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September-2019 KALHAN CURRENT NOTES (KCN ( Add: 220, First floor, Behind Sargam Talkies, Zone-II, M.P. Nagar,. Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh- 462011 (Near Vijaya Bank) 0755-4923060 7222988881, 9685979429 SEPTEMBER-2019 CONTENTS S. NO SUBJECT PAGE NO. 01. G.S. PAPER - I (a) Indian History and Culture 3 - 7 . (b) Social Issues 8 (c) Geography (India and World) 9 - 11 02. G.S. PAPER - II (a) Polity and Governance 15 - 33 (b) International Relations and Orgnizations 34 - 41 03. G.S PAPER - III (a) Indian Economic Development and Infrastructure 45 - 59 (b) Agriculture 60 - 61 (c) Environment, Bio-diversity and Climate Change 62 - 73 (d) Science and Technology 74 - 81 (e) Defence and Internal Security 82 - 83 04. MISCELLANEOUS 87 - 90 05. YOJANA (SEPTEMBER) 93 - 98 G.S PAPER - I 1 2 A. INDIAN HISTORY & CULTURE PuriJagannath Temple Ø Among the prized collections of the Ø The Shree Jagannath Temple of Puri is Society is an original copy of Dante’s an important Hindu temple, belonging Divine Comedy, and coins issued by to the Vaishnava tradition, situated in Kumaragupta (5th century), Akbar (16th the state of Odisha. century), and Shivaji (17th century). Ø The temple is famous for its annual Ø The Society offers Junior Fellowships Rathayatra (chariot festival). for research and recommends scholars Ø The temple was built by the Ganga for the Tagore National Fellowship of dynasty king Chodaganga in the 12th the Ministry of Culture. century A.D. Ø The Governor of Maharashtra is the Ø In the 9th century A.D., Sankaracharya Society’s Chief Patron. visited Puri and founded the GovardhanaMatha as the eastern A 200-year history dhama of India. Ø The Asiatic Society began its journey in Ø Sankaracharya had founded four 1804 as the Literary Society of Bombay. Mathas across India, known as dhama Ø It was founded by Sir James Mackintosh, which literally means, a sacred place. a Scottish colonial administrator who Ø Puri is the dhama of eastern had a keen interest in Oriental studies. India. The other dhamas are: Ø In 1826, the Literary Society became SharadaPeetham (Sringeri, Karnataka), the Mumbai arm of the London-based Dwaraka (Gujarat), and Jyotir Math Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain (Uttarakhand). and Ireland and came to be called the Ø The mathas were to be led by men who Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic would be known as ‘Shankaracharyas’. Society (BBRAS). Ø As suggested by the Odisha government, Ø In its early days, membership of the the demolition of structures within Society was restricted to European 75-metre radius of the temple, “gentlemen”, and the “natives” were not including the 12th century Emar Mutt, allowed to join until 1841. for security reasons. Ø The Bombay Geographical Society and Asiatic Society, Mumbai the Anthropological Society of Bombay Ø The Asiatic Society is housed in the merged with the BBRAS in 1873 and iconic Town Hall building in the colonial- 1896 respectively. era Fort precinct and has witnessed the Ø In 1954, the institution was severed evolution of the city’s intelligentsia in from its London parent and became the its long history. Asiatic Society of Bombay. In 2002, it Ø It is a learned society whose activities acquired its present name. include conducting historical research, Ø According to the Society’s website, its awarding historians, and running an journal has been in publication since institute of post-graduate studies. 1841. Ø Its library, home to over 1 lakh books, consists of rare manuscripts contributed Indo-European language origins to it by the East India Company. Ø Largest-ever study of ancient human Ø It has generous donations by the likes DNA illuminates the Indo-European of MountstuartElphinstone, Jagannath language origins. Shankarsheth, CowasjiJehangir, and Ø It indicated that Indo-European BhauDaji Lad. languages, arrived in Europe via the Ø The library recently scrapped its referral steppes. system for membership, thus expanding Ø Indo-European languages are the access to its resources. world’s biggest language group. 3 Ø It includes Hindi-Urdu, Farsi, Russian, Ø These DNA in Rakhigarhi had little of English, French, Gaelic and more than any Steppe pastoralist-derived ancestry. 400 other languages. Ø It shows that it was not ubiquitous in Ø It suggests that the mass migration north-west South Asia during the IVC of Bronze Age herders from Eurasian as it is today Steppes, starting 5,000 years ago, Ø The paper indicates that there was no westward to Europe and east to Asia. Aryan invasion and no Aryan migration, Ø Despite being spread over a vast area Ø All the developments from the hunting- encompassing myriad cultures, these gathering to modern times in South languages share uncanny similarities. Asia were done by indigenous people. Ø Similarities in syntax, numbers, basic Ø The paper concludes Indians came from adjectives and numerous nouns. a genetic pool predominantly belonging Ø The study also found that the present- to an indigenous ancient civilisation. day speakers of both these groups descend from a subgroup of steppe No Mass-migration of Aryans herders. Ø The finding also negates the hypothesis Ø They moved west toward Europe 5,000 about mass migration during Harappan years ago, then spread back east to times from outside South Asia. Central and South Asia in the following Ø Researchers successfully sequenced 1,500 years. the first genome of an individual Ø It also found that, from Harappa and combining it with Ø South Asians who today speak Dravidian archaeological data. languages (mainly in southern India Ø It found that hunter-gatherers of South and southwestern Pakistan) had very Asia had an independent origin, and little steppe DNA. authored the settled way of life in this Ø While those who speak Indo-European part of the world. languages like Hindi, Punjabi, Bengali Ø They do not contain genome from either have far more. the Steppe region or ancient Iranian Ø As far as agriculture is concerned, prior farmers. work has found that farming spread to Ø The genetic continuity from hunter Europe via people of Anatolian ancestry. gatherer to modern times is visible in Ø The study also points out that these the DNA results. steppe land herders have left their Ø The study finds that the same hunter- genetic mark on most Europeans living gatherer communities developed into today. agricultural communities and formed Harappan Civilization DNA Study the Harappan civilization. Ø A new DNA study finds 2500 BC ‘Rakhigarhi’ skeletons have no traces of No migration from Central Asia ‘Aryan gene’. Ø India had a heterogeneous population Ø Study examined DNA of skeletons right from the beginning of settled life. found in Rakhigarhi, an Indus Valley There was a hint that settled life and Civilisation site in Haryana. domestication went from South Asia to Ø It found that there is no traces of R1a1 West Asia. or Central Asian ‘steppe’, gene. Ø The researchers also suggest that Ø The population has no detectable there was a movement of people from ancestry from Steppe pastoralists or east to west as the Harappan people’s from Anatolian (modern day Turkey) presence is evident at sites like Gonur and Iranian farmers. in Turkmenistan and Sahr-i-Sokhta in Ø It suggests that farming in South Asia Iran. arose from local foragers rather than Ø As the Harappans traded with from large-scale migration from the Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Persian Gulf West, and almost all across South Asia, there Ø The Central Asian ‘steppe’ gene is found was bound to be movement of people in much of the Indian population today. resulting in a mixed genetic history. 4 Origins of farming Ø However, scholars soon started to reject Ø The researchers concluded that farming Wheeler’s theory, since the skeletons in South Asia was not due to the belonged to a period after the city’s movement of people from the farming abandonment and none were found cultures of the west and that local near the citadel. foragers adopted it. Ø In Europe, ancient-DNA studies have Pulikali Ø Pulikali (Tiger Dance) is a folk art of shown that agriculture tended to spread through an influx of people with Kerala. Ø ancestry in Anatolia, in modern day Artists wear a tiger mask, paint their Turkey. bodies like tigers and dance to the Ø The new study shows a similar dynamic rhythm of traditional percussion in Iran and Turan (southern Central instruments such as thakil, udukku Asia), where the researchers found that and chenda. Anatolian-related ancestry and farming Ø It is performed on the fourth day of arrived around the same time. Onam festival. Ø In South Asia, however, the story Ø The main theme of this folk art is tiger appears quite different. hunting with participants playing the Ø The researchers found an absence of role of tiger and hunter. Anatolian-related ancestry. Ø They saw that Iranian-related ancestry Vallam Kali Ø The annual snake boat regatta in South Asians comes from a lineage that separated from ancient Iranian (UthrittathiVallamkali) held in the river farmers and hunter-gatherers before Pampa marked the grand finale of the those groups split from each other, annual season of snake boat races in nearly 9,000 years ago. the part of Central Travancore. Ø Vallam Kali is a traditional boat race in Rakhigarhi- the epicenter Kerala, India. Ø The discovery of two more mounds Ø It is a form of canoe racing and uses at the Harappan site of Rakhigarhi paddled war canoes. in Hisar district, Haryana, has led to Ø It is mainly conducted during the archaeologists establishing it as the season of the harvest festival Onam in biggest Harappancivilisation site.
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