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Marine Bryozoa from Northwest Florida

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Marine Bryozoa from Northwest Florida MARINE BRYOZOA FROM NORTHWEST FLORIDA DANIEL E. SHIER Department of Geology, Florida State University, Tallahassee ABSTRACT Sixty-two species of Bryozoa are described from the northwest coast of Florida. Four species are described as new: Electra laciniosa, Retevirgula flectospinata, Pelmatopora (sensu lato) upsata, and Smittina (sensu lato) thrincota. Nine species were not previously reported from the Gulf of Mexico: Aeverrillia armata (Verrill), Aeverrillia setigera (Hincks), A lcy- onidium polyoum (Hassall), Amathia convoluta Lamouroux, Bowerbankia gracilis Leidy, Holoporella mordax Marcus, Proboscina incrassata (Smitt), Sundanella sibogae (Harmer), and Trematooecia protecta Osburn. INTRODUCTION Bryozoans are common in coastal waters wherever firm substrate is present. Many bryozoans encrust shell, whereas other species encrust only grass blades. Animals to which bryozoans attach include hydroids, gor- gonians, annelid tubes, molluscs, horseshoe crabs, hermit crabs, ascidians and other bryozoans such as Amathia and Bugula. Only two monographic works are specifically devoted to the Bryozoa of the Gulf of Mexico. Osburn (1914) reported 76 species around the Dry Tortugas in water as deep as 40 meters. Canu & Bassler (1928) described many species from the 1883-1888 dredgings of the U. S. Fish Commission steamer ALBATROSS;most of their specimens were from the continental shelf. Lagaaij (1963) lists 34 species not previously reported from the Gulf of Mexico, including five new species. The present treatment is the first to describe all species of a shallow water bryozoan fauna from the northern Gulf of Mexico. Several others works dealing with the western Atlantic area include many species which are found also in the Gulf of Mexico. The West Indian bryozoan fauna was summarized by Osburn (1940). Marcus (1937-1939, 1941) described 110 species from the coast of Brazil. Osburn (1947) reported 107 species along the southern shores of the Caribbean. Maturo (1957) provided complete descriptions and figures of 59 species from Beaufort, North Carolina. In Osburn's (1950-1953) work on the Bryozoa of the eastern Pacific, descriptions of many cosmopolitan species are presented. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to Dr. Harry W. Wells of Florida State University, who first interested me in the Bryozoa and provided material from dredging 604 Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean [14(4) .s:: c: <.> o 0 - tV ~CD ::.:: tV tV II> o'" .c: ..Q c: ·0- i§ a.. "t:l c: o ~ lJ) lJ) 0 ~ CD ~ c: c 0 IJ) lC) tV c- o 0 U <:t 0 rrJ 0 C\l Q 0 FIGURE A.-Map showing colJecting localities. 1964] Shier: Marine Bryozoa 605 trips. Norman Hyne provided grab samples taken off Fort Walton Beach. Dr. Lyman D. Toulmin and Norman E. Weisbord gave helpful criticism on the manuscript. My wife Clare was my collecting companion on many coast trips. MATERIALSANDMETHODS Beach drift material examined for bryozoans consisted mainly of marine grass, algae, and the bushy colonies of Bugula, Amathia, and Anguinella. Collection localities for beach drift material are St. Andrews State Park near Panama City, Dog Island beach, Crooked River Coast Guard Station near Carabelle, St. Teresa, Bald Point, and Keyton Beach. These stations are plotted on the map shown in Figure A. However, only St. Teresa and Bald Point were collected regularly for more than a year; only a few collections were made at the other stations. Inshore waters at St. Andrews State Park and Dog Island beach have salinities near that of the open Gulf. Salinities at St. Teresa and Keyton Beach are near that of the open Gulf except during periods of heavy rains. Crooked River Coast Guard Station and Bald Point commonly have brack- ish water during times of moderate to high river discharge. Collections off Dog Island in November 1962 and off Alligator Point near buoy 26 in February 1963 were dredged from rock outcrops in about 9 meters of water by the Florida State University ship SEICHE. Grab samples were taken by the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey ship HYDROGRAPHERin November 1963 at depths of 14 to 27 meters off Fort Walton Beach. A few specimens were obtained from samples taken by the Florida State University Geology Department from submarine rock out- crops near Panama City. Fresh specimens of chitinous Bryozoa were measured and described shortly after collection. They were later preserved in 70 per cent alcohol for comparison with other specimens. Bryozoa with hard, calcareous skeletons were dried after their living colors had been observed. Observa- tions were made with a binocular microscope, and figures were prepared with the aid of an eyepiece with a grid. Specimens are described in detail and important differences from speci- mens described in the literature are noted. My scheme of classification follows that of Osburn (1950-1952), who provided complete generic descriptions and keys. The abbreviated synonymy is only partly regional. It includes references to the most valuable taxonomic works that have plates, good descriptions, and more or less complete synonymies. Only new species and those whose descriptions are not readily available have been illustrated in the present work. Bryozoan terminology employed here follows that of Bassler (1953). A key to the species included is given at the end of this paper. 606 Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean [14(4) SYSTEMATICDESCRIPTIONS Phylum BRYOZOA Ehrenberg, 1831 Class GYMNOLAEMATA Allman, 1856 Order CHEILOSTOMATABusk, 1852 Suborder ANASCALevinsen, 1909 Division INOVICELLATAJullien, 1888 Family Aeteidae Smitt, 1867 Genus Aetea Lamouroux, 1812 Aetea Lamouroux, 1812:184. (Type-species, Sertularia anguina Linnaeus, by monotypy.) Diagnosis.-See Osburn, 1952: 10. Aetea anguina (Linnaeus, 1758) Sertulariaanguina Linnaeus, 1758:816. Aetea anguina, Marcus, 1937:26.-0sburn, 1940:345; 1950:11.-Maturo, 1957:32-Lagaaij, 1963: 164. Description.-The zoarium is encrusting and white in color. Each zooecium has a stolon-like basal portion clinging to the substrate and a tube-like, erect distal portion which rises free from the substrate. Commonly, the basal portion is flattened and expanded at its distal end; its surface may be smooth or transversely wrinkled. The basal portion gives rise to a single zooecium distally and to one or two zooecia laterally. The erect portion of the zooecium is cylindrical in its lower part, and the upper part forms an expanded "head" with a flat, membranous side and a truncated tip fitted with a semicircular operculum. The surface of the cylindrical portion appears to be very finely annulated, although this may be difficult to see unless the light is adjusted properly. The "head" appears to be finely punctate. The "head" is '0.17 to 0.20 mm in length. The entire erect portion is 0.60 to 0.75 mm in length, with the lower part about 0.06 rom in diameter. It may stand completely erect, but frequently the upper portion is bent over. Marcus (1937) figures the ooecium as' a membranous sac attached to the opercular area. Material Examined.-Specimens of A. anguina attached to the bryozoan Amathia, from beach drift at Bald Point. Distribution.-A. anguina is a cosmopolitan, shallow-water species known from both the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. ? Aetea truncata (Landsborough, 1852) Figs. 1-2 Anguinaria truncata Landsborough, 1852:288. Aetea truncata, Marcus, 1938:11.-0sburn, 1940:346; 1950:12. Descdption.-The zoarium is encrusting, white in color, and lightly ca1ci- 1964] Shier: Marine Bryozoa 607 fied. The zooecium has an expanded basal portion clinging to the substrate and a tubular erect portion arising from the distal end of the basal portion. The basal portion is narrow proximally but increases to a maximum width of about 0.16 mm near its distal end. The erect portion consists of a cylindrical lower part about 0.06 mm in diameter and an expanded "head" at the upper end. The "head" is about 0:08 mm wide with a flat, mem- branous area on one side and a semicircular operculum on the truncated tip. The "head" is 0.25 to 0.35 mm long and is very finely punctate. The lower, cylindrical portion is usually slightly longer than the "head," but its length is quite variable. Both basal and erect portions of the zooecium lack the very fine annulation of Aetea anguina; the basal portion of A. truncata commonly shows transverse wrinkles. Special reproductive structures, or Cioecia, are budded off the side 01 zooecia in the same manner as ordinary zooecia. The Cioeciumis a sac-like structure which is connected to the zooecium by a short, narrow stolon. The Cioecium is readily identified by its heavily calcified wall, coarse wrinkles, and lack of any upright structure. boecium length is about 0.36 mm and width is about 0.25 mm. The distal end of the ooecium has a narrow slit next to the substrate which appears to serve as ooeciostome. Material Examined.-Specimens with Cioecia, on shell, off Dog Island at 9 meters; specimens lacking ooecia, on beach drift grass, St. Andrews State Park near Panama City. Distribution.-Cosmopolitan; a shallow-water species known from both Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Remarks.-My specimens agree with Osburn's (1940, 1950) descriptions of Aetea truncata. However, my specimens show additional structures which I have interpreted as Cioecia.Since the specimens were dried when examined, the presence of larvae could not be confirmed. The only Cioecia previously described from a species of Aetea are membranous sacs attached to the opercular region. Division MALACOSTEGA Levinsen, 1909 Family Membraniporidae Busk, 1854 Genus Membranipora Blainville, 1830 Membranipora Blainville, 1830. (Type-species, Flustra membranacea Lin- naeus, by subsequent designation, Norman, 1903: 583.) Diagnosis.-See Osburn, 1950:19. Membranipora savartii (Audouin, 1826) Flustra savartii Audouin, 1826:240. Acanthodesia savartii, Canu and Bassler, 1928: 14.-Marcus, 1937:40.- Osburn, 1940:352. Membranipora savartii, Osburn, 1950:27.-Maturo, 1957:35. Description.-The zoarium is encrusting, white in color, and may be several layers in thickness.
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