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Home , Renal fascia, Renal pelvis, Urinary meatus

URINARY SYSTEM A&P BERRYHILL AND CASHION HS1, DHO 7.12 2017-2018

• AKA EXCRETORY SYSTEM • REMOVES WASTES & EXCESS WATER • MAINTAIN ACID-BASE BALANCE • HELPS MAINTAIN BODY’S HOMEOSTASIS URINARY SYSTEM

PARTS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM: 2 KIDNEYS 2 1 BLADDER 1

KIDNEYS

• BEAN-SHAPED ORGANS • FOUND ON EITHER SIDE OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN • LOCATED IN RETROPERITONEAL SPACE • RETROPERITONEAL SPACE=AREA BEHIND UPPER PART OF ABD CAVITY; SEPARATED FROM ABD CAVITY BY PERITONEAL MEMBRANE

KIDNEYS

• PROTECTED BY RIBS & FAT CUSHION • HELD IN PLACE BY CONNECTIVE TISSUE • EACH IS ENCLOSED IN MASS OF FATTY TISSUE=ADIPOSE CAPSULE • EACH KIDNEY IS COVERED BY A TOUGH, FIBROUS TISSUE=RENAL OR FIBROUS CAPSULE

APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE

CAN YOU THINK OF AN EXAMPLE OF THE URINARY SYSTEM’S ABILITY TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS? A GOOD EXAMPLE IS WHEN A PERSON DRINKS A LARGE AMOUNT OF WATER AND URINARY OUTPUT INCREASES KIDNEYS

DIVIDED INTO 2 MAIN SECTIONS: CORTEX & MEDULLA CORTEX= • OUTER SECTION • CONTAINS MOST OF THE (NEPHRONS AID IN PRODUCTION OF ) KIDNEYS

MEDULLA= • INNER SECTION • CONTAINS MOST OF THE COLLECTING TUBULES (COLLECTING TUBULES CARRY URINE FROM NEPHRONS THROUGH THE KIDNEY)

KIDNEYS

• EACH KIDNEY HAS A HILUM • HILUM=NOTCHED OR INDENTED AREA • THE , NERVES, BLOOD VESSELS, & LYMPH VESSELS ENTER & LEAVE THE KIDNEY THROUGH THE HILUM

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

SO, LET’S THINK THIS THROUGH….YOU HAVE TO PRODUCE THE URINE FIRST AND THEN SEND THE URINE OUT OF THE KIDNEY. IN WHAT ORDER DOES FLUID PASS THROUGH THE KIDNEY AND ITS LAYERS ON THE WAY TO THE URETER?

THE ANSWER IS…CORTEX TO THE MEDULLA TO THE HILUM KIDNEYS

• NEPHRONS=MICROSCOPIC FILTERING UNITS OF THE KIDNEY • THERE ARE MORE THAN 1 MILLION NEPHRONS PER KIDNEY

KIDNEYS

EACH CONSISTS OF A:  BOWMAN’S CAPSULE PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE  COLLECTING DUCT (TUBULE) KIDNEYS

• THE CARRIES BLOOD TO THE KIDNEY • BRANCHES OF THE RENAL ARTERY PASS THROUGH THE MEDULLA TO THE CORTEX • THIS IS WHERE BLOOD ENTERS THE 1ST PART OF THE NEPHRON, THE GLOMERULUS • GLOMERULUS=CLUSTER OF CAPILLARIES THIS IS THE START OF THE PROCESS OF FILTRATION!!! KIDNEYS • AS BLOOD PASSES THROUGH THE GLOMERULUS, THE GLOMERULUS FILTERS OUT: WATER MINERAL SALTS GLUCOSE METABOLIC PRODUCTS IMPORTANT!!!

RBCS AND PROTEINS ARE NOT FILTERED OUT!!! KIDNEYS

• FILTERED BLOOD LEAVES THE GLOMERULUS & MOVES TO THE WHICH CARRIES IT AWAY FROM THE KIDNEY • THE SUBSTANCES FILTERED OUT BY THE GLOMERULUS ENTER THE NEXT SECTION OF THE NEPHRON, BOWMAN’S CAPSULE KIDNEYS

• BOWMAN’S CAPSULE=C-SHAPED STRUCTURE THAT SURROUNDS THE GLOMERULUS • IT IS THE START OF THE CONVOLUTED TUBULE • BOWMAN’S CAPSULE PICKS UP THE FILTERED MATERIALS & PASSES THEM INTO THE CONVOLUTED TUBULE

KIDNEYS

• AS THE FILTERED MATERIAL PASSES THROUGH THE TUBULE, SUBSTANCES NEEDED BY THE BODY ARE REABSORBED AND RETURNED TO THE BLOOD CAPILLARIES • THOSE SUBSTANCES NEEDED BY THE BODY ARE:  MOST OF THE WATER, GLUCOSE, VITAMINS, AND MINERAL SALTS KIDNEYS

• REMAINING IN THE TUBULE (AND NOT NEEDED BY THE BODY AND NOT REABSORBED) ARE: EXCESS GLUCOSE AND MINERAL SALTS SOME WATER WASTES (UREA, URIC ACID, AND CREATININE) • THESE EXCESS SUBSTANCES ARE A CONCENTRATED LIQUID=URINE KIDNEYS

• URINE ENTERS COLLECTING DUCTS (TUBULES) LOCATED IN THE MEDULLA • THE COLLECTING DUCTS EMPTY INTO THE RENAL (RENAL BASIN), • =FUNNEL-SHAPED STRUCTURE THAT IS THE 1ST SECTION OF THE URETER

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

• DURING THE PROCESS OF FILTRATION IN THE NEPHRON, MOST OF THE WATER, GLUCOSE, AND VITAMINS ARE: A. STORED IN THE BLADDER B. EXCRETED THROUGH THE URETERS C. REABSORBED INTO THE BLOOD D. CONCENTRATED IN THE URINE

AND THE ANSWER IS…C TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

• WHAT WOULD YOU FIND INSIDE THE GLOMERULUS? BLOOD • WHAT C-SHAPED STRUCTURE IN THE NEPHRON SURROUNDS THE GLOMERULUS? BOWMAN’S CAPSULE URETERS

• 2 MUSCULAR TUBES • 10-12 INCHES LONG • RENAL PELVIS=FUNNEL-SHAPED 1ST SECTION OF URETER • ONE URETER EXTENDS FROM THE RENAL PELVIS OF EACH KIDNEY TO THE BLADDER URETERS

• PERISTALSIS MOVES URINE THROUGH URETER FROM KIDNEY TO BLADDER

(GEE, THIS IS NOT THE FIRST TIME WE HAVE HEARD OF PERISTALSIS-WHERE ARE THE OTHER INSTANCES OF PERISTALSIS THAT WE HAVE STUDIED?)

BLADDER

• HOLLOW, MUSCULAR SAC • FOUND BEHIND SYMPHYSIS PUBIS • LOCATED AT MIDLINE OF PELVIC CAVITY • RECEIVES URINE FROM URETERS • STORES URINE UNTIL IT IS VOIDED • VOID=URINATE=MICTURATE BLADDER

• LINED WITH • MUCOUS MEMBRANE HAS RUGAE (FOLDS) • RUGAE DISAPPEAR AS BLADDER EXPANDS TO FILL WITH URINE • BLADDER WALLS ARE MADE OF TRIPLE LAYER OF VISCERAL (SMOOTH) MUSCLE

BLADDER

• CIRCULAR SPHINCTER MUSCLE CONTROLS THE BLADDER OPENING TO PREVENT EMPTYING • RECEPTORS IN BLADDER SEND OUT A REFLEX ACTION WHICH OPENS THE MUSCLE • URGE TO VOID OCCURS WHEN BLADDER HAS 250ML BUT IT CAN HOLD MUCH MORE BLADDER

• INFANTS CANNOT CONTROL THE REFLEX ACTION • AS CHILDREN GROW, THEY LEARN TO CONTROL THE REFLEX

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

• WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TERMS USED TO DESCRIBE “SOMEONE PEEING”?

THE ANSWER IS…TO VOID, TO URINATE, TO MICTURATE TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

• IN WHAT PART OF THE URINARY SYSTEM DOES PERISTALSIS OCCUR? URETER • IF YOU COULD SEE THE INSIDE OF AN EMPTY BLADDER, WHAT WOULD YOU SEE? RUGAE URETHRA

• TUBE THAT CARRIES URINE FROM BLADDER TO OUTSIDE OF BODY • =EXTERNAL OPENING OF URETHRA URETHRA

FEMALE URETHRA: 1.5 INCHES LONG OPENS IN FRONT OF CARRIES ONLY URINE URETHRA

MALE URETHRA: 8 INCHES LONG PASSES THROUGH THE GLAND EXISTS THE CARRIES BOTH URINE & SEMEN (NOT AT THE SAME TIME)

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

• THE URETHRA IN THE MALE SERVES TO BODY SYSTEMS, WHAT ARE THEY? URINARY AND REPRODUCTIVE • WHAT IS THE LAST STRUCTURE URINE PASSES BEFORE LEAVING THE BODY? URINARY MEATUS URINE

• LIQUID WASTE PRODUCT OF URINARY SYSTEM • APROX 95% WATER • CONTAINS DISSOLVED WASTE PRODUCTS: UREA, URIC ACID, CREATININE, MINERAL SALTS, PIGMENTS URINE

• EXCESS USEFUL PRODUCTS (LIKE SUGAR) CAN ALSO BE FOUND IN URINE • WHEN USEFUL PRODUCTS ARE IN URINE, IT USUALLY INDICATES DISEASE!! URINE

• KIDNEYS FILTER ABOUT 150 QUARTS OF LIQUID DAILY • ABOUT 1,500-2,000 ML (1.5-2 QUARTS) OF URINE ARE PRODUCED DAILY TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

• WHAT IS CONSIDERED A NORMAL COMPONENT OF URINE? A. BACTERIA B. SUGAR C. URIC ACID D. RED BLOOD CELLS

AND THE ANSWER IS…C APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE OK, LET’S TAKE IT ONE STEP FURTHER….WHAT SHOULD YOU THINK IF USEFUL PRODUCTS LIKE SUGAR OR PROTEIN ARE FOUND IN URINE? DISEASE!! DO YOU KNOW OF A DISEASE THAT INVOLVES SUGAR IN THE URINE? DIABETES TERMS

TERMS USED TO DESCRIBE CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT URINATION: POLYURIA=EXCESSIVE URINATION OLIGURIA=BELOW NORMAL AMOUNT OF URINE ANURIA=ABSENCE OF URINATION HEMATURA=BLOOD IN URINE PYURIA=PUS IN URINE URINATION TERMS

NOCTURIA=URINATION AT NIGHT DYSURIA=PAINFUL URINATION RETENTION=INABILITY TO EMPTY BLADDER INCONTINENCE=INVOLUNTARY URINATION PROTEINURIA=PROTEIN IN URINE ALBUMINURIA=ALBUMIN (A BLOOD PROTEIN) IN URINE TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

• WHICH URINARY TERM WOULD YOU APPLY TO THIS SITUATION? PATRICE IS NOT ILL BUT DRANK A LARGE AMOUNT OF ICE TEA. YOU WOULD EXPECT HER TO HAVE….?

THE ANSWER IS…POLYURIA APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE

A CONSTRUCTION WORKER FALLS AND STRIKES HIS LOWER ABDOMEN ON A HARD OBJECT. WHAT MIGHT HE EXPERIENCE AS A RESULT? WHICH MEDICAL TERM WOULD YOU APPLY TO THIS SITUATION?

THE ANSWER IS…