s un le , mar hed with twelve r c i of his monks , wea ing oats of ma l over their to c n monastic garb, take their pla e in the ra ks, u where, braving the c rse of Rome, they fought ra of and fell . Besides these, seve l churchmen L i lower rank were in the field, as also eofr c, A P e k bbot of eterborough, who r turned home sic and wounded.

1 P. 1 40. l 1 1 E us ace Coun o B ou o ne. t , t f g 3

EST z—WILEL DVX

H er e i s Duhe Wil liam.

AN D L II . PLATES LXXII . XX I

A repo rt was S pread amo ngst the Normans that 1 a L their valiant leader was sl in . earning the state c o n c of the ase , William at e seized the nasal of his helmet and disclosed his features to tho se aro und — him whilst the wo rds o f the inscription H er e i s — D uhe hVi lli am may have been the identical ex clamation o fwhich he made use as he endeavo ured to r o co c to est re nfiden e his dispirited soldiery. The archers once again are seen in the margin c o fo r reeping t wards the r nt, and with thei flank

thus protected the cavalry return to the onslaught .

TIV S

E ustace.

A X PL TE L XIII.

2 Acco to o i - rding Ben t de Saint More, there was ’ at William s side whilst the abo ve - mentioned o ccu u t C u o o incident was rring, E s ace , o nt of B ul gne, co n o ro u who, nsideri g the battle l st, st ngly rged

the Duke to leave the field . There is in the ’ o n D n tapestry a figure , the uke s left ha d, with

1 2 l i t 1 Wil . c . . B en oit P 3 3 , ux Ta str 1 3 2 Th e B ay e fie y .

a . A outstretched arms, bearing a st ndard bove o his head, in the upper b rder, are the letters T IVS E , with a hiatus , formerly occupied byfour The m letters . nu ber of missing letters is deter mined by the altern ations ofgreen and buffin the T colours of those rema ining. he recovery of three o f n m of the letters the a e, the suggestion that the u i entire word was E stat us, and that he was the due to Count of Boulogne, are the researches of 1 Mr . Stothard . é 2 M . Planch remarks that the standard held by i z c o v . the count, a plain r ss between four roundels, c to is a near approa h a positive heraldic bearing. Roundels (houles) were afterwards the allusive 3 arms of the counts of Boulogne .

‘ 1,1c : FRAN C I PVG N A N ET CGC IDGRV N T (ml GRANT : C VM hAROLDO :

H er e the F r ench fig ht a nd those who were with

H a r old fell.

L . PLATES L III . L I . AN D XX , XX V XXV

’ Reanimated by the assurance of William s safety, the invaders returned to the charge with greater but u desperation than before ; , tho gh all defences x - e cept the shield wall were gone, this was nobly

1 ” Arc e olo ia vol . xi x. . 1 8 . h g , p 4 1 “ rit Arc aeol . Assoc . vol . xxiii . . 1 . Journal B . h p 53 1 ’ e n t . 1 1 . This may be Eustace s own banner . Se ote a p 4

Ta es r 1 3 4 The B ay eux p t y .

’ king s right eye . Convulsively he clutched the

o . The ro weap n shaft b ke in his agonized grasp. a xe H is fell from his nerveless hand , and in mortal anguish he sank at the fo o t o fthe standard . The D o o ff 00 o f or n ragon was now b rne by a tr p h seme ,

to . o and the standard was beaten the earth Har ld, u tho gh disabled, still breathed when Eustace and o u u o o three thers r shed pon his pr strate b dy. One stabbed the dying king in the breast ; ano ther struck o ff his head ; a third tore the en co s m w c a v trails from the rp e , fro hi h fourth se ered It a a m to the leg. is but f ir to Willi state that the perpetrator o fthis latter outrage is said to have 1 x m o f C been e pelled fro the army the onqueror. n n Mr . Fre ch de ies the right of the dragons on the English lances to be regarded as standards, and conjectures that they are but ornaments torn ro o rm T f m N an shields . his o pinion is not shared r c in by Sir S . R . Mey i k and Mr . Freeman , and o s ai e deed two p int militate ag nst it first, that thes dragons occur ring where the tapestry has been o f much injured , the outlines the field may have c o e been frayed away, and se ondly, that the p l upo n which one of the dragons is hoisted is far Léchaudé stouter than the English javelin . M . ’ d Anisy suggests that these may have been inflated ’ skins in derision of William s parentage but when o - d we know, from ther sources , that a dragon charge banner was used in the fight and the representation a of such a banner is found, the surmises appe r

gratuitous .

1 - m rm. 0 r n N o on . v l i i F ee a C o . i . . 0. , q pp 499 5 i h 1 Th e Fligh t of th e E ngl s . 3 5

The border shows the stripping of the dead, and the collection ofarms and armour on the battle

field.

“ ET F VGA : V ERTERV N ANGLI

nd he E n lish le A t g f d.

TE L I AN D LX I . PLA S XXVI I . X X

’ In spite of Harold s death the heavy-armed r f Thegns and H ouseca ls still ought on . Quarter n r was neither asked o given . N o prisoners were made ; and the perso nal fo llowing of the king fell to a man . T v u his desperate alo r was, however, not shared

- by the light armed and irregular troops, who took o n to flight, some foot and some on the horses which had brought their leaders to the field of o f c a battle , under cover the approa hing d rkness, c closely pursued by the onquerors , the archers o T taking horse to j in in the chase . heir know ledge ofthe locality now stoo d the vanquished in m good stead, and they led the Nor ans to the steep northern side of the hill , where they fell over the ff abrupt declivity, and were either su ocated in the morass below or slaughtered by the flying English . This was th e last reverse which the invaders ex erienced p on that day, but it was so severe that for centuries afterwar ds the s cene of its occurrence 1 m l e T was known as the a fass . he work here begins

1 - man orm. n Free N Co . vol. iii . . 00 , q pp 5 503 . r The B ay eux Tafiest y .

to be much frayed and worn , and with the flight of the English the tapestry in its present condition to v x ends , nor does it appear ha e ever e tended to 1 a much greater length .

1 In th e ta estr descri ed b Bandri see a ove . 1 2 p y b y ( b , p 4, note the attle is resumed o n th e morro and a to n is ca ) , b w, w p tured after i c he inds u i t a ane ric u on Wi lliam. , wh h w p w h p gy p

1 553 194ohar .

F e s 1 1 0 M ont S aint-M ich el 8 a ts, 3 , 5. , 5 , 59. in 1 0 1 M ontfaucon F th er fi F orag g , . , a , rst en man Pr s E n raved th e h ole ta est F ree ofe sor . A. o r , , g w p y, 5. ” ’ - M ora Willi s shi th e ta estr 6 1 6 6 8 1 am . p y, 54, 3 , 4, , , p, 97 ‘ m M oustach e an En li 8 1 2 0 et assz . s cha 9, , fi , g h ’ i ti F un r l Kin E d war s . racter s c . e a , g a d , 73 , 3 9, 45

' t 1 1 Gifiard Wal er, 4. , Odo, Bi s o of B a eux 2 8 ’ h p y , 4 , 5 , Grillets h a k s ells . ( w b ), 3 7 , 47 1 0 1 08 1 2 8 1 0 his 93 , 5, , 3 ; Gurne H udson on the ta estr y, , p y, co nn exion with th e making of th e ta estr 2 1 0 1 1 p y, 3 , 3 , 7 . Gu Count of Pont ieu 2 y, h , 3 , 3 4, W ’ 1 1 1 2 1 2 Palace illi am s 6 8. Gyrth , 1 , 1 , 1 2 6, 7 . , , 4 , 4

Pevensey, 98.

H arold 2 60 6 6 - 2 8 8 , 7, , 5, 9 7 , 5, 9, 1 1 his vi sit to N ormand R 9 y, enn es (Redn es), 61 . 2 6 oath to William 6 -6 Rh iwall on overnor of Do] ; , 7 9 ; , g , 55, r En l 0 eturn to g and, 7 ; h is ri h t of succession 80 coro g , Ro ert ofM ortam 1 08. b ,

nation 8 8 death 1 . , 4, 5 , 3 4 Ro ert th e S taller 1 1 1 . b , H sti 1 00 fortific ti a ng s, ; a on at, f 1 2 - 1 1 08 attle o 6. ; b , 3 3 H a s and a in 2 8 Shields , roun d 1 2 5. wk h wk g , , 3 7 , 47 , , Shi s 2 0 uildin 99 p , 3 , 7 b g , 93 ; l aunchin th eir sails H orn s for drin in 1 1 0 . 4 , k g , 3 , 5 g , 9 H orses at th e time of th e Con 97

uest 2 in th e ta estr S ades 1 0 . q , 9 p y, p , 9

m ar in S tandards En lis 1 . dise . 4 3 5 b k g , 99 , g h, 3

Sti a nd Arc i sho 8 86. g , hb p, 7 , ’ S toth ard s d rawin s 1 2 . g , Kn ig hthood in Eng land and Stukele on th e ta estr 1 6 . N rm n y p y, 74 , 5 o a dy, 66. Kniv 1 06 es, 3 5, . Taillefer th e min s 2 trel, 1 3 .

Tosti 80 8 8 . L g , , 4, 9 ancelot M . called , , attention Toustain ofB ee 1 1 . to ta estr 1 2 , 4 p y, 7 4, 3 ; ditto, Turner Da son on the ta estr 1 9 , w , p y, 73 . 5 1 2 L ofwm 1 2 . e e, 5. T - urold, 40 43 .

M ar ot H u a mon of g , g h ( k Vi l . ta , 1 1 7 F ecam 1 1 1 . p), M atild a, Q ueen, association ith th e ta estr 1 2 2 Wa uo ed . ce Roman de Rou t w p y, 9, 5, , , q M atilda Em ress ta estr 66 80 1 2 , p , p y , , 9.

ascri ed to 1 1 . Wadard 1 02 b , , . 1 I ndex . 3 9

h his exh ortation before t e

ine cas s . W k , 95 1 Wulfnothin as th e five 1 2 . 1 3 1 h is g , , 5

— CHISWICK PRESS zs CHARLES WHITTIN GHAM AN D C0 . O S O AN AN LON DON TO K C URT, CH CERY L E, .

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ures in Rev. . Banks M .A. 1 . TraveLPiot , cluding the J , 5 o d Tour in th e H art , N rdemey , an ’ H O E W . Th e F F MAN N S ( . T . ) Book of Ideas t eth er i th th e , og w S erap i on B rethren . Translated Romantic School . Translated by fr - om the German by Lt. Col. Alex . F rancis Storr. A N ew Edition , Ewin . 2 vols. s. 6d . each . ou i g 3 revi sed thr ghout. W th Appen

di an 6d. ’ ces d Maps. H OLB EIN S Dance of Death

an d B i ble Outs . Upwards of1 50 HE LI ODORUS . Th ea enes and g S u ects en raved in facsimile — bj , g , Chari cl ea . S ee GREEK Ro with Introduction and Descrip m ucus. Do an tions by F rancis uce d Dr.

’ Th omas F ro h all Di den . 3 . H E L P S Li fe of Chri stoph er g b 5 C olum us the Discoverer of ’ b , H OM E R S Il i ad . A new trans

America. B Sir Arthur H el s y p , lation b E. H . Blakene M . A . y y , — K. C . B . : 6d. i B oo 3 Vol . I. contain ng ks I. XII . 7 5 . Vol . II. in th e Press. 3 . 64 ( ) Life of H ernando Cortes , ated into En lish rose and the Conquest ofMexico. 2 Transl g P

Buckle B. A. r. vols. 3 s. 6d. each . by T. A. y, s ’ 1 2 An Alpba bettoal Lis t 0] B ooks

' H OM E R S Od sse . H mns H UN GAR : its Histor and R y y y . Y y e d tt fth e F ro voluti on to ther 3 Ep ig rams, an Ba le o gs M , with copions Memoir ofgossuth and Mice. Translated into Eng .

kl B . lish Prose by T. A. Buc ey , A. ’S oetr of cien H UN T P y S ce. By Richard H un t. 3rd See also Porn. al d 5 vised and c me . 5 . n oor mr s Waterl oo : Th e H TCH IN S ON (Colonel . Downfall of th e F irst N ap o U ) moirs of the Life of. B is leon : a H istorYy ofthe Campaign t Wido L : er ith her Geo r e H oo er. , of 1 81 5. By g p w w Antchia a and an Account 5 64. p y, With M aps and Plans. 3 . of the g e of Lathom H ouse. Il 'h e Camp aig n of Sed an The Do nfall ofth e S econd Em w IN G LPH ’ S Ch ronicles of the - e tember 1 8 0. U ire, Aug ust S p , 7 A ey of C royland . ith the gVith General M ap and Six Plans bb w CON TIN UATl ON by Peter ofBlois s 64. ofBattle. 3 . and other Writers. Translated by

H o To Ri le M . A. 3 . H ORACE . A new literal Prose y, , 5

translation b A. H amilton Br ce, , y y ’ d IRVIN G S (Washi ng ton) Com. LL. D. sr. 6 . Works. 1 vols. With Por

s. ’ &c. 3 each. H UGO S (V i c t or) Dr ama ti c — — L S al ma un di , K ni c er Work s . H ernani Ru Bias g k y ’ ’ k o v rs n ranslated hoc er s Hist ry of N ew The Ki ng s Di e io . T ork. r N e ton Crosland and by M s. w Y — - . 64. 11. The Sketch Book and the F . L. Slous. 3s ,

Life ofOli ver Goldsmith . P oems chiefi L rieal . Trans , y y — Il l . Brace rid e Hall A ots Writers new first g , lated by various , b bb ford and N ewt d Abbey. H . L. Williams. collected by J . — IVs The Alham ra, Tal es of a 3 s. 6d. b Traveller. ’ — M B OLDT S C osmos. Trans H U V. Chronicle oi the Co nest

b E . Otte B . H . aul lated y . C , P , of Granada. [e g g oi

. vols ud . S . Dallas F . L.S . the Con uest ofS i . s w , s q pa n xce ti n Vol . . r . — . ea h e V s. 64 c . p g s if o 3 Vl . &Vl l . L e and Voyag es i C olum us tog ether ith Personal N arrati ve of his b , w the Voyag es of his Com Travels to the Equi noctial Re pani ons. g i ons ofAmeri ca during th e years — a he — Vl l l . Astori , A Tour on t h anslated b T . 1 799 1 804 . y Prairies. vols. 5 . each . Ross. 3 5 — l X. Life ot Mahomet, Livesofthe

ture. ranslated V iews ofN a T Successors ofMahomet.

b E. C . Otte and H . G. Bohn. — y X. Adventures ofCaptain Bon ' 3 . 5 neville, U S .A., Weltert s

’ Roost. H UM PH RE YS ’ C oin C oll ector s XL—Bio ra hies and Miscella u l H N . H um hre s. g p M an a . By . p y neous Pa ers. with upwards of 1 40 Illustrations — — p r Xl l . XV. Life of Geo r on Wood and Steel . 2 vols. s . g e Wash

lo ton. . each . g 4 vols

1 4 A n A lpha betical List of B ooks

’ LAM B S Ch arl es S ecimen s of LIVY ’ ( ) p S H i story ofRome. Trans E n li sh Dramati c P oets of th e g la ed b Dr. S illan C. Edmonds t y p , ,

m ofE a eth . d . Ti li z b 5. 6 e and o ers. ol . r. 3 th 4 v s s each . M emori als and Letters of ’ LOCKE S Phil oso i cal Works Ch arl es Lam B er eant p h . b . y S j Edi ed b . A St o n 2 ols t y J . . J . . Talfourd . N ew Edi ion re ised h v t , v , s. eac . 3 611. h b W Care H azli . 2 ols . y . w tt v

5 . 6d . eac 3 h . O K - L C H ART . (J G . ) S ee Bum s. Tal es from S h ak esp eare

Wi lu ra i n b am a ’ ' l s o s B S . th I t t y y h w LODG E S Portraits ofIll ustri ous

6d. Persona es of g Great B ritain , ' ’ i t B io hi l and H is ri l LAN E S Arabi an N i gh ts Enter w h g rap ca to ca M emo 2 i i nm nt Edi ed b S anle irs. 40 Por ra s engra ed ta e s . t y t y t t v - on S eel , i the res ec i e Bio Lane Poole M . A Litt. D . t w th p t v , 4 g ra hies unabrid ed. 8 ols . ls 5. 6d. eac g vo . 3 h . v eacg LA P P E N B E R G ’ S H i stor of y Vol s I V and V ut o [ . II . o f E l d un d er th e An l o ng an g pri nt ] x ran la d b S a on Kin g s . T s te y ’ B . Th or e F . S . A. N ew edi ion p , t , L O U D O N S ( m a ) N atural

r is d b . e 2 ols . e e E. C O . H i stor . Re ised edifion b v y tt v y v , y

s 6d . eac . . Dallas F L. . Wi . S 3 h , th

m u d . r nu ero s Woo cu ll us . ’ t I s L E ON A R D O D A V I N C I S

Treati se on Pain tin . Trans ' g L O W N D E S B i bli og raph er s a d lated by I. F . Rig u , R .A M an ual of Eng li sh Litera ture. Wi h a Life ofLeonardo by Jo n t h Enlarg ed Editi on . By H . G. Wit numero us Willi am B ro n. w h o ls. o each . Bo n . 6 cl h v th , P 3 . la es. 5 t r ols . alfmorocco 2 1. as. O 4 v h ,

’ ' LEPS IU S S Letters fi om Egypt,

LON GU S . Da nis and C l oe. E thi o ia and th e P eni n sul a of p h h p , — S! e GREEK ROM AN C ES . Sinai . Transla ed b L and t y .

H r. Wi Ma . r . J . B . ome th ps s ’ LU CAN S Pharsalia . Translated LE S S N G ’ S Dramatic W ork s , M A. I by H . T . Riley, . 5a m le e . Edi ed b Ernes B ell Co p t t y t , M em ir of ss ’ M .A. Wi h o Le in t g L U C I A N S Dial ogues of the H l Zimmern . 2 ols. by e en v God s of th e S ea God s and , , 3 s. 6d . eac . o f th Dea Tra sl d h e d . n ate by

Laok o on Dramati c N otes H o ard Williams M . A. r. , , w , s and th e R ep resentati on or

. b th e Anci en . A Prose T Death y ts Trans LU CRE TIU S . rans

la ed b E. C . Beasle and H len l on . A . ro . t y y e ati . By H J Mun immem Edi ed b Ed rd f Z . t y wa Reprinted rom th e F wai (4th) Wi h r . W B ell M A. a F on is iece Edi ion. i an n roduc ion , t t t th I t t

ofth e Laokoon rou . . D. Duff M .A. s b . g p y J , 5

’ L ntroducti o to Astro L ll transl ated B the LIL Y S I n itera y . y

M . A . o Wi a GRAM M AR or . Wa son i l . S W gy th t , th

TR L G and Tables for l M i V r i b . M Good. AS O O Y Ca a etr cal e s on y ] .

ula in N a i i ies b a kiel . s. s. c t a t v t , y 5 5 ’ n B ol m: L ra Contai ned i ib ries . 1 5

' - M A R R Y A T S Ca t. R N . LUTH ER! Tabl e Talk . Trans ( p ) P oor a Wi 1 6 us lated and Edited by William J ck . th Ill trati ons afer Clarkson Stansfield H azlitt. a‘ o 6d. t ,

R . A. s 3 . 6d. A u t o b i o g r a p h y . ' Peter Sim le. Wit 8 full c n s nxr. p h

a ll 6d. p g e I ustrations. 3 s. ’ M ACH IAVELLI S Hi story o f ' F l o r o n e o to et r i th e M ARTIAL S E i ram com lete. , g he w th p g , p Prince Sa onarola arious H is T ransla ed into Prose eac ac , v , v t , h tori f m ani m r V rse cal Tracts, and a M emoir o co p ed by one or o e e

Mac i lli . . Transla i ons selec ed from the h ave 3s 6d. t t Works of E lish Poe s and ng t ,

t er so urces 3 . 6d. o h . 7 ti es or an H istorica Accoun of , l t ’ th e Manners Cus oms Reli i ous M ARTIN E AU S H arri et H is , t , g ( ) an o tor of n l nd f m d Laws, Maritime Expediti ns y E g a , ro 1 800

and Disco eries e and 1 8 1 . s. 6d. v , 5 3 Litera ure, ofthe Ancien S candi ’ t t H istor ofth e T irty Years na in Transla ed Bis o y h na. t h p v - P eace 1 81 6. ols. ed and nlar ed . 5 4 4 v Percy. Revis g Edi i on wi Transla ion ofthe t , th a t

r . Black ’ P ess Erma, by J . A S ee Comte : Posi tive Pbi losofiky . ll . we 53 . M ATTH EW OF ' W E S TMI N ’ MAN Z ON . Th e B etr oth ed I S TE R S F l owers of H i stor y , bein 3 Translati on of Pro I from the be i nnin of the Wo rld g ’ g g v messi S osi . B Alessandro p y o A d b D t . D. 1 3 07 . Translate y C . . W od Manzoni . Wi numerous o th Yon e M . A. 2 ols. 5. eac . g , v 5 h cuts. 53 . MA XW ELL’ S V i ctori es of W el ’ M AR CO POLO S Tra el s ; th e v i nstou and th e B riti sh Armi es . Transla i on of Marsden re i sed d Po aits r . t v F ron ti spiece an 5 rtr . s b T. Wri M .A E.S .A. r. y ght, s ’ M EN Z E L S H istory ofGermany , ’ M A R N . R R Y A T S (Capt. ) from the Earli est Period to 1 842 .

M asterman Read . Wi ols. 3 61 . eac . y th 93 3 v 3 . h Woodcuts. 33 . 6d. M I C H A E L AN GELO AN D Mi ssi on or c es in Africa . ; , S en RAPH AE L th eir Li es and , v llus rated b Gilbert and Dalziel . u a aud ua re I t y Work s. By D pp Q t s. 6d. Wi Por rai s 3 d uinc . mere e Q y th t t , l r and Eng ra ing s on Stee . s . Pirate and Three Cutters . v vin s fro m Wi 8 Steel E a g , ’ ' th M C H E LE T S Lut er s Auto field h Dra i ng s by Clar son S an , w t b William bi og ra p h y . Trans. y R A. 6d. i Wi an A audix I 1 0 H azl tt. th p ( av a es ofN o es. 3 . d. Pri vateersman . 8 Engr p g ) t 3

n . i g s on Steel 6d. H istory ofthe F rench Revo l ution from its earlies indica i ons Settlers in Canada. t o Eu t t l to the flig t of the King in 1 79 1 . gravings by Gilbert and Dalzie . h 1 6 A n A lphabetical Li st of B ooks

’ M IGN E T ’S H lstory ofth eF renoh M ON T E S Q U I E U S Spirit 0!

Revol uti on from 1 8 to 1 81 . Laws . N ew Edi i on re ised and , 7 9 4 t , v

correc d . B V . Pri c s. 663. N ew edi ion reset. e . ard 3 t , t y J t h , ’ A M 2 ols s 6d. eac . v . 3 h ‘ E arl E ssa s b M ILL (J . y y y ’ ’ M O R E S Utopi a . Robinson s

Joh n Stuart Mi ll . Collec ed from ’ t ransla ion wi Ro er s Life t t , th p W. M . Gi s. ’ ’ arious sources b . bb v y] ofS i r T omas M or e and M ore s h , 3 s. 6d. Letters to M arg aret Roper and

o ers. Edi ed Wi lli N o es b th t , t , y or to M ILLER Profess . H i s ry ucti ( ) Geo rg e S ampson. Introd on ustr m P hil osop hi cally Ill ated ,fro u and Bibl iog raphy by A. G th the F all ofthe Roman Em ire to o f p kelch. Th e text th e Utopia is the F rench Re olu ion. ols. 4 i n as an a ndi r. v t v g ve ppe x. s

s. 6d. eac 3 h . M ORP H ’ f Y S Games o Ch ess . ’ ork Edi ed Bein th e Matc es and bestGames MILTON S Prose W s. t g h la ed b theAmerim C am ion b . St. o n . ols. s. 6d. , y J A. J h 5 v 3 p y y h p a wi Explana ory and Anal ical e ch. th t yt N o es b . n t y J Lowe thal. sr. Poetical Work s i at Me . w th M OTLE Y J . I n) . Th e Rise of moir and Cri tical Remarks by ( James M on omer an ndex to tg y, I ’ B ohn Lo ro M o le N ew Paradise Los Todd sVerbal ndex y J p y. t, I th t Edi i on i Bio ra ical ntro to all the Poems and a S elec ion , g p , t t w th h I duc i on b Moncure D. Con a . of Explanatory N otes by H enry t y w y 3 ols . sr. 6d . eac . hn . llus ra ed i 1 2 0 G . Bo I t t w th v h od En ra in s from Dra i n s ’ Wo g v g w g IIE B ri B ird s MUD S tish ; or, H is . ols s. . b V. H ar ey 3 . 3 6d y v v tory ofthe F eathered Tribes ofthe eac: h R W i ised b . Brit s Islands. ev y Wi h 2 F C . L. Mar in . i ures ’ t t 5 g MI TF ORD S (Mi ss) Our Villag e ofBirds an d 7 Coloured Plates of S ke c es of Rural C arac er and t h h t r eac Egg s. 2 o s. s . . Wi a En ra in s on v l h Scenery. th g v g

2 ols. s. 64 . eac . N EAN DE R Dr . A . Life of Steel . v 3 h ( )

esus Chri st ans a b . J . Tr l ted y J ’ M linto B m al. ks. lu en M OLIERE S Dramati c Wor cC ck and C . th

s. d A new Translation in Eng lish 3 6 . Prose, by C . H . Wall . 3 ols. v H istory ofth e Pl anting and a 3 s. 6d. e c . h Train ing of th e Chri sti an c Chur h by th e Ap ostles. M ON TAGU . The Letters and nsla E land. Tra ed by J . . Ry W orks of Lady Mary Wortley t ls. s. 3 vo 3 6d. M ontagu. Edited by her g reat ' randson Lo rd Wh arnclifle s Edi f Life g , M emori als o C hri sti an r b W o ion and e ised . M d M iddl e es t , v y y in th e E arly an Ag ;

m s. N ew Edi ion r ed Tho a e is in lud i i n Dark Places. t , v , c ng ht wi t Por rai s. 3 ols. r. eac . b . R land. 3 . 6d. h 5 t t v s h Trans. y J y 3

’ ' N B E L U N G E N L E D. Th e M ON TAI GN E S E ssays . Cotton s I I

Transla ion re ised b W. C . La ofth e N ibelun s me ricall t , v y y g , t y

H azli . N e Editio ols. ransla ed from the ol d German tt w n. 3 v t t te t b i e H orton and edi ted x y Al c ,

‘ r8 An Alp/zabetzcal Li st of B ooks

PLOT N S Works P N DAR . r sla ed in o Prose U S elect oi . I T an t t I ,

a urner . To w ic Transla ed b T omas Ta lor. by D wson W. T h h t y h y is added the M etri cal Version by With an Introducti on contai ning ’ the subs ance ofPor h r s Plo Abraham Moore. t p y y tinus. Edi ed b G. R. S . Mead t y . B r N cmii H i stor o r B riti s .A sr. LA . y h m me C os u e from the Earliest Ti ' t , ’ PLUTAR CH S Li es. Translated to the Close of the Ei hteeni h v

b A. S e art M .A. and Geo é y t w , , Cen ur . B . R . lanch t y y J , Lon M .A. ols . s. 6ci . eac Wi u wards g , 4 3 S omerset H erald. th p v

of 00 llus rati ons. r. M oral s . o i 4 I t s Theos ph cal Essays.

Transla ed b C . W. Kin M .A. t y g , ’ P TO S Works. Li eral rans LA t ly t 5: la ed i n roduc i on and t , w th I t t M o r a l s. E hical Essa s. N o es 6 o s. s. eac . y t . v l 5 h t Transla ed b Rev. R. — t y the A. I . The A olo of Socra es, gy t Shilleto , M .A. 53 . o Cri to, P 0, Go Pr ‘ l ta oms t drus Igez tetus P OE TR Y OF AME RI CA . Se g , , ,

Es b hron L sis . Trans l ec ti o n s fr m n H und t y , y o O e red

la ed the Rev. H . Care . Ameri can Poe s from i 6 to t y t , 77

1 8 6. B W o s — 7 y . J. Lin n. 3 . 6d. . The Re ublic Timaeus and t II p , , i Translated H nr Crit as. by e y P OL T C A L C CLOPE D I I Y IA. Da is. v A Di cti onar of Poli i cal Con — y t , l II. Meno Euth demus The stitutional S a istical and F 0 , y , , t t , S o ist S a esman C rat lus rensic Kno l d e formin a ph , t t , y , w e g ; g

Parmenides and the Ban ue . Work ofReference on sub ec of , q t j ts

Transla ed b G. Bur es. Ci il Adminis rati on Politica t y g v t , l om F i omm — Econ y, nance. C erce, IV. Phil ebus Charmides Lac es , , h , La s and S oci al Rela ions. i n w . t 4 Menexenus, H ppies, Io , o s s. 6d . each . The Two Alcibiades The v l . 3 , ' V0]. 1 . out o n m. a es Ri al H i arc us [ fp g , v s, pp h ,

in . M os, Clitopho, Epistles ’ POPE S Poeti cal Works . Edi d te , Transla ed b G . Bar es. t y g wi co ious N otes b Robert — th p , y V . e La s. Translated b ~ Th w y Carruthers . With numerous Ill us

G. Bur es. trations 2 ols . r. eac . g . v s h '

Va]. 1 . out nl . - he D t W rk [ q/pn VI. T oub ful o s. Trans ’ la ed by G. Bar es . t g H omer s Iliad . Edited by

th Rev . . Wa son M . S A. e . J , S ummary an d Analysi s of t Illustrated by th e enti re Series of th e Di al ogues. Wi Anal ti cal ’ th y an F iu m s Desig ns. 59 . ndex. B A. Da LL. D 3 . I y y, . 5 ’ H omer s O sse it the dy y , w h ‘ ’ fF ro i Battle o g s and M ce, H -ine. PLA TU S Comedi es. U S Trans ‘

o er ors. yal d &c. b ransla i te b H , y th t t lated y . T. Riley, M .A. 2 R v Wa M th e . . son .A. by e J S . , . 3 t o eac . v ls 5 . h With the enti re Series of F lax ’ man s Desi ns. r. Th e et g s PLIN Y. L ters of Pliny ’ th e Youn er. Melmoth Life g s trans , incl uding many of his

ation re ised b the Rev. F C. Le ters. B Robert Carrut ers. l , v y . t y h

T. Bosan uet M.A. 3 . Wit numerous llustrations. . q , 5 h I sr ’ Contained i n B oi ms Li rar i es b . 1 9

' POU SH KIN S Prose Tales : The PROU T’ S (F at er Reli ues . Col ’ h ) q C a tain s Dau — p g er Doubrovsky lected and arran ed ht b Rev. F g y . The ueen of S des An Q Ma on . N ew issue wi — h y , th 2 ! Ama eur Peasant Gir The S ot E c i n s b D. Maclise R .A t h t h g y , . —Th e no - S S orm The Post N earl 600 a es s w t y p g . 5 . master The C ofli n M aker — ’ Ki rdjali The Egyptian N ights Q U I N T I L IA N S Institutes of ’ O Peter the Great s N e ro . Trans rato r or Edu ion f g y , cat o an

l a ed b T . Keane. s. 6d. Orator. Transla ed b the R v t y 3 t y e .

. Wa S . son M . ’ J t , A. 2 ols. r. P R E S C O T T S C on uest of v s q each. M e i co . Co ri edi ion i x py g ht t , w th th e no es b John F os er Kirk ’ t y t , R A C I N E S ( J ean ) Dramati c and an in roducti on b . y G P. W ork t s. A metri cal Eng lish ver Wi ns i . o . s. 6 ls d. eac . h p 3 v 3 h si on. B R . Bruce Bos ll e M . A. y w ,

Con uest ofPeru. Co ri t Oxon. 2 ols. s 6d. q py g h v 3 . each . edition it the no es of Jo n , w h t h ’ RAN K E S H i stor of th e P o es F os r Kirk. 2 ols. s. 6d . eac . y p te v 3 h , durin th e g Las F our Centuries. Reig n of F erdin an d an d t Transla ed b E . F o r . t y ster. M s sa ell a . o ri edi i o b C py g n, ’ I ht t F os er s ransla ion re ised i wi th the notes of John F oster t t t v , w th considerable addi i ons b G. R . t , y . l . 1 . eac . Kirk 3 vo s 3 6d. h Denni . s B .A ols. s. 641 . a , 3 v 3 e ch .

P R OP E R T U S . Translated b I y H i story of S ervia and th e Rev P . . F . C an illon M .A. . J , , S er ian Re olu on t v v ti . With an and accom anied b Poe i cal p y t Account of th e Insurrection i n Versi ons, from arious sources. v Bosnia. Transla ed b M rs. Kerr t y . 3s. 6d. 3 s. 6d.

PROVERB S Handbook of. Con , RE T ON H OOT RE C A I S in S IN G . tainin an entire Re ublica i on ’ g p t Wi 2 En a B Cra en . 6 r in s ' y v th g v g of Ra s C ollecti on of Eng lish on Wood after H ar ey, and 9 Pro er wi his addi ions from v v th t En ra in s on S eel c iefl afer g v g t , h y t F oreig n Lang uag es and a com A. Cooper, R . A. sr. plete Alphabeti cal Index; in whi ch are in roduced lar e addi ions as ' t g t REN N IE S In sect Archi tecture. ell of Pro erbs as of Sa in s w v y g , Revi sed and enl arg ed by Rev. Sen ence M axims and Phrases s, , , . Wi 1 86 . Wood M . A . G t J , th collec ed b H . G. Bo n. s. r t y h 5 Woodcut Illustrations. s .

’ POTTERY AN D P OR CE LA N , Liter r I RE YN OLDS ( Sir J . ) a y and o her Ob ec s ofVer u. Com Edi ed b H . W. Beac . t j t t W ork s. t y hy risin an llus ra ed C a alo ue of g g s. 6d. eac . p I t t t 2 vols. 3 h the Bemal Collection of Works fArt i the ri ces at ic AR DO on th e Princi les of o , w th p wh h RIC p ld b auc ion and l E conom and Ta a they were so y t , P oliti ca y x

names ofthe ossesso rs. To ic ti on Edi ed b E. C . K. Gonnet p wh h . t y ,

are added an n roduc or Lec ure ' Ae S. , I t t y t M s S Po er and Porcelain and an on tt y , R CH TER Jean Paul F ri edri c ) Eng raved List of all the kno wn I ( h r ise on Educa ion m B H r Le ana , a T ea Marks and M onog ra s. y en y v t t he Autobio ra h Wi numerous Wood o e er i t g y Bo n . g G . h th t th w th p a F ra men and a s ort ft e En ra in s 1 3 or i Coloured ( g ), g v g , 5 ; w th t h fator Memoir. s. 6d. llustra ions t or. 6d. y 3 I t , 2 0 An Alp/tabetical List of B ook:

’ ean aul F ri edri ch . S CE LLER S Wor RICH TER (J P ) ks . Translated d Th om b mu 7 F lower F rui t an arious dg 0k. 3 . 640 , , y v 7 3 Pieces or the Wedded Life Dea , , th, a d Mar of F i rmian S anis n e —H ist ’ t I. ory ofthe Thi rty Years laus ieben aes Paris Ad oc ate S , h v W ar. in the Parish of Kuh schnapptel. . H istor ofthe Re olt in the - II y v l . Al N e ly transla ed by Lt. Co ex. w t N e herlands the Tria s of s d t , l Ewi ng . 3 . 6 . ROGER DE H OVE DEN ’S Ah

nals of Eng li sh H istory , com prisin the H istory of Eng land and 0 other Countries of Europe — from a. r) . 2 to a. 1) . rzo r. 73 . Don Carlos Mar tua III , y S rt, Translated b H . T. Rile M .A. y y, Maid ofOrleans, Bride of 3 o s. 3 . eac . Messina to et er wi v l 5 h , g h th the R OG E R OF WE N DOVER ’ S Use of the Chorus in Tra ed a s or Essa stor m ri g y ( h t y). F lowers of H i y , co p sing T ese Dramas the H istory of Eng land from th e h are all

transla ed in metre. Descent of the S axons to a .i ) . t — ’ 1 2 formerl ascribed to Ma e IV. Robbers wi Sc iller s 3 5, y tth w ( th h

Pans. Transla ed b . A . Giles ori inal Preface F i co t y J , g ), es ,

D.C Lo 2 V018 . eaCb . Lo e and n ri ue De r v I t g ,

V0]. out o ri nt. metrius G ost Seer S ort [ j p , h , p ofDi i niy . ROM E in th e N IN E TEE N TH v t h D m E R n ainin a com T e ra as in t is C N TU Y. Co t g h olume are ranslated into plete Account ofthe Rui ns ofthe v t Pros An i n Ci the Remai ns of the e. c e t ty, — Middle A es and the M onumen s V . Poems. g , t m s A Ea on - ofModern Ti e . B C. . . VI. Ess a s tEsthetical andP i o y t y , h l Wi S eel En ra in s. 2 ols. hi th 34 t g v g v so p cal . 3 ’ . eac . -W l 5 VII . al ens ein h t s Camp. Pic N colomi ni and Deat of See BUR . h Wallenstein,WilliamTe . ’ e and Pon ll ROS C OE S (W .) Lif ti

floate of Leo x. F inal edi i on S C H L L E R and G OE T H E t , I .

re ised b T omas Roscoe. 2 C orres ond ence etween v y h p b , from

ols. s. 6d. eac . a . ) 1 4 80 . Tran v 3 h 1 . 794 5 slated by ’ L. Dora Schxmta. 3 ols. 3 . 61 . Life of Lorenzo d e M edi ci v 3 , ’ eac . called the Mag nificent. With h his oems le ers th e ro ' p , tt , th S CH LE GEL S (i t ) Lectures on Edi i on re ised wi M emoir oi t , v , th th e P hil osOphy of Li fe and the 3 Roscoe by his Son. 3 . 6d. Phi l osoph y “ Lang uag e. Trans

la ed b the Rev. A. . W. M R U S S A. H i stor oi from th y on I y , e t J rise n M . A. s. 6d. earliest Period, compiled from , 3 h m s u en i c sources b t e o t a th t y Lectur es on th e H i story of

l . Wi Por r i Wal er K. Kel a s. y Li terature Ancien and M d . t th t t , t o ern 2 ols. : 6d. eac . 3 Transla ed fromtheGerman . :. d v h t 3 6 . ALLU S T F LORU S and VE L Lec S , , tures on th e Phil osophy R LE I U S P A T E OU L U S . ofH istor . Transl B. y ated by J . ran . atson M . A. T s. by J S .W , Robertson. 6d.

2 2 A n Alphabetical Li st of B ooks

’ ’ S M O LL E T T S Ad entures of S TAUN TON S Ch ess Pra i s v x . A ’ m. i s o - R oderi ck Ran d o W th h rt Supplement to the Chess player s

Memoir and Bibli o ra and H and ook 3 . g phy, b . 5 ’ C ruiks ank s llus ra i ons. s. 6d. h I t t 3 ’ Ch ess - la er m p y s Co p ani on . Ad en tur es of Pere ri ne v g Com risin a Trea ise on Odds p g t , Pi ckl e Wi Biblio ra and . th g phy Collec i on of Ma c Games and ’ t t h , Cruiks ank s llus ra ions. 2 ols. h I t t v a Selec i on ofOri inal Problem t g s. 3 s. 64. eac . h 5s. Th e E xp edi ti on of R um ’ a S TOCKH ARDT S E erimental phry Cli nk er . With Bibliog r phy xp ’ h C emi s . tr Edi ed b C. W. and C ruikshank s Illustrations. y t y

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tor of D. 0 Transla ed y (A. 3 5 t k r ’ from th e Gree . s . TR AB O S S Geog raph y . Trans

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th e N orman Con ues . Revis Wi Por rai s Plans and u ed th t t , , p q t Edi i on. Wi 6 Por rai . ts 6 ols. wards oi 50 Eng ravi ng s on Steel t th t v eac . and Wood . 55 . h

Li fe ofM ar ueen ofS cots. Li fe ofWesley , and the Ri se y Q

2 ols . r. eac . and Prog ress ofM ethodi sm. v s h

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Edi d b o n Dennis. 5 . 6d te y J h 3 . ’ S TUART and REV ETT S Anti ’ S OZ OME N S E cclesi asti cal E i s ui ti ca of At ens and o er q h , th tor . Transla ed from the Greek . Wi 1 y t Monuments of Greece. th 7 To e er i th e ECCLESIASTI Pla es en ra ed on S eel and g th w th t g v t , CAL H ISTOR OF PH ILOSTOR um u Woo dcu a itals r Y n ero s t C p . s . mus as e itomised b P o ius , p y h t . ’ Transla ed b Rev. E. Walford TON I S Li es oft e Twel t y . S UE U v h ve

A. s M . 5 . C wsars and Li ves of th e Gram m m ’ ari an s . T o son s ransla i on h t t , ' SP N OZ A S Chi efWork s. Trans i T . F r . I rev sed by o ester 53 . ated with Introducti on b . M l , , y K H . .

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b Tem le S co . Wi a Bio ’ y p tt th S TAN LE Y S Cl assi fied S no si s y p g raphical Introduction bytheRig ht ofth e Pri ncipal Pai n ters ofth e W E. H M . P H on. . . Lecky, . D and F lemi utch sh S ch ools . Por rai and F l VWth t ts acsimi es. B Geor e S anle . s. y g y 5 o ls. 5 . eac t 1 2 v 5 h . 8 T A U N T O N ’s Ch es P ‘ — s layer s I. A Tal e ofa Tub, Th e Battle

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R owi ng and Sculling . By Ger F ootb all Rug by Game. B Exxon. y

3 1 Ys ssm . Re ised Edition Rowi ng and Sculling . B W. B . v y ( 1339?

F ootball ation Game. B e y S ailing . B E. F . Km m , dbl .vol . 2 3 . y 0 w “ 01 m “ Edi fi 0 . 00 . m on . S wi mmi n g . By MARTIN and J . H ocke . B - y y E. 8. Car m en. mosrnn Commr . D Canoeing . By r. Skatin . g By Douems Ar ms. Doubl e vol . 2 s . With a Chapter for Ladi es. by Miss L. r M ountaineering . By D . Omens C n r r m u , and a Chapter on 8 ed u 2 WILSON . Do ble vol . 8. Skatin b a F n g , y e Skater . Dbl. “Iri s.

Ridi n . B W A. Kas s ' g . , B aseb all . B N s y y wros Cm . Doublevo 8e l. . R o u n d er s F i el d b l l B ' , a , o wl s, Ladi es Ri di n B W.A. Knaa V.C g . y , . uoits C li Q , ur ng , Ski ttles &c. o - , B ing . By R. G. Anm sos a . B J . M Wann a x y . and C . C. Mom. With Pretatol N ote by Bat Mullins. D an c i n . B En g y wm Soon . F n . i I Com mas Dos s . enci g B A . y Double vol . 2 9.

T H E C LUB S ERIE S OF C A RD AN D TAB LE M GA ES . ‘ N o—well-reg ulated club or “chef Gl obe. small 87 0. ’ Bridg e. B Tnmrnsu. Revers! and Go y B ang . - ‘ ’ Six h anded B ri e B Bm xx. dg . By H UBBRT y

Sros ar . Gd. ’ Whilst. B Dr WM m F B Br y . . Po , .R. S . y nm xr . B el i ue and C S olo Whi st,. By Bonner F . q ribbag e.

Gaus s . B i - ill ard s. By Major Gen. A. W. B B m ’ Du n c: F .R.L S. With a Preface y n n .

by W. . Peell. Pi uet and Rubicon Pi u J q q et. ’ H ints on B illi ards. B J. P B Bnn y . y n u r .

BUCHM M R. Doubl e vol . 2 3 . St a B t. y Loui s Dinan. “ C ess. B Bonner F . Gu ns . A Skat Scorin - h y fl, g book . l a. - Th e Two M o e h ess Pro blem. 1 C R oun d Games inc udi v , l ng Poker. B B C . La s y . w . N a eo Loo Vin - g t eb un. M B, - Ch ess Opening s. By I. Gonsnnae. Beggar a sr : Drau hts and B ack ammon Parlour and g g Playground Games. s ’ By B u nmr . By Mrs. h um or Gonn a.